Thank you very much. I'd like to thank the organizers for inviting me and actually I was a bit surprised and honored To be invited because I am a newbie in this area I was introduced to the microbiome world a couple of years ago When I became involved in a research consortium led by Jeff Gordon at Washington University in St. Louis called the breast milk gut microbiome and immunity project and And and my part in that consortium is really because of work that I've been involved in in Africa with child malnutrition and So I've had to kind of do a crash course in the microbiome field in order to prepare for this presentation So I hope that my colleagues in the audience who know more about some of this than I do will chip in during the discussion now I Myself work at the far end of the translational spectrum when it comes to my research So I'm involved in human population research in communities And I'm I hope that the discussion today and tomorrow can lead us even further in the direction of linking the very exciting work that we've seen presented today at the basic level to its translation into application in the field and for many different types of populations We've just heard about the elderly and I'm going to talk about the other end of the age spectrum Just one last thing to say about my background I was originally trained trained as an ecologist and so for me it's really delightful to see the human body now viewed as an ecosystem and I only wish that more MDs would see it that way So when thinking about what to review for this presentation I think that the key questions in my mind were how does diet in early life influence the microbiome How does the microbiome influence child nutritional status and how do differences in microbiome structure and function effect nutritional outcomes during the first two to three years of life as well as long-term health and developmental outcomes and What I was able to find was really very scant and really almost nothing on the third question listed there So I'm going to start first with something you all know We've heard a couple times previously that the be the beginning stage for the infant is Theoretically at least an a sterile environment in the infant intestine and that various factors then influence the Individuals gut microbiotic composition thereafter including gestational age delivery mode maternity ward or neonatal clinic feeding mode other foods and fluids antibiotic use paternal skin and the skin of other caregivers and the environment and This study shown in this slide has also been referred to before but I want to mention it again for one specific reason This was the cross-cultural study done by Yatsunenko and colleagues published last year in which they characterized bacterial species present in fecal samples from three very different populations around the world and they were able to show that the Differences between the younger Profiles and the adults Narrowed with age so you can see that in all three of the populations the children were quite quite different from the adults and then Achieved more or less the adult type by about three years of age So the first three years of life are a period of very rapid transformation of the microbiota and An important period in life for us to focus on in that same study They were able to show that this Fundamental sort of change that occurs in the first couple of lives a couple of years of life is in the diversity in the microbiota and If you look at that blown up over here in all three of the populations That was the trend between zero and three years of age Now of course the very first diet that we hope the infant will receive is breast milk And this plays a fundamental role in influencing the infant's microbiome And I'm going to talk about three aspects to that first of all there are microbes in breast milk That have been hypothesized to seed the infant's GI tract There are many many constituents in human milk that are considered prebiotic that are very important at promoting the growth of certain types of bacteria and There are quite dramatic differences in the microbiome between breastfed and formula fed infants So starting with the first one. I'm just going to show you this one study by Cabrera rubio at all In which they characterize the milk of my probe microbial community for 18 lactating women within two days of childbirth And then again at one and six months postpartum now they found several hundred species of bacteria and Or that they suspect there are several hundred species and that these are compositionally distinct From other human niches and they conclude that they are not simply contaminants from the skin They found that colostrum has a higher microbial diversity than transitional or mature milk and in the colostrum sample is the dominant types of bacteria shown here and that by one and six months the typical Inhabitants of the oral cavity became more prevalent in the milk and they Speculated that this was due to bacteria from the infant's mouth colonizing the milk ducks and the areola Interestingly, they found that milk from obese mothers tended to contain a different and less diverse Bacterial community compared to milk from normal weight mothers and they also found that milk samples from mothers who went through elective but not Non-elective c-section Contained a different bacterial community than the milk samples from mothers with a vaginal delivery Because it was only seen in the mothers with elective c-section They concluded that it was the process of at least going through some labor the physiological stress of that That linked the mothers of vaginal delivery and the non-elective c-sections in having some commonality in their micro Microflora in the milk I'm not going to spend a lot of time on the prebiotics in human milk because you're going to hear a wonderful lecture tomorrow by my colleague David Mills And I am showing just one slide from one of their papers recently published Characterizing the some of the prebiotics in human milk and particularly the human milk oligosaccharides and glycoconginates That are quite diverse many many many different types of these that are very abundant in human milk and pretty unique to human milk And are known to be utilized especially by bifidobacteria So this is a structural Example of a human milk oligosaccharide. These are some of the other glycans of different types and over here a glycol lipid and David will explain to you how all of those are Operating in terms of their impact on the micro flora So as a result of some of these differences in the experience between breastfed and non breastfed infants There are differences in the microbiome by feeding mode, but the results from different studies are actually somewhat mixed Just showing two examples here. This is a study of a fairly large sample of more than 600 from European countries Which found that bifidobacteria dominated the microbiota of the breastfed infants Whereas the formula fit infants had higher proportions of bacteroides and members of the Clostridium and Lactobacillus groups In this study, which is much smaller They found that formula fed infants had increased richness of species with overrepresentation of Clostridium difficile, but no difference in bifidobacteria compared to breastfed infants So there has been some mixture in findings and there was a review conducted a few years back that Contrasted the studies done before 1980 and after 1980 With the purpose of making the point that methodological differences as well as differences perhaps in the definition of breastfeeding And how Subjects were categorized may have led to differences in some of the findings So for example here in the bifidobacteria line, you can see before 1980 Five out of six studies found those were increased in the breastfed infants But after 1980 that was not as commonly demonstrated On the other hand, there are other types over here that are lower in the breastfed infants And that's fairly consistently found including bacteroides and Clostridia So I think that we don't fully understand all these differences, but certainly there are differences in microbial Composition in the gut by feeding mode Now to straighten out some of these Some of this confusion. I thought it might be helpful to look at one Study from an animal model in this case a primate Which is very close to humans. This was just recently published And in this case, they looked at rhesus monkey infants who were randomized to receive breast milk from their mothers or formula Exclusively from birth to three months of age. It's a small sample when you're working with monkeys. That's the way it is But the value of this particular model is that nutritional needs of Rhesus monkeys are actually quite similar to those of human infants And they found that the formula fed monkeys had more rapid growth and higher serum insulin That's also true in human infants who are formula fed And they had higher levels of bacteria from the ruminococcus genus and lower levels from lactobacillus genus And along with these differences, they found elevated levels of many cytokines, chemokines and growth factors at four weeks of age So in addition to characterizing the microbiome in this study They also did metabolomics work and you can see here. I'm not going to go into the details But that there's quite dramatic separation in both serum and urine in The profiles that they were able to find so this difference between receiving breast milk or receiving formula has fundamental effects on the child's metabolism For the next phase in terms of what the infant would experience to be the introduction of solid foods And this also plays a role in the changes that occur in the microbiome This was a study I mentioned before from Europe in which they assess the fecal microbiota composition of infants from five different countries They sampled them at six weeks of age Before any solid foods were introduced and again four weeks after the introduction of solid foods And in this particular set of infants 59% were fully breastfed 27% fully formula fed and 14% were mixed fed at baseline You can see in this slide that after solid foods are introduced. There was a reduction in bifidobacteria As well as in some of the clostridia species And in the enterobacteria here and there was an increase in couple of other species of clostridia So that shift makes a difference what we don't know is what happens And when you give different types or different composition of solid foods and that's been Uninvestigated to the best of my knowledge the other study I wanted to mention along these lines is one from Defilipo et al and this was mentioned in an earlier presentation today And in this case they contrasted the gut microbiota of children in Burkina Faso in West Africa and children in Europe and they found that the Composition of the microflora diverged after weaning in both populations breastfeeding was fairly common in very early life and When they started receiving other foods they received very different types of