Okay, welcome back. Just before we went for a break, we were looking at the five essentials for children's ministry. So we looked at what are, you know, the five essentials and how we can invest in children for creating a heart that loves God or a godly heart in them. The first thing we looked at is that the children's ministry must be gospel driven. The second one is that children's ministry must minister to, you know, must be Bible saturated. Then the third one is the children's ministry must be, sorry. Okay, the first one is children's ministry must be God centered. Second one is the children's ministry must be Bible saturated. Thirdly, children's ministry must be gospel driven. And the fourth one is that children's ministry must minister to the whole family or the entire family. And the fifth one where we stopped was that children's ministry is all about serving kids. So if you want children's ministers to be committed, it's important that's the leader that the children's church pastor or the children's Sunday school superintendent or the leader, you know, must communicate the vision and the mission to the children's church ministers. You know, I don't call children's church ministers as children's church volunteers because when we use the word volunteer, they think, okay, I'm just volunteering to do something, but it's a more important role. They're actually there to teach God's word.  It gives, you know, a greater title or designation that brings about in clarity what is their responsibility. You know, so it's important for us to communicate the vision and mission also important for us as leaders, the children's church pastors, you know, or leaders to plan the entire year, you know, to plan what are the topics, the curriculum topics that we are going to teach, what are the activities, and ensure that, you know, we communicate this to the children's church ministers and telling them, hey, all of these activities are not just to entertain children or to make children's church fun. Yes, we want to make it fun and exciting for them, but also these, you know, activities should cater around the curriculum that we're teaching, the topics that we're teaching, it should cater to fulfill or point out or, you know, to reach our goal of our vision and our mission. Okay, so it's important for us to communicate all this and even only choose teachers or children's church ministers, it's important to choose committed people, train them and during the training, you know, teach them all of these things, what is a biblical basis and the mandate for a children's ministry, we would be looking at developmental needs of children at different age groups, so you can share it with them. It's important to teach them the learning styles of children, how to prepare a lesson plan, so all of these things can go down in the training, also communicate during the training what is a vision and the mission, you know, and also what you have planned for the entire year. So, you know, the children's church ministers know, hey, this is, you know, this is something serious we're getting into, this is not something that I can just come in and, you know, do a game or an activity, I just tell a story or teach a memory verse and, you know, that's done for my week when I'm scheduled, but this is most serious stuff that, you know, I'm involving in and they will understand the seriousness or the the depth of the commitment based on how you portray it as a leader, all the things that you've planned, the structure thing and, you know, guidance, the guidelines you're giving them, you know, then they'll know, hey, there's something more concrete and I'm signing up, I need to, I really need to be committed to all of this and all of this is very, very important and also, of course, during the training we can teach them how to prepare the lessons, how to use creative methods to teach. Also, when we say that children's ministry is about serving kids, it's important that, you know, we have a good worship team, you know, important to have a good worship team, organize activities and programs that would help them build them up in the word of God and the faith and it should not just be all about fun, where you're just showing them some movie or, you know, having some games or, you know, just talking to them and getting them to just meet their friends and go away, but teaching them deeper truths from God's word. Also, I shared about mentoring children, so it's also getting into their lives, you know, not just teaching them from the Bible, teaching them from the truth, but they would know that, hey, this teacher is interested in my own life, you know, that is what, you know, why people love Jesus was, not just he was there to teach them about the kingdom of God, but he was interested in their lives. He took time to heal them, time to minister to them, time to speak to them, show them their worth, show them love, show them compassion, show them forgiveness, that was important. So it's important as teachers that we can just come and teach them and say, okay, this is my lesson, this is the curriculum, this is what I have to finish, I just finished that and go, but, you know, stopping by to say, hey, you know, I didn't see you last week or you're looking sad or now you're looking very excited today, what's the matter and, you know, just celebrating with them and enjoying with them, you know, being with them in their difficulties, if they're down looking upset, what happened, maybe their parents called them when they were driving up to church or something happened in the morning, you know, just ministering to them can help them know that, hey, I'm coming to children's church, just not for this teacher who's just loading me with all of the Bible, but who's generally interested in my life, cares for me, loves me, you know, and that is what really connects us to people, right? We connect to people, people who speak into our lives, people who care for us, people who, you know, look out to help us, you know, so show our love, care and affection, those are the kind of people we easily connect and build long-term relationships and we share our life with them and we can journey with them. So mentoring is very, very important, also praying for their needs, children can have different behavioral issues, they're struggling, praying for them. I remember, you know, children doing things that are really upsetting, really wrong in school and the parents come and tell me and they say, hey, speak to them, let's speak to them, they don't want to, you know, give out the details and I tell them, hey, you know, if you share with me, I'm just here to help you, I'm not just, I'm not going to tell anything if you don't want me to tell it to your parents or anyone else, I'm not going to do that, I'll just keep it a secret and children have opened up and till to this day, I've kept it a secret and till to this day, those children come back, they've grown up into young adults now, one of them got even married, I told you in December, you know, just to connect with me, to know that here, there's somebody I trust, somebody who kept my secret, somebody who didn't give it out to my parents, but really helped me.  Also think of various activities which they can build them up, you know, I remember all the activities that I used to have an I was in children's church as a pastor, everything was centered around, you know, what they can learn from the word of God, but in fun ways. For example, you know, once we had a breakfast potluck and so the breakfast potluck was, the theme was fruit of the spirit.  Okay, so I, for example, you know, if a child gets an apple pie, I love apple pie, so I chose apple pie, you know, if a child gets apple pie, the child can say, you know, I chose an apple pie and I chose apple because apple represents goodness. Apple is just so good to eat. It's good for health. In the same way, God is perfectly good, and he wants us to be good. And when we choose to do good things, you know, the child can tell the rest of the class, it's a way that we're telling God we love him. And, you know, goodness, we cannot be good all the time, but we can ask God to help us. And he will help us to obey him and to be good. And that is how the fruit of goodness grows in our life. You know, so simple way, a fun activity, but we're connecting it to something in the Bible. Now, when we had our, when we have our Christmas programs, you know, we have the first Sunday in December, we take them for outreach, where they go and minister to others. So the, we're teaching them that Christmas is not about what gifts you can get, but how you can go and reach out and pray and minister to others. So we have various things planned out for them in advance. We also have, you know, we get the list of the children in the orphanage that we are going to minister to. And we ask the orphanage for the needs of the children, you know, for each of the children's needs, the challenges that they're facing.  