Hi, and welcome back to video 2.3 in the course Biological Psychology, in which we're going to talk about synapses and the action potential. Synapses are connections between neurons. So what you see here, that's a schematic of a synapse. As I said, a synapse is a connection between two neurons, and generally it's a connection between an axon that sends a signal, so in this schematic the axon would be depicted on the top, and a dendrite that receives a signal. As we've seen in a previous video, an axon is the output channel of a neuron, and a dendrite is the input channel of a neuron. Communication between neurons is chemical. The human brain uses a combination of both electrical and chemical communication, but at the level of synapses the communication is purely chemical, and it happens through neurotransmitters, and that's what you see here in this schematic. So the neurotransmitters are these little balls that are released into the synapse, into the synaptic cleft, as it is called. So you see that the synapse between an axon and a dendrite is a connection, but they don't really touch each other. There's a little gap in between, and that's called the synaptic cleft, and the axon releases these neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, and they attach to the receptors of the dendrite, of the receiving neurons. So these neurotransmitters basically carry the information that the axon sends to the dendrite. So it's a chemical form of information transfer. And very simply put, a neurotransmitter can either increase the membrane potential of the neuron that it receives. In a previous video we talked about the membrane potential, which is generally about minus 70 millivolts. Now if the membrane potential increases, so if for example this dendrite here would normally have a membrane potential of minus 70 millivolts, if it increases it could become either, for example, minus 80 millivolts, and that would make this neuron less likely to become active, as we will see in a bit. So that's why that would be inhibition. Or conversely, neurotransmitters could decrease the membrane potential of this dendrite, so the membrane potential could go for example from minus 70 to minus 60, and that would increase the probability that this neuron, the receiving neuron, will become active. So that's basically what a neurotransmitter does. In reality there are many complicated interactions, and there are also many many different kinds of neurotransmitters, and different kinds of biological molecules that act in one form or another as neurotransmitters. And those interactions are the basis of pharmacological drugs. Now we're not going to talk about that because it is a very complicated subject that I frankly don't know too much about. If you're interested there is a lot of fascinating literature about neurotransmitters and psychopharmacological drugs. For now I think for this course the basic idea is just to understand that communication between neurons is chemical and is mediated by neurotransmitters that go from an axon to a dendrite, and that act to either increase or decrease the membrane potential of the receiving neuron. Now let's now take a look at the action potential, and the action potential is what happens when a neuron becomes active. So the general idea of an action potential is very simple. If neurons A and B are connected, so if there is a synapse between neurons A and B, and neuron A fires, and neuron B is excited strongly enough, so what does that mean? Well it means that neuron A releases neurotransmitters onto a dendrite of neuron B, and those neurotransmitters would reduce the membrane potential of neuron B. And if that membrane potential is reduced sufficiently, that's what excited strongly enough means, then neuron B fires as well. And this is what basically gives rise to a cascade of neural activity in the brain. So neuron A fires onto neuron B, if neuron B is excited strongly enough neuron B will also fire, neuron B would again be connected to other neurons, if those neurons are stimulated strongly enough by neuron B they would also fire, and so forth, and so forth, and in that way neural signals propagate from neuron to neuron through our brains. But now let's take a look at how this works in a little bit more detail, right? So what is the action potential? Because what I've described now probably sounds a little bit abstract. So what do we have here? Here we have a figure, a hypothetical figure, with on the y-axis a membrane potential, and on the x-axis time in milliseconds. So we're going to take a look at how membrane potential can vary over time. Then we have indicated a few lines in the figure, so minus 70 would be the resting membrane potential. Minus 55 would be the activation threshold, so it would be a particular membrane potential that if reached, as we will see, will cause the neuron to become active. Then zero means that there is actually no membrane potential, right? So there's no voltage difference between the inside and the outside of the cell. And plus 30 will be, will is the maximum positive membrane potential. So it's the upper limit of how positive a membrane potential can be when a neuron becomes active. Now let's take a look at what actually can happen. So say that here what we are showing is the membrane potential of neuron B over time after it has been excited, so it has received excitatory input by neuron A. Then you see that when this excitatory input was received, the membrane potential of neuron B reduces a little bit. But you see that it doesn't reduce so much that it reaches this activation threshold. We call this sub-threshold activation because there is some activation, but it is not sufficiently strong for neuron B to become active. And then the membrane potential goes back to what it was before. So this is not an action potential. Here what happens here is that neuron A is fired onto neuron B, and it has not succeeded in causing neuron B to fire as well. Now let's compare this with the following situation. Here neuron B again has received input from neuron A. And this input caused the membrane potential to become less negative until at some point the magical threshold of minus 55 millivolts is reached. At this moment NA plus channels open. Now what does that mean? It simply means that if we take a look at this picture again here, here we have the membrane in the middle, and this membrane has NA plus channels, so there are little channels that allow NA plus to flow through them. And they are normally closed, but they open up if the membrane potential reaches minus 55 millivolts. Now what happens then is that a lot of NA plus starts to flow into the cell. NA plus is positively charged, so this will cause the membrane potential to go up to become more positive. The inside of the cell will become more positive compared to the outside of the cell. This will continue until at some point a positive membrane potential of plus 30 millivolts is reached in this case. And at that point these NA plus channels snap shot, so NA plus cannot flow into the cell anymore, and K plus channels open. So there are channels that allow K plus to flow through. They open up, and then K plus starts to flow out of the cell. And because K plus is positively charged and flows out of the cell, the membrane potential will become more negative again, until actually the membrane potential becomes even more negative than it was to begin with, and then the K plus channels snap shut. Now at that point, the membrane potential has almost gone back to what it was before, right? But of course, the balance of ions inside and outside of the cell has been disturbed quite a bit, right? Because a lot of NA plus has flowed into the cell, and a lot of K plus has flowed out of the cell. And also the membrane potential is not exactly what it was before. So at that moment, the sodium potassium pumps, so these transporter pumps that actively consume energy, start to pump NA plus out of the cell and K plus into the cell until gradually the original