My name is Clifton Larini and I'm going to show you how to make an arrow. This one here is the arrow plant. And this, the first thing we do is chop off before you get the shoot of it, right? Cut three again. And we have this. Here's the arrow. At an early age, we are using arrows. The arrow is very important because it brings a lot of food for the family. You could shoot fishes, birds. So the arrow is very important. Why also make arrows is because to keep my tradition of arrow making. It's to go inside here. So this piece here is where the bow string will go. And you hold it. Instead of holding here, you hold here. Here's the caramani. And you just rub it there, forget it's sticky. It's very sticky, it's hard. Can't come out easily. There you are, right there. That's not the end. It must be right there. After this, you have to put this now. This is to hold the string with the twine, right? It's there here. This caramani, what we put on the string is to hold it. That cannot come out. It comes through here. Hold it like this. This feather here is to enable the arrow to go more straight, right? Directly to its target. Put the feather on the arrow now. And this is the one we have to use. This is what we call krawa. It comes from a plant just like a pineapple tree. You have to have both ends. There you are. Tom starts from here. And I normally start from here. Because it's more easier for me. This should be enough there. We take it back again. And we use the same caramani again. To help it from not coming out from the arrow. And here is what we are going to do here. We still have to put this. So as to let it hold on to it. So that the string cannot come out. This is why it is flattening. But after this now, you have to make the sprangs here. That will be flattened with hammer.


Remember that if you're in a bad mood, it's still your responsibility to fix the bad mood. Now that doesn't mean you can't help or get help from people. That's what you have friends for if you're in a bad mood. But there's no excuses. You can't go up to your boss and tell him, hey, I'm in a bad mood. Or you can't go up to your client and tell him, hey, I'm in a bad mood. If that leads up to you not performing, because performance is your job. Their job is to help you perform. So use whatever means necessary to improve your mood.  People are the problem almost all the time. And you'll be good and productive.


Hello and good afternoon everyone. Sorry for the technical delays there. It's an absolute pleasure for me to introduce Sandra Partington, my ex-colliach from City University of London. Over to you Sandra. Hi everyone and thanks very much for having me… Oops, yes… oh, slide one please. Sorry about that, never move rooms don't move computers. So, thanks for joining me. Today I am talking about part of our digital accessibility project and the slot that I'm talking about, the theme or slice is making multimedia digitally accessible. You will hear more about our project another time and what I wanted to run you through was how we've been, what we've been doing, our activities and kind of where we've got to for attempting this kind of thing at scale. So, we've been trying out looking at ultimate speech recognition without the student pilot. We've been doing a baseline review of all our video and media platforms of which obviously we have more than we started with a year ago blossoming due to COVID shall we say and we've had a look at some vendors and we've worked closer I think than ever with our disability and neurodiversity team. So, I just wanted to start with where we were in September 2020. Now, we had what we called an approach, we thought we can't go for a policy, we need to test the water first and of course that was when the kind of we needed to let the new regulations were coming in. So, what we did, we kind of separated our approach and our advice and guidance to staff into pre-recorded media and then we separated that from recording of synchronous online, live teaching in groups and we kind of took lecture capture aside because we weren't really getting a lot of people coming in and that seemed to be carrying on as we went into the next year of the COVID. So, just a little review of what we actually did in that year. I was thinking, well, yes, we did tell stuff about captioning and I did feel really bad telling them about captioning and their duties and responsibilities because they'd really just got their heads around GDPR and then COVID and it was like, oh, DME, what can I ask these poor souls to do?  Anyway, what we did do, we put in that student-led student-run captioning service to at least try and correct a lot of the captions. We were making an awful lot of screencasts or narration over PowerPoint. There was a lot of those that were to be watched before the group sessions. They were basically prerecorded like distance learning materials and they we thought will target them for correction. We did switch on wherever we could, the automated speech recognition captions in like Teams, Zoom, Kaltura and of course then later on we actually switched on where we could, the live ASR for live teaching as well, so we wandered into that area. We, as I say, we left leptocaptacles, it really went very quiet and oh, we didn't quite get round to the disproportionate burden but I would say at this point we now have a much better idea about it and how we'll go about it in our next year. So next slide please, aren't I getting the executive treatment? So we, as I say, we did run a student pilot. We had about eight students for, I think they were supposed to be for three months and then they carried on for a, that's the one, lovely, yeah, yeah, up, up. And they carried on for, actually they just kept carrying on except we had to swap them over a little bit. So they loved captioning, they were very good at it. They were pretty good at all the subjects. There was a lot of owing and aring about whether we had to have someone from each subject area but in the end, you know, we took who applied and they were from a range of subjects but what they found their best tip was as long as they got the same voice and the same subject area they could really fine tune the any accent or how the person spoke and that kind of subject area like shipping law got very good at that. What they did, so it wasn't essential to match the subject but it's good to have a range. What they did discover the shortcomings of automated speech recognition in one of our systems now it does come in different flavours so I'll tell you a little bit about that later. They also discovered a bit of an issue in how we'd set up our cultural media platform because we'd missed a few things off our settings and they really did help us because we basically created a little captioning factory and we had 20 staff taking part and we basically modeled it and from that we gathered some really useful requirements and also kind of just a feel for when in the year this would be busy, how much, who's really keen on it, some staff were like oh it's too complicated, I don't want to apply, sorry about that. So we had all of these things going on so the staff were excellent, there was about 20 staff took part, they gave us good feedback, they were very concerned, one thing they were concerned about was that their accents with international staff were affecting the accuracy of the ASR and interestingly we find out it wasn't, it was equally jumbling things up whether you had an accent or whether you were crystal clear English. So actually although it was important to correct the captions, it wasn't actually the accent that was doing the problems so again they helped us model what do they want, how quickly do they need to turn around what times of year. Now so we did begin as the pilot carried on and on and on, we did begin to look at a range of suppliers and their products and we've got a much better idea of what we'd be asking for, I'll tell you a little bit about that later.  So one of my list of 11 crazy things of ASR was that the students blessed them, they didn't tell me at the time, they only told me this in the focus group at the end, it would take the same word in the same recording you know a repetitive word about a particular topic said by the same speaker and then it would change it to a number of different words not the same word, a number of different words and so they couldn't use find and replace in the editor to try and grab it so that was a little bit annoying and that's just one of the things however what it did show up to us is that automated speech recognition usually comes with you know it's it's powering your live captions, it's also filling up your interactive transcript so it's giving a sort of searchable version of that video, a highlight that follows the speaker, a downloadable transcript not taking tools and also you know you can see that once that was corrected there it sits there in the player with the transcript, someone can download it or watch it and what a brilliant brilliant thing that is but the captions themselves can be inaccurate. Okay next slide please um I guess the the other thing that came out was that trying to get all our platforms the same quite early on we realised we were missing some things our our big mistake was we somehow didn't have the interactive transcript on our main media player and we didn't have the ability to change the caption size and text contrast and we were like oh no where did that go somewhere in the setting so we had to get that set back up and we did a sort of baseline and every time I think I've got them all behaving the same a new feature comes in, breakout rooms in teams or something, live captions here and there and and I have to kind of go back through them again but we'll be carrying that on because it's basically we'd like them to work as easy as possible so that staff don't have to remember oh I'm in zoom I need to put the live captions on so somebody else can put them on so we've got a lot of baseline comparisons for that so on to our um the next slide is our request for uh I just thought I'd show you this because um we we're going out for just a middle-sized tender it's not the whole institution tender so it's it's a smaller amount of money so you can actually get you know we're going to get about five quotes and I just thought I'd show you what we came up with to send to the different vendors you know this is what I need your quote to reflect and I don't think I could have done this this type of information if we haven't run the student pilot you know um different time zones uh you know short quick quick and then a little bit longer because we've got plenty of time um they