diet So in the Birkenabbi diet, this was low in fat and animal protein rich in starch fiber and plant polysaccharides and predominantly Vegetarian the European diet being higher in fat animal protein sugar and starch and lower in fiber Now I wanted to mention that this is an agricultural population here So I would not consider this to be any kind of model diet Certainly not an ancestral diet if you go back to more of the evolutionary past for humans It's a cereal-based diet and nutritionally Inadequate in many different ways, so I don't want to give you the impression that this is a better diet than than the European one in any way As I said the differences in the microbiota became evident after the period of predominant breastfeeding and at that point They found higher microbial richness and biodiversity in the Burkina Faso samples they found a greater representation of actinobacteria and bacteroid deities and In contrast in the European children greater abundance of fermicutes and proteobacteria and this shows in color The very dramatic difference in the microbiota in these two populations over here very much dominated by prevetella and other bacteroid deities and over here you can see a lot more representation of The ones in this area here Now there were some other correlates to these differences in the microbiota in the Burkinaabe children. They had greater Total short-chain fatty acids in fecal samples. We just heard about the importance of short-chain fatty acids that are produced or During fermentation by intestinal microbiota Based on plant polysaccharides these substances are very important precursors for many things that are Potentially have health outcomes and have been theorized to prevent the establishment of potentially pathogenic intestinal microbes and have a role against gut inflammation in this particular situation I'm not sure we could argue that the Burkinaabe children were protected against Some of these pathogenic microbes because diarrhea rates and other illnesses are very very common there I want to move on to think about specific nutrients because a lot of times when people think about nutrition and the microbiota They're thinking in very general terms about total protein total fat carbohydrates, maybe fiber, but they're really not thinking very often about micronutrients and In nutrition we think about the huge number of different nutrients that we think about every day There's probably 40 or more nutrients that we might consider There's very very little in the literature on the specific nutrients and how they might interact with the microbiota I'm actually just going to mention two that I could find studies related to and one is iron and the other is fatty acids In the case of irons is an important one to consider because it's an essential nutrient for many gut microbes But some of the beneficial barrier bacteria in particular lactobacilli do not require iron So we introduced iron into the diet in large amounts. You can shift the profile of the bacteria in the gut And in particular for some enteric gram negative bacteria and some of these are pathogens Iron acquisition plays in a central role in the virulence and colonization of the pathogenic strains With regard to fatty acids, there's just a very little information But suggesting that the omega-3 long chain polyanthesaturated fatty acids may modulate growth and adhesion of lactobacilli and May impair the growth of certain species of bacteroides So I wanted to show you one important study was published just recently by Nancy Krebs and her group in Colorado looking at effects of different complementary feeding regimens on iron status and enteric microbiota in breastfed infants in this case It was a randomized trial with four to five forty five exclusively breastfed five-month-old infants randomized one of three feeding groups either commercially available pureed meats Iron and zinc fortified infant cereals or iron only fortified infant cereals and they followed them until nine to ten months of age and In the last 14 infants in the study. They were able to get samples to characterize the enteric microbiome And they got fecal samples monthly between five and nine months One of the important aspects of the study is that the cereal groups had much higher iron intake than the meat group And that's shown here in this slide Right here is the iron and zinc fortified cereal. This is the iron only fortified cereal and this is the meat group This is dietary iron between six and nine months of age You see a huge jump With both of the fortified cereals and a much smaller increase in dietary iron in the meat group Concomitantly with that they found differences in the microflora in this relatively small sample of infants But only in the iron only fortified group. So in that case, they had a reduction here in the actinobacteria and they had increase in the bactiroid it is a decrease over here in the lactobacilli and The only difference that the meat group showed was an increase in Clostridia group a clade in this particular case So these are I would say probably fairly preliminary data showing that the Type of complementary food in a particular the iron content of that food could actually make quite a large difference in the microflora to Illustrate that point further. I have one slide from an older age group. This was conducted in school age children in Cote d'Ivoire in Africa by Michael Zimmerman and his group This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial in which they received either an iron fortified or a non fortified biscuit for six months And those biscuits contain 20 milligrams of iron per day given four times per week as electrolytic iron when they looked at the Gut microflora, they did not find a significant difference in the bifidobacteria This is the control group at baseline at six months iron at baseline and at six months But they found an increase in the iron group in entero bacteria a decrease in lactobacilli and Along with those changes in the floor They found quite a large increase in a marker of gut inflammation, which is fecal cal protectin So there are some concerns that providing iron May shift the flora in such a way that it may be disadvantageous to the child with that said now should back up for just a second and say that We worry about iron a lot because iron deficiency is probably the most common nutritional disorder in the world and we estimate probably about 50 percent of young children are iron deficient and similarly very large percentage of pregnant women globally in low-income countries and so that's why fortified products are one of the strategies being used to Reduce iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, but we need to be concerned about whether there are potential side effects from those kinds of strategies Now as I mentioned the other nutrient I could find some information about were fatty acids And this is just one study I found on the effect of fish oil supplements on fecal microbiota from nine to 18 months This was conducted in Denmark with a hundred and thirty-two healthy infants And they were looking at molecular fingerprints of bacterial DNA And so they were characterizing the outcomes here in terms of sort of general types I don't have genus, but these were both of these particular Categories were presumed to be Bacteroidetes, and they were modified by the breastfeeding status of the child. So what they found is that In those who were not breastfed at baseline at nine months There was a greater increase in one of these types in the fish oil group and a greater increase in the other type in The sunflower oil group. It's a little bit hard to interpret what that means in terms of potential health consequences But what it does mean is that the fatty acid composition of the diet can Cause shifts in the micro flora in the infant's gut So switching to the second way of looking at this. How does the microbiome influence the child's nutritional status? Going to Mention a study that has also been mentioned by previous speakers Just published in science this year in which the gut microbiomes of Malawi and twin pairs discordant for a form of severe malnutrition called kwashyorkor were Compared and in the study they compared Or they examined 317 twin pairs that were followed through the first three years of life And in this case 50% of the twin pairs did not develop acute malnutrition 43% became discordant which means one twin pair of the twin of the pair did and the other did not and seven percent Both developed acute malnutrition Whenever one or both of the members of the twin pair developed malnutrition. They were both treated with Therapeutic food a peanut-based ready to use therapeutic food And so in this study they assess the microbiomes of nine same gender twin pairs without malnutrition and 13 pairs discordant for kwashyorkor and And in this slide They were able to show that the microbiomes of the twins with kwashyorkor were less mature compared to their Non-malnourished co-twins. So these are the co-twins who remained Non-malnourished. I don't personally call them healthy because in that environment That's the exception rather than the rule But they didn't meet the definition of severe malnutrition and you can see that there's an increase over time in the diversity of the microbiome And in the healthy co-twin of the pair where one of them developed kwashyorkor that same sort of trend was exhibited But in the twin with kwashyorkor There was a transient increase in maturity when they received the RUTF, but that was not sustained So they ended up not really having that same temporal maturation as their co-twin and And as you know in this study they were able to take the fecal samples from these pairs of twins and implant them Into neurobiotic mice and I won't go over again how that method Works, I think most of you here are familiar with it, but I do want to show a slide that's been shown before just to reiterate that in fact the results they found in the mice who are recipients of these microbial transplants Exhibited the the phenotype of losing weight only when they were on the Malawian diet And this slide doesn't show that when they were on a control mouse chow They did not exhibit a phenotypic difference. So there is a diet microbiome interaction and I think it's very important for all of us here to remember When thinking about Consequences so here's the group that got the Transplant from the twin with quash your core And then this is from the co-twin that did not develop quash your car and you can see that these mice lost weight during that period of time They recovered that during the period of feeding with our utf, but then did not really Sustain that weight gain over time and similar profile was seen in the fecal microbiota very dramatic Reconfiguration during the period of refeeding with our utf But then became more similar to the the co-twin thereafter now in terms of the types of Species and taxa that changed When the mouse received the microbiota from the quash your core