balance is restored again. So what you see here, this cascade of activity, this enormous bump of change of membrane potential, that's an action potential. If people talk about a neuron that spikes or a neuron that becomes active, this is what they mean. After an action potential, there is a little period during which a neuron cannot have another action potential. It's called a refractory period. And that gradually dies off until the neuron at some point becomes quite likely again to have an action potential, right? So the neuron, after it has fired once, it doesn't fire rapidly again. And all of this happens in a time scale of milliseconds. So here you see I've indicated the time scale of 5 milliseconds. So it's very, very fast. But it's not so fast that we cannot measure it. We're talking about milliseconds. An action potential generally starts at the dendrite, because that's the input channel of a neuron. So what happens, essentially, is that one particular spot on the membrane, on the dendrite, the particular membrane part of the membrane on the dendrite has an action potential. It's something that happens not on the entire neuron at once, but it happens at one specific location. And then the action potential kind of spreads along the neuron. Because you can imagine that as soon as the neuron has this enormous change in membrane potential, then that part of the membrane will ignite parts of the membrane that are next to it, right? Because they also suddenly reach that activation threshold of the membrane potential. So in other words, it's like the neuron ignites itself. It causes other parts of the neuron to fire until the action potential spreads, propagates throughout the entire neuron. And that's what you see here in this picture, right? So here on the left side, the dendrites, where the membrane potential has been triggered, and then the membrane potential spreads across the entire axon, up, until at some point it will cause a member, cause goes all the way to the end of the axon and the synapses of this neuron with another neuron. Now, this form of action potential conduction is called continuous conduction, right? Because it basically relies on a continuous opening and closing of NA plus and K plus channels along the neuron, especially along the axon of the neuron. For invertebrate animals, so animals that don't have a spinal cord, this is the only form in which action potentials propagate. But humans and other vertebrate animals have another way in which action potentials can propagate. And that relies on myelin sheets. Many neurons have myelinated axons. And here this is depicted as these little cylinders that encircle the axon. And what is basically what these myelinated things do, is they prevent NA plus and K plus channels from opening. So, basically there cannot be this kind of continuous conduction, this continuous propagation of an action potential, because it is blocked by these myelin sheets. What does happen is that a purely electrical signal jumps from before, say this point before the neuron, before the myelin sheet to this little node after the myelin sheet, which is called a node of Ranvier in there. An action potential is triggered again. And it jumps to the next node of Ranvier and an action potential is triggered again. So in other words, you can think of these nodes of Ranvier as kind of amplification stations. So an action potential spreads purely electrically, but at some point the electrical signal would become too weak. So the action potential would be too weak to in a purely electrical way go from the beginning of the action, for example, entirely to the end. So what we instead do, how the axon instead works, is that there are some electrical transmission and then at the node of Ranvier, a new action potential is triggered, the action potential is refreshed in a way and then it can jump again, jump again, jump again, jump again. And in that way, basically, the action potential never dies out, right? So there's a mix of electrical and chemical transmission. This is called cell-tutorial conduction from the Latin verb saltare, which means to jump. And it is much faster than continuous conduction because essentially electrical conduction is just much faster than this chemical conduction, right? So it allows us, it allows neurons to transmit information with far greater speeds than just then invertebrate animals do with this kind of continuous conduction. Okay, with that, let's move on to the next video, video 2.4, in which we're going to take a look at the terms that we use to describe where in the brain things are.


There are many aspects of history that remain unexplained, many aspects of ancient history that are often overlooked. The mission of our channel is to challenge these views, to encourage critical thinking, for the subjects often at hand require our viewer to, like us, distinguish between that which has and can be explained, and that which is often dismissed or claimed as the work of a civilization simply incapable of such feats. Much of ancient history remains unexplained. This is due to the fact that academia has already attested to knowing nearly all in regards to our past. And as such, anything which does not support this narrative, a narrative of ape to man and as a species having only successfully achieved a level of societal advancement only once, having developed after the last Ice Age and never before. Anything contradicting this tale of events is either left out of the history books or claimed as the work of a group far too primitive to have completed such impressive ancient structures. Although much of history is ignored and as such successfully obscured from mainstream discussions, the physical evidence remains and is far more difficult if near impossible to keep hidden. It may be easy for academics to ignore such sites, avoiding having to ever explain their origins, but these, often enormous stone relics, remain for all to see. And if one applies some effort into researching such curious areas of history as do we, they will not only witness this mass conspiracy to avoid any discussion or popularization of such exhibits, but will inevitably come to similar conclusions as we have, in regards to their inexplicable design, the incredible feats these structures once were, and the advancement that their creators must have attained to have ever completed said sites. However, not only ancient ruins are areas of history that remain unexplained. There also exist events documented within permitted history that remain equally as perplexing and seemingly impossible to logically explain, with the Nanking incident being one such mysterious case. On December 9, 1939, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, a battalion of Chinese soldiers was assigned to a two-mile stretch of foothills as reinforcements in the area of Nanking. The commander of the battalion, Colonel Li Fuxian, was ordered to prevent the Japanese from getting out of the nearby city. However, several hours after these orders were given, the majority of this battalion, some 3,000 Chinese soldiers, simply vanished without a trace. What makes this disappearance all the more enigmatic is the fact that to this day, no one has been able to explain where they went. No remains have ever been found, no evidence of them having abandoned the war, nothing. They simply vanished without a trace. There were simply no signs of them ever found. The remaining soldiers who escaped this fate, a group who were guarding a nearby bridge, later reported that there was no evidence of any battle having taken place, something these individuals placed so close to the disappearance would have heard, and the soldiers' guns were all found stacked beside their cooking fires. The question is, what happened to this 3,000 strong group of soldiers? How could they simply vanish without a trace? It remains the most perplexing case of disappearance known to history, and as such, regardless of this event being relatively recent, is undoubtedly highly compelling.