seem to have sort of dashboard so I could actually pile stuff in there from my different platforms and get it fixed quickly there some of them are integrating with some systems and some others not so it's like oh well tell me what you've got um and these were quite useful and also how many admin licenses for if we've got a team of people who need to throw things in and pick things out so that was quite I don't think I could have come up with that little piece and obviously that's the beginnings of a an institutional requirements um so let's move on to the next one this is our updated approach um obviously we have a kind of guidance and we take this through committees and things but um the kind of what we've changed to is um well we're still going on the pre-recorded um the other big change is that on the uh live classroom if you would we're including lecture capture now because we're likely to have a mix of on-site and online and um here's another thing where we we sort of we hadn't quite got ourselves organised because our lecture capture has only an allowance for ASR um to come on which is brilliant it it's fabulous we quite like it it's it's not bad but it it we'd be through it in three months if we're back to normal um so we're going to have to sort that one out so we brought that one in the mix we're also working a lot closer with our disability and neurodiversity team because they have actually had a big input into our new it's not the lecture capture policy anymore it's um recording our teaching so they are making more stronger statements about having things recorded um i'm going to skip on uh to the next slide um so the two things we're going to try we're going to try a an external company and a kind of fast turnaround slightly slower turnaround and we've put you know some imaginary money next to that and all the academics have said well we'll be through that in no time but i'm just going to go for it so we got that one the other one we've got is the something that will follow the learner follow them around and it'll put captions wherever they are it's a kind of overlay now that could come in handy um we're going to start that off with students with a disability on neurodiverse we'll pilot it with some people see what they think before we sort of can say it's a useful disability assistive technology we'll try it out with that one could fill in some gaps say if a student is watching a stream from echo it could give them captions on that something like that could be handy we're also going to have to have a look at our lecture capture allowance we're really going to have to help um we're going to have to pick up our project it's going to have to pick up this disproportion of burden but i think we know a bit better now what to ask for and where and how long things might be and we're also going to have to help staff and create new services so for instance you know they know how to book lecture capture but do they know how to book then captions or something um so what i might do is whiz past the next two slides you can see them oh look at that looks fabulous it's not not quite finished this is my question um as i've been doing this i've been working with the my colleagues in the disability team and the academics the students the people using are just i've been pulled apart like well if we have this for a disabled student that could be good for everyone in their cohort why not just do that or if i knew where the disabled students or students with neurodiversity were i could channel resources that way i don't need to know names it's i just you know i can if i knew then could we push things around and i just thought you know this is that sort of you know i know there's data there i think it could work but i haven't really worked out how to find it and use it and i'm i'm a bit worried it'll take me so long that i'll just plodd through the kind of asking people to report in when they need something so i'm going to shush now because i'm going to get kicked off in two minutes um so there we go oh i can see thanks Sandra um we've got a comment i think from someone's name we've had similar conversations and no solutions as yet either oh that makes me feel better yeah i think something probably i need to stop trying to work it out in my own head because it kind of overheats but it's almost like i'm i'm asking people for data that they don't usually use it for that reason you know they've got their data beautifully but they doesn't connect about how fazzana's going to go is that city is it anyway um so okay i think maybe i'll i can bring that conversation to the uh with there's the disk digital accessibility group and uh maybe we can do that there you can obviously continue the conversation on uh discord that does look like unfortunately we are out of time now but thank you very much thank you brilliant and insightful presentation it was really interesting to see how you've been working out this problem at city and so it would be great if everyone in the chat could use their best emoji to thank Sandra for her presentation oh yeah and i was going to start with a gentle cup of tea before i realised that in my ancient alt mug 2009 wow and i hope alt will come back to london soon because we were so looking forward to seeing everybody okay kill it kill it


you so much for joining me as I take a trip through my trash. Now I don't usually go through a lot of products, at least not quickly, but I do have some stuff that I've gone through that I want to share with you. So if you're interested, stay tuned. Most of these products that I'm going to share with you, I have purchased over the course of time. Some, I think, too, have been gifted to me and I'll talk about those as well. So the first thing is going to be the Declare, and I'm not too sure if I'm pronouncing this right. I do have this linked in my Amazon store. I did buy this off of Amazon. I cannot remember who talked about this that I heard about it. I don't know how I heard about it, but I did hear about it and this is a AHA and a BHA, and this is a bright and peel. This is a peeling jelly. What I do with this, and it's totally empty, I've used this. It's very, it's actually pretty mild on my face. It's, unfortunately, you can't read the the ingredients or the directions, but what I've been doing is I have consistently used this maybe twice a week, no more than that, and I use it as exactly what it what it is. It is sort of a peeling jelly, and I put it on, I usually put it on wet skin and clean skin, and then I just kind of like massage it in and let it sit, and I'm not too sure if this is the right way to do it, but this is how I've been doing it, and I just kind of let it sit for like maybe five minutes or so. I think this probably goes for in the 20s on Amazon. I like it. I may buy it again. I'm not too sure. I have so many other exfoliations and peeling creams and jellies and gels that I need to get through that. This is not going to be on the top of my list, but I did like it, so if you're looking for something like this, check it out on Amazon. I wish I could remember who it was that I first heard about this product from, but I can't. So anyways, the next thing that I finished up is the Summer's Eve, and this is the, they call it the aloe love cleansing wash. So Summer's Eve aloe love cleansing wash. This is not a body wash. This is more of an, you know, intimate parts of your body, I guess, but this has a really, really nice, I think, fragrance. It's very gentle. I enjoyed it. I will probably not purchase it again because I really love spots, and that I do remember. I first heard of sweet spots from Tammy. I always get messed up, or I'll link her channel below, but she talks about sweet spots a lot. In fact, I have the body wash for the intimate body wash for sweet spots, and I have the vanilla blossom, and I really like that a lot. I also have the wipes that I use. So yeah, I think I got this in Walmart or something. Very affordable, very nice, and again, it's not like a full body wash. You know, not like full body wash at all. The other thing, this is the perfect, perfect face scrub. Now, I bought this. This is from Dirty Works. Very, very affordable. This was another face scrub. It was very, it was very gentle, but I felt when I used it, I had to go very, very gently on my skin, but I did feel when I used it and I washed it off. I did feel that my skin looked really good, a nice brightening effect. I like this a lot. I got this in TJ Maxx for really cheap money. I will repurchase this whenever I get around to it. Although I have, again, like I said, I've got plenty of scrubs. I've got plenty of exfoliation products that I'm going to go through first before I buy anything new. But Dirty Works, TJ Maxx, probably Marshall's, you know, probably wherever you can find this. I want to say I probably paid $3.99 for this when I bought it. So very, very reasonable, very reasonable. Now, you all know, yes, I am wearing a wig today. For those of you that are curious, this is Raquel Welch Upstage. This is in Shada Cappuccino. I've had this for quite a while. I purchased this wig and I love this. This has to be one of my favorites, but when I'm not wearing my wig and even when I am wearing a wig sometimes, depending on how they fall, I have been using and loving the L'Oreal Magic Root Cover Up. This one that I have is in Dark Blonde. I have one in Medium Blonde, which is a lot lighter, but Dark Blonde is the perfect shade for me to go around my head to hide my grays. So I love this. You can you can spray it on. It's got a very thin little lot nozzle. It comes out really nicely. You have a lot of control, so I normally put my hand and I spray and then I rub my fingers through just in case there's any anything on my face.  You know. So yeah, L'Oreal, I've already replaced it. I love it. I look for sales because I do use it a lot. I am not touching up my bio hair at all. I'm not. This particular Saturday Skin, this was sent to me via the Octolene Network. I'm going to say, oh my gosh, I don't know how long ago. I really, really like this. So this is basically a bright eye cream. I love this. I used it all up. I would actually put this around my eyes in the morning just to kind of brighten it up. You know, this wasn't my eye treatment or my eye creams that I would use, but just to kind of brighten it up. And I really like this a lot. I would consider at one point purchasing this, but not for a while. If you could see the eye creams, I'm trying to work my way through and I have some that I love, that I absolutely love. This Pixie Hydrating Milky Makeup Remover. This was gifted to me in PR, but I know you can buy Pixie anywhere. I like a lot of the Pixie products, but this was a total bust for me.  