twin There were increases in certain types of bacteria and decreases in others And some of the taxa also changed in the mice that got the healthy Co-twin transplant And I'm not going to go into the details here, but you can just see visually that this is the period during the Malawi diet This is on our utf now. You see a lot of changes occurring and this is back on the Malawi diet over here So where do we go from here? this is Really what what drew me into the field is the project that is attempting to bring together various disciplines to look at all of the relationships between the breast milk gut microbiome and immunity using populations in populations with a lot of malnutrition and The goals of this project are to identify and validate new pre and probiotic interventions to improve the health and development of infants and children in the developing world and then demonstrate a process by which new such interventions can be identified and validated in the future and The the point here is that as several people have mentioned before it really requires lots of different disciplinary expertise to Put this all together to take the information From the trials that have been done in humans to then look at what that means in animal models to identify Identify leads for pro pre-pro and symbiotics then go back and test those in animals and eventually Test those in human populations. So that's where we are aiming. I Was asked to identify gaps. So this is my last slide I just wanted to say that apart from the studies comparing the breastfed and formula fed infants There's very little information on how dietary composition or nutrient intake affects the microbiome of children So I would very strongly urge greater funding and research in that area and Then in terms of the emerging link between malnutrition in the microbiome This is something that we need to understand much better in terms of what the causality and the direction of that causality is As well as the effect of different types of interventions and lastly we really desperately need Prospective studies that include long-term follow-up of intervention trials to look at consequences later in life of these changes in early early childhood And just like to finish by thanking the BMMI team that introduced me to this world and to thank all of you for your attention Thank you. Thank you Katherine. That was excellent. I'm going to take a moderator's Privilege and ask one quick thing relative to the Comparing or doing research in formula fed babies versus breastfed Babies formulas that are now being enriched with probiotics at an increasing rate in in the United States and Prebiotics as well and this has been a trend within the last five years or so So there needs to be that caution to control for that and it's going to be difficult to compare to Historic studies because of that Yeah, thank you for bringing that up I think part of the reason there's so much diversity in the findings of studies doing this is that formulas have changed dramatically Over the last 30 years not even just the last five or 10 years with a lot of different Compositional changes and so it's very difficult to compare Across time as you say Hi, you may have said this it went by kind of fast But for the case of bacteria in mother's milk and appearance of those lineage is in babies What's the what's the overview of studies on that reason? I ask we did a study with Grace Aldrovandi Where we tracked otus and mother's milk and otus in baby poop and we really didn't see any Linkage between the two babies poop was knows more similar to their own mother's milk than somebody else's mother's milk and vice versa And I was wondering what the what the line of studies is on that Well, I think you probably know better than I do. I mean, I don't believe the study that I was mentioning Tried to look at how the microbes in in the mother's milk were related to the infant's micro flora And I think that's a good point if it is seeding the gut is that really contributing to the growth of Bacteria in the infant over time. So I think it's an open question unless somebody else Wants to answer that with regard to the microbes in mother's milk I mean, how is there a sort of special organ that cultivates the microbes or is it just sort of distributed throughout the gland? I mean, it seems to me like this is some sort of a evolutionary Devet, I mean Some some need to have these microbes in there And yet nobody actually talks about what's maintaining them and how they're actually kept in the breast and how they accumulate Where do they come from originally? Is it is this sort of spores that they have all life and suddenly wake up later I mean any ideas on them. Well, those are great questions I mean, I can only speculate that that there is a portal to the outside world Even before the mammary gland starts to lactate That right, but once they get inside at least the ducks then they have this wonderful food To start flourishing on which is not present on the skin or in other parts of the body So I'm just speculating here if anybody wants to to jump in Please go ahead. But those are great questions. Thank you Let's let's give it another round Thank you And it's my pleasure to introduce the last speaker for the session Dr. Johanna Lampy from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center And she's going to talk about gut microbial metabolism of food constituents modulating human dietary exposure


The International Organization for Migration and the Stockholm Environment Institute conducted a study on the linkage between climate change, environmental degradation and international labour migration, looking into migration from Cambodia and Myanmar into Thailand's sugarcane sector and Bangladesh and Indonesia into Malaysia's palm oil sector. Based on the findings of this study, IOM and SEI put forward three key recommendations. First, we encourage governments to adopt policies that support human wellbeing and that facilitate safe, regular and orderly international labour migration that is accessible for those most vulnerable, including people who are already facing severe climate impacts. Second, we encourage states to rethink the role of migration in climate change adaptation, putting human rights front and centre. It is clear that migration can contribute to adaptation. However, the conditions under which people migrate, whether it be regularly or irregularly, whether it be in distress or as a choice, debt burdened or not, all significantly affect the outcomes. Third, we encourage governments and businesses to ensure that all workers, including migrants, enjoy decent working and living conditions anchored on their responsibilities outlined in the UN's guiding principles on business and human rights. Support to small and medium-sized enterprises will be vital to ensure they have the capacity and financial means required to ensure labour and environmental rights protections.


The recent National Mental Health Survey 2015 to 2016 found that 13.7% of Indians suffer from some form of mental illness, with higher rates in rural areas. The lack of a defined strategy and trained mental health professionals in these regions makes it difficult to provide adequate mental health care. To address this issue, we propose a stepped care approach which integrates mental health into Ayushman Bharat's Health and Wellness Centers, HWCs. This model will involve CHWs in identifying priority mental disorders, providing screenings, and ensuring compliance to treatment. Additionally, it will leverage technologies such as telepsychiatry, eHealth, and mHealth to ensure accessibility and affordability of mental health services in remote areas. This article was authored by Priyamadhaba Behera, Aseenthal Amudhan, Rishabh Gupta, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


So, good afternoon. My name is Mark Zangier. I'm with ARM, as you can see somewhere. And I'd like to talk about the hurdles some of the contributors have when it comes to getting patches merged into the main Linux kernel. So, who am I? I've been playing with Linux for quite a while, since 93. And if you find that annoying, well, don't blame me, blame this guy who wrote the IS64 port a long time ago. Got my first patches merged in 96, in the form of the MD driver. I offloaded the maintenance chip a year later. So, again, if your disk arrays got corrupted, just don't tell me. I really don't want to know. I've been with ARM for over eight years now. And my job is mostly to bridge the architecture, some bits of hardware, and Linux. And when it comes to Linux, I look after KVM on ARM together with Christopher Dahl, who's here, and the IQ subsystem together with Thomas Gleisner, who's at the maintenance summit at the moment. In real life, I'm a base player. So, first, let's start with the disclaimer. This talk is not about a maintainer renting at contributors. It's really not that. First, it's a talk for everyone. It doesn't necessarily apply to only two first-time contributors. It's really for everyone. Who has already submitted a kernel patch in this audience? Raise your hand. Okay, quite a few. Who among these people got their patch accepted? Okay, a bit less, but it's not that bad. Okay. It's not that bad. It could have been a lot worse. So, there are things I'm going to talk about here that not all maintenance would necessarily agree with. And that's fine. We're not necessarily about having a massive consensus about how things are done, but it's about discussing them. And if you get flamed for anything in that talk, for doing anything that's explained that talk, send them my way, and we'll have that discussion. So, over the years, you would notice if you paid close attention that there's a bit of a disconnect sometimes between contributors and maintainers. And you have things like my patches are getting completely ignored. Yeah. That's annoying. I can see that. I've posted these patches four times, and yet, they're still not in. Okay. It's, something is wrong here. It shows that we're not following up on something, either the maintainer or the contributor. There's no blame to be put here, but just outlining that there's a potential issue. I've copied this from a mainline driver, you know, actual existing code. I've copied it into my brand new piece of code, and you're telling me now it's not right. So, how can it be in, which is good, and out at the same time? I only want to get this code merged. I don't have time to do this extra work. And you're starting to see where that's going. There's a bit more disconnect between two people talking to each other, maybe past each other. I'm giving you this code for free. That's an annoying one. And this one, which I've seen personally a number of times, I don't have time to really get what you're asking me. Just tell me what I should write. Okay. We're at odds here. So, it's a story about how we deal with the kernel code, the kernel source tree, and there's a number of characters in that story. So, we have the contributor, which submits