Hello, and welcome to this session. This is Professor Farhad, and this session would look at an overview of the statement of cash flow. This topic is typically covered in intermediate accounting. The CPA exam, the far section, very, very heavily. If you have not connected with me on LinkedIn, please do so. YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. I have 1,500 plus, not only intermediate accounting. I have covered 10 to 12 other accounting courses, including CPA, questions, and material. On my website, you can have access to additional information, such as the PowerPoint slides you are seeing, multiple choice, true, false, note. And if you are studying for your CPA exam, 2,000 plus CPA questions, as well as our exercises that are considered quasi-CPA simulation. So what is the purpose of the statement of cash flow? There's the primary purpose is to provide, obviously, information about the company's cash receipts and cash payment. Cash coming in and cash leaving a company during a period of time. Period of time means for a year, for a month, for a three month, for semi-annual. Just like the income statement, the cash flow statement is for a period of time. That's the primary purpose. The secondary purpose of the financial, of the cash flow statement, is to provide cash basis information about the company's operating, investing, and financing. We're gonna define operating, investing, and financing shortly. Let's talk about the cash basis. Well, what is cash basis? Cash basis in contrast to accrual basis. When you prepare your financial statements according to GAAP, you prepare your financial statements using accrual. Well, guess what? Sometime you wanna see on a cash basis how well you are doing. Because cash is game, cash what matters. When we evaluate the company, we evaluate the company based on their future cash flow, not based on their future net income. So to understand the cash flow, you have to understand how to convert the financial statement from accrual to cash basis. And this is basically what we are doing. And when we do so, we're gonna break down this process by three sections. One is operating, two is investing, and three is financing, which we're gonna be talking about shortly about those three topics. So don't worry about those three concepts. I'm gonna define them in detail shortly. So what is the usefulness of the financial statement? So why is the financial statement useful? I just told you already to basically, if you are computing the net present value, if you remember how to do the net present value, you'll take your future cash flow, cash flow one plus cash flow two, and you discount to the present value. So you need that cash flow, you need the CF. That's one thing. Well, it's the entity's ability to generate future cash flow. And this is what matters for investors, for creditors. What matters is, are you bringing cash? I don't care if you are making sales. It's easy to make sales. You can lower your prices, you can make sales, or you can lessen your credit standard. Basically, you would sell for anyone and you would sell them on credit and you can generate sales. That's not what matters. Can you convert the sales? Can you convert the account receivable into cash flow? And that's what matters. And this tells us, can you pay us dividend? As shareholders, do you have the ability to pay dividend? Can you meet your obligations? Specifically, what are your obligations?  Also, it gives us the difference between net income, which is a cruel net income and cash flow from operating activity, which is net income on a cash basis. So basically it gives you net income on a cash basis as a term that I just kind of, I use as it's not official, but think of it, you're going from net income on a cruel basis to net income on a cash basis. Also, on the cash flow statement, they're gonna show you cash and non-cash investing and financing transaction. You might be saying, what are those cash and non-cash? Well, cash, you already know that those are cash transaction. There are certain transactions that they don't involve cash. I'll give you an example for now. We're gonna look at them in a later session.  Don't worry, we're gonna talk about them very shortly. Okay, now let's take a look at the classification of the cash flow statement. And this is important. This is what we're gonna be discussing, operating, investing and financing. So the three components of the cash flow statements are, one is operating activities, two, investing activities, three, financing activities. So those are the three components. Now we need to understand the big picture for every component. What does the operating activity deals with? Usually the operating activities, not usually, it covers the income statement items. What goes on the income statement? It's revenues minus expenses equal to hopefully net income. So what happened is this, the operating section of the cash flow statement, take a look at the income statement and convert the income statement into a cash income statement. It converted it into a cash income statement. Well, what does that mean? It means you're gonna look at revenues. And remember, some of the revenues are cash, and some of the revenues are on account. So notice, we don't only deal with income statement, we have to deal with balance sheet account. Account receivable is a current asset. Expenses, some of our expenses are cash, and some expenses are on account. Again, it's not only the income statement, it's also liabilities on the balance sheet. So simply put, when you're looking at the income statement, you're gonna be, you're going to be looking at two things. You're gonna be looking at the income statement and would look at this, don't worry later on. Income statement items plus, we're gonna look at current assets and current liabilities. Write this down for now. Just, so the operating activity deals with the income statement and deals with current assets and CL current liabilities, okay? That's the operating activities. We're gonna look at a picture of it shortly and we're gonna prepare one shortly, but this is the big picture. Investing activities. For me to explain for you investing and financing activities, let's build a quick balance sheet. So what does a balance sheet looks like? Balance sheet will have assets on one sides, will have liabilities in stock holders equity on the other side. And those two sides should equal to each other. Obviously it's a balance sheet. Under assets, we have current assets. And I just told you current assets are covered. Let me just change this color here. I already told you current assets deals with operating activities. Current assets are operating activities. What else do we have? We have non-current assets or long-term current assets. Long-term, let's