Look forward to Finland and we'll have a ball. Uh-huh. Look at that. It's quite nice. Yeah. I'm hearting that right now. Doesn't that look good? Yeah, it does. Mm-hmm. It tasted as good as it looked. Not vegan though. Although, wait, yes. Of course, no, there was pepperoni or something. And cheese. Yeah. Right. It was vegan. Oh, wait. Now there's pepperoni. Cheese. But alright. I think you skirt that off. Vegan and spirit. Wait. I believe things become vegan if you have vegetable stuff on them. We had basil. Yeah. So that's how it works. It makes it vegan. It was a vegan pizza. But not how it works. There was basil. I rest my case. Yep. Exactly. Oh, look at that. Ace Detect liked my, uh, my... Did you just get a notification about that? No, I went to check. Oh, you were checking? Okay. Yeah. And he lied and said he liked it and didn't. He was going to call me out. Wait a second. No, because... You hearted it. No, no. You didn't say that, actually. You just said, oh, yeah, it does look nice. So you might have not hearted it. Well, I heart you guys and our audience and this show, which makes me want to do the show. Yeah. I mean, we're all here. Yeah. Uh, we are here for Good Day Internet, but we're going to pile a nice slab of daily detective show on top of it. Mm. Tasty. Vegan even. All right. Wait, what? What? I did not follow Sarah Lane. What is wrong with me? I don't know. The mistake has been corrected. Roger, are you okay? Sorry. Yes. I do follow Sarah Lane. Okay. No. Yeah. I lost control. Are we okay to start Daily Tech News? Yes. Yes. Everyone's following and everybody is fine. Okay. Good. Is everyone following Sarah? Okay. Good. Are we ready? Here we go. In three, excuse me, three, two. Lisa Edwards has supported independent tech news directly for five years. Be like Lisa. Become a DTNS member at patreon.com. This is the Daily Tech News for Tuesday, April 23rd, 2019 in Los Angeles on Tom Merritt. And from Studio Fila and I'm Sarah Lane. And from pleasantly warm Finland during the day, I'm Patrick Veysho. And from slowly, increasingly hot Southern County area, I'm the just producer, Roger Cheng. Thank you, Roger. We have got chips. We have got drones. We have got monetizable DAUs. Yes. Everything you want in a tech show. Let's start with a few tech things you should know. JCPenney no longer supports Apple Pay, but the retailer told TechCrunch it's because it missed the April 13th deadline for supporting EMV contactless chip functionality. JCPenney says it has suspended all contactless payment options until a later date. Aw. OnePlus will hold launch events for its OnePlus 7 phone lineup in New York, London, Beijing, and Bangalore on May 14th at 11 a.m. Eastern. OnePlus is selling tickets to the events, but it will also stream them on YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and its website. Why didn't Apple think of that? Source tells Reuters that Samsung is calling back in all the review units of the Samsung Galaxy Fold. Another source said that KHVtech conducted an internal review of Fold hinges and found no defects. That's just a source. Samsung isn't talking about it yet. Samsung has delayed the launch of the Galaxy Fold, if you didn't hear about that, while it investigates problems discovered by journalists who were reviewing the Folding tablet. All right. Let's talk a little more about the new Intel chips, Patrick. Absolutely. Intel announced its 14-nanometer 9th gen H-series processors for high-end laptops. These are not battery extenders, which with 45-watt power draws but offer up to 5 GHz of clock speed. I can't read today. The flagship of the H-series is the Core i9-9980HK, which can be overclocked beyond its rated 5 GHz clock speed, has 8 cores, 16 threads, 16 megabytes of cache, and supports Wi-Fi 6. Intel says the chip will have 54% faster 4K video encoding and 56% improved gameplay compared to 3-year-old computers. The series is available now in Acer, Asus, Dell, HP, Razer, Lenovo, and MSI laptops. I mean, I'm keeping this laptop plugged in. It's got one of these series of Intel processors in it, but if you need a desktop replacement laptop, you're going to do some video editing in 4K. You're going to do some serious gameplay. 5 GHz clock speed, 16 megabytes of cache. It's pretty beefy. Roger, you were pretty pumped about this before the show. Well, it kind of marks, not a turnaround, but definitely a lift from Intel where they're noticing that, like, we need to start getting back into the game, so to speak, instead of just sort of coasting on our existing product line. What's interesting to note is that it's still relying on the 14 nanometer process and not towards the 10 that they've been having a lot of trouble trying to get to. But, you know, for the longest time, there have been manufacturers of laptops that have used desktop CPUs in them in order to generate the amount of processing power people needed. Intel said, well, why don't we just skip the middleman