Okay. And Sarita has these prayer needs and problems. So why don't you pray for Sarita? So we do this one month in advance. So they're praying for Sarita. And when they go to the orphanage, they know they're not just going to sing some carols, and they're not just going to give some goodies and, you know, the, the, the ration or the, the groceries that they're sorry, the groceries that they bought for the children at the orphanage, but they're also going to minister. So then when we get in the ministry time, they find out who Sarita is and three children go and pray for Sarita. And I say, you know, when you're praying, ask in advance the Holy Spirit to give you promises that you can speak over Sarita's life. And so children go and minister, and they're so excited. And to help the children, we already, you know, give them a prayer, which they can pray. So every day in the, the over the last one month, they're actually praying that prayer for Sarita. And when they go there, they have the sheet, they pray, but they also, you know, have memorized parts of the prayer, so they can just pray. So it's a beautiful way of just, you know, helping them to reach out. The second week in, in December, we have a Christmas party, but even that, you know, I want children to know that Christmas party is not just fun, but also a way we, they can reach out to others. So I know one Christmas party, I remember asking them to bring their maids children, you know, and share the gospel with their maids children and get a gift for their maids children or the maids in their school, they can invite their children or the watchmen in their community or in their apartment building complex. One Christmas year, I remember we did, you know, right from Adam, right up to Jesus's crucifixion and his resurrection, we did a play and we invited children. So we had about 100 children, 100 plus children come from outside our children's church and, you know, we did this salvation gospel through this whole play that the children did. It was wonderful. Another Christmas, I remember, you know, asking children in each class to use their own creativity and come up with skits. And I told them to go to genealogy in Matthew chapter one and to choose one character in that, in the genealogy of Jesus and to enact any one narrative or part of the story or part of the life of that person. But they, they shouldn't speak out or tell what the person they are enacting and the rest of the children's church have to guess the character that they are enacting. So they choose a person in the genealogy, they enact a scene in the person's life and then share a little bit about that person, but not giving out details of the name. And then the rest of the children have to, you know, identify the person, you know, whom they have chosen in the genealogy. So creative things like this, which we can think about and do. And another activity I remember is something called the Kingdom Builders Club. I think this is just pure, everything is just purely led by the Holy Spirit. But Kingdom Builders Club, I just thought of having, bringing about these clubs where children had to sign up either for these clubs, which is singing, arts and crafts, healing and deliverance, evangelism, dance and choreography, memorizing and oratory. So we had this six clubs and children had to choose these clubs based on their talents. And in these clubs, we actually did not just teach them how to sing better, sing in tune, sing with the right notes, but healing and deliverance. We taught them from the healing and deliverance APC publication, the same publication, the course that you had learned, evangelism, how to evangelize dance and choreography. We just don't teach them about dance and choreography steps, but how to release a supernatural through all of this. Now, how to release a supernatural when they dance, they're doing choreography. And when they're when they're singing, when arts and crafts, you know, when they're painting. So we just don't teach them how to paint. We had people in our, from our congregation, other church who are good in these areas. But when I briefed them, I said, hey, those don't teach them the skills, but teach them how they can release the supernatural through these things. And so it was, you know, I've seen in some churches on their stage, when they're having worship, they have these artists just paint and draw and then the Holy Spirit is guiding them. And then the Holy Spirit releases a word of knowledge of wisdom and they say, Hey, this painting is for such and such a person. And when the person who, you know, identifies with that painting, their life, they come and take it, then they speak, they speak over them and they release God's word. And the whole life and destiny of that person is changed just because of one painting. It's just so powerful. And I knew there was something more to this Kingdom Builders Club. And, you know, I, I, I brought it about, of course, the last one was memorizing an oratory where we're teaching them how to memorize scripture and how to preach scripture, you know, how to preach. So I knew there was more to this, but I did not know what more was there rather than just teaching them the skills. And I remember that year I went to visit my sisters who live in the US and one of my sister drove me up to this church in Reading, California, which I really love the pastor. They are like, you know, just moving then actually supernatural. And that, that week when I'd gone, there was this lady who was talking about how they can use all of art and craft and dance and choreography and singing and song, how they can release a supernatural. And I was just so amazed because I thought he got us bought me at the right appointed time to show me how much, you know, there's so much more to just this Kingdom Builders Club that he had asked me to start, but how to release a supernatural. And then this person who was teaching, she has written a book on how to release a supernatural through all of these art forms, you know, and she says, who's come from the furthest part of the world. So everyone was shouting different parts of the world we had, we had different people come from different parts of the world to this church. And somebody behind me who, you know, I introduced myself before the church started, they said, India, India. And this lady said, who is from India. So I stood up and she said, please come up in front. And then I went up in front. And then she gave me a book that she's written. When I looked at it, it was how to, it was about, you know, creativity, how to be more creative.   If I'd received a book from the senior pastor, something about theology, which I really love, which will help me. But when I went back to my seat and I sat, and I was firstly disappointed in the senior pastor was not speaking, it was this lady, and I have nothing to do with art and craft and creativity.  And then I looked at the book, it was how to release a supernatural through all of this, what we had, I had initiated in a children's church. And I came back, you know, I read that book, when I was there in my holiday, came back, the Lord was laying so many things. I prepared a PowerPoint, I just presented to our children, our children just took it. I mean, I could just see it going into them, they received it. And then that the end of the year, you know, God told me get the children to lead the service. So they led the service from, you know, from leading worship to making the declaration, even preaching. We had some two of our older children preach.  And two of them painted and released the word of God, what God was telling them to paint and how they released it that people, the adults came into the painting.  They stood up in front and they asked adults to come and they prayed for them. It was just so powerful. I can't, I can't tell you how powerful. I was just way too shocked saying, Hey, these are my kids in children's church.  It was just so amazing. So, you know, the Holy Spirit and God has such wonderful creative ideas for our children. If we are just passionate about, you know, doing it for them, waiting on the Holy Spirit, I'm not a creative person at all. But I serve a creative God. He just gives me, I have a download of creative ideas from him. Every time I do anything is just a download. I know it's just God. And so, you know, can take children's ministries to such a level that God wants us and do such great things, but children really learn and benefit it. And children just loved the Kingdom Builders Club. Okay, so children's ministry is all about serving children and, and just God will give you those amazing ideas. Okay, the next topic we move on to is the developmental needs of children. We look at the development needs of children, various age groups. Before we do that, does anyone have any questions? Anyone wants to share anything? All of you with me in class? Okay. Yes, okay. Okay, thank you so much. Yes, we are here. Thank you, success. Yeah. Okay. Any questions, anything you'd like to share, anything you'd like to say? I'm also here, ma'am. Thank you, Lubega. Um, what I want to say, um, the role of parents in the life of the children, because I discovered that these days, many parents are not paying for attention for the children. In such case, what do the teachers do? Okay, and what do you do? What are some of the ideas? What do you, what do you think others, what do you think we can do before I share? Um, uh, what I, I actually asked a question because we noticed that some parents are not, they are, they are taking it to the other way around, you know, showing the parents, the