call it long-term. We have long-term assets. We have current assets and we have long-term assets. When it comes to, well, under long-term assets, we have property, plant and equipment and we might have investments like when we invest in other companies. Now we could also have intangibles. We could have a section for intangible asset. But what I want you to focus on now is the investing activities. When it comes to the investing activities, what we're doing is we're looking at those two items. We are looking at the changes in property, plant and equipment and we're looking at the changes in investments. So investment activities is the changes in investments and the changes in long-term assets and specifically in investments. Specifically investments and long-term assets. What are investments? Investments could be stocks, could be bonds of in other companies, okay? And long-term assets are mainly property, plant and equipment and land, obviously land. This is what investing activities looks. This is what we focus on when we're analyzing investing activities. The third section is financing activities. And what is financing activities? Is financing activities is how we finance ourselves. Now, how do we finance ourselves? How do we finance ourselves? Well, we finance ourselves either through that or through equity. Therefore, the financing activities specifically, it's gonna look at long-term debt. Remember, current liabilities are already taken. So let me just kind of put down current liabilities here. Remember, current liabilities, I already told you, current liabilities are part of the operating activities. Okay? So long-term debt is the debt that we borrow on a long-term basis. And this is financing activity, how we finance ourselves. Then it's common stock. How we finance ourselves, we issue common stock. And sometimes we buy back common stock. So financing activities deals with our debt and our specifically equity common stock. Now, sometimes we buy, sometimes we sell. We also pay dividend. Well, dividend don't go under the equity section, but also it deals with dividend because dividend is how we finance ourselves when we pay dividend to the shareholder it's part to compensate them. So when it comes to financing activities, we are looking at long-term debt and stockholders' equity accounts, which could be preferred stock, common stock, treasury stock, paid in capital, so on and so forth. And notice, practically, we covered everything on the balance sheet. Current assets and current liabilities we analyze them for operating activities. Long-term assets are under investing. Long-term debt plus equity are financing. Now, this is the big picture, but I want you to be taken notes because once we look at some numbers, we have to know where the numbers are coming from. And often the questions is, they will give you a transaction and they want you to know under which section does it go? Well, if you understand the balance sheet picture, then it's easier for you to understand. So let's take a look at another picture of what we just said, operating cash flow. We have cash flow coming in, we have cash flow leaving. Where does the cash flow come in from? Usually comes from sales. It also comes from if you lend money or if you invest in other companies and receive dividend. Notice here, dividend received, not dividend paid. Dividend received. This is the operating cash flow in specifically inflow of cash. Where do you spend your money when you operate your business?  So those are typical items that goes on the operating section of the cash flow. Investing, remember what did I tell you about investing? Investing deals with two things. It's either your property, plant and equipment or your investments. So for investing, you could be bringing cash, inflow of cash from the sale of property, plant and equipment. And you could be having cash outflow when you purchase property, plant and equipment.  Cash coming in, cash going out. You could also sell debt or equity, which is bonds and stocks of other companies when you invest in other companies or you can buy them. You can buy bonds and stocks from other companies. When you sell them, it's a positive. It's bringing cash in when you buy them. It's negative. You can collect principles on loans to other entities. If you lend money out when you collect the money, that's a cash inflow. When you make the loan, it's a cash outflow. So those are, again, as we said, it's long-term asset items. If you are buying them, if you are bringing them in, you have to pay cash. When you sell them, you bring cash in. The financing deals with long-term debt and equity items. Under financing, you have a cash inflow.  And what's gonna be cash outflow when you pay shareholders dividend? You remember, you get money from them. Now you have to pay them dividend. Then it's gonna be a cash outflow. So this is the plus and this is the minus.   So those are the three components. Don't worry, we're gonna work with numbers and exercises, but this is again, the big picture. You wanna make sure you know what cash equivalent is because when we're preparing the cash flow statement, we wanna see what is cash equivalent. The basis recommended by the FASV for the statement of cash flow is actually cash and cash equivalent. Now they keep saying cash equivalent that's gonna go away, but it hasn't been, didn't go away. So what is cash? Cash, we know what cash is. What is cash equivalent? That's a definition you may wanna know. Are short-term, highly liquid investments that are both. So they have to have those two conditions plus the third condition. They are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and so near their maturity. So they present insignificant risk of changes in interest rate. Well, what does that mean? Let's explain this in simple English, but that's something you have to know. It's a definition. Short-term means it's something that you're gonna convert very shortly into cash and highly liquid means it can be easily converted into cash. So it's readily convertible to a known amount of cash. An example will be Treasury Bill. When you lend money to the government, you buy T-Build. In those T-Build, they have to be, for it to be considered the cash equivalent, it has to have a maturity of three month or less. So you lend the government for three month or less. Guess what, at any point in time, you can convert that T-Build back into cash and it's so near their maturity, so it's less than three month. Therefore, changes in interest rate will not affect it that much. That's what's considered cash equivalent. But let me show you this picture. I'm just gonna give you an idea, kind of expand your horizon about the cash flow statement. This is a phase of the company, introductory phase, growth