and give you a mobile processor that is DTR desktop replacement quality, and we can basically get you a very fast, high-performing laptop. But basically using a mobile chip instead of a desktop chip where they've already released. I think we'll see how serious they are when they start pricing these parts out. Now, of course, the high-end chip, the HK9980 is probably going to be the top of the bunch, but how much of a premium remains to be seen. But I'm pretty excited. Yeah, is that because you want to get something that has video editing capability in it? Well, typically once they start coming out with the higher-end parts, they start dropping, they typically within maybe half year start dropping the price on everything else. Right? So I'm hoping to get a good, there's going to be a point where your value goes up as they start flooding the market with these newer processors, and AMD will try to meet them somewhere in the middle. But it's definitely, I will say this, as a consumer, I think everyone will be benefiting from this, and it's about six months time.  It feels like to me, and I don't know a huge amount about desktop replacements, which are a relatively niche type of desktops. I think a lot of people usually, when they go for desktops, want something that is relatively light, and these are not that. Maybe with this one, it will be a little bit more the case, but when you're talking about desktop replacements, it's not quite laptop-sized computers anymore, especially when you try to target gamers. Now, of course, this CPD component integrated GPU, so it might help more. But if you need to add a discrete GPU on the board, then the laptop size becomes enormous. And from my experience, the integrated GPU that Intel designs have not been sufficient for serious gaming. They keep improving by 40%, 50% every couple of years, so maybe they've finally reached something decent. But from what I've seen until now, it's usually not enough for anyone who gets that kind of laptop for a game without an additional GPU. Yeah, it's definitely a niche product. I'm not going to suggest otherwise. However, my experience, the target market for these necessarily aren't gamers, although there are gamers among them. Back when I was at CNET, we used Alienware gaming laptops to edit on the road because they were the most portable solution that we had as we went from venue to venue. Instead of lugging around even a shuttle box, which is maybe six, eight pounds total weight, still a lot to carry because you still have to have a monitor, keyboard, and mouse. With a gaming laptop or at least a high-performance desktop, plug in a mouse, you flip the screen open and you can edit out the gate. Now, I know there's at least one person out there right now who's saying, no, I want a desktop with a powerful GPU, but I only have $150. Well, guess what? Sarah can help you out. Nvidia's cheapest GeForce Turing video card, in fact, the GeForce GTX 1650 is now available for $149, which offers a lower power at 1080p experience for a more affordable price. The GTX 1650 joins the GTX 1660 and 1660 Ti. They're both based on the TU116 GPU. The GTX 1650, though, ships with 896 CUDA cores enabled, spread over two GPCs, clocked to 1665 MHz. Nvidia opted not to allow the press to test the 1650 cards ahead of time, though, so reviews have yet to come. In fact, an Ntech says this is not only highly unusual, but almost suspect. An Ntech also says that based on specs, though, it seems that the Radeon RX 570 from AMD is probably the best comparison, matching price, beating in performance, but falling off in features that relate to power efficiency compared to the 1650. An Ntech also expects the GTX 1650 to deliver around 60% at least of the performance of the next card up in Nvidia's product stack, which would be that 1660. So these are desktop cards. If you missed me saying desktop, these are not laptop like our CPUs. But yeah, more affordable options out there, although an Ntech is a little myth that they didn't provide reviews. They're like, hold off buying it until we can get a card and test it. They still think that the AMD cards probably are the better buys right now, but these are competitive, for sure. It's a weird segmenting thing that they did, especially with the naming conventions at Nvidia for this generation. And it's always, they always play around with things, but their current generation is the GTR 2000 series. And traditionally, the cards that you would like to get and that serve the lower ish end and mid range are the 60 series and 70 series. And with this generation, if I'm not mistaken, they were priced a lot higher. The 2000 GTR 2000 series was priced much higher than the equivalent in the GTX 1000. So the GTR 2070, for example, was much more expensive than the GTX 1070. And now they're kind of filling up the wide open gap that they had with this intermediary naming convention and technology, which I don't even know what to think