But I like to use something to take my eye makeup off and then do a regular cleanse. I usually do a two-step cleanse. So this was, I just can't recommend it. If the price is right, if it works for your skin, go for it. But for me, it did not remove my eye makeup at all. It did not remove a whole lot of makeup. Eventually, you know, I had to work it. It came off, but it didn't do anything really quick at all. I finished up the Dr. Lily fan and I don't have a link for this, but I finished this up. Don't empty. And this was sent to me in PR at one point or another, and this is a probiotic cream. I liked it a real lot. And I mean, there's a lot of creams that I use that I like, but I couldn't say to you, oh, this one, I saw a big difference than this one. So I like it. I'm glad I used it. I wouldn't buy it. I didn't see anything that would justify the price of this, but I was thrilled to have tried it in PR. Again, that came to me, I don't know, maybe a year and a half ago. Finished my CYO. I have one half bottle of CYO left.  You could only buy it in the UK, but even Boots, number 7 UK, no longer is making this. I love the CYO foundation an awful lot. Now the KICKASS foundation is supposed to be the exact dupe by the same company, but a lot more money than the CYO. And the CYO on me looks awesome. Lasts all day. Yeah, I have to touch up.  Whereas the KICKASS, even though it's a dupe, even though it has the same ingredients, for some wacky, wacky reason, it did not last on my face like this one does. I would find that it would break apart, it would move around on my face. I'd be looking, you know, at noontime and I might have them in my crevices, but nothing anywhere else. So the KICKASS, yeah, it's a dupe maybe, but not a dupe as far as performance is concerned. So sad to say the CYO was gone. The other thing I finished up to is my SD lauder and this is the Serum Compact. I am not too sure you can find this anywhere. I haven't been able to, but it's pretty well all gone. And I really like this. This was in my shade, which is a 3C2 Pebble. And this was just, I used to just, sometimes I would put it on. This was sort of like a touch-up for me. And gosh, have I had this for two years? Anyways, it's done. I would buy it again if I saw it. I liked it. SD lauder, I like their foundation. It looks really good on me. I like it a lot. Number seven, Protecting Perfect. Went through this, finally finished this out. I have another half one. This is the 50 SPF. This is basically, I think I'm going to reserve this for summertime because of the SPF. Now I do put SPF on my face. I don't rely on this because I would never put in a foundation on my face to cover my face in what would be required, the SPF factor. But I do love this a lot. And this is in the color wheat. In the wintertime it's a little too dark for me, but in the summertime it's perfect. So I'm going to mix this with my other boots number seven products or any other foundation because of the SPF factor. Would I purchase it again? Yes, I would. I would. And I purchased that. I also, it was Marlene Devin Glam, sent me her.  I happen to like this foundation. I actually happened to like a lot of boots number seven foundations. But for Marlene, this is a total bust. So she sent me hers. And I was thrilled to get it. But I was sorry, it was a bust for her because, yeah, sun protection for me is really big. Biltbars. They came out with the Biltbar puffs. I bought probably two big boxes of them. Jay loves them. I've got a link below. I find these, the calories, you know, depending on what you what you're going to have, your calories and it's low, low carb. I find these to be just really, when I need something midday or as a pickup, I just find these to be perfect. And I happen to be a marshmallow lover. I am. You know, peanut butter marshmallow is a kid. Chocolate covered marshmallow, Easter bunnies. Yeah, marshmallows. Marshmallows love if I could get away from it with it. But so these Biltbar puffs have been really awesome. Absolutely what I purchased them. I already have purchased them. Really super, super good. This is the B5 Hydration Serum. Timeless products I think are super affordable. And I use a number of timeless. I only buy timeless when they're that 50% off sale. And I usually stock up. I have a, I've almost done their vitamin C. And then I have two other vitamin C products that I would like to try. But normally I buy my timeless. It lasts. I put it in the freezer. I really like it. Now I'll tell you, my timeless B3, B5 Hydration Serum. I probably will not buy this again. It was very, very nice. But I didn't notice that it kept my skin hydrated. I didn't notice that it gave me any more hydration than anything else. So I like it, but not going to repurchase. I am going to do an update on my vitamin C's and all that. Because one of the things that I noticed when I started my, my Retin-A and I started doing vitamin C was that I had, I really paid attention to age spots that I have. Cluster of an age spot here.  And over the course of time, I didn't even notice it until, because I look in my, you know, five times, ten times mirror. And one day I was looking and I'm like, oh, those, where are those age spots? Well, they're so lightened that you can barely see them. Now again, I don't know whether it's the Retin-A, the hydroquinone that I use in conjunction with my Retin-A, or if it's the vitamin C or combination of all. But I can tell you that since 2016, my age spots right here and right here greatly diminished, greatly diminished. So anyways, I'll talk about that in another video. Lazarus Naturals. This is a CBD Tincture. This is 2,400 mg's milligrams, whatever. Empty. I bought this off of their website. I have been using the Macoo CBD and I love that CBD. I love how it looks. I love the color. The Lazarus Naturals is a bit more browner. It's a little bit more, it doesn't feel grainy, but it has a little bit more grain in it. The price point, compared to this to the Macoo, if you get the Macoo on sale, it's very, very, very affordable. And they have awesome sales all the time. This on the website is pretty reasonable. I want to say it might have been $60 and this is a good size bottle. So Jay likes this. He also uses this. So we've already repurchased this, but I like the Macoo better. I do. I like the Macoo better. I do. I do. So anyways, Lazarus Naturals. Finish my clean at zero. Love this stuff. Repurchase this a number of times. This one I think I got at CVS. You can get them now in Elta. I really like this a lot. However, until I get through some of my other cleansing balms, I'm not going to repurchase that at all. Open Formula. Peptide Moisturizer. I really like this Peptide Moisturizer from Open Formula. I think that, and I don't think it was in my last empties, they had sent me an oil cleanser. That has got to be my favorite oil cleanser to remove my makeup of all times. So this Peptide Moisturizer has Matrixil in it, $3,000. It has some other ingredients in it. But Open Formula, that's sort of like a club pricing. You can join Open Formula. You get super cheap prices, but even without joining and paying the membership fees, you can still buy the products. I like them a lot. I'll link their website. I'm not an affiliate. I don't have a coupon code, unfortunately. But check them out. I really like this. And this Peptide Cream, I really liked it a lot too. Skin Store always has sales and I will link them below. But New Face, I had gotten the New Face from Skin Store and have been using the New Face and have also been using the New Face primer. And you can see I typically will cut off so I can get inside and get. You'll be surprised when you cut off the edges of your tubes like this, how much product still is in there. So you usually cut it off when it gets low. I put it in a plastic bag so it won't dry out. New Face, I use their primer, their gel primer for my New Face device. I know some people use Lovera. Some people use other primers, other gel primers. I've done a little bit of research but I'm not an expert at it at all. So I'm sure those of you that are, you can pop in and let me know. I just think if I'm going to put it on my face, I think I'm going to stick to the New Face gel primer. Skin Store has this on sale often. And when I last bought this, I bought two bottles of it and had used my own coupon plus the sale price. It was affordable. So I purchased this. I will continue to purchase this because I am using the New Face device and I like the New Face device. A couple of other things, Lumify.  I went to the eye doctor. They put me on a steroid eye drop. We talked about a number of things. I talked about it on occasions. I use Lumify, especially, you know, in the morning if I'm like dragging or I've read eye. He didn't think this heard it at all. He said continue to use it. I also talked to him about my eyelash serum, Blink. At the time this all happened. I had been off my eyelash serum because once a year I like to go off of it. I have talked about this in the past. So once a year I like to go off it. I went off it and I got the eye infection which could have been makeup. It could have been a brush. It could have been anything no matter how careful I am. Anyways, the dentist, the dentist, the eye doctor said, nah, the Blink had nothing to do with it. Just keep sanitizing, putting it on the way you want it. Use Lumify. I just have what they call a case of dry eye. So he subscribed. It's the steroid drops which I finished and my eye is much better than he recommended that I just do these regular eye drops. So far it's been really good. I am very, very careful with my makeup. I'm very careful taking it off. Yeah, I am. So completely empty. My It's Superhero. I love this. I will buy this possibly again but I will tell you that Clarence, I like their mascara a lot better. So depending on the sale price and when the point the time is right if I want to have a high-end I'll think about this. But right now I've been using my Essence Purple and I have been using and loving the new Maybelline Sky High Mascara. And I have the, I mean I don't have the waterproof version and I have a hard time removing that off of my face.  Super, super awesome. So, yeah, that's all my empties and I really, I mean I think I have a good amount of empties but it took me a long time to get to these empties. It's not anything that you know all of a sudden boom I have them. Like I said it takes me a while to go through everything but yeah those are my empties. So hope you enjoyed my video. Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in my next video.