phase, maturity and decline. And this is cash negative and cash positive. When the company start to operate, so let's take a look at those three lines separately starting with operating. When the company start to operate, they may have negative cash flow. It means they are not making a lot of money from operating the business in the introductory phase. Notice in the introductory phase, they are negative. As they grow at some point, as they grow, they become cash positive. And as they read maturity, they max their cash, then as the company decline, their cash flow will go down. This is from operating. So operating activities early on in the life of the company, cash is negative. Same thing with finding investing. Investing means you are buying property, plant and equipment. You are buying investments, usually property, plant and equipment initially. So when you are buying property, plant and equipment during the introductory phase, your cash is negative because you keep on buying and buying and buying. At some point, you're gonna reach maturity. Once you reach maturity, okay, your cash, you may not need to be buying more or you may need to buy a little bit more. Until you reach the top of your maturity, then you'll start to downsize, you'll start to sell property, plant and equipment, then cash will go back to negative, okay? However, financing, when the company start, they borrow a lot of money from bonds and stocks. Therefore, they will start with positive. As the company mature, as they grow and they mature, now they finance themselves from their own operation. Notice, then they will start to buy, pay back the investors and the creditors. Hopefully, it just kind of tells you what phase in life cash flow is affected, how cash flow is affected. And those are general rules, those are not written in stone, okay? So format of the statement of cash flow, what does the format looks like? Well, the presentation, first, the first section of the cash flow is the operating activities, that's the first section. Again, we're gonna work with those, just you need to know it's the first section. And operating activities can be prepared using two methods. We have two methods. We could either use the direct method or the indirect method and we're gonna work with both. Then the second section is the investing activities. There's only one method for the investing activities. It's one method, that's it, there's no name for it. And the financing activities, only one method. So we have three sections operating and then under operating, you could either use the direct method or the indirect method. And investing and financing, it's the same. And also the company, what they would do, they would report inflow and outflow from investing and financing activities separately, okay? So what we will do if you have any non-cash transaction, we will show those separately, okay? Now let's take a look at a skeleton of a cash flow statement. What does it look like with those three component? This is what the cash flow statement would look like. The first section is the cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from operating activities. And this is the first section. Once we prepare the first section, we're gonna have a net cash flow either provided, it means positive or negative used by operating activities. And it's very important to notice the terminology because on the CPA exam, what's gonna happen? If you work in assimilation, if the cash is positive, you have to use the word provided. If the cash is negative, you have to select the word used. So make sure you're aware of this. The second section is cash flow from investing activities. We list all the inflow and the outflow. Then we're gonna have a net cash either provided or used, okay? So here we're gonna, let's go back to the operating. So cash flow from operating, we're gonna have adjustments, we're either gonna have positive or negative. Let's assume this is positive. So we end up positive $1,000. The second section is cash flow from investing activities. We're gonna list all the inflows and the outflows then we're gonna net them. And when they net, let's assume they net negative 300. Okay, so we bought, you know, overall we bought more in the company that's the net, it's net used. Then we have the third section, cash flow provided from financing activities. We're gonna list all the individual inflows and outflow. Then we're gonna have the net and the net will either be positive or negative. Let's make it negative, negative 100. Okay, then we're gonna have, we're gonna net all those three. Net, the increase or the decrease. So 1,000 plus minus 300 is 700 minus 100 is 600. So the net is an increase of 600 cash. Then we'll take the increase, then we'll add it to our beginning cash. Let's assume beginning cash, we had $200. Then we come up with our ending cash. So basically we started with $200 the year. We started with $200, started the year with $200. We end up with 800. Why? Because cash went up by $600 and we show that 1,000 came from operating. We spent 300 on investing and we spent 300 on financing. Again, this is a brief, brief overview of a cash flow statement. We're gonna learn how to prepare this cash flow statement in details starting the next session. Now before we proceed to the next session, I wanna make sure you understand you need to work some multiple choice questions, some multiple choice questions that reinforce what we just learned. I don't want you to move on unless you understand the big picture. And this was the big picture. In the next session, we would look at practice about the same topic overview of the statement of cash flows. It's very important that you have a good understanding of this topic before you move on to the various section of the statement of cash flow that we looked at in this session. Anyhow, I strongly suggest you visit my website for additional resources and I strongly suggest considered subscribing to my website. It's an investment in your career. Study hard, especially if you're studying for your CPA exam. Good luck.


Tenbensil et al. found that gaming was used by patients in New Zealand's EDs as a response to local hospital performance measurements. This finding is consistent with similar studies conducted in other countries, suggesting that these performance measurements are not effective at building trust among healthcare providers. Instead, they may be contributing to a loss of trust, which could further exacerbate the problem. A more successful approach to improving performance and rebuilding trust would involve collaborative efforts between local providers, central agencies, and patients to set and track appropriate local responses to higher-level national goals. This article was authored by Richard Hamblin and Carl Shucker.