of anymore. And I think that waiting for an on text review is absolutely the thing to do because not getting review units is always weird and suspicious. Yeah, yeah. And don't forget that this is not a fully enabled TU 117 GPU, although it is the first with the TU 117 that has a TPC fused off. So an Ntech also speculating that maybe we'll see a TI version of the 1650 down the road, but it's odd that that didn't come out now. Alphabet's UAV company, Wing is the first drone operator to be granted FAA approval under the rules for a traditional charter airline or small air cargo hauler. That gives Wing the legal authority to start dropping products to customers from the air. I mean, not literally on their heads, but drone deliveries. Wing plans to begin routine deliveries of small consumer items from retail partners in two rural US communities, Blacksburg and Christiansburg, Virginia, within a few months. Gaining the FAA's approval as an airline meant creating safety manuals, training routines, implementing a safety hierarchy, a lot of work. It took months. The approval will, however, now make it easier for other US owned companies like, I don't know, Amazon maybe to get approval as well, because the FAA has worked through what you need to do as a drone delivery company to get this kind of certification. If you're saying, wait a minute, this sounds familiar. Earlier this month, we told you the CASA in Australia approved Wing to make deliveries in the suburbs of Canberra, Australia. So that's already a program that is getting underway, and now there'll be one in the US as well. So it's happening? Like, it's actually happening. We're getting drone deliveries. We've had drone deliveries for years in places like Rwanda, Tanzania, even the UK, parts of Europe. We're just finally getting it from the people we expected to get it from, which are the big names like Alphabet and Amazon. I asked a friend. He grew up in Virginia. I was like, Blacksburg, Christianburg, know them, and he's like, yeah, they're very rural. And the whole idea with Wing is to get partnerships with retail partners that, well, eventual retail partners, but that already exist in these communities, which would be somewhat different than probably how Amazon might roll out something similar to this because Amazon always likes to have their own warehouses. So it'll be interesting to see what the, you know, is there pushback? You know, is the community happy about this? One would think if it works well, it's better for everybody.  Yeah, you're not getting FAA approval if you just, like, have like, You have to go through a lot of hoops to get this going. And I'm not even sure if Amazon will bother going through this. Maybe they will. They could. They certainly have the ability to do it. But Zipline, the company that's been doing delivery in Rwanda and Tanzania for years, is not going to go through this. I can tell you that they're not going to go through all of the procedures that Alphabet did. So it kind of leaves it in the hands of the big companies in the United States. I'm not so sure they wouldn't. I mean, if it's their entire business. And yeah, it's obviously a lot of work, but it's not an impossible amount of work. You go through the requirements that you have to go through and you have some people working on it. It's what they do all the time. They know this business. And the U.S. I think that's the key, though. You have to know the airline business to get this approval, not just the drone business. And I'm just guessing it's probably not cost-effective for them. Maybe I'm wrong. Maybe. All right. Did you think we didn't have enough numbers? Well, Twitter is here to help out. Twitter's first quarter earnings report showed revenue of $787 million up 18% from the same quarter last year and net income of $191 million and earnings per share of 25 cents. The U.S. accounted for $432 million or 55% of Twitter's revenue with international revenues at $355 million. MAUs were $330 million in Q1, $6 million fewer users compared to a year ago, but up $9 million from last quarter. Twitter says this is the last quarter it will report MAUs as it will focus on the dailies which the company considers its more valuable number. Monetizable DAUs were $134 million in the quarter up 11% from a year ago. $28 million came from the U.S. and $105 million internationally, though the U.S. accounted for 55% of Twitter's revenue. Japan is Twitter's second largest market by revenue. So there's a big mismatch there. Roughly a third, maybe even you can look at it as a quarter of its business is domestic for Twitter, is the U.S., but more than half of its revenue is U.S., which means as good as it's doing on revenue, if it could figure out how to monetize those international daily active users that are monetizable according to this metric, they'd be bringing in a lot more money. I don't know that that's necessarily the case. It depends which markets we're talking