Hi, I'm Peter Erzonic, open source evangelist at One Identity, and today I will talk about working with BSD parts. First, I would like to share a few things about me. I started to use free BSD in 1994, so almost 27 years ago. Right now I'm working at One Identity, which is an upstream for Syslogangy and Sulu. And for the past more than 10 years, I was working on packaging Syslogangy on Linux and free BSD, and recently also Sulu with. And this year I gave a try to tag on free BSD, net BSD and open BSD, and tried to update Syslogangy to the most recent version in these BSDs. So, let me give you a quick overview of what I will be talking about today. First, I try to define what is part, then introduce you to Sulu and Syslogangy, the two software I work with, and then I will talk about free BSD, try one, free BSD, net BSD and open BSD parts. My experiences with them, what I see as most important differences, and my experiences with Sulu and Syslogangy in these parts. So, what is parts? In free BSD and the other BSDs, the kernel and the complete base system is developed together. They are a complete base system. And if you want to use third-party applications, you need to use ports to install these third-party applications. I can describe most easily ports as a kind of database which describes how to compile and install these third-party packages. Of course, nowadays, compiling applications from source code is not so popular anymore. Rather, most people use binary packages, and all of these projects provide binary packages from ports for multiple architectures. Ports might provide some additional features compared to these binary packages, and some ports might even replace some base system functionality. Just think about Syslogangy. If you want to use Syslogangy to call local log messages, first you need to disable Syslogy on the base system, and then you can start Syslogangy. It doesn't mean that Syslogangy is overwriting anything in the base system. It just means that functionality is turned off in the base system and replaced by something in the ports. Let me talk a few words about Linux just for contrast. Linux itself is just a kernel, so it's not a complete system like any of the BSDs, but only a kernel. And what most people refer to as Linux are actual Linux distributions, the Linux kernel, and some collected applications. And the kernel and even the very most basic applications are developed independently from each other. Now, let's take a look at sudo. What is it? I guess most of you use it, but if in case you do not use, here is the definition from the sudo website. Sudo allows a system administrator to delegate authority by giving certain users the ability to run some commands as root or another user, while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments. So it's a lot more than just a prefix, even if many people consider sudo as a prefix for administrative commands. Here we see a very basic sudoers file, the configuration for sudo. By default sudo enables the members of the real group to run any commands on all hosts or as any user. Yes, it's lots of permissions, but it's still useful as this way you can see who is doing what on your system. Without sudo just giving out the root password, you do not know who does what on your system. Sudo has a huge number of defaults, and you can change those using the default statement in the sudoers file. Here there are a couple of examples on the screen, like you can overwrite which path is considered to be secure, which environment variables to keep from the user, or if you want to enable insults for your users. You can make these defaults user and host specific as well, like in this case defaults are enabled only for members of the real group. So what are insults? These are fun but not always politically correct error messages when a user mistypes a password. It's cisadmin humor and I love it, but some people feel offended by this and now it is disabled by default. One of the lesser known features of sudo is session recording. Anything happening on the terminal you can save and play back just like a movie. These recordings are difficult to modify as they are not clear text. However, by default these recordings are saved locally, which means that if you give too much permissions to a user, then they can easily delay these recordings. And obviously this feature is most useful when you give shell access to your users and they have all the possibility to delay these files. The good news is that sudo 1.9 introduces central session recording, which means that sessions are streamed in real time, so the users cannot delay or modify these recordings. Once you have more than just a single host, then you want to do some central configuration management. One of the possibilities is using LDOP, which has the advantage that settings are propagated in real time and they cannot be modified locally. On the other hand, there are quite a few limitations. You cannot use some of the advanced functionalities of sudo, so it's up to you if you use LDOP or other configuration management systems like Ansible. Python support was also added in sudo 1.9, which means that you can extend sudo using Python scripts. It's using the very same API as the C-based plugins for sudo. However, you do not need a dedicated development environment to develop Python plugins or to compile anything, and they are much easier to distribute as well. One of the sudo APIs is the IOLOX API, which can also be used from Python and access any input and output from user sessions. Some Python examples are breaking a session if a given text appears on screen, so it's kind of data leak prevention, or you can try to analyze what is happening on the command line and prevent RM-FR from running. So users cannot delay recursively and do too much damage. Here is a very simple Python example. All it does is checking what is happening on the screen, and it checks everything before it's actually printed on screen, which means that in this case the Python script checks if my secret appears in a buffer, and if it's there, then it terminates the sudo session. Here is a screenshot of this. The user starts share session using sudo, and there is a file called mysecret in the directory called do not enter. So the user changes to the directory of root, lists it. Oh, do not enter. That must be something interesting. Ties to list it, but kicked out before any sensitive information would be displayed on the terminal. Let's talk a few words about syslog-ng. First of all, what is syslog-ng? It's an enhanced login daemon with a strong focus on portability and high performance central log collection. It was originally developed in C, but you can now also extend it in Python and Java as well. What is logging? It's a recording of events like an SSH login message. Syslog-ng has four major roles. The first one is collecting data. Syslog-ng can collect system and application logs together, which can provide quite useful contextual data for either side. It can collect log messages from a wide variety of platform-specific sources, like Devlog, Journal, Sunstreams. As a central log collector, it speaks more than the new syslog protocols over UDP, TCP and encrypted connections. It can collect any kind of text data from applications. You can also use Python to extend syslog-ng, so you can create yourself an HTTP source, a Kafka source, whatever you need, and not yet implemented in syslog-ng itself. The next role is processing. You can crossify, normalize and structure data with built-in parsers. You can also rewrite log messages, and you don't have to think about falsifying log messages here, but for example do an elimination as required by compliance regulations. You can also enrich log messages using, for example, GIP or reformat log messages as needed by the destinations like Erasticsearch, Knits, JSON formatting. And you can also use Python for block processing, and you can implement any of the above possibilities, or enrich log messages from databases, or even do filtering from Python, which brings us to our next topic, its filtering data. It has two main uses. First of all, you don't want to keep all of your log messages, but for example, throw away debug-level log messages. And those are only necessary when you try to trace a problem. And also it's used for message routing, like you want to make sure that any out-indication related log messages reach your SIEM system. Finally, you want to store your log messages somewhere. Traditional syslog ng saved all log messages to text files, either locally or at the central syslog server. Nowadays, there are a lot more possibilities. You can store log messages to databases, message queuing, even to Hadoop. And if none of these fit your needs, you can extend syslog ng using Python and Java as well. Here is a tricky question before we are going on to discussing BSDs. What is common between the BMW i3 and a Kindle? There aren't many common things, but there is an interesting one. Both of them are running syslog ng. Now, let's talk about free BSD ports. You can find the source files for ports in the user ports directory, and binaries are installed under the user locale hierarchy. There are two sets of packages built from ports. Latest is always following what is happening in ports. All of the latest updates are available there. But not all people want to change package versions almost every day, so there is also a branch called Quarterly. So every three months, there is a new branch from Latest, and packages built from this branch. And here there are no version updates, but for three months you can stay on the same versions, and if there are any security problems, those are fixed in the Quarterly branch. When it comes to packages, in free BSD ports, packages often have only the basic functionality of an application, or the most used features are only enabled. Ports often have a lot more functionality, which provides you with a lot more flexibility if you want to use some lesser known features, or you can even disable some of the features. So if you are targeting an embedded device, you can disable most of the features and go with the bare minimum. You can find sudo under the security directory in free BSD ports, and it's pretty much up to date, it follows the 1.9 line of sudo releases. The package has only basic functionality, but most people are okay with this, as only advanced features are missing. And ports have practically everything. If you want to use inserts or held up or Python, then you need to compile sudo for yourself, otherwise you will be okay with buying real packages. Syslogang can be found in the Sysutilus directory, where I'm a maintainer for this port. Here the package only has basic functionalities, but let's define what is basic. It's always a tricky question. We try to define it in a way that features we do not need extra dependencies. But as you see, we made some exceptions. DRS support is enabled by default. JSON parsing and formatting is also there. And last year we also enabled HTTP support, which means that you can send log messages to Elasticsearch or Splunk without comparing Syslogang yourself. Of course there are still plenty of features, which are only available in ports, like language bindings, database support, message queuing, SMTP support or GIP as well. Dragonfly BSD is a fork of the FreeBSD codebase and they still have a close connection. The source of ports on Dragonfly is found under user dports and ports are synced from FreeBSD regularly, usually once in the middle of each month. Of course, they do not use FreeBSD directly, but they also have some modifications to FreeBSD ports and also some additions. When I first tested Dragonfly, Syslogang didn't work out of box and I posted a fix in my blog, which was quickly taken over by Dragonfly developers. However, a few months later, when I checked it again, I found that this fix was gone. So you can see the URL to my blog on screen, which contains information on how to use Syslogang on Dragonfly. One more thing to note about Dragonfly that security fixes are slow. I mean, my example here is Sudo, which had a serious problem at the beginning of the year, which was fixed in FreeBSD on the day when the problem became public. On the other hand, the fix reached DragonflyBSD only three weeks later on the next regular port sync. NetBSD calls ports as package source and the source for this can be found under the user package source directory. And the binaries are installed under the user package directory. Just like FreeBSD, there are two variants of packages. There is a quarter lip branch and the current, meaning the very same as latest on FreeBSD. And here the NetBSD package source is not only used on NetBSD, but can be also used on Solaris, on some of the Linux distributions, and also on macOS. When I first checked NetBSD, then all of the official documentation mentioned only the legacy tools to work with packages, which was a kind of annoying, knowing that I discovered on my own that there is also a tool called packaging, which is a much more up to date and easy to use tool for package management. When I checked back a few months later, the legacy tools are still mentioned in the documentation. The focus is finally on the new tool, so users who start to work with NetBSD now can find up to date the latest documentation. Sudu is in package source at the very same usual location, and it's up to date. However, some of the features of Sudu are missing. Only the basic functionality is available in package source. And these are also missing on the source side, not just from the packages. Cisco Gen.G is also available in package source, but right now it has quite an old version, 3.17. The good news is that an update is underway, and updating the port was quite easy even as a NetBSD newbie. It's thanks to the excellent documentation for package source. The new port is not yet submitted to package source, as there were a couple of bugs which needed to be fixed in Cisco Gen.G. The TCP source doesn't work, and it is fixed now in upstream, and I also pushed the system source patch from package source to upstream. Right now, I'm waiting for the next Cisco Gen.G release, and once it's there, then I will go on pushing the changes to package source. Finally, let's talk about OpenBSD ports. Both source and bindings are at the very same location as on FreeBSD. However, there is a huge difference here. Ports in this case are not intended to be used by end users, but the use of binary packages is strongly encouraged by OpenBSD developers. And they are probably right, as there are some rough edges. Like when I tried to compile Cisco Gen.G myself from ports, it turned out that build dependencies were not always well included in the ports. Unlike the other distos where there is a quarterly release of packages, OpenBSD releases packages together with the base system, and they receive security updates on most supported architectures for the lifetime of the release. SUDU is in OpenBSD ports, and it's maintained by SUDU author Tod Miller, so it's always up to date, and it has all the major features enabled. Cisco Gen.G was stuck at quite an old version for a very long time. And there were many OpenBSD specific patches in the ports. I tried to update Cisco Gen.G myself, but both Cisco Gen.G and OpenBSD changed quite a lot in the past few years. So my attempt failed, and I asked for help from Tod Miller, who updated the patches and upstreamed them as well. So Cisco Gen.G is now up to date in OpenBSD ports, and it has all of the often used features enabled. Let me summarize my talk. I checked SUDU and Cisco Gen.G for different BSDs, and I found that security in ports is mostly good, except probably for Dragonfly BSD, which was lagging a bit behind. SUDU is well maintained in all of the BSDs, and Cisco Gen.G is up to date now in 3 out of 4 BSDs, and NetBSD update is working progress. So hopefully in the coming weeks or months, it will be up to date as well. BSD ports seem to have different priorities, similarly to their base systems. FreeBSD and Dragonfly BSD has a strong focus on flexibility, what you can do in ports and with packages. NetBSD has a strong focus on portability, and OpenBSD has a focus on stability and security. Thank you for your attention, and it's time for questions.