Remember a hallmark card when you carry enough to send the very best. These hallmark cards bring you an unusual true story from the life of Captain Thomas Catesby-Jones, starring Mr. Van Heflin on the hallmark host, Mr. Lionel Barrymore. Of Thomas Catesby-Jones, Captain United States Navy. A man who sailed to the Hawaiian Islands many, many years ago. In so doing, he was perhaps one of the men most responsible for an event taking shape even today in the Congress of the United States. Statehood for Hawaii. Our star, Mr. Van Heflin, and our exciting story in just a moment. Now, here is Frank Goss. A hallmark card not only says what you want to say, the way you want to say it, it also tells your friends something about you.  That you go to a fine store and personally select the right card. A hallmark card testifies that you demand good taste, good design. And the hallmark and crown on the back of the card shows that you carry enough to send the very best. Lionel Barrymore appears by arrangement with MGM, producers of Executive Suite, starring William Holden, June Allison, Barbara Stanwyck, Frederick March, Walter Pigeon, Shelly Winters, Paul Douglas, and Louis Calhurt. And now, Mr. Barrymore brings you a transcribed tonight's exciting story starring Mr. Van Heflin on the hallmark hall of fame. We have it to this place of the world, the spoils of the island. And so it was in 1823, the United States government ordered this specific squadron into the waters of the Sandwich Islands, as Hawaii was called. This command recently given to a young man, Captain Thomas Catsby-Jones. Mr. Calhurt, call the reading. Yes, sir, Captain Sir. I hold him good. You heard the call, the depth of the channel is becoming shallow. I know the waters of Mamalabe, Captain Sir, as baby I knew them. That is why Queen Kahumanu chose me to pilot you safe to landfall. Yes, Travis, what is it? This fellow, sir, this native. To let such a man fall, sir. A queen sent him to us, Travis. Surely a man is... And who knows of the queen, sir? Queen of an island festering with pirates and cutthroats. A woman who has...  Our missionaries have been beseeching Washington for help. And Travis... Yes, sir. Is my fervent prayer and wish as it must be yours. That this is what we bring to them. That a squadron of the United States Navy can sail peacefully into an uncharted harbor and bring with it French. Captain Sir. Sounding is now fore, Makua. Yes, I heard. Listen to me, Makua. Steer this ship with care. Steer her with great care, Rocky. The distress ensues, Mr. Travis. Yes, sir. And signal the captains of my squadron not to enter this channel. Drop sail at the harbor's entrance. Lower anchor and await further orders. Yes, sir. Mr. Aye aye, Captain. What damage, Mr. What damage to our hull? Little, sir. Not enough to make her bleed. Good. Then I'll give orders to... Lower batteries, Travis, firing across to bow. And the Queen's banner waved high. I'll signal the squadron to move it in line and return fire. No, you will not. But, sir, to run us aground, then to fire upon us. This is an act of war. You will run up the flag of truce, Mr. Travis. Because we've come in peace. That's in order, Mr. Travis. Sir. What? You see it, sir? The walker knew that approaches us from shore. Yes, I see it. We run the white flag and into another trek, sir. We will wait for them and mean why we will fly the flag of truce. Move to it, Mr. There are vessels of war that had you not unfurled the flag of truce, our cannon would have splintered your fleet and your men also. And this is the word of welcome you bring from your Queen. And this other word, that on the coral reefs of our island and in its waters is the staining of many bloods, and Her Majesty wishes not the spilling of yours or your men. My mission here is one of peace to all of us. Her Majesty commands you to immediate audience, and I have come to bring you to it. And for that you needed a war canoe and 40 warriors with battle lances? The commander for majesty of the islands, Queen Kahahumanu. I wait upon you. I will come. And alone. Alone then? Captain. Yes, Travis?  You believe this man. You believe he will deliver you unharmed to his queen. My dress soared, Lieutenant Travis. Will you bring it to me, please? And the gifts. Unarmed you will come, commander. And the gift only of your kneeling to Her Majesty. Captain, I beg you. We can treat on our own terms. Seize this man. Our Queen's command, Travis. To Ula. Yes. A great palace of stone at the foot of the mountain there. The Queen's? Yes. It is where I shall take you. Lieutenant Travis, give this command to the fleet. To hold under line and to train ship's cannon on that palace of stone. And if I'm not back by nightfall, assume command and give the order to fire. Come to Ula. Now, what's your service? American Navy. That is correct, Your Majesty. Mighty warriors. But I have explained that. We're here on the mission of peace. We do not come as warriors. But only to negotiate a trade treaty. Yes. Then, sir, I must ask you this. Good captain of the American Navy who comes not as warrior. Why then, sir, as I watched it, are your ship's guns trained upon this palace? Your Majesty, it was not I who began the treachery. Silence. Stranger to this place. You come in war boats. You speak the word treachery. By what moral right?  Then I was fired on. Listen to me. A few years ago, the ships of another Navy sailed into our harbor and held out the hand of friendship which I took. They stayed six months and left their bounty, cholera, wasted villages, and disease. I know, Your Majesty, but what of the Spanish pirates?   