children the way of the law, but you see some parents, we take their children more to the eat trees, to party than planting the word of God in them. And, uh, even buy them some plot that will not, that will not show a sample. For example, I, I, uh, I went to go and buy, I went for shopping and a parent buying, uh, a trouser that opened, uh, opened and he knew that I did some trousers for the two years old child. And I was, I was touched. I told, I just spoke with the lady, I, the woman said, I think, uh, this child is too small to wear in this kind of thing, because by the time he grows up and you see the past picture, how she dress like, uh, we normally use the language like a taut. This will register in his brain and the continual dyslexia. So what do we do in search, because parents must give you a consent before you can be able to just call their kids, even in the church. You see some people, some parents will call in the church, no, don't, don't do my children this, this, my children this, this I want to bring. What do we do in that regard? Yes. I understand, uh, uh, your concern and also your question, and it's also a challenge for us in our children's church. So yes, we'll, we'll hear Abubakar. Yes. Ma, in addition to what Pastor Sosa just said, we have some parents that they used to send their daughter to concubine to go and collect something from their concubine and their Christian, and they have some parents, they have, they are still going to go and buy a quarrel for them. And we have to send them something that is, you know, opposite of those things in the church. I mean, in addition to what Pastor Sosa just said, what are we going to do in such situations, Ma? So I just had those two points on what they have said already. Yes. I understand the concern. Anyone wants to share what we can do, what can be done? I think what we can do best in the given scenarios is we can't change the parents, we can't tell them, you know, uh, uh, there are times when we can, you know, prayerfully minister to them, speak to them, uh, you know, ask the Holy Spirit to also speak and help them. But what we have in our hands or what God has given to us is these children. So what we best can do is teach them from God's word, tell them what is right and wrong. You know, that's what the word of God says, train up a child in the way that he should, uh, go, you know, and, uh, uh, like we also read in, you know, second Timothy chapter three verse 15, you know, that it is, uh, that the word of God is wise for salvation, you know, because when, when Timothy is acquainted with the sacred writing says, Paul is saying, this has made you wise for, uh, salvation. And also, you know, we, uh, uh, we saw that it's a power of God for salvation. Romans chapter one was 16. So what best we can do is just teach them the word of God, just show them from scripture. You, you know, the challenges the children are facing, you can see how their parents are bringing them, guiding them. So what you can do is encounter them with the truth in God's word. You can teach them from God's word. Uh, you can tell them, you can live out that, uh, that lifestyle in children's church, help them, also speak to them, you know, um, uh, about the way they dress, the way they behave. We do that in our own children's church, but, uh, it can be a challenge because the child can be thinking, you know, hey, my parents are not telling me anything. My parents saw me dressed like this. They brought me and left me in children's church. I don't know why the children's church teacher or the, uh, the pastor has a problem. So then that can be a little difficult, but what we can do is how can we honor God with our bodies? How can we honor God the way we speak, the way we dress, the way we act, the way we think? So what you are doing basically is just presenting the truth and the truth will set them free. Okay. Children are not too naive not to know what is right and wrong. You know, when you teach them what is right and wrong, they will do what is right.  And she says that when I tell the children, you know, don't dress up in these kind of dresses because, you know, these kind of dresses are very heavy for you. You won't be able to stay in these dresses the whole day and going to the restroom will be difficult. You might fall, you know, put nice, uh, frocks, pretty frocks that are easy for you too. So they will just go tell that parent exactly that. And they will tell their parent teachers told me to wear this. I will wear this. I will not wear that. And she says all the children will come in the way I told them to dress. But she says it's challenging with the parents and they tell them they don't, I try to understand.  And they listen to their teacher. The teacher tells them do this and exactly do that.  So it's important that when we see this and the parents are not trying to understand, uh, and you are trying to communicate to them, the parents are not the best thing that we can do is teach children, they will listen, they will understand, uh, and they will eventually follow and we just pray for them. All we do, we can just uphold them before God. And I've, I have seen that in our children's church children. I prayed for a couple of them, you know, now they have grown up, attended two of their, uh, two of them got married in December. Both of them went through a lot of challenges, a lot of difficulties when they were in children's church in teen years. I remember their parents telling me how we cried out to God, you know, and how God has restored their, uh, life. So it's God who works in their lives, a holy spirit. And we need to just be faithful and sincere. And it is him who works in their, uh, lives. The other thing, how we can really help, uh, parents like, uh, success with saying what can we do is all the things that I mentioned, you know, get the, the parents, uh, you know, into the, uh, WhatsApp group, tell them what was thought, tell them what's the memory verse, what the children have to apply during the week and get them to apply it. It also helps the parents to learn, you know, we think that parents might not learn, parents might not son, but just them reading the holy spirit can work in their lives. They can also apply those lessons while teaching their children the memory verse, while reiterating the truth in the story, it can minister to them, it can work in their lives. But most importantly, children's ministry, we need to really pray. I think prayer is any, any ministry that we are involved in, we need to just pray because it's, it's, it's God who just gives the breakthrough. It's God who just works, uh, in their lives, in their families. So it's difficult. Even, uh, with children, their own parents are seeing them to go and get alcohol then and all of that, uh, is challenging. We had a child in our own children's church, you know, for the Christmas party, their non-christian friends in their class said, hey, you all drink wine during a church service, right?  So he actually went and got alcohol. So when the parents, there was Scott, the parents are called and he said, why did you do this? He said, we drink wine in, uh, in church, you know, for the communion. Uh, and the, the parent was shocked and, you know, immediately called me and I had to meet him on, uh, Sunday and I, I ministered to the child and helped the child see, uh, what was wrong in what he did and he understood. And now that child is, you know, serving in church so wonderfully and so powerfully, just, just such a wonderful, uh, uh, you know, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, work he does in ministering, just being available in various areas to minister every Sunday in church. And I see that I'm just so truly thankful to God and the Holy Spirit for working in his life. Uh, so prayer is important being faithful, committed, teaching, speaking about things. Uh, we also have teen sessions where we address all of these things to teenagers, speak to them, talk about things, how they have to dress the world dresses like this. Why shouldn't we dress the world does this parting drinking? Why shouldn't we do it? Talk about those things. It's important, uh, to discuss. It's important to, you know, talk about even about sexuality, about sex and on all of those things, it's very important, you know, to talk to teenage children about all of these things so that they're educated, they don't go and once they know the truth, they don't go looking for truth in the wrong places. But when they are, uh, encountered with the lies of the enemy, when they face situations, they can counter it with the truth. Did that help? Yes, that will help. That is okay. Thank you. Thank you, success. Okay, so we'll move on to our next topic. Uh, the next topic is, uh, uh, the developmental needs for children. We're going to study about the developmental needs of children in different, uh, age groups. Okay. Um, so, you know, uh, for in each one of us and even in children, God has built a pattern for development. So understanding what is, uh, typical of each age and stage of development in, in children's lives or the children that we are ministering to in children's church or Sunday school will help us better understand their needs, their felt needs and be able to communicate that felt needs, uh, in the way that