Good morning. In the earlier lecture, I had given you a glimpse of how we validated the dynamic code which was used to analyze the parametric variations in case of events like a pump trip or a power failure, how the different temperatures vary. Finally, we have to see that the temperatures of the clad do not cross the limits. The temperature of any part in the plant does not cross its limit. And also, these variations are an input for the mechanical design of the plant or the different components. So, we also saw how it was validated based on literature, based on tests on similar reactors, based on tests in our own reactors, then integral tests on the plant. So, that way we found that there was a good match between what was predicted and what was actually observed on the plant. In this lecture, I would like to take you to the analysis of some more events in the different reactors which are important, no doubt. Let us take a pressurized water reactor. Just to recapitulate, in the pressurized water reactor, you have this is the reactor vessel, this is the core and these are the control rods. Water is pumped by a pump, it is light water. It picks up heat and in order that it does not boil, we keep a high pressure and this is a pressurizer. After taking up the heat, it gives heat to the steam generator where another light water picks up, goes through to the turbine, runs the turbine and comes back. Now, what does this pressurizer do? It basically maintains the pressure of the system by two methods. One is there is a heater and there is a water spray. When it heats up, water boils and the steam space gets steam and get pressurizes the water. In case I have to reduce the pressure, I spray water into the steam area which quenches the steam and the pressure, steam volume comes down and the pressure comes down. Now, in the pressurizers, there is a safety valve at the outlet and whenever there is a power failure and the pressurizer safety valve has opened, then let us look at a scenario that plant was operating at full power and this pressure is a safety valve open because of the pressure, but it did not close. This event is exactly similar to the three-mile island reactor. Then, of course, the reactor would have been stripped and other things happened. Now, how this thing went through, the parameters went through, let us see. This is to give you a more clear picture of the pressurizer. You see the electrical heaters, quite a good number, 36 numbers, may be a megawatt power. Then, you have the spray nozzle. Then, you have a nozzle for the safety valve. Then, you have got the instrumentation nozzles which measure the temperatures and the size of this pressurizer is about 8 feet. So, let us see what, how the thing goes. So, the pressurizer valve has safety valve has opened, but has not closed. So, when the safety valve has not closed, what is going to happen? System is getting relieved, so the pressure would come down. Now, in the case of a pressurized water reactor, when the pressure comes down to a level, let us say about 10.93 megapascals, the reactor is shut down automatically. That is how the safety logic is built in. So, but the normal pressure is normally around 15.82 megapascals. So, once it comes to 10.93, we are tripping the reactor. Now, we are losing coolant, primary coolant is being getting lost through the pressurizer valve which is open, safety valve which is open. So, we need to put the coolant. So, at this pressure of 10.93 megapascals, safety injection water starts. Here we have got two high pressure safety injection pumps, but we assume that only one pump operates. This again to remind you, we always consider a single failure in the whole safety chain besides the initiating event. For example, here the initiating event was the non-closing of a pressurizer valve. Next step, reactor should trip. It tripped and here in order that reactor should trip, we do have multiple signals. Here we are giving the indication of a pressure signal and these are not one single channel. There are many channels of pressure measurement. So, we are sure that the pressure has come down to 10.93 and we need to trip the reactor. And in the chain, that high pressure injection, we assume one coolant pump has, one injection pump has failed. So, we are doing a conservative analysis and the flow, injection flow initially will be less because the pressure is high, but as the pressure is going down, down and down, the flow increases something like 20 to 45 kg per second and the pressure comes down to about 5 MPa. Now, so we, you know these pumps, they cannot eternally operate. They require a minimum suction head to push flow that is called as a net positive suction head. If that is not there, these pumps would cavitate. So, the high pressure injection pumps cannot continue beyond 5 MPa down. So, if we just operate, they may not, flow will not happen, they will cavitate and damage the pumps. So, what we do? We then bring in the safety accumulators which pump in from the low pressure injection pumps which are designed for a lower pressure. So, there was a high pressure injection. Now, we go to the low pressure injection. What happens in the, in this state? Earlier, because flow was not available, there was a bit of a nucleate boiling in the core, but now by the time this low pressure injection starts, it has come down. They are just, they don't go to the nucleate boiling level and the maximum clad temperature is about 570 degree centigrade, whereas under the limit is about 1204 degree centigrade. Now, you might wonder, okay, we say everything is okay, the temperatures did not fail, but then why the hell in 3-mail island it failed?  Why? He found that the pressure, level in the pressure riser is rising. He never realized that the level in the pressure riser is rising because of the steam in the core and that is pushing the water up, whereas the core itself is devoid of water. Unfortunately, because of the lack of proper instrumentation, this happened. Otherwise, 3-mail island incident would not have happened. So, this is what is an event of a pressure riser valve, stuck open. Another scenario, there is an instantaneous power loss to all the primary pumps. So, what happens? The primary pumps getting no power, they do have some inertia in their drive system. It slows down, but it slows down and the power has gone. You know that the power is missing. So, it is an unsafe situation to run the reactor. So, we trip the reactor. So, less than 2 seconds, it comes down. Then, also the flow reduction also would give a signal. They may also have the pump speed or lack of voltage or the loss of voltage at the pump. So, many signals would surely ensure a shutdown of the reactor. So, here what happens? The temperature of the primary water rises because the scram effect takes some time for the reactivity. So, first initially, your temperature rises. So, does the pressure, but the moment your reactor has been scrammed or reactor has been tripped, the control rods have come down, the power generation is stopped. So, then the temperature starts coming down. Then, what happens on the secondary side of the steam generators? You have atmospheric steam relief valve by which we open this atmospheric steam relief valve and we can relieve the steam pressure. And as the steam pressure is relieved, there is a flow happening in the steam generator and that in turn removes the heat from the reactor core. So, basically heat removal in this through the steam generator as the first one. There are other parts also available. You have got a bypass across the turbine by which you can directly send the steam to the condenser. And from the condenser, you would have a relief valve in case the pressure goes high. Now, but if there is a total loss of electric power means your condenser is not available. So, if the condenser is not available, you have to wait, use only the safety and the dump valves which I mentioned. The safety valve will automatically open and in order to aid, we have a relief valve also which acts on the pressure. Normally, in all systems, we have a safety valve plus a pressure operated relief valve. We do not want the safety valve which is operating on a spring to move up and close very frequently. It is like an ultimate defense in depth. So, sensing the pressure, we open this control valve and relieve it. So, in case this fails, this comes into picture. So, again this comes, this is able to relieve the pressure. So, the, how the flows come down? This is how the flow comes down. And the flow coming down is again a function of the inertia. Normally, we provide a mechanical inertia flywheel on the pump drive system which gives a slow course down thereby avoiding any boiling in the initial stages. So, as I mentioned, power failure is detected by a low voltage on the station bus. The diesel generators start automatically. So, the emergency loads which are important for the safety are given power and we assume that within after about half an hour, operators should be in a position to take over the plant control. What I want to emphasize here, in this half an hour after the incident, we do not take any credit for any manual action. Operator may be able to act, but we do not take credit in the safety analysis. So, this is a very important point which is done in all nuclear. It is not unique to India. Every country follows that. So, once the operator has taken over, he would be, you know, in a position to take, already the plant is in a safe state, he has to maintain that safe state. Now, let us come to the precise heavy water reactor which are quite a good number, about 20 number of precise heavy water reactors we have in India. And the precise heavy water reactor to recapitulate, this is the reactor core. It is horizontal, not vertical. And there are fuel channels here. The coolant goes through, the pump pumps it through the core, comes out, goes to the steam generator, exchanges heat to light water. This is heavy water, the primes are primary heat transport. Again pump, again back into the other opposite direction, another channel, another steam generator. This is actually called as figure of heat loop, unique to the heavy water reactors. And the purpose of having a horizontal configuration is because we do on-load fueling. We change the fuel on-load and that is possible only in a horizontal setup. We also have the moderator separately unlike the pressurized water reactors, they are outside in the vessel which is called as the calendria. And they have a moderator system also because moderator moderates the neutrons. That means some energy is given to the moderator. And if you just leave the moderators stagnant, the moderator temperature will increase. So you need to cool the moderator. So moderator is taken out, cooled through pumps and then pushed back. So the moderator is continuously recirculated. And this analysis is done for the Kaiga atomic power station. There are about 306 channels like this, 153 in one direction, another 153 in the other direction. Now all these channels are connected at the inlet side and at the outlet side by the headers called as the reactor inlet header and the reactor outlet header. And through that header, the feeder pipes are joining each channel to that. And each of these channels contain 12 fuel bundles. And these are all within the pressure tubes. And each pressure tube is surrounded by a calendria tube. And the