Yes. They tell how Christianity and morality they've brought have been. Sailor, warrior, listen to me. It is as you say. The Spanish pirates and the corruption they heap on my people have done it. The words of your missionaries are forgotten. Then there's a thing that I promise you. What's the... The end of corruption, the end of piracy. War, then. Killing to be done. Killing to be done. They say. They say upon the island of Molokai there is a priest and he labors to put the words of your Bible into the language of my people. It is good. We must stop the return of the old gods and the old ways. And when the fighting is done, teachers and doctors will come from my land to yours and bring peace and friendship and brotherhood. Captain, warrior captain, did these islands of the evil men and what you have come for, this treaty you seek, it shall be yours. Moana. Your Majesty, Kowahumanu. The audience is over. Escort the captain to wherever he wishes. Captain. To my ship, please. Your Majesty. God be your right hand. Captain. Yes. I have been told you must understand, I serve. So is my position. Why, what are you trying to say? I have been told when you have finished audience with Queen to tell you of another audience. With whom? There is a room at the end of this turning. It is my room and he waits for you there. Who? His name I do not know yet I have been paid to arrange that you speak to him. You do not ask what manner of man he is. So I will tell you. Spanish and a sailor. And a pirate? The room is there. Speak to him or do not, as you wish it. Enter. Enter, Captain. The American Navy is welcome to Hawaii and you, dear Captain, eminently so. Oh, forgive me. Sebastian Epandro de Vaca. Emissary. Man with a mission. Even as you. However, since the invitation for this meeting was mine, therefore I make the explanation of much beauty these islands and wealth, the population, children. Consider them beautiful islands, people by beautiful children eager to give up a treasure for beads and trinkets. Join us and lend us your ships, Captain. And wealth can be yours such as... Now up.   Now up again and listen.  Piracy is done. It's over, dead. Then the American Navy will hunt you down into every atoll behind every reef in the South Pacific and necessary.   Will you remember that? Take that back to your others. Tell them. Let them know. Just a moment, we return to the second act of the Hallmark Hall of Fame. This is the wonderful week when spring seems to burst out in full. You see it flowering in the bushes. You hear it in the song of the birds. It even comes to you in the postman's mailbag. For this is the week of Easter cards with their color and cheer. Now if you don't have all the Easter cards for your friends and family, stop tomorrow at a fine store that features Hallmark cards and choose from the complete selection. You'll find Hallmark Easter cards that carry the full spiritual joy of the Holy Day to members of your faith. Then there are Hallmark cards gay as Easter bonnets for other friends. And of course it wouldn't be Easter if you didn't remember the youngsters. Each Hallmark card with big ear, bunnies, baby chicks and ducks will be handled by little fingers sticky with candy for days. And here's a suggestion for a delightful Easter gift. The Hallmark Easter train. A flower-trimmed train to hold Easter cards and decorate a table or mantle too. It costs just $1 with envelope for mailing. Look for it and your Easter cards wherever you see the familiar Hallmark and crown. The symbol that says, you carry enough to send the very best. And now Lionel Barrymore brings you the second act of our true story of Captain Thomas Catesby Jones starring Mr. Van Heflin. In the southern waters of the Pacific seas, the squadron of the United States Navy under the command of Captain Thomas Jones against the pirate Armadas. And for this, to restore to an island its dignity, to relieve it of pillage, and to bring it once more into the ways of progress and peace. There was a final battle to be fought. The pirate fleet driven now, clustered and bristling into heel-baked and aboard a United States flagship, the strategy to be shaped. Your attention, gentlemen. Mr. Travis, yes, sir. The charter has prepared. Will you hold it please? An orientation, gentlemen. The enemy position here. North and east of us, riding anchor at Hilo Bay, waiting for us. Teasing us into a pirate trap they've set for us. Thank you, Mr. Travis. Sir? Yes. We could outweigh them, hover in the sea about them and out of range, and taunt the cutthroats to us, and destroy them. The pirates have been here a long time, Travis, and they feed on the land and on the corruption they've ceded. No. There's another way. Yes, sir. This way, mister. A man of war to be rode by cover of night into the mouth of Hilo Bay, and there set with charges and at a pre-arranged time scuttle and blocked the pirates from exit. Cornered them and choked them from the open seas. And for this, I will have a volunteer. Gentlemen, you've been brave captains with me and fought nobly. And I will have a volunteer at your service, sir. Thank you, Bencroft. Your orders are these, then. Assign yourself, a skeleton crew, detach your ship, the Mercedes from our squadron, and a cover of darkness take her into the mouth of Hilo Bay. There set your explosive charges and at the first ray of sunrise, kindle your explosives, scuttle your ship. Understand, sir? Yes, sir. Thank you, Mr. Bencroft. And for the rest of us is another task. Will you hold that chart again, please, Mr. Travis? Note this position, gentlemen. Raleigh Point. It's a hill that looks down into the throat of Hilo Bay. And 300 feet above looks under the decks and the guns of the pirate fleet. Thank you, Mr. Travis.  Yes, sir. Exactly, gentlemen. We will abandon our vessels here, transport our cannon by Oberlin to Raleigh Point. The 12 pounders, sir. The 12 pounders, mister. But each of them weighs a ton. Yes, mister. Nothing, sir. But how? We will lay bindings of logs across our long boats, make graphs and barges of them float the 12 pounders to Capoho just south of Hilo and out of sight of the enemy. There we will disembark, transport the cannon overland, and ascend Raleigh Point to the crest and place the batteries and destroy the pirate fleet. But, sir, the task alone of lifting the 12 pounders for our vessel is with scugs and cables and the muscles of our men and ourselves. This is what we'll do, gentlemen.  