we teach and minister, uh, to them. It will also help us prepare our lessons and the activities that we want to, you know, get them involved in or the games that we want to get them involved in. We can do it accordingly once we understand the developmental needs of children. And even when we narrate narratives for them, we can bring about, uh, you know, truths on how it will help them, uh, you know, uh, help their, uh, needs, their felt needs and also start the lesson with their felt needs. Because, you know, children can connect to your lesson or what you're going to teach them if you relate to them with their felt need. But if you say, Hey, today, everybody, I'm going to talk to you about obedience. Children say, Oh no, we've heard that so many times throughout the whole week to parents are telling us obey, teachers are telling us to obey. Oh, we're going to learn about faith. Oh no. When you come to church, it's only about faith. You know, so these are some of the topics that, you know, you are going to communicate to them. But, you know, start with their felt needs. So once they know, you know, Hey, yeah, this is what I'm going through. This is what I'm experiencing. So let me listen to the teacher how I can overcome it, how my need can be met. Okay. So before we look at the developmental needs of children in each age group, let's look at the developmental needs that are common to children in all age group. Okay. The first thing is that, um, you know, this is common to children, all age groups. There's a need for physical activity, you know, children need to exercise and develop their growing bodies through physical activities that develop both their large and small muscles and motor skills. Okay. So the large motor skills concern the development of their larger muscles, you know, their hands, their feet, their thighs. So, you know, like, they need to run, they need to jump, they need to throw things, hopping, balancing on one foot.  So we need to ensure that in our children's church and Sunday school, you're not just teaching children a narrative and some truths, but also involve some games, time connecting the game to your lesson, some attention getter, some object lessons, some activity, a skit that they can enact of what they have listened to, or, you know, case scenarios of enacting how they can apply what they have learned. It can even be drawing, puzzles, coloring, craft activity, which children would love to do, you know. I thought, you know, craft and craft work and cutting and all those things older children might not enjoy, especially children eight, nine, and 10th grade. But I was surprised when we had our kids conference or our BBS vacation Bible school, but children, I mean teens, not children, teens in eight, nine, and 10th, they love the craft work. They look forward for the craft work. So children at all ages, even teens, pre-teens, love, so activities, so give them some games, activities, attention getters, craft work that will connect to your lesson, what will connect to their felt need. The second one is the need for competence and achievement. Okay. This is something that is common for children in all ages, especially children who are young adolescents, teens, pre-teens, feeling very self-conscious about how they're looking, they're growing, they're unsure of their talents and abilities. And we need to give them or create opportunities for them to explore a wide variety of experiences and interest to use their talents. Okay. Give them opportunities where they can demonstrate themselves, they can know their talents, they can realize, hey, I'm good at this, I'm good at that. And what are the things they can do really well. So at APC, because I'm from APC, I'm just talking about our children's church, we create opportunities for children to use their talents and opportunities for them to explore their talents. For example, when we have a general session, we have some children who are part of our worship team who love to sing, of course we get them to go through our dishing and we have our worship pastor helping, teaching them, some of them who play instruments do so, they lead worship, they pray. Our declaration, we have different children come and declare God's lead in the declaration. We have children who pray for the offering, pray for some of them who are helping us in projecting the power points for worship. Some children, because we don't meet in our own facility, we have to do a pack up and set up. So some children help us at pack up, they even help us in praying for others. And of course we had the Kingdom Builders Club, which I explained. So it was an opportunity where they identified their talents and they grew in their talents and how to release the supernatural through those clubs which they were in. We also, like I said, we have a Bible quiz, we have skits, we have something called a Bible match between the Bible boys and the Gospel girls. So we have our kids conference, during our kids conference, we have talent competition, singing, painting competition, various competitions where they're able to discover themselves, they're able to portray their or showcase their talents. So organize all of these, but based on the Bible, so that they're going back to what of God, they're learning, it's helping them and also helps them to identify their skills and achieve in their respective skills and talents and the gifts that God has given to them. The need for self-definition. Children who are developing require a lot of opportunities to discover who they are, what they are becoming, as well as how they relate to the world around them. So it's important for us to talk about their identity in Christ. So we teach them one course that we have or one of the topics for our children's search curriculum is who we are in Christ. So we have it written down for grades 2 to 4, 5 to 7, 8 to 10, different levels, lessons, seven lessons on that. We also have something called adolescent sessions or teen sessions where we're talking about self-image, self-value, what are the challenges that teens and preteens face that hinder their self-image, their self-value. So it's important for us to build that identity in Christ and also through these courses and teen sessions just build their identity. So they're strongly grounded and rooted in their identity. They have their value in Christ and that will take them a long way and help them. The fourth one is the need for creative expression. You know, as children's minds and bodies are rapidly growing and changing the fast pace, they are more involved in the world around them slowly, you know, just beyond home and family. So we need to create creative expressions that are essential to their specific development. Now these opportunities help children to develop an understanding or an acceptance of themselves even as they are speaking, singing, writing, dancing, you know, doing dramas, kids or visual arts just to express their feelings, their interests, their thoughts, their talents and their abilities. So I mentioned quite a lot of the things that we do, like in Christmas time, you know, we get children in their respective classes. We don't help them out as teachers. We just let them do it and the wonderful creative ideas they come up with is so good. The little time that they have, you know, at the kids conference where we get them to showcase their talents to different opportunities we give them, the Kingdom Builders Club, participating in adult church with their leadership or their just minister, you know, or I remember one time we had the fruit of the spirit through art.   So just various creative things that we can think where they can express their creativity. Okay. And the next one is a need for positive social interaction. Okay. You know, although the family is of primary importance to children, they all are in the need of increasing opportunities to experience positive relationships with the world around them, whether it or the family outside the family, whether it's their peers, it's their seniors in children's church or in school or their teachers. And these positive relationships that they build, you know, can provide them comfort, support, security, even as they express or experience new ideas, new views, values and feelings. So in children's church or in Sunday school, you know, we need to help children build relationship with others in their class, build healthy friendship with their peers, also, you know, build a good relationship with their teachers.  