calendria tube is surrounded by the moderator. And the annulus between the pressure tube and the calendria tube is filled with carbon dioxide. You might ask why? See the heat, the coolant is picking up the heat and the calendria tube is facing the moderator which is at a lower temperature. So if you do not insulate, the heat will go to the moderator. So carbon dioxide acts like an insulation. Then the steam generators are U-tube steam generators as we saw, inverted U-tube steam generators. So the Hawaii water is flowing inside the tubes and the light water is flowing outside the tubes. Then the pressure in the system in this reactor apparently is maintained by a feed and bleed system wherein we have a place where we at the primary pump inlet where we push in heavy water and bleed heavy water from another point and maintain the pressure. But in the later reactors we have used a pressurizer as in the PWRs, the pressurized water reactors. Now loss of coolant accident is an important one in which there is a, let us say there is a header failure and your coolant is expelled out of the primary heat throughout system. With the loss of coolant there is depressurizing, the system is getting depressurized and the core could be without coolant and when the core is without coolant we know that there could be high temperatures and if the wide loss of coolant happens in a place where there could be a positive reactivity effect, there could be a slight power increase and then that also could add to the higher temperature. But major thing is the loss of flow that is which is causing the loss of coolant, that is coolant loss is what is going to cause the increase in temperature in those channels. Now the flow rate is going to be dependent very much on the place where there is a break of the pipe. If it is a small pipe your flow out will be less, if it is a large pipe it will be more, if it is a crack it will be less, if it is a guillotine rupture something like just into 2 pieces then water can come from both sides. So we take into consideration that as if there is a guillotine rupture worst case so that we have a good very conservative prediction of what is going to happen in the plant. So it is basically conservatism is required so that we are in a safe situation as far as the reactor is concerned. Now since you are losing coolant there needs to be an injection just as we saw in the case of the pressurized water reactor. So we have an emergency core cooling system however this cooling system is with heavy water whereas there it was light water because there light water was coolant primary coolant here heavy water is a coolant. No doubt we also have a light water accumulator the later stages should the heavy water accumulator ECCS supplies be not sufficient or should it require we will then go for light water. Then these tanks which heavy water and light water are kept pressurized with nitrogen. Now the system consists of pumps, heat exchangers and then at the end of the removing heat they go to a suppression pool where the heat is given off. So how do you detect a loka of course here the pressure measurement we have got pressure indicators and transmitters to the different headers of the plant because we cannot say at one place we put the leak might happen in another header. So all headers do have pressure transmitters and once the pressure transmitter fails to something like reading comes to about 5.5 megapascals it is taken as a loka plus of coolant accident signal to actuate automatically the emergency core cooling phase 1. Phase 1 is hay water injection. Then what is phase 2? Once the pressure falls to 3.2 megapascals phase 2 starts wherein we inject light water and then what we call as a phase 3 at about 3.2 megapascals we take the suppression pool water and push it back to the core. So these are the 3 phases. So how the scenario looks based on the analysis taking to all the uncertainties into account the power of the reactor initially due to the positive void coefficient in the channel we always consider the worst case it has gone to about 110% it can trip the reactor also the log rate the rate of power rise is also measured. Then high pressure which will anyway going to happen then low pressure also in case it goes below also we have a trip then these are other trips which can come but may not be for this event then low flow of the primary less than 45% also could cause trip. But you have enough number of signals which can trip the reactor. Now the turbine trip once the reactor trips plus it takes some time for the valves to close and also the once the turbine is tripped the dump valves open safety dump valves open on steam high pressure the main pressure pump trip may be after about sometime then the pump itself the pressurizing pump tripping at low level once the low level goes in the storage time then the other pump also the high pressure injection pump also will trip. So how the injection logic goes high water injection is initiated as I said when any of the inlet header pressures goes less than 56 kg per centimeter squared or 5.6 megapascals and once it comes down to less than 3.3 it isolates because this pump cannot pump in it will cavitate. Then the takes light water takes over light water injection and this starts when it is less than 3.3 megapascals and once the pressure has come down to 1.1 this also is isolated because these pumps won't be able to operate. Then we have the recirculation pumps which can operate at still lower pressure and these try to operate in fact they operate when the inlet header pressure comes down to less than 5.6 and because both are light water we have no difficulty so we do use both but even if this alone is there it is able to cool the react and keep the temperature within limits. This is how the analysis goes for the reactor what is the void reactivity the total reactivity how the power increases like 3 and then comes back and this analysis is presented from a paper on this reactor which was presented the ICON 7 conference in Tokyo you can see this for more details. This is a clad surface temperature we look at the broken channel and the unbroken channel both we look at how the temperature changes same thing on the clad surface temperature on the broken hot channel how the temperatures go on the other channels how the changes you see broken channel the clad temperatures are increasing. So what is the finding of this conclusion of course this is accident after this has happened you are not going to operate the reactor at this stage our thing is to see that we have to mitigate the consequences no reactivity should come about it is a quite a tough accident. So what we find the transient reactor power is about 2.8 times the normal power and what is the maximum break flow reached and the maximum clad temperature is this. So our assurance that the clad temperature and fuel temperature clad temperature has gone but still they are within the limits at least as far as the calculations go one thing I can tell you you might find no measured temperatures here because we cannot make an accident and get the temperatures. So but we do have enough conservative margins in all and these margins are such that our predictions are reasonably good and as I mentioned again we still have the containment should something fail still the containment is there to protect us which was there in the case of a PWR the three mile island which had a containment and in the case of Chernobyl because containment was not there there was a release outside. So mind you we are safe under the present designs of all nuclear reactors see I mentioned about diversity in all diversity in signals redundancy also we talked redundancy of course is there but the earlier reactors for example our fast speed test reactor we have only one shutdown system which is the control six control rods which will drop into the core. So and loss of offset power loss of power is one common event one advantage of this reactor is it is a small reactor all the temperature coefficients are negative. So if temperature increases power will come down there is no worry at all but then main thing remains is how to remove the decay heat. Nevertheless we have many reactors abroad also which are small reactors with negative reactivity and we have the rhapsody reactor which is similar to a BTR only difference is rhapsody reactor does not have the steam generator they have a sodium to air cooler which takes out the heat and pushes it out to the atmosphere. Then we had the experimental breeder reactor 2 plant in USA there also it is similar we have a steam generator we in fact we have a double wall steam generator there is tube in tube and then they did tests of having a loss of offset power and not allowing the control rods to trip it was a planned event. So that they want to see whether whatever we are feeling things are safe whether it will happen once you are a planned event you can anything something grows beyond you can always manually trip the reactor believe it or not that it was found that the plant came down to a low temperature level and after about half an hour the operator could take over and it could maintain that there was nothing no anxiety even though the control rods did not trip basically decay heat removal was okay so it showed it gave confidence that the system designs are good and again I repeat it applies for a small reactor same thing would not apply for a large reactor because some of the reactivity coefficients tend to be positive. So there need to be a diverse shutdown system so for PFBR we have two diverse two systems a main control and safety rod drive mechanism and a diverse safety rod drive mechanism. Now in the case of ABTR we thought since we have a model already developed which I talked to you in the previous lecture why not we try to see what sort of temperatures and parameters we get I will before I should not forget to mention the rhapsody reactor also did tested 50% power whereas the EBR2 did at 100% power there was a difference and both reactor tests showed that so once we have some available data and rhapsody being quite a close similar to FBTR we thought why not we do one analysis so here normally when you have a loss of off side power diesel should come up and mind you we have two diesel generators if one doesn't come online other will come online even if the single failure other thing will come in case those two don't don't come we have a battery backup for the primary pumps which can run them for about half an hour to one hour at a low flow all this but the assumption made in this study is diesels are not coming batteries are not taking over and reactor has not tripped so the only way as I mentioned to you of decay heat removal was the opening of the trap doors and mind you we had already checked up what is the heat removal capability of this with sodium at 500 when we did the commissioning test so FBTR then we thought now let us see how the temperatures are varying the temperatures will come down there is no control rod provided the overall reactivity is negative. Now let us look at the power has failed the sodium flow is secondary sodium flow is coming down the primary flow is coming down but the trap doors of the steam generators they are open manually and if it is a manual action we can't take credit for it for half an hour so there is another for half an hour there is no heat removal through the steam generator