a change to the external source, to the mainline in external source. I'm not talking about some random SOC-specific fork. We're talking about mainline. That's all I'm interested in. And they intend to get that change merged eventually. So, that thing could be a new feature, a bug fake, some cleanup. It doesn't really matter. The complexity of that change can be ranged from one extreme to another. And in the extreme case, the extreme complexity, the contributor is often the one who knows best about it. So, we have a reviewer. It can be distinct from the maintainer. Often, they're often another contributor themselves. And they have spreading the load so that maintainers actually can scale. And they're probably the least recognized character in that story. We heavily rely on reviewers. No code can get in without being reviewed. And then we have the maintainer, who are responsible for some piece of code in the kernel. And for that piece of code not to break, whether it's at runtime or compilation time, has to be secure, especially in this day and age, and both readable and understandable. That's, these are the criteria we're interested in. And ultimately, they are the ones who take responsibility for that code. If that breaks, well, they will be the ones having to go and fix it at a weekend. There's no rest for the wicked. And they're often the targets of hundreds of emails a day. That's quite daunting. But they have a few things in common. Their motivations are not that different. They all converge on a single point, which is the code itself. And they try to solve a very, very difficult problem or problems. It means there's individual responsibility. There's a deep personal investment. A maintainer, for example, changing job doesn't mean, oh, I'm dropping my maintenance. It quite often means, okay, I'm going to carry that maintenance on my own time, because it's important to me. And quite often, a contributor grows into a reviewer and a maintainer, a co-maintainer. There's a continuum here. You don't have necessarily really siloed roles. So what's the story? It's all about how we submit patches and get them merged. So you have this brilliant idea and you've posted a patch series. You get it reviewed. There's a lot of conversation going on. You respond to some comments and you do it again and again and again. It looks quite simple, but that's only on the surface. Because, by the way, what's this patch series thing we're talking about? Who do I send it to? How do I get it reviewed? Who's going to take that responsibility to review my code? And I'm receiving a lot of comments. I don't necessarily understand what they're about. So that's quite overwhelming. So let's try and dig into that a bit. So what's the patch series, really? It's an older set of patches.  You know, you do a change. That's small change. It's an older set of patches. So conceptually, your series is a single change. But we have limited brain power, I certainly do, very limited. So I can't grasp your 2000 line change. So you have to make it easy for me and break it into tiny individual changes in a nice order so that I can understand it. And make sure that nothing in the kernel breaks if you apply only half of that series. And what does it look like? So that's as formal as I could go. But that's really how it should be, how we want to see it as a reviewer or maintain a receiving on the receiving end of that, of your code, of your patch series. So each patch has a title. Easy enough. That's often the subject of your email. It also has a clear commit message. If you have the idea of sending a patch without a commit message, please don't. Think again.  Each patch is numbered x out of n. x is unique. You don't have the same patch twice. n is constant, and x is smaller than n or equal. There's a unique version number for your series. Don't post the same series twice with the same version number. It's utterly confusing. Think of who's receiving that series. And you have a cover letter, which is patch number zero. Usually, you don't send one if you only have one patch, but it doesn't hurt to have one. And you describe the goal of this series. You add a change log. Really, it's important if you version your series. When you reach version 32, really, I completely forgot what you did before. So you need to have that explain, okay, I've changed this this time around. I've replied to this comment. That's extremely useful for the maintainer. It contains a diff stat of your series, showing what files you've touched and in which proportion. And all the patches are in reply to the cover letter. So that's what it looks like. Now, why does it look like that? So these are requirements. Why do we want this? For example, an ordered set of patches. That's for the maintainer who receives your code, who reads it, to understand the progression in your design. You don't change things randomly. There's a thought process in your design. And also, it's needed for bisection. I need to be able to apply half of your series, bang in the middle, and test that, that can't break, that needs to compile, that needs to run. Logical changes. If you put two unrelated changes in the same patch, well, again, that makes it harder to understand. And it's all about trying to come to the smallest possible change that you can convey as an idea, as a concept. Patch numbering. Am I missing anything? Has my spam bot eaten any of your email? That's useful to know. I can go and fix my email and also I can make sure I review your series. It's in entirety. And also, it helps with some threading and ordering in email clients. Version numbering. Is it something new? Or something I've already reviewed? So all these are small details that helps the reviewer understanding the progression in your series. And the cover letter. We need to know what you've changed from one version to the other. So for example, make sure all the recipients receive at least the cover letter. And that's your chance to convey an idea and to have that conversation with the maintainers. Don't do a bad job at writing detailed cover letters. That's really something important. And that's the don't do it kind of thing. If you look at this series, that's actually, it's a copy paste of something that ended up in my email client. I've just anonymized it because there's no pointing fingers at people. When you see that, that's supposed to be part of single patch series. There's four version numbers. There's no sense of progression. You can't really extract any meaning from that. First, you miss, obviously, at least two-third of the series. There's no cover letter. But beyond that, what it really means is that the risk is that we're going to ignore that series, meaning we're going to miss out some potentially really important code. Good ideas, good fixes. I mean, we need people to engage with us and to contribute code, but that's a wasted effort. And that's a shame, really. We don't want wasted effort. And it's even more of a shame because we have the tools. We have the tools to help you do that, to send a proper patch series. And that's good. I'm pretty sure most of you are familiar with the tool. It's not that easy. I agree. But it's basically all you need. Yeah, questions here? Yes. You post a series. You respond to it. You agree to some changes. You make those changes. You repost the series with a new version number. You iterate over it. And you say, okay, that's the new version, plus one. So I'm getting to that. So Git is all you need for that.  Do not copy paste a patch in your email client. Do not edit a patch by hand. Generate the patch with Git, send it with Git. That's how you do it. You configure Git as an email client. That's something like four lines in your Git config. You add those two variables, two cover, CC cover, which are going to take the two and CC lines in your cover letter and apply that to your whole series. And for each of your patch series, you first identify the recipients. Know who you're talking to. Maintainers, reviewers, other contributors, mailing lists. You format your patches with that line here. That doesn't work. That does work. So what does it mean? Git format patch, self-explanatory, minus some directory where you're going to stash your patches, a version number, that's v3, that's version 3. Generate a cover letter and the boundaries of your branch. And that's it. You edit your cover letter. You write this nice description we've talked about. And then you do a Git send email. First with the dry run. Check that it's all fine. Remove the dry run. Off you go. That's all there is to do. Same thing when you reply to email, when you interact on the list. Use plain text email, please. Try to avoid HTML. That breaks all kind of things, including filters. Reply in line. Don't top post. No silly disclaimer. Avoid attachments if you can. It's not always avoidable. CC people that actually matter. Don't CC the world. I mean, if you see 50 people on CC, on the receiving end of that email, yeah, there's so many people on CC, someone else will do the job. We'll reply to it. So keep your CC list short and to the point. And when you reply to someone, trim the email. Keep the important content. Don't have a one-liner at the end of a 300-line patch. That's just a waste of bandwidth. A quick one. Why email? Why not? I don't know. Facebook. There's all kind of good reason why email is important and email is our tool of choice so far. These are the requirements. I'm not going to go through that. But we need something that fits those requirements to move slowly, gradually to another system. Of course, email is sometimes badly implemented in some companies and we have issues with people can't send email easily to Desdes or kind of filtering. And we end up seeing a lot of corporate contributors using their personal email addresses. That's sad. But that's not a lot we can do about it. If somebody wants to tackle that idea for the next DLC, SMTP in a corporate environment, I'm happy to provide material. Review your bandwidth. As I said earlier, reviews get a lot of emails. Hundreds of emails a day. Address to them directly. So if you've posted a patch series two days ago and it looks all good, got some responses, you've made the changes required, it looks all good, you're ready to post it again. Take a deep breath. It's a bit early. Leave some time for other people to catch up. Posting once a week is good. Not more than that. That's the rate at which we release candidates. There's no reason why you need to be more proactive than that. And remember how long it took you to write those patches. It was painful. It was okay. Need to understand how this thing worked. For the reviewers, it's likely to be the same. And they need time to digest your patch series and understand what you're on about. So what's the process for a maintainer, for a reviewer? So is it something I have an interest in? Is it something I maintain? Yeah, okay, sure. Does the patch series overall make sense? Is it properly formatted? Do I understand the cover letter? Do