And then I have the teachers at the end of the year write a note for each child, because the child is going to the next class and the same teacher will not continue teaching the child the next class. So write down the areas, the challenges, the difficulties that the child is facing, the areas that they have helped them, what they have done so far, what needs to be done in the future. And that report is passed on to the next teacher and the next teacher takes it on just helps and mentors the children. So, you know, this way we can build a positive social interaction and help the child as well. Okay. The next thing is the need for structure and clear limits, you know, children, even as they're growing, especially teens and pre teens, some of them earlier than that nowadays, you know, sorry, some of them earlier than that, you know, they're looking for independence, they're looking for freedom, but they also need security of structure and clear limits to help them to develop their skills, you know, also guidelines on how they can be responsible, how they can use their imagination, their creativity in the, you know, framework that you set for them, you know, and how they can be trustworthy and dependable. Okay. So we need to lay structures and clear limits. So for example, learning their memory versus some responsibility that we can give them reading the scripture portions. I told you, you know, the worksheets that we give them, they have scripture portions, which they have to read. So we make them responsible, say, Hey, I want you to do this. And if they're not able to do it, you know, the next class, why? How can I help, you know, and ask them what did they study, what did they learn? And, you know, what are the truths that they applied? And, you know, also application of the lesson, how did they act upon it during the week? So they come back the next Sunday, they share it with you. So when you have these guidelines, when you have these clear limits and structures that you place, then children will develop skills of being responsible, how they can use their imagination, creativity in applying what they have learned, making the truth applyable in their lives, and also how the teacher looks at them to be trustworthy and dependable, and how they can prove themselves to be trustworthy and dependable. Okay. The next one is the last one is a strong attachment with positive adults, you know, all children need the skills to establish a strong attachment to at least one positive adult outside the family. And who else can it be then their teacher, you know, so that they can bounce back when they go through difficulties. They have the strong attachment with the teacher, where they're learning positive things.   And, you know, I think what he's doing, he or she is doing right, and I love them, I'm just going to follow them.  So, you can become that role model in their life, where they're just looking at you and they're just learning from your life.   So again, coming back to what Success and Abu Bakr had, you know, shared their burden about children and what we can do, you can be that strong, positive adult. Okay, I thought we can even look at the developmental needs of children three to four and five to six, but we don't have time for that now. Any questions anyone else has, we, the next class, we will look at the developmental needs of children in specific age groups, we'll start from children in ages three to four. Any questions anyone else, anyone has, anything you'd like to share, say. No question, I'm okay. Thank you, Ma. Thank you, Success. Okay, thank you everyone for joining the class today. I hope it was helpful. I'll see you next Tuesday. Have a blessed week. This Friday, we won't meet for our, for TTP class, for First Timothy class. Okay, have a wonderful week ahead. God bless you all. Thank you. Please, I wouldn't meet on Thursday. Sorry. We have another lecture on Thursday, right? We have a lecture on Friday. Friday, we have First Timothy, but Friday, since we're having our Christian leaders conference, we don't have classes tomorrow day after Friday. Yes. Yes, okay. Sorry. Thank you, everyone. Thank you, Ma. Thank you, thank you, Rosalind.


It's wonderful to be here with all of you at another DEF CON again, and this time I'm delighted to be able to speak, and I thought I would take you back to Berkeley, 1982, when I was a graduate student there reading Science Magazine, and it said that the director of the United States National Security Agency had, it was revealed, written letters to the heads of IEEE and ACM and so on, threatening them with draconian, the full force of the federal government if they were to even have a session on cryptography, let alone a whole conference on it. So what do you think I did? Yeah, organize a conference on cryptography, and invited everyone I did a sort of covertly and then I was on stage, welcoming everyone as the general chairman of the event, and the front row was occupied by people who refused to give their organizational affiliation, but all mysteriously happened to live in Laurel, Maryland. And so when I announced that as an extra benefit of having paid their hundred dollars to attend, they were now members of a new thing, the International Association for Cryptologic Research, and it was a great pleasure to see them all turn green, because everyone knew that it was over. The UN protects international scientific associations, and so IACR has had several conferences every year now, it's just three per year plus a bunch of workshops and publishes a journal with Springer Verlag, so it was over. Cryptography was set free, however, we are now at a very different and more fundamental critical juncture. It's less reversible and much more important, and that is evidenced by the fact that most of the public is starting to become aware of metadata and the dangers of metadata and how it's being used to steal our meta-liberty from us, which includes then all the subsidiary liberties, right? It's the big one, lose that and it's game over. So it turns out in Berkeley in 82, I was actually working on cryptography for the purpose of finding metadata shredding techniques. So the first thing I did was create like a toy example where some privacy would be needed so I used voting. Let me just try to explain roughly how this works, just to give you a sense that let's say there's a hundred voters, each would take their ballot and multiply encrypt it and publish it, let's say associated with their IP address, okay? And then they would, all those encrypted ballots would be sent to the first node which would have the unique ability through its private key to decrypt the outer layer on all those ballots and then it would shuffle them secretly in a random order that only it knew and send them onto the next node and that node would do the same thing, decrypt the layer that only it could decrypt, randomly permute and send on. And so the final batch that comes out and is published includes all the clear text ballots but I say that we have vertical metadata protection because no one knows which IP address is associated with which ballot unless they can compromise all of the nodes because each node uses a totally independent uniform randomly chosen permutation. So this became known as mixing and there's thousands of papers about it and it's generally thought of as being used to send messages. It distreads the social graph, the who talks to who and when. That's what we used to call traffic analysis, now it's been rebranded as metadata. So then I thought well we need some kind of way to pay and stuff like that and if I look at regular like the kind of say account based payments we have like on blockchain today from wallet ID to wallet ID to wallet ID, what that does is it publishes and proves the whole meta, the whole graph, right, it reveals and proves all the metadata. So that's not a suitable type of payment technology. It turns out that what I proposed is actually good enough, not perfect but it can be perfected. So essentially it's a simple notion that instead of accounts use digital bear instruments that are let's say binary denominated, so 1 cent, 2 cent, 4 cent, 8 cent, 16 and so on. So each denomination has its own corresponding signature that validates it. And that way as these digital tokens migrate through different transactions they're regrouped and the metadata kind of fades away. Now we can perfect this by actually washing a whole bunch like all the 1 cent coins through a special mix that then makes every 1 cent coin unlinkable to the ones that existed previously. So we can do that overnight for all coins and then perfect privacy because we have the vertical unlinking but through the mixing of the say IP Mac or your location or whatever to the transactions or the messages that being delivered and then we have the horizontal unlinkability or metadata shredding between the say the transactions themselves. So the payment system actually was built and that you've probably heard of it famously in the mid 90s and I airdropped to anyone who wanted a, who would open up a digital shop on the web and receive payments, a 100 cyber box and you can see the whole, the museum of this up on my website chom.com, bunch of the shops and so forth and then later some banks wanted to issue e-cash so we let Deutsche Bank do it and some other banks in other countries so we had the Deutsche Marks, the Australian dollars, US dollars and so on and here in Japan, Nomura Research recently was revealed secretly, they licensed e-cash from us but they wouldn't tell us what they were doing with it.  