what happens you see the secondary sodium flow rate comes down slower than the primary flow so in the intermediate heat exchanger if you look up this flow would be more this flow would be less so apparently this inlet temperature which goes to a reactor comes down and that is what you see the reactor inlet temperature going down of course the reactor outlet temperature would go up because of the fact that the flow is coming down in the primary and of course after some time it goes like this now this going down and at the inlet you have got the grid plate which supports so the grid plate which is higher temperature is coming down so there is a effect of the structures higher the temperature it expands when the temperature comes down it contracts so the grid plate contracts means the subassemblies coming somewhat closer that is actually means a positive reactivity but after some time the effect of this higher temperature the reactor outlet is felt at the inlet as you can see here so this positive reactivity is only for a short duration and then it comes down that means the grid plate is expanding due to high temperature inlet temperature and negative reactivity is bringing down all the other effects are negative so the total feedback reactivity if you see here this is of course the control dot expansion also we take which is very small so the total feedback reactivity is negative and more control by this so what happens the power comes down once the power comes down your fuel temperature comes down your clad temperature comes down but mind you initially the clad temperature goes up because coolant flow is not there and there is a slight increase in the temperatures and then this temperature falls down as the power has come down we saw that the reactivity overall reactivity is negative after some time so the power even though power has come down because of the putting the control rods into the even it has come down just based on the temperatures alone because there is a negative reactivity however the hotspot clad temperature does show a rise because the coolant flow to the assemblies are reduced then nevertheless after some time as the power is coming down the clad temperature also comes down the fuel temperature is also coming down to a low level which is a safe level it is and now you look at here 30 minutes I said only we opened the trap doors so the air cooling starts after 30 minutes immediately it picks up to a good level of over 4.5 kg per second here what you see even though it is opened after half an hour and this is happening the decay heat has come down because the power generation itself has come down so this is a unique feature of small reactors and that is one reason why some of the proponents of fast reactors are talking about small modular reactors which can be built in large numbers instead of large fast reactors this is a point to me look kept in mind and thus to compare with the Rhapsody reactor test you see how the temperature went up how the power came down and then what are how the mean core outlet temperature change and here you see all our things it is on a different scale so more or less increasing and coming down those things are reflected only thing the Rhapsody results were done for 10 minutes the test but whereas we wanted to see a long-term evolution we really ran up to about 150 minutes and we found that things are still stable. So this has no doubt given us a good feedback on fast reactor safety basically small reactors under even under a loss of off-site power why off-site power loss of off-site power loss of on-site power loss of batteries even then we our reactor is able to shut down by itself in summary in this lecture I had given you some flavor into the safety analysis of PWR we looked at what happens when a pressure is a relief valve opens and does not close then we looked at a PHWR how a loss of coolant accident in a pressure heavy water reactor goes then the third one we looked at the fast reactors some sort of a you can look at this called as a passive safety feature that without any intervention on the reactor the reactor is shutting down by itself that is we are invoking in the design the features and now how this features have been brought about by engineering in fact it depends on how the temperatures are increasing if the flow had come down very fast the temperatures would have increased very high. So what we have done in the case of our fast reactor a BTR we have provided enough inertia on the flywheel inertia on the drives so that it would come slowly the temperatures would increase slowly the negative reactivity effects will come also slowly everything happens slowly but steadily then we are assured of a shutdown. So engineering a safety of fast reactors is possible yes if you ask me for a 1200 megawatt electrical fast reactor super Phoenix they did a study to find out what should be the inertia should be provided so that the reactor is safe for a again this similar event of loss of power they found that it requires a really high energy because a large reactor and the flywheel itself is something like a 2 meter diameter flywheel and believe it or not they do have it in the reactor they built it into the reactor so it is possible that we could engineer the safety in such a way that we can have safe fast reactors this is a uniqueness again I repeat of fast reactors. So it is very important that we do all these analysis and we have the capability to do these analysis which gives us confidence that our reactors are safe and under no circumstance we release radioactivity into the environment not only to the environment to the people who are working on the site who are the occupational workers everybody should be safe we need nuclear power we need electricity so we need nuclear power we have to make nuclear power safe that is the reason thank you.


Welcome to News Desk on SiliconANGLE TV for Friday, October 26, 2012. I'm Kristen Folletti. Yesterday, Microsoft put its surfless tablet center stage at its Windows 8 launch event, hoping the new device will compete with the likes of Apple and Google in the mobile computing market. But is the allure of this new tablet only surface-deep? Here to tell us more is SiliconANGLE contributing editor, John Casaretto. Welcome, John. Good morning. With interest in traditional computers waning, the world's largest software company is attempting to reinvent the Windows PC in a new format and directly challenge Apple's all-conquering iPad. How does Surface stand up to the iPad, in your opinion? Well, it is a complete reinvention, particularly when you're talking about the tradition of Microsoft. A lot of research and a lot of investment has gone into developing this product. To be clear, this is the Surface RT that's released today. So there's a lot of pent-up anticipation to see what Microsoft has put out and it's going to actually land in people's hands. It's very similar to the iPad. It's been engineered gear to have. It'll seem familiar to a lot of people, especially with the new interface. It comes with the Windows 8 RT interface, which is a stripped-down version of the full Windows 8 OS. But there are a number of differences that I think make it a very good challenger to the iPad. At that same price point of $499, it first of all has 32 gigs of RAM compared to the iPad's 16 gigs of RAM. But there are a number of add-ins, things like that that Microsoft has put in. One thing of note that is expected to be popular is that the touch cover, which has a number of fans out there, it's extremely thin. It's got the keyboard functionality built into it. That's not included in that price. But it's going to be interesting to see how the public reacts to this product right out of the gates this first day and in the coming weeks. Panos Panay, head of the Surface Project, demonstrated the tablet's features, beaming video and music to other screens, showing off the ultra-thin cover that doubles as a keyboard, and hooking up a camera to the device's USB port. He even dropped the device on the floor to demonstrate its durability. Microsoft has deployed a new commercial to accompany the launch of the Surface tablet called Surface Movement. Have you seen it? I've seen the commercial, yes. So taking a look at the commercial, do you think they're trying to use a similar marketing strategy to Apple's? Absolutely. I think that the target market, the demographics for this is going to be that hip crowd. So there'll be a lot of integration of music, slick colors. There'll be a lot of those points, and you'll probably see a lot of things similar to that coming out soon and over the weeks as we head into the holiday season. Analysts say that Microsoft's challenge now will be to educate the market as to why different is also better. What approach do you think they'll take for that challenge? Well, I think that they're counting on word getting out. They're definitely putting their efforts into marketing, but I think that you're going to see more of these sleek commercials and things like that, but I think word of mouth is going to be the big thing. I mean, that's the way a lot of products have gotten out there. There really wasn't a huge campaign for Kinect per se, and it's a popular product. I think that's what they're shooting for. They do have successes. Again, I mentioned the Kinect, but the Xbox, of course, is a dominant machine in the consumer market. They've also got a number of tie-ins, that opportunities to tie this into other products and things like that that they'll be looking to explore for sure. Apple CEO Tim Cook wasted no time shooting back at Microsoft's challenge. He said he hasn't personally played with the surface yet, but that it looks like a fairly compromised, confusing product. He also made the analogy that you could design a car that flies and floats, but I don't think it would do all of those things very well. What are your thoughts on his comments? Well, this is their turf. They're going to be shot, and I think it's going to be interesting, particularly if and when, as expected, Microsoft really starts to gain some market share. I think that we'll hear more of this, that this is better, this keyboard is not as responsive, and just little nitpicky little things like that. But I think overall, Microsoft has put so much into development of this product and clearly here to stay. At least that's their intent. So we'll see. We'll see more shots and these kind of things will continue. So the comments are not surprising. Windows 7 was introduced three years ago, but Windows 8 represents the biggest change in Microsoft's user interface since Windows 95 came out 17 years ago. The radical redesign, which dispenses the start button and features square tiles for apps, may surprise some users. What do you speculate consumers' reactions to Windows 8 will be like? Well, the early indications are that it's going to be a success. There's been indications that the demand has been great, the pre-sales sold out last week. They're going to be aligning that brand, the surface brand, across a number of products. They've got a number of ways to do that. Of course, they got the Xbox. They'll tie into that somehow. There's a bunch of 360 million hotmail users. That's a huge base they can get that message across to. Of course, that's worldwide. So we'll see. If purchase decisions, they're going to be coming. And I think that what we're going to see