I understand the point of that patch series? Is there any reported failure? Like the cabled robot trawling the mailing list, picking up patches? If you've broken ARM or x86 with that patch series, doesn't look too good. Is that a fix or a feature? Obviously, we're going to tend to prioritize fixes. That's more immediate attention to it. And each maintainer has their own pet subject. Basically, you have to know who you're talking to and just want to know one. But there's something that overall goes beyond that and that's trust. It's how we trust each other. It's how we recognize each other. So we tend to trust people who will go the extra mile, who will don't just look at their small corner of the Linux kernel source, but will try and expand and try to do something that benefits a larger part of the kernel than the users. So when we, as maintainer or as reviewers, ask contributors to do some extra work on a patch series, well, it's not really to know you. It has nothing to do with that. We don't take pleasure in asking you to do more work. But it's really to improve the overall quality of the kernel because that's what we really deeply care about. And eventually, it's about building trust between two parties. It's knowing that we will recognize your work and that you will do something that is good for the kernel as a whole. So really, it's not about, there's no difference. We're talking amongst equal. And the real thing is about making a better kernel. Because the overall thing is, that's how the whole Linux kernel works. It's about trust between Linux and some of the top level maintainers. It's about these top level maintainers and their sub maintainers, for lack of a better word. And co-maintenors of a single subsystem do trust each other. If you don't have that, you have nothing. And at the end, this trust is just as important as the code itself. So if you don't get contributions to a project, that project is effectively dead. It's frozen in time forever. And one of the maintenance roles is really to retain those contributors, those who will really help making it a better thing. And we always need new reviewers, new maintainers, co-maintenors, because those contributions are the ones that really benefits most of the users. And that requires everyone to really agree on how we work together. So when a maintainer or reviewer asks a contributor to do some additional work, either to provide a better infrastructure to refactor some code or to move bits of code that's been squealed away in some random driver into core code, it's worth stepping back a bit. Look at the bigger picture. See how it fits in the overall kernel. And if that request isn't clear, really ask for clarification, challenge it. There's no harm in doing that. And if you think that request is not justified, try and come up with an alternative proposal. Maintainers are not always right. Sometimes we need to have our eyes opened. And that's a good thing. In the end, what you want to become is the trusted maintainer of your own code. Embrace the concept. So, small digression here, what we call drive-by-patching. So, these are one of contributors. We'll see one patch, one patch series, and never to be seen again. It's the equivalent of what we call in the UK flight tipping. Here it is, be happy and disappearing. So we don't want to discourage that because we get a number of bug fixes from that. We also get series that just do not make much sense. So, we'd like to convince people to stick around and because in the end, we all started with one single patch. That single patch that got merged and that empowered us to do more. So, I'm not sure how we can improve that. It's difficult. So, we just need to, yeah, that's not just, it's hard. So, if you have suggestions, I'm all here. So, one of the best way to improve your knowledge is to become yourself a reviewer. And you don't really have to be an expert in one domain or another. You just have to be able to follow some code and be interested in it. I think the interest is key here. And if something seems unclear in whatever patch you're reviewing, ask questions. Don't be afraid to do so. If you don't understand it, it's likely that someone else doesn't either. If you spot a problem, yeah, please say so. And at the end of the day, if you're happy with the way the code looks, then if you can, post a review by patch saying, okay, I've reviewed that patch and to the best of my ability, I think this patch is correct and makes sense. And that's the important bit, to the best of my ability. It doesn't engage you any further.  Well, as far as I can see it, that patch was correct. I didn't get the full picture, that's fine. And your input is always valuable. And that's how you build trust with someone. One thing that's important is, please be the first person to review your own patches. Read them. Quite often, you're going to be the first person who's going to see that decomposition of a much larger change. When you look at it, when you look at your code, you see, okay, I've changed this, this, this, this. And this is a big feature. But when you start looking at individual patches, individual patches, then you start spotting things that may not be quite right. And these are things reviewers and maintenance will pick upon. So do that exercise first with your own patches. You'll catch basic mistakes. And then put yourself in the maintenance shoes or the reviewers shoes. Does it make sense? Is it split in a coherent way, well documented? Have I addressed all the review comments? Go back to that email thread from a week ago. And okay, oh, may have missed that comment. Might as well address it now before sending it again. Collect the act buys and reviewed by tags. People have put a lot of effort in reviewing your code. Don't miss out on this opportunity. Add them to your patches. And if you've answered to that, yes, then it's great. Ship it. So that's where we are. Contributed to Linux can be hard. I mean, really hard. But it's also extremely rewarding. And we're all trying to work together in an ever-changing code base. I mean, it's like a ship moving all the time. And trying to understand each other's view is key. We can't talk past each other. We need to talk to each other and work together. It can be hard. I mean, building that trust is what we're after. And that makes things really, really, really easier. So we have tools. We have processes. They're not always friendly, but they're here for a good reason. And honestly, we're not trying to be difficult. That's what it's about. We're really trying to work together. And if you have any question, if you're in doubt about anything, just ask. I mean, nobody's going to shout at you. That's not what it's about. It's about working together. Thank you. If there's any question, we have microphones, gentlemen here. Hi. So this is about practices, best practices or something. So, for example, if you have a patch that was developed by somebody else, and then you want to submit it upstream, do you keep the sign of buy for everyone? You would keep the authorship of the original author. If you haven't changed the patch too much, I mean, you've rebased it or something quite similar. I mean, you haven't changed the logic of the patch. You would keep the authorship, you would keep the sign of buy, and you would add you on. And I'm guessing the author should be... The author should be the original author. Unless you've changed the shape of the patch in such a way that there's no real content of the original patch left. Okay. That's it. Cheers. Any other question? I didn't think I'd be that clear. Less a question, more a remark, as a maintainer myself. If you haven't got any reply to your patch, no, nothing from anyone on the mailing list, then feel free to ping us. Give at least a week, because sometimes people only review on certain days of the week, and you don't know which one it is. So at least allow for a full week. But don't wait for 10 weeks before you ask, because then it's pretty certain that it's just fell through the cracks, especially high volume mailing lists. It's all too easy to miss a patch or it's got buried under all the threads and all the messages. So between one and two weeks, if you haven't heard, send a gentle ping. People may be on vacation or sick or whatever. It also helps to bring that patch series on the top of the stack every so often. If it is a very big series, complex, then you might want to wait a bit longer because it takes time to review something like that, with a simple fix, just ping. Fixes definitely don't hesitate to ping after a week or so. If your kernel crashes, clearly we want to know about it and if we miss that, please let us know. Thank you. When you have a patch series and you've been resending it for, let's say, three release cycles, which happened to me and there is still no response. There even have been some acts from people not really involved with the subsystem, but the maintainers simply don't respond. What should you do? Should you escalate somehow? It's hard. It usually means that the maintainer fails to see the point of that series. That's difficult. I would say try to find someone who could mediate that one way or another. If the direct conversation doesn't work, try to... It doesn't work. There is no conversation happening because there is no response. It doesn't work. Then try to have a conversation with someone who could talk to that person more directly because apparently the direct email doesn't work in that case. Maybe it's also something where you can take the opportunity of a conference like this. Assuming the maintainer you want to talk to is around, it would be useful to have a face-to-face discussion. Sometimes it's also about, okay, am I doing the right thing? Is what I'm doing actually... One thing you could look at, for example, is how has a similar approach been taken before? If so, why did that fail? Maybe there's something around that. There's a sense of deja vu and the maintainer fails to be interested. Without knowing the specific, it's hard to give you an answer, but we can take that offline. In theory, a maintainer should at least acknowledge your existence, but maintainers sometimes you fall off the grid entirely, but if they're actually still in the mail list responding to other people, then you have an expectation they should get back to you. There are people who will help you. In the end, Andrew Morton takes that on as one of his ombudsman jobs. Often also in any given subsystem, there may be other senior developers who may take up your cause, but there should be somebody who can help you out. You shouldn't be left out in the cold like that. They should at least say no for some reason. Yeah, I'd like to add a comment to that as well. I think the key there is to involve the community, because we as a community want to get code merged, so you won't meet a wall in that case. Just try to involve as many people as you can from the community, and you will get some help. Anything else? Well, thank you very much.