So, anyone see the humor in that? No? Okay, some people get it. Anyways, I have to live there to really appreciate it so this is sort of indisputable because all the major social media messaging systems are moving towards payments integrated with messaging because that's what consumers want. They want those two in the same namespace and then they want some mini apps or dApps in that same namespace, the popular ones. This is proven to be what billions of people actually want so what we need to do here is to get rid of this giant metadata capture engine is create a replacement product, something that people can, ordinary users can easily just switch to that does the same stuff for them on their phone as say a WeChat or another messaging platform with payments integrated and apps but that is based on the metadata shredding technology so it'll be just as easy to use and work in a similar way but the metadata will never even be constituted, it will be shredded in real time in its distributed form before it's actually able to be abused in any way. However, the technologies that I showed you that I developed the 80s and we implemented the 90s aren't really suitable for like smartphone to smartphone transactions. There's their performance and other issues and especially when it's used in a mass scale and because of the kind of speed of transaction latencies that consumers are familiar with in messaging today some real breakthroughs are needed and so I was not really working on this stuff when the Snowden revelations came out and then I was so shocked and I went back to those crypto conferences that I founded and talked to a lot of people there and I was really quite became quite concerned because it was surprising that they were much more interested in their jobs and in publications and all this and even though they said they were there to protect you know people from whatever abuse through photography they it no one was really that influenced by the Snowden revelations and up but I was and so I took it upon myself to speed up the mixing because it's pretty cumbersome and slow and I found a way to speed it up by over by a factor of a thousand took some real work and no one since I published it in 79 is a technical port of a CACM 82 no one actually ever found a way to speed it up even though there's thousands of references and bunches of there's a conference every year that's mainly used to be mainly about it and so the only speed up that occurred was when someone substituted El Gamal for which came out four years after I published it for the RSA kind of crypto but I had defined it in a way that the RSA was just an example so anyway so let me show you some of these breakthroughs now that are enabling us to do exactly what I'm saying if we pull together as a community we can create a replacement product for all of these messaging and combine with payment systems so we actually I have to say some of you may have heard of elixir that's the are the high speed mixing technology which is is actually running in in open alpha and we'll see something about that shortly and then we have praxis which is our new very different quantum resistant consensus and payments technology and these are sister companies and when you combine them you get this kind of app that I'm talking about so let me just now show you a little bit about the the new approach in a in a simplified kind of amusing matter suppose Alice wants to send a message to Bob but she doesn't want anyone to know that the two of them are communicating message content can easily be protected by so-called end-to-end encryption but this does not protect the information about who's talking to whom and when the metadata which is increasingly recognized as far more revealing and more challenging to protect each member of a team of nodes in order to protect the metadata successively shuffles the batch of encrypted messages using its container of secretly arranged tubes and sending the messages without delay through to the next team member even just a single node can keep senders from being linked to recipients Alice also gets a receipt informing her confidentially that her message was provided to Bob team members that destroy their secret pattern of tubes making way for a new team ready for a new batch earlier each node is chosen independently as a kind of random secret key which input to to connect to which output to elixirs breakthrough over the type of messaging I open sourced in the 80s is a way that enables almost all the work to be done well in advance yielding the only known way to provide real-time metadata protection smartphone to smartphone lead can also pay you meet by sending what appears to be an ordinary message but that actually contains numbers that serve like metal coins and paper money a called such denominated unforgeable numbers digital cash first issued by digit cash in the 90s elixirs breakthrough improvement on the original digital cash now makes it fully distributed and quantum resistant elixir thus is able to uniquely provide a new ultimate metadata level protection of confidentiality in all your online communications and payments for the first time giving you a protected sphere protecting your digital world today and your digital future thanks so let me just give you an update we announced our little effort like a year ago in Singapore and it's been kind of a wild ride since then been traveling all over and you know connecting with the community learning what people want learning how to understand all the issues and how people think about them and we built up actually several really great teams and that's why they're two different entities we have a R&D lab in the Cayman Islands and no one else seems to have that but we can bring people from anywhere in the world there as long as they're not like they don't have lung disease or something and so we were building out the consensus and the payment work there with our plan to release the white paper this year and I assure you that when you see it it will be unlike anything you've seen before and I hope you'll be as enthusiastic about it as we are we have received a ton of support from the broader community we've got over like 680 node operators that have participated in our open selection process now what do I mean by that we had a survey first to find out what people wanted from the process then we built the process according to what the community wanted we ran the process then we had a dispute resolution procedure and everything in it and at the end we got 680 nodes people that want to support us by running nodes for free in our beta system and we have divided them into three teams so we can phase them in so that's really great and they're well distributed around the planet everything that was one of the criteria we have also been building out our community so we've got several thousand I don't know what the number is exactly now people who have signed up have received our app downloaded our app on Android and iOS which is kind of like a waiting list to be the first user to the messaging system and to be able to participate in other ways so I would urge you to get it as soon as you can if you have the opportunity to do that which I will give you and we are also live in the public alpha as I mentioned and when you download the app you can see the dashboard of the alpha network and watch it all the performance and stuff so the main purpose of the alpha is really to perfect the performance but we've exposed the APIs and the libraries to our our LSDK partners because we're on the bandwidth to support the whole community yet so we're kind of rolling that out and trying to get everything really nice and neat before we enlarge the the sphere of people of access to it so I've been traveling around Asia and this last few weeks announcing mostly at meetups and at conferences not no conferences as big as this one that our Cayman lab has come out of stealth and that we will have the white paper and that the payment system it has is quantum resistant and it will be able to do the kind of when you mix that when you combine that with the elixir you'll have I hate to say it but the world's best money no question hands down so that's kind of what we've been up to over the last year and here's a sort of preview of the app there's a lot of things in it and if you look at those scroll the menu bar horizontally you'll see I can keep track of all things we're doing and there's going to be a lot more interesting stuff there so I let me put up this bar code or qr code if you will and I urge you to all test do you think that will that qr code will work why don't you see if your qr code reader is capable of reading that code and then decide if you want to download the the app of your choice and then you'll have a position in line and be able to see what we're doing and watch the dashboard and join our community so thank you very very much for your attention it was a pleasure and I'll be around so look forward to having a chance to chat with you and thanks again