is that based on a product that's competitive, but still remains elite, that's going to be a distinguishing factor. What about apps on the Windows 8? How will they look? Will users have a good selection? I think that that market will come. It'll continue to grow. Right now, I think the last count that I saw out there was about 1,000 apps. That killer app is not out there. So if they're banking on the killer app to really make the surface a success, at this point, I don't really see it, but it could be around the corner. It might be Xbox related. It could be Skype. There's a number of features that come with the surface in terms of cloud integration. It could be the office that's included on it. The Windows 8 RT comes with a built-in version of Office. So we'll see what apps come around the corner and how that distinguishes itself from the other marketplaces that are out there. Windows 8 devices went on sale early this morning. How easy is it going to be to upgrade to Windows 8? Well, for users that are still running XP, Windows 7, Windows Vista, there's a download upgrade. It's available for $40. It's a pretty quick install. And that's running through the end of January. So apparently they're making it pretty easy to go ahead and upgrade right away. How do you think the business world is going to respond to Windows 8? There's always a curve when it comes to the business world. A lot of companies choose to sit early adoption out. And a lot of testing will take place, but they'll come around. I think that an interesting value add, a compelling value add, is going to be integrating Office into the device. The enterprise has long been looking for a business device and the ability to stay native with great features and all that. I mean, it's a winning formula and I think that's a big thing that I think Microsoft is banking on. In conjunction with its big surface event yesterday, Microsoft celebrated the opening of a new store in Times Square. Do you think they'll be able to get dedicated consumers standing in line, stretching around the block like Apple has with their flagship stores? You know, that's a good question. I think there'll be a lot of curiosity for sure. I think doing it there in Times Square will be pretty interesting. It is a fantastic store and I think that they are expecting anticipating strong holiday sales. So we'll see. Will it make the news? I'm not sure. But again, they've got a number of products that they're banking on this season. Windows Phone 8, Windows 8 itself and the surface. I think that they'll continue to leverage, of course, their products that they know, including the Xbox and so on. So strong holiday sales. It's what they're shooting for and I think that the location is interesting. The surface tablet will begin shipping today. But while the surface has generated a lot of curiosity, so far it has not received rave reviews and users seem unconvinced. Sam Biddle at Gizmodo sums it up by saying, surface is a fantastic promise and holds fantastic potential. But while potential is worth your attention, it's not worth your paycheck. It is undercooked. John, what are your initial impressions of the surface? Undercooked. That's a good, that's an interesting quote. You know, I haven't held one thus far. But it could be this weekend. We'll see what happens. But it's a very sleek product. There's a lot of opinions out there and you know what they say about that. But again, this is Apple's territory and a lot of people are baked in with their experiences and their love for their devices that they have. There's been a number of other competitive products that for one reason or another have paled in comparison to the iPad. But a lot of times it there's been a lot of just a lot of resistance to really looking at any alternative that doesn't really capture their imagination. So, you know, I think we're going to see, you know, more and we're going to see more opinions like that out there. But I think that, you know, in general, over time, we'll see we'll see a lot of people, you know, coming around to the Microsoft surface and its ecosystem. And we'll see how that adoption plays out. Some of the feedback includes comments like it's not very useful unless you like to struggle and calling its portrait landscape laughably tall. Why do you think Microsoft chose to go with those dimensions? You know, that's interesting. And I have yet to actually see that aspect. Again, it's, you know, the MS design, I have no doubt that Microsoft's design is rigorous. The process for, you know, development has whatever has built in some type of strategy for that. My guess would be the fact that, you know, it wants to encompass the full desktop experience in terms of the future generation of the Microsoft surface, Microsoft surface, the pro that's coming out that's expected in the next 90 days. So I think that, you know, the fact that there'll be opportunities to put a full desktop on there, to potentially put a full, you know, game, you know, platform, at least suitable for that on there.   Bouncing off of what you just said, another user has claimed the whole thing is honestly perplexing. If the device is not as good as or better than the best tablet and not a complete alternative to a laptop, who is this for? What is it supposed to be? What was Microsoft hoping to achieve with the surface? Well, again, this is a, that's another opinion that I'm not so sure it's non-subjective, but you know, I think it's incorrect. I think that maybe Microsoft isn't getting the message out there and that might be an issue, an ongoing issue. This is a very specialized product. I was going to use the word limited. It's a full feature product, but it's part of their strategy. This specialized product is for the consumer base. It's for touch interface.   So I think that, you know, if it's, you know, the part of the comment that says it's not as good, you know, again, it remains to be seen how the public at large takes that. So, but I think that Microsoft's goal is to create kind of a two-stage consumer adoption and then roll that into the enterprise adoption. And then that's what we'll see those two play off of each other in the long run. The launch of Windows 8 for the desktop saw quite a few negative reviews. If the surface is already seeing some backlash with, will the addition of Windows 8 Pro on the surface help or further damage the tablet's reputation? Yeah, I think it's actually, the Windows 8 Pro is an anticipated product. I think the enterprise has long been waiting for a product that, you know, has the full features of functionality that people expect, that's got, you know, apps and, you know, just the ecosystem is what the enterprise has been looking for, the ability to control those things through, you know, native architecture to stay native, the ability to run legacy applications for whatever reason, you know, your company may be baked in. I think that, you know, for the Windows 8 Pro, I think we're really looking at an enterprise space. And I think that, you know, I think that the reviews will be quite different. Again, there'll be a curve in that space. But that's really the, that's really the market for it. And the fact that, like you said in the demonstration and, you know, they dropped it. I mean, it's built to be industrial grade. It's not a consumer toy. So I think that, you know, that kind of leaks some of the, you know, some of the features that I think that will be great for the enterprise and they'll be looking at. And I think that when the Windows 8 Pro finally hits the market, you know, after a little bit, we'll start to see a lot of companies. You'll hear a lot of companies rolling out those things, holding back on deploying iPads in general, because, you know, they're going to favor a device that has the features that they're looking for. A surface user commented, this product is supposed to represent the future of Windows and Microsoft. So why do I feel so frustrated so often while using it? Microsoft has seen a lot of recent success with Xbox and getting users to engage at home. But they've really been struggling when it comes to on-the-go devices like the Windows Phone 8 and Surface and even the launch of Windows 8 for the desktop was met with some negative feedback. Why is Microsoft having such trouble getting back to their roots? Well, I think that, well, you know, as far as that user, I think there's a minor learning curve. And, you know, because it's new and people have been kind of used to Microsoft and how it's rolled out, it's Windows operating systems. You know, again, this is Apple territory. There's going to be a lot of convincing that needs to be done to win hearts and minds. You know, but again, I think they have the right strategy. They've been rebranding, you know, everything from HotMails, now Outlook.com, to their logo, to all these different things. They're really starting to become a consumer-focused company. So I think that, you know, they have that focus. They have that root in the consumers, but they've also got roots in the enterprise space. I think that to capture those hearts and minds, they're going to continue with the slick ads, with the slick branding, with the co-branding and things like that. So, you know, it's just going to take a little bit of time, you know, that Microsoft has had some disasters in the past. There's a number of phone devices and, you know, Windows Vista and a lot of things that Windows ME, a lot of things that people that haven't really cleared people's minds. So again, it's something that will play out over time, but I think that they'll get there. Absolutely. Not all of the reviews are wildly negative on the surface, but the primary takeaway is that it may not be better than the iPad. Is there anything you feel Microsoft can do to remedy the disappointment users are expressing? Well, I think that, you know, having the positive campaign, trying to again be, you know, roll those slick ads out, be hip, those kinds of things. They've got a number of things that they're throwing in there.  But, you know, this is something that Microsoft needs to, you know, pay careful attention to because, you know, the users are everything. And it's something that will continue to evolve. And disappointment is something you definitely want to, you know, put it to debate early. Well, John, thanks so much for taking the time today, and we'll talk with you again next week. Okay, thank you very much. For all the latest in-depth coverage and breaking analysis on tech innovation, keep up to date with Newsdesk on SiliconANGLE.TV.


This normally takes weeks of supercomputing and not very many people have access to a supercomputer. You either have to be at an academic institution or a corporation or next to a government supercomputer. And these things also require a lot of electricity and water and have a fairly large carbon footprint. So we were very excited that we're able to do this design process much more efficiently, much faster, so fast that it can run on a laptop or mobile phone. So right now we just gave the AI passive tissue and muscle. So there's not a lot that the AI can do but as we give it more components like bones and nervous systems and sense organs or the analog of this in mechanical terms, electrical wires and pistons, as we give the AI more things to play with we hope that it can result in more complex and more useful robots. But that remains to be seen.