In this video, I want to graph the rational function r of x equals 2x squared minus 5x plus 2 in the numerator and x minus or x square minus 4 in the denominator and I want to graph this without using any technology whatsoever just based upon information of how the function behaves near its asymptotes and how it behaves near its intercepts. So let's start figuring out what those asymptotes, what those intercepts are. To do this, I would begin by factoring the numerator and the denominator. The numerator is a little bit hard. Let's start with the denominator. x squared minus 4, that's the difference of squares. It should factor with x minus 2 and x plus 2. The numerator is a little bit more challenging, but we can reverse foil this thing. We take 2 times 2, that gives us a 4. We need factors of 4 that add up to be negative 5. So we can take negative 4 and negative 1. We then proceed to factor this thing by groups using this magic pair right here. 2x squared minus 4x minus x plus 2. You have the first group and the second group. The first group, you can take out a 2x leaving behind an x minus 2. And with the second group, take out a negative 1 that leaves behind x minus 2 right there. And so as x minus 2 shows up twice, we can factor it out.  So we get the factorization there. Now taking this fraction as it is, look at the denominator. What makes the denominator go to 0? We get x is 2 and x is negative 2. That will be the forbidden values from the domain. We're going to come back to this issue in just a second. But we have these two numbers that are forbidden from the domain. Once that's decided, now look to see if there's any common factors on the numerator and denominator. You notice like, oh, there's an x minus 2 on top and bomb that cancels out. And so this rational function can simplify to be 2x minus 1 over x plus 2. So what I'm going to basically do is for the rest of the problem, I'm going to graph the function. I'm going to graph the function y equals 2x minus 1 over x plus 2. But there's going to be a removed point. A removed point at x equals 2, right? Because the x minus 2 is what canceled out. There's a removed point because those have disappeared from the denominator. So we're going to graph the function y equals 2x minus 1 over x plus 2. But we have this removed point x equals 2. We'll come back to that in a second. So how do we determine the y-intercept? We can plug in x equals 0 into this function, or we can plug it into the simpler function. If you plug it into the simpler function here, you're going to get negative 1 over 2, which is our y-intercept that we see right here. The x-intercept is what's going to make the numerator go to 0. So if you take 2x minus 1 instead of equal to 0, you get x equals 1 half, like so. And so that's where our x-intercept comes from right here. Now notice, if you look at the original fraction, you might be tempted to say that x equals 2 is also an x-intercept. But because plugging in x equals 0 gives you 0 over 0, that doesn't tell you you have an x-intercept necessarily. That's actually coming from the removed point. That's why it's better to use the reduced fraction in terms of this consideration. For symmetry, if there won't be any symmetry, it's not symmetric with the origin or with the y-axis. If you look at the denominator of what makes it go to 0 in the lowest terms, that's going to be x equals negative 2. This tells us that we have a vertical asymptote at negative 2. Because negative 2 is outside the domain of the function, but when we put it into lowest terms, it still didn't cancel out. That suggests that we have a vertical asymptote at negative 2. The multiplicity is going to be odd, because it's just a positive 1 right there. This tells us that we are going to cross infinity at negative 2. We're also going to cross the x-axis at 1 half. Those are important things to realize. Well, what do we do about this removed point at x equals 2? If it's a removed point, there needs to be two coordinates, an x-coordinate and a y-coordinate. How do we find the y-coordinate? Well, the y-coordinate is you're going to take the removed point from the domain, so the x equals 2, and you're going to plug it into the reduced fraction. What happens when you plug in 2 here? Because if you plug in 2 into the original thing, you're going to get 0 over 0, which does not exist. But if you plug in 0 into this function right here, you're actually going to, not 0, sorry, if you plug in 2 into this function right here, you're going to end up with 4 minus 1, which is 3, above 2 plus 2, which is 4. So you actually can plug that in. You don't get 0 over 0. You actually get 3 over 4. And so that suggests to us what this removed point is going to be. You get 2 comma 3 fourths, like so. So I'll show you how to graph that removed point in just a second. The last thing I want to mention here is, what is the asymptotic behavior of this function? If we take 2x minus 1 over x plus 2, if we look at just, as x approaches plus or minus infinity, if we look at just the leading terms, 2x over x, we get 2x over x, which simplifies just to be 2. And so we have a horizontal asymptote at x equals 2. Is it possible for the function to cross the horizontal asymptote? We can investigate that very thing. We're going to come over here and do this. Can our function equal its horizontal asymptote? Can 2x minus 1 over x plus 2 equal 2? Again, it's better to use the reduced reaction because with the exception of the removed point, the two functions are identical, but linear polynomials are a lot easier to do than quadratics here. If we want to solve the equation r of x equals its horizontal asymptote 2, we take 2x minus 1 over x plus 2 and solve it. So clear denominators, we're going to get 2x minus 1 equals 2 times x plus 2. The right-hand side becomes 2x plus 4 and then we have 2x minus 1 right here. Taking away the 2x from both sides, we end up with negative 1 equals 4, which is actually a contradiction. This tells us that there is no crossing of the horizontal asymptote. So now we're in a position that we can start graphing this thing. I'm going to do this to the right, first of all, and then we're going to compare our picture in just a second. So let's first graph the x-axis and we'll put the y-axis right here. So what do we know about this function? So we found an x-intercept at one-half, which we'll just squeeze that in right here. Our x-intercept was at one-half. Our y-intercept, which we found was at three-fourths, that's almost one. Sorry, it was a negative. As soon as we know it was a negative one-half, that's what it was. Three-fourths had to do with the remove point. So the y-intercept was negative one-half. The x-intercept was positive one-half. Did we have any vertical asymptotes? Yes, we had a vertical asymptote at negative two. So I'm going to put my vertical asymptote right here. My picture up just a little bit. So I have this vertical asymptote at x equals negative two. We also had a horizontal asymptote, remember, of y equals positive two. So I'm going to add that to the graph as well. Now, in general, it's possible for a function across its horizontal asymptote, but we've proved already by solving a certain equation that that's not possible in this situation. y equals two is our horizontal asymptote. The other thing I want to put on the graph is this remove point. So the point was removed, right? So when x equals two, y should equal three-fourths. So we have this remove point right here. I'm going to draw this as an empty dot to suggest the point was removed. And so from this picture, we have a pretty good idea of how this function is going to behave. So kind of connecting the dots, it seems like the only natural function would be to connect the dots in this way right here. We're playing connect the dots just like we learned in kindergarten, right? So going from our x-intercept, looking at the x-intercept, we have to cross the x-axis because the multiplicity was odd. So we see something like this. We have to go up towards the horizontal asymptote and towards the remove point because if we went down, we'd have to somewhere turn around and we get an x-intercept we don't have. So we have to be going this direction through that remove point. We cross to go the other direction through the y-intercept, but then at that y-intercept, we could turn around and go up or we continue down. We can't go up because we'd have to cross the x-axis and the horizontal asymptote, which we're not allowed. So we get something like this. I should also mention that we know our function can't bend and come back up like this because we can't cross our horizontal asymptote. So we get using the information we have about the multiplicities and the intercepts and the remove point, we have to do something like this. When we hit x equals negative two, we're going to cross infinity and come from the other side. Thus, we're going to have to get a picture that looks like this. We're going to wrap our spaceship wraps around and comes through our black hole on the other side. So it crosses infinity. And then again, we can't cross our horizontal asymptote, but we have to get close to the horizontal asymptote. So it's going to have to approach above like we see right here. So let's zoom out and look at the final picture, which we see right here. It's like, voila. Although I use red instead of green for my asymptotes. That's the exact picture that we produce right here. And so we're able to graph this rational function without any technology whatsoever.


Hi, my name is Richard Allen. I'm the director of the UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory. I want to tell you about a research project that we have to collect a new generation of data that we can use to reduce the impact of future earthquakes. To do it, we need your help. We want to use the sensors on your phone to record the impacts of an earthquake so that we can understand them. But in the near future, we hope to use it to be able to send a warning out to you and other users of the My Shake app in order to give you a few seconds warning before the shaking starts. It works best when you actually have your phone on a stable table. So all smartphones have an accelerometer which allows the phone to sense motion, whether you're walking, whether you're running, the orientation of the screen. We use that data to be able to detect earthquakes. When the earthquake strikes, the accelerometer in the phone will record the ground shaking, send that data to our system. We can use that data to understand the physics of the process beneath us, how the buildings around us respond to these earthquakes, and we will have more data than we have from the traditional seismic networks. My Shake can improve earthquake early warning in places with traditional seismic networks like the US. But in other parts of the world where there are no traditional seismic networks, there are still millions of smartphones. So My Shake could bring earthquake early warning capabilities to those regions too. Right now, it's only available for Android. The free download is available from the Google Play Store. My Shake doesn't interfere with any other applications on your phone and uses only minimal power. With the help of thousands of you downloading the app, we'll be able to more rapidly move to the next generation of My Shake and actually start providing alerts. With your help, we're going to change the way we do seismology and we're going to reduce the number of lives lost and the total damage in future earthquakes.