Welcome to this press conference from the 49th annual meeting of the World Economic Forum here in Davos. Thank you for being here in the room. Thank you for being on the live stream whether you're watching on Twitter, Facebook or on our website. We're happy you're tuning in. This press conference is dedicated to the launch of the Global Youth Alliance. You've seen that six of our seven coaches here at this meeting are under the age of 30. So a very timely launch here today. We're very excited that the panelists have chosen the forum platform to do this. Let me introduce our wonderful panel. To you, ladies and gentlemen, to my immediate left, I'm joined by Laurent Frex, the executive vice president and CEO for the Americas of Nestlé. Of course, a Swiss company as I might point out as a Swiss organization. Right at the heart and center of our panel today, we're joined by Patrick Dot, the president for Global Market of Nielsen and last but definitely not least, we're joined by Nicola Mandelson, the vice president for Europe, Middle East and Africa of Facebook. Thank you for being here. Laurent, let's kick this off with you. We're launching this Global Youth Alliance. Let's start with the basics. What is this alliance? What is it trying to achieve? Yeah, thank you for the question. Let me put it in the context of one of the great issues of the current times that we got more than 70 million of youngsters without a job, many without jobs or we are not in education. We got the issue of informality, which is massive in emerging markets, very high unemployment rates in developed countries. So this is a real issue, the issue of the integration of the use to the labor market and to society. The most direct contribution of business to society is through providing jobs. So facing this problem, we got together 20 companies, global coming from different industries, from the new technologies, from the communication industry, from the services, from the industry itself. With the same vision that we cannot stand still, we cannot watch what's happening, we have to be part of the solution. 90% of the jobs provided will be coming from the private sector and we can as well contribute to the education. So the 20 companies are huge. I think it's not bad to mention them because they again are really relevant. We got ABB from Switzerland, we got Adeco, another Swiss company, we got BBVA, the Spanish Bank, Global Operations, we got Cargill, we got CEMEX, we got NG, we got EY, we got Facebook, and very happy to have Facebook on board, we got Feminich, we got Mercer, MasterCard, Microsoft, Nestle, of course, Nielsen, and very happy to have Nielsen on board, Publicis, Rockwell Automation, SAP, Starbucks, Vodafone, and Whitencase, the law firm. And on top, we got a partnership with the World Bank, which is also very dedicated to the matter. Collectively, we employ 1.5 million people and we would like to focus on three critical areas where we believe that together we can make a difference. And one, number one is to provide the use with the skills that will be necessary in the 21st century and everyone agrees that those are new skills linked to the technological revolution. We know that 60% of the jobs that will be provided to the youngsters entering, to the children entering, to the education system do not exist yet. And that's of course related to the technological revolution. And we believe that collectively, especially with the partners that we got, we can make an impact and we can equip the next generation with the skills that they need. So that's number one. The second one is that we really believe in the power of the dual education system, the one that combines the theory with the practice. There is no better way to learn than to learn the theory but also to learn the practice. That's the Swiss model, that's the German model. And we believe that it has global relevance and by pushing those education system that are so powerful, that are so cost efficient, we can also contribute to make a difference. And of course, those models involve the private sector and we are all committed to contributing this respect. And last but not least, we will also support young entrepreneurs because we believe that this is a great source of employment and we believe that there also we can play the role of business angels and support them and provide them the framework and the support that they need. And collectively, because it's good to have ambitions and it's important to mark those ambitions, our ambition collectively is to impact more than six million young people across the globe by 2022. So that's the first milestone that we set to ourselves. We are large companies and we believe that we can make that kind of impact. Thank you, Laurent. And I'm glad you mentioned also that dual education is a German model otherwise if you had said just a Swiss model I would have to correct you as a German here on the panel. But let me, before I come to our next speaker, let me quickly ask you, you mentioned informality as an important point here. Can you explain, especially to our online audience, what does that mean and what's the challenge here? Basically, informality is a youngster with a job but without a contract being eventually paid on a cash basis but having no protection, having no possibility to project into the future. Typically, those jobs would be little jobs selling in the streets or whatever but they could be also less recommendable jobs. And that's a real issue because the youngsters that are in informality typically do not have bank accounts, they don't pay taxes, they don't really contribute to society, they cannot really invest also in their own development. So the big issue is that this is the majority of the jobs in many countries across the world and clearly in Latin this is the dominating model. So providing formal jobs helps youngsters integrate themselves into society. Thank you, Laurent. I think it's crucial to understand the magnitude of the challenge and also have these concrete examples. So thank you for elaborating on that. Pat, in order to get these six million young people into jobs, it helps to understand what they aspire to and what they want to achieve. You're well placed to have these insights. Share with us how are you going about this and what can you tell us? Great, thank you very much. It's been a real honor to be part of the Alliance for Youth since its inception, Nielsen was there when it started in Europe and moved to the Americas and we're getting a lot of benefits from it and one of the things we like to give back is insight into young people's habits and what they're looking for. So we have conducted a survey of young people across the globe. It's fresh information. We went out to 27 different countries around the world and asked young people, what are they looking for from the future and particularly as it relates to employment. And what was one of the interesting findings, it may not be shocking, but 55% of them which was one of the strongest statistics came back, they just want to raise a family and take care of their family. That's one of their ambitions and aspirations in life, not a lot different to the rest of many of us here. The second one was really interesting about wanting to be doing great work and meaningful work and being appreciated for it. That was 32% of the young population was looking for that. So those were two of the big ones. What was also interesting is where they're looking for work and this goes back to some of the pillars that Loran was talking about, particularly around entrepreneurship because 35% of them are looking to run their own company one day and thinking about getting those skills and what skills they need in general management to really look through how they run their own company properly and professionally. And 32% of them want to work for a public or private company and work for a corporation as well. So those are just a few of the statistics in terms of where they want to go. They also wanted to give all of us a bit of a hint what they're looking for and they wanted decent pay but they want all of us to think about flexible working hours a little bit differently into the future even more different than what we're looking at today in terms of just being able to be flexible as well. And all, it was an amazing, the majority of them responded that companies have a huge role to play here. And obviously all of us associate with Alliance for Youth all believe that as well. So those were just some of the insights that the young people gave us and I think that helps make sure we're on the right course with the program that Loran talked about. Thank you Pat. Nicola, when my bosses are not watching, I spend a lot of time on your platforms and I like to think that this is creating work that then others can get meaningful employment from but I know in all seriousness, your industry and the private sector in general has a much bigger role to play here. Maybe you can share with us what your perspective on this is and why you're joining this Youth Alliance. First off, thank you for spending the time that you do on Facebook, much appreciated. We also have been founding partners of the Alliance and very proud partners as well from day one. I think one of the things that's incredibly important is to make sure that we're future-proofing education and I think there is a very important role for business to play in that, especially tech businesses. So one of the things that we've done is actually to create a digital literacy library and it's there for educators around the world to be able to go to. So when that they're looking to upscale the people in the classrooms, they're all the resources there that they can actually find. But if young people are also looking to develop their own skills or further their skills, we run a program called Community Boost and we've made a commitment here that we will upscale over a million people across Europe in the next few years. So that's a very practical, very hands-on approach that we're taking. We're also offering, because I think