Not your orders, gentlemen. That'll be all. Getting them 12 pounders on a raft is one thing, captain. Pushing them on top of hill and setting them and destroying a pirate's float till is another thing. We'll do it, mister. Captain. Yes. You'll do it indeed, sir. All right. Here we go. I heard you gave the order to light the torches, captain. Surely the enemy will see us climbing up the mountain side. I didn't think there were natives on a torchlet night. I hope it. What are the timber cutters ahead, mister? The logs are felled near to the top. A road of logs, sir. Good. Mister? I'm thinking the 12 pounders will ride the road to the very top, I think that. And I'm thinking too that this night's a pride for the United States Navy. Carry on, Mr. Chavez. Your gun is ready? Yes, sir. Push out a cannon anchor to dry us the truth, sir. That curve of sky there. A new day will look over it soon. A moment ago I thought I saw the outline of the Mercedes against the bay. See there? Yes. I have a glass, sir. Thank you. Often his volunteers are pulling from it. If he set those charges right, we'll... Well, we'll wait. What are your crew, Lieutenant? Aye, sir. Gun crew! All in! The Mercedes will be the stopper. They'll bottle them tight in that bay. Not to it, sir. Let's see you fire your cannon so you'll burn them to the sea. Captain of war and captain of peace, that I may touch your hands. The hands that held out friendship to me and to my people. I touch them, these hands, that held sword and fire. Worn and hard they are and with scarings. And yet within them the rush and flow of gentleness. Your Majesty. Yes? We have been ordered to return. Our mission is complete. And you will leave us then? Yes. And in your wake, in aftermath of battle and bloodshed, what then for my people? What I've told you, teachers and doctors are the men of humanity and a peace will come. I will be grateful and my people will be grateful and the memory of you will stay long and fast within our hearts. Captain. Yes, Majesty. I am a queen. Yes. And my realm is wealth and places of paradise. And you have but to name a desire. And as I am queen. Your Majesty. Name it then, Captain of peace. No more than was asked at the beginning. A treaty with my government, a treaty of trade, treaty of brotherhood. Write it then, Captain. And with the gentleness that is in you. And I will put seal to it. And it will become the law of my people. I'm honored. Majesty. Yes? A gift I've brought to you. One that I couldn't give you before. It's finished now. Please take it. A book. That is fruit of a sweet labor. A labor of a priest. The island of Molokai. The Bible. It is finished then. Yes. In your language. In the language of your people. A translation of the New Testament. My gift to a queen. I will cherish it. And I will abide by it. And on each leaf. A memory of you. I have your leave then, Majesty. Yes. I know her. Those told the queen what happened did happen. There came to Hawaii the ministers and the farmers and the surgeons and the tradesmen. Each in his own way giving to the lush land a thing it had starved for. Good and the single climate in which to prosper in which to grow. So today the Hawaiian islands has reached maturity and stands ready to be welcomed by our community of states. The 49th, the new star in our flag. The Hallmark May baskets mothers and teachers are talking about all over the country. They're pretty colorful baskets the youngsters can put together themselves without the aid of scissors or glue. Once they're made Hallmark May baskets are ready to fill with a few candies and flowers and to leave on the doorsteps of friends. Just as children have done for years ever since the pilgrims first brought the custom to America. It's a wonderful way to celebrate the fine old custom of May day and to teach little folks thoughtfulness at the same time. And here's a suggestion for this coming week. These Hallmark May baskets will add a delightful flower touch to your Easter table or mantel. To they make thoughtful and unusual Easter gifts. They cost just 50 cents for a package of five different designs. So look for Hallmark May baskets when you stop at a fine store where Hallmark cards are sold. You'll recognize them instantly by the Hallmark and crown on the package. The symbol you always look for when you'll carry enough to send the very best. And now here again is Lionel Barrymore. Very nice. It was a great pleasure to have you on the Hallmark Hall of Fame tonight. Thank you for being with us. Well I enjoyed being here Lionel. It was interesting to learn something of the early history of the people in that beautiful land of Hawaii. Too often I believe we've thought of it only as a sort of a glorified sunshine spot loaded with flowers and it's good to realize that there always has been and continues to be a strong core of character coming from both the land and the people. That's one reason I enjoy the stories you have on Hallmark Hall of Fame Lionel. You always end up feeling that you've learned something. Well now it's nice to hear you say that man. Because we feel about our stories pretty much as we feel about Hallmark cards that they should be entertaining and true leave a good feeling around the heart. I'd say you and the makers of Hallmark cards have succeeded admirably with those standards Lionel. Whose story are you going to tell next week? The next week van is Easter Sunday and we'll present the unknown story of a businesswoman in early Greece who played a dramatic role in the establishment of Christianity. It's an exciting story and we're especially proud to have as our star truly one of the great ladies of the American theater Miss Helen Hayes. Now that sounds like an outstanding program Lionel and I'll certainly be listening. Good night van Haefen until next week then this is Lionel Barrymore saying good night. Family and stores that have been carefully selected to give you expert and friendly service. Remember a Hallmark card when you carry enough to send the very best. Our producer director is William Frew. Mr. van Haefen can currently be seen in the George Stevens production Shane. Our transcribers script tonight by David Friedkin and Mort Farr. Featured in our cast were Paula Winslow, Betty Harford, William Conrad, Tom Brown, Jack Prussian, Fred MacKay and Lou Krugman. Listen to the Hallmark Hall of Fame on television Easter Sunday when we present one of the most beautiful and moving stories from the Bible the story of Ruth with Maria Riva, Faye Bainter and Margaret Hayes. This is Frank Goss saying good night to you until next week at the same time when we'll present the story of Lydia starring Miss Helen Hayes in the weeks to follow a true and moving story of the world's greatest violin maker Stradivarius and also a true incident in the life of Miller Huggins starring Joe DiMaggio on the Hallmark Hall of Fame. This is the CBS Radio Network. This is KMBC, Kansas City, Missouri.