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards have been 23 top scrum update series baseball hobby and jumbo 8 box mix number 27 Pick your team style names and teams Adam II Tigers and Tony each Astros Braden and blue J's Cooper B with the Padres and White Sox and the Nationals Ed B Phillies Suki and with the Royals fur hot a twins Gary a pirate James T. Reds Jonathan our Giants Josh W Guardians Joshua W with the Cubs Justin Y Angels Kevin C Rockies and Max Mitchell D Diamondbacks Ragey Marlins and Cardinals Ryan B Rays and Rangers Sean are red Sox and Mariners SLU with the athletics Ty W Dodgers Tim W Brewers William F. Yanks Wilson M Braves and order number two five six nine one five with the Orioles So good luck. Yeah, everybody again bowman chrome and that is what was breaking next Still 13 to go on that one Still 13 to go on bowman chrome Good luck.  They're Betting like anytime. I'm like making a parlay. I always just will throw in the whatever whoever the Pacers are playing I'll throw the over on that That's alright. It's so smart dude. It hits every single time. It doesn't matter what they put the over at Gonna hit they're gonna have to put it like 300 points at some points nuts, dude absolutely There's like Yeah, the first trade I think that was a good trade for the Braves Braves are cheese. They're fleece and people man The thing is I feel like the Braves are just gonna change turn around They probably They have the coaches. Yeah, we'll turn around probably be an all-star. Oh, yeah Pacers box over under would be they have to set it like 270 dude, and it's still hit and like the third quarter It's silly bro Good luck everybody. Let's do it Let's do it Donovan Solana add the rushman refractor. You know we pulled on Saturday for the first time finally Kento Maeda prism a retro for actor Really, you're a Perez refractor pulled two in the same case two orange Clementes Yeah It's like two G's Miguel Vargas like $800 a piece still Castellanos Josh young Mason Angler and Michael Bush Yes, we did we did two retros orange wave auto Corey lead to 25 for the White Sox third orange in the last two breaks Second Corey Lee. Yeah, second Corey Leo to Joey Ortiz refractor Francisco Alvarez Salvi Masataki of Sheeta That is a corporate Carol future stars rookie Prism Kobe Allard and yellow Brandon Williamson rookie to 75 for the Reds Orlando Arcia to at 399 that exactly exactly should we never know There's Nolan Arnato Taj Bradley Garrett Cole and Nick Martinez Blue jays gone. Thank you Ryan Michael B with the Rangers cubs and angels. We're down to 10. I believe now One two three four five six seven eight nine nine to go on the next one everyone nine to go on Bowman Chrome Let's go. It's awesome Check restream again being a chance It's like it's starting to like buff a little bit more, but like See if we can maybe get a another retro fractured That would be cool Yeah No, I would keep them sealed for right now Just think like in a couple years Especially well how jacked the rookie I'll put it like this if you want to store a box of like any box or a case This is the year to buy the case Especially flagships. Yeah, especially Series one series two and I'll take yeah by all that by like a case and just store it. Yeah Absolutely The the rookie class is too low. It's good. Dude. The rookie classes are just gonna keep getting better Andrew Monasterio refractor with the way teams are bringing up prospects super young I mean, you're gonna have new you're gonna have number one prospects called up like yearly that is a Josh young Masataki Yoshida got it prism Benjai address. Thank you, Jesse Christian gosses Will Smith Reese McGuire to at 199 Yoshida Gunner refractor prism ref Schneider Blue Vince Velasquez true blue to 150. Yeah, they're originally Charlotte though They were Charlotte then they moved to New Orleans and then the Bobcats rebranded again to Charlotte. Yep, that is Carlos Vargas Mike trout Yeah, yeah, you're collecting Garrett Hill, right the 250 is Reese McGuire Garrett Hill and James Paxton and carry carry bonds I Just went there Josh young No, I'm just Spencer. He's talking Riley green. That is Sean Murphy, but it's fun to make fun of the tigers Who's a quass the 499 for the Royals? Don't worry the tiger It's up spear spearful. What's up, brother? Been a minute. How you doing, buddy? Josh be with the angels and tonight got John N with the Steelers in Daunras and Chris H with a couple of bowman chrome spots Gary L is on the team 6789 Of course Vaughn's gotta come in with the this guy's trying to come in on Yankee takeover, bro Of course gotta come in with hey listen, but at least we didn't finish in last place though. True so Shevious child Imagine and the NFL the team you're playing score six points and you still lose that's wrong That's rough. That is rough.  Yeah It's got to be the box Patriots Patriots are bots Well, just look at Bill Billichick The biggest box I still come I know Yeah, that is true. That's what I'm saying dude Good teams win great teams cover. I guess that's bad But elite teams do both Yeah Corbin Carroll That's Corbin Carroll again, dude.  They lost by seven. Come on. They don't care if you win Cover like Sable and Corey Jolks. I think at this point that's Yuri de los Santos the 499 refractor auto. Nice one there. It's like screw winning.  I really hate chemistry. There's Matt Mervis and Kyle Farmer to 175 I Still remember taking AP chemistry not known a damn lick the 70 it's a 50 Rob rough Schneider gold many diamonds Not knowing a darn lick and like still passing that class surprisingly Justin Steele There's Jose Siri Corbin Carroll and Jeter does I had no business being an AP That was I know bro. I had this is being an easy Like and what's even worse was that the teacher knew my family and really me pretty yeah prior and Like he was just like you have no business But I have you though.  Hey, thanks for you coming to member there bristle Appreciate your brother. There's George story on it Gunner Henderson Johnny Brito refractor Prism JJ Pledegger Mitchell refractor as well It's anyone Bobby quit Gus of Arland refractor Lubab all-star refractor Rafi insert His Casey Schmidt refractor debut prism of Edward Julian Julian purple Corey Jolks 250 for the Stroze refractor Jordan Lyles and base That's what's that true gold. Oh, maybe we might be Owen Miller prism action stars Adley Very well could be a true Resume Hazel's our Jose Azucar rep BD and Gold Dominic Fletcher nice one there D-backs congrats on that to 50 others Carol for a second But still nice Fletcher is very solid Nearly an everyday player there as well when he was on the when he was on the roster All right Vaughn with the socks and finest flashbacks Justin with the Mets an inception Wen Shu with the Mets in finest flashbacks Tony K with the Pirates in finest flashbacks Again, let's get the last nine teams sold out here in Nine to go on Bowman Chrome that breaks next get that sold out and then finest flashbacks is basically there and then we'll Will rock on some museum will rock on some museum as well everybody Yeah, dude, dude, let's go It's been selling like stupid amount of stuff on eBay the past past two days I've done more in eBay sales and I have in like the last month in terms of like pricing It's always wild kind of slash your prices down a little bit I didn't even there they were just sitting there and someone I had a I had a Quinn Hughes PSA 9 Opichi purple and that's like I've had that up on I've had that card for like two years now at least and I had it up on eBay for like 79 99 someone just Offered me 50 and I I countered with 60 and they bought it I'm not dumping anybody spent I'm dumping any don't dump around here. No Blue is Reese Lewis the 150 and And Louisa rise like I didn't change any of my prices like I had a couple offers got accepted But I didn't like go lower anything the bar more was wild. That's Adley Rushman We've got diamond dominance Adley Rushman nice when they're Orioles. Congrats. Here's a Michael Bush Yoshida and Brett wisely It was wild some guy was like yesterday I've had that I've had that I had that Barmore snakeskin up for a while the one at the field double out of two PSA eat PSA 9 whatever it was Dominic Smith to 175 and I had a guy offer me 30 Prism of Jacob the grump gray rod and Kobe Howard I almost was gonna counter him was 50 and then someone within the same hour Bought and paid for it at 75. I was like, all right That's why you never really have to be in a hurry to sell a card. No, I'm never The overmiguel base auto nice one there Shizzle in Elvis Andrews. Yeah, that's at that point spent. So you just don't even Don't even counter. Yeah, you just kind of either decline or you just don't you just don't even that's it Don't even pay the attention. Don't even decline it. Just let it expire And Jake Irwin, that's Quinn Hughes song is actually Presum that is Ward judge and Eddie Rosario Who be Harris prism Christian basket is Soto and Blake sable Yeah Michael Harris Jake bird every now and then my uncle my uncle's a big eBay seller, too He does like toys and like collectibles. He does some cards to mostly toys and collectibles every now and then he'll offer me like a penny I'm one of my items. I'll see it's from like because I we follow each other Hey, so I know it's him. It's one night and I was Cal Stevenson. I swung there for the Phillies and Brandon Williamson and then I'll like powder him say it's like say it's like a 30 to 29 99 I'll tell him 29 98 like sorry lowest I can go So it's funny. That's funny What's up John? Unexpected winning auction for a $5,000 card very true. Yeah, Brian Hayes prism Luis Medina Corbin carol mason angler Or like a big PC card Yeah, that's true Frisome Nolan Jones gun and Mervis David G with the blue jays in both museums. Thank you, buddy Appreciate that very much Say if I saw his offer Very true honestly. Oh, yeah, I saw it That's all I did. I saw it Did I there is one card man?  