what's very important when we think about what the jobs of the future are going to be and so many people being born today that we can't even imagine what the jobs are going to be in the future. But we do know that softer skills, creativity, innovation, problem solving, those things matter. And so one of the things that we've created is the Year of Engineering, which is very much about mentoring, where you can actually pass on some of those softer skills. And from a Facebook perspective, when we're actually looking to hire people, actually we recruit for skills, not for experience. Because again, so many of the jobs that we have within our own organization will not exist today, but will in the future. And if even I think of myself, and I know I look terribly old, but my job didn't exist a decade ago, so I couldn't have imagined having this job. And so I can understand and empathize a little bit with young people as to how you think about going forward for your careers. So I think there's a huge opportunity. And I think I also want to pick up on the point that Pat made from the survey that 35% of young people think they'll have their own business, which is great. And we're already seeing that, because what we've seen with the tech revolution is that we've taken away so many of the barriers that existed in the past about how you would actually set up a business. And there's a wonderful story of a guy called Ben Francis. It's a UK story from, he lives in Birmingham, which when he was a teenager, he thought, you know, I kind of don't see the sports clothes out there that are right for me. So he created his own company called Gymshark. And then just six years, he now employs 200 people. So he's developed the business online, he communicates online, he sells online, and you start to see businesses like this. So this gives us great hope in terms of seeing the roles that business can play and also reflecting what young people today are actually asking for. Thank you very much. Now, none of you is from the public sector, but nonetheless, I'll put the question to you. What can the public sector do to help? Yeah, the public sector, of course, has a big role to play in framing the right context, supporting those educational system, especially the dual system, which requires the public sector to get involved and to make it possible. Depending on the country's education is a national matter, but it can be also regional, local matter. So it's important that they get involved and again, create the framework and the right incentives. But at the end of the day, the jobs will be provided by the private sector. So it's real. When we talk about public-private partnership, this is certainly one of the areas which is the most obvious, where combined, we can make the difference. Thank you. Do you want to add to that? The thing that I would add, and it goes both ways, both from the public sector but also from the young people themselves, I think we all need to be listening more because they're pretty vocal out there. If you look online and if you see in the world what people are doing that, the young people are out there and they're expressing their views and they're telling their stories about the things that matter to them. But I think they're often doing that more with, if you like, socialists. If you think about things like the Women's March, if you think about things like the work that's being done to help refugees, you're often seeing young people out there coming together online but then actually coming together in the real world. So actually, I would say I'd be encouraging young people to speak out more because so many of the conversations about your future are being discussed by people who are not quite as young and therefore we need your voices in the conversations and I think that's where the public sector can certainly be helping more in that respect. The only thing I would add is I do believe it's the education system where they can help the most in shaping that and transforming it as quick as possible at all stages of education because I think there's a real hands-on approach that needs to be taken for the youngsters of today to be able to make a huge impact in the future. Thank you. Laurent, you mentioned the six million as a commitment. How optimistic are you about the timeline? What are your expectations? I'm very optimistic for a couple of reasons first because the combined commitments and the joint commitments goes beyond the six million, that's number one. And number two, we have clear indications that many global companies would like to join the movement. So I'm sure that the six million will be overtaken and maybe we will have one year advance ahead of the ambition. So it's a strong conviction that will get there and the impact will be even greater than that. Thank you very much. I might ask you how far you've advanced when you're back next year in Davos. So I've been... Count on it. You have to do the job. We have some time for Q&A. Is there a question here? I think that we have a lady in the first row. The microphone is on its way. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Julie Zhou from iphone.com of China. May I ask some questions down on the earth? If a young person want to apply, like want to join that movement, how will they expect? And the other thing is for the... I don't know if you include the UK, the young people in the UK. Considering the Brexit ahead, if the no deal happens, actually before that, a lot of young people that they don't want to leave EU because they thought if they stay in EU, they enjoy more opportunities. So they have a lot of activities and protests in front of the House parliament. And I think if your alliance can help the people in the UK and also to keep the connection from the people, the young people in the UK and the EU, probably it will be helpful for these two, the two lands, the island and the mainland, still keep somehow the connection. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Maybe I can take the first one and Nicola, I should be the expert on the second one. Thanks, Lorne. I thought I was going to get away with one panel today without talking about Brexit. So on the first one, of course, and it will relate also a lot to Nicola's contribution, to one of the main contribution to the alliance. We will have an all for use, that's the name, all for use platform and we will certainly leverage Facebook for that and the youngsters will be able to engage with us through that platform, but also through events and direct contact opportunities. We don't want it to be only virtual, but of course, we know the power of the platform. And our ambition is really to have a global reach and it's clear that using the technological platforms is a big plus and is the most. Now on the second one. Thanks, Lorne. So first I would say that young people can get engaged already today through the Facebook page all for youth and over the week here in Davos, we've had business leaders that have been part of the alliance actually sharing best practices and also sharing the information about what their commitments have actually been as part of the alliance as well. So that's all on there, the videos are all on there and people can certainly get ahead and to watch that. One of the commitments that Facebook made is about our hiring, especially in the UK and we've made a commitment to hire 600 jobs, especially for young people and entry level people coming in across both business and on the engineering side. And given that nobody quite knows what's going to happen with Brexit at the moment, I don't think anybody is informed enough to be able to say, but what I do see is that young people are already connected, whether they're in the UK or beyond, because that's the nature of the platform that we have. It used to be that it was six degrees of separation, now it's much more like three and a half degrees. So the young people are coming together and I think the examples that I shared around things like the Women's March and the work being done on refugees and so many other passion projects, the young people are coming together anyway. If I could just add one thing on the same question. The alliance for youth, the whole branding around it has been very helpful to the Nielsen company because we do hire from various colleges, from high schools for internships and we are using the alliance for youth, be it that we're sitting in Chennai or we're sitting in Sao Paulo or we're sitting in Jakarta and imagine if all the 20 companies start using that platform as a way to communicate with young people, I think it's just gonna help bring more businesses in because they're gonna see the benefit and we'll use this as a competitive advantage as we think about the young talent we wanna bring into our companies. Lovely. I think one very practical question, where would people go to learn more about the Global Youth Initiative? Are you just giving me another plug for the Facebook page? Okay, all for youth. That's the page, all for youth. That's it. Well, thank you very much. We've come to the end of this press conference. Thank you very much to my panelists for being here and thank you all for watching. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thanks for the great, thank you. We'll be there next.