It was like a I had it up for $30. It was Yuri Perez $30 cup die-cut from spectra to like 20 or something or 30 one of those like spectra die-cut base and I Had I had up at 30 There's Kodai Senga and I was like all I'll sell it for like 25 like whatever.  Yeah, but dot dots and stuff.  I swung there for the Yankees on the Diamond Dominance that is prism of Kiermeyer gray rod and Rootnado door and And Then I eventually I was just like man I'm next time if I need the comp police I'll dial 911 and then he sent me like another snarky message And then the same day someone someone binged it and I was like there you go, buddy So I sent him a screenshot of the person buying it now didn't get a response back 399 is Orlando, Arsia I love it. There's a prism of Hyunjin Ryu Anthony Volpe and Braden Shoemake Someone end up it someone literally that day or the day after hit bought it outright at 30 Because I knew it was gonna sell for that eventually had a ton of watchers on it And I was just gonna weather the storm and wait on it Trish and causes Ellie Hernandez.  Just the thing is though it It ruins your price.  Yeah, Jake. I'll obey saw a nice one there Jordan Walker and Gabriel right exactly spear Like if I messaged him again Maybe if I harass him for the third time in this one day, he'll sell it to me But now the guy who offered me 30 yesterday was really cool He was like he even messaged me after he's like, oh, if you don't mind me asking how much did this sell for Garrett Acton prism Rachel I was like, oh, it's whole for 75. He's like, oh, that's an awesome sale. Like, you know, good stuff And I was like, yeah, no, I appreciate it. Like the only reason I didn't I didn't Respond, I was like, I figured we'd be too far off and price. He was like, yeah No, I get that for sure. He's like he even goes because apparently it's a Patriots fan He's like, I want a card of bar more but the Patriots stinks. I want to see them keep dropping Ben Joyce Gunner Henderson James Faxon like that is true Yeah, their defense has been rough because they've had a lot of guys within like Hubbard's been injured Hendrickson hasn't been right. Their secondary is not that great to begin with Volpe and Joey Weimer like when their front seven is healthy. It's really good But their secondary they lost too many pieces in their secondary. They lost Apple. I mean Apple wasn't great But I mean it's a starter. He lost a starter. You lose von Bell like It's been tough for them. You lose Jesse Bates I mean they lost three starters in the second area Johnny Brito, Soto and Andrew Monastereo Jesse Bates, especially how well Jesse Bates have been playing in and in Atlanta That's a huge loss for them. Josh Young, Prism, Terrain, Corbin Carroll and Ryan Walker refractor Apple the only reason they made this rule. Probably Spencer. You're probably right on that Yeah, it's been really good the past couple of months two three four five six seven eight to go on Bowman Chrome Eight to go on Bowman Chrome Eight to go And pick them this week Yeah, Bowman Draft comes out next week Nicholas comes out a week from tomorrow. That's week from tomorrow Bowman Draft will be out. That is exciting Work Prism, Taj Bradley, Cole and Dylan Moore You're like I don't even want to touch the game tonight because the bangles are nine and a half point underdog I don't Think I don't think that's Fred's gonna get covered either way Nick Ahmed I'll to vey Oscar Gonzalez because I know if I bet the bangles to cover they're gonna blown out And if I bet the Jags to I bet the Jags to cover then they're gonna only win by like five They'll do a prop or something Braden Shoemaker to two ninety nine nice one there. That's on that one there at brave stuff Rashid Rashid, it's been a minute. I've been do Bobby Miller. How you doing brother? There's Jram Corbin Carroll and Corey Jilks Ninth since week five. It's pretty good. Actually, it's beautiful. You can climb back up from that. That's pretty impressive That is a Brewer Hicklin to one ninety nine prison Tyler Anderson your sheet of Francisco Alvarez Ingram yards Fell into the daily fantasy space. I feel that Rashid feel trust me. I feel that man Time to spend nine hundred on a cow bed.  Okay Look into that prompt. I like that One this weekend. Let's go Rashid. Hell, yeah Dominic Fletcher base auto for the Dbex nice one Arizona One so no Sam Hillier. I might take Josh Allen over in sacks again. I hit that last week. He's always over point five Feasting off the bangles. All right. I'll look I'll look into that We're sir Strowman T. Steeter Downs refractor. Yeah, I'm happy Evan Ingram is doing well in Jacksonville There's Carlos Rodan prism Volpe and Leody Thavers Saving for Bowman's draft a smart man smart man Want a casual hundred good board? Gotcha Milan Prism Brett Hendrick Josh Young and Miguel Vargas refractor Taking Browning pass attempts Chase doesn't have five dollars now. Come on. Jayce is a bot dude. Jayce is a bot for that one Base auto Michael Stefanik don't panic. It's Michael Stefanik Riley Green action stars play Blake Perkins as well Beatty and Jared Schuster refractor as well Corey with the twins. Thank you, buddy Appreciate that down to I believe seven ago now Seven to go Rockies Tigers Royals Marlins Brewers Phillies Cardinals nothing over a hundred there great value Yeah, very good value Brewer is very good value Bunch of really really good value Rockies good value Can you give me a restream check and get a chance again punching the air because the restream Pretty ridiculous if you ask me Jayrod Aaron Judge Hymer Candelario Sanger dancing from a billion people probably neither Can't do either efficiently Adley Ruchman prison Parazza Brett Beatty and Monastereo refractor Biggest chase. I mean the like Tom Brady's got an auto and Bowman draft as a Montreal Expo So that's a big chase but for in terms of prospects Max Clark Paul schemes Walter Jenkins I think Langford got left out Langford. I think Langford teal and crews are all gonna be regular Bowman Tanner, Bibi Nice one there two three ninety nine Bryce Miller Soto and Cole Reagan's refractor and turn into that one That's their bid Everything you've got her I feel that though on that was like me with freakin Manjaro. Oh nice the two 99 is Taj Bradley Congrats on that one there race Gunner and Michael here did Jenkins get left out then it might I might I might have that backwards Yeah, why Langford is gonna be a huge one. Yeah Colt Emerson's another big one. I Know teal Kyle teal got left out as well. So it's gonna be a really good 24 class Narciso crook I swung there congrats on that red socks. Yeah, I had him.  I think I said that already Max Clark thumbs down.  It's gonna Henderson just winker Soon as he got promoted So we're already we're already putting them in thumbs down and thumbs down category It's cold roll out here. Jeez man. Tiger fans are quick Michael Bush and Brett wisely Negative of Anthony Volpe Otani Otani Jose Barrera This one there is Michael Grove to 499 refractor Jeff to the four-year project Shay Langler's Detroit Tigers for that one The toy Tigers drafting Thank you. Thank you. This gunner Prism Jose Quasper at Beaty who be Harris Dude, I saw that too. I saw that Cameron. It's unreal dude Unreal for these they all just hit nukes dude Prism Brandon Faut Adley and Any result quick recap of our up to the younger brother's gonna be a problem. He's gonna be a stud to Narciso crook Michael Stafanik Dominic Fletcher Jake Alu Logan Allen Leo Berguerro You ready Los Santos Michael Grove and Jose Quas to 299 charge Bradley Braden Shoemake to 199 is Cal Stevenson to 150 Derek Hall Royce Lewis the 50 Dominic Fletcher and a 25 Corey Lee Break everybody. Thanks again for the Phil Bowman chrome