about. If it is Western markets, certainly the revenue could be comparable to what they're getting in the U.S., but if we're talking about lower revenue kind of markets, poorer markets, it might not be possible to monetize them enough to make that leap. And they're talking about monetizable DAUs, which maybe they're not monetizing all of them, but I'm guessing they're monetizing some of them at least, and it's still not even reaching half the revenue overall. Well, I mean, that's the whole thing about monthly actives versus daily actives, right? Twitter is like, listen, you can monetize the person who's going to Twitter every day, much more than the person who might be checking in once a month. So the monthly active users, while an interesting metric, we don't want to, our next quarterly earnings, we're not going to talk about that. We're going to talk about the DAIs, but it is interesting that even though international markets is where Twitter is growing, the U.S. is still where it's making its bread and butter, at least 55% of it. And I'd still say, Patrick, without disputing everything you said about not all markets are as monetizable as other markets, that's a very good point. There's still such a gap that they've got to be able to make more money than they are. They've got to be able to at least even that out a little more and shift it to more of its revenue coming from international than the U.S. I think that's reasonable to expect. Monetizable DAUs means we're not talking about drive-bys. We're not talking about people who saw it embedded on a site somewhere. We're not talking about bots. We're talking about active users that are real people. That's important. Sure.  They're not, of course. Well, were there me and I never see an ad? I don't either. That's weird. I have never seen an ad on Twitter. I wonder if it's because they don't want to bother the people who have them. I'm still blissfully unaware. Because they're not monetizing it very well. Very quick question to finish us off on this. How much are you buying that the reason they're shifting the numbers is that it's a better one? Or do you believe that it's because they are giving up on actually getting more monthly active users? I think it's absolutely both. I think if monthly active users were continuing to go up, they'd still report it because hey, it looks good. But I also think there's a legitimate reason to say, but the DA uses, the monetizable DA uses particularly are a legitimately better metric for what we're doing. All right. Are we ready to talk about 5G? Yeah. I know we are. AT&T and Sprint have settled a dispute over AT&T's controversial 5G rebranding of its LTE service. Sprint filed a lawsuit against AT&T back in February. We talked about it at the time claiming that 5G was misleading, causing customers to believe that the network was actually 5G. Terms of the settlement weren't disclosed, but sources told the Dallas Business Journal that AT&T will probably continue to use the term 5G going forward. So I don't know. Some money was changed hands and everybody went back to the drawing board. So it's time for the public service message again. If you missed it the first time or the second time or the 40th time, if you see 5G on your AT&T phone, you are getting LTE service with carrier aggregation 4x4 MIMO and 256 QAM for faster LTE. You are not getting 5G service. If you see 5G despite the misleading name and it is misleading. A study by OpenSignal in March found that AT&T's 5GE capable phones received service about as fast as T-Mobile and Verizon's LTE, but faster than Sprint's. Which is why I made sense that they sued AT&T. Right. I do wonder if it was money changing hands, which we don't know. Could have been. We don't. If it was whole access or network access to Sprint. Hey, we noticed how bad your LTE number was. We could help you give you a little access to a few more regions. How about that? Make this lawsuit go away. What do you think Sprint? Talk to me. AT&T. That's true. Yeah. That's my AT&T voice.  The exchange of services somehow that benefits both companies makes a lot more sense. I like Drew Nielsen in our chat room saying the E stands for 5G. Not really. We bring this up again because I'm not going to call anybody out. But I heard people who are very tech savvy recently saying, yeah, I think I'm getting 5G. My phone said it. And another one was saying, well, wait, are you sure? Because you don't think you have a 5G phone. And I didn't verify this, but I'm like, oh, I've got there an AT&T. I bet they're getting 5G and they just forgot that that doesn't mean they're getting 5G. I think there's no other possible explanation for that. Yeah. And also I would love for you to actually call them out. But so I have a proposal of idea. I absolutely hate this. I think it is deceptive, dishonest and manipulative. The what, sorry? You mean 5G? Yes, 5G. The whole idea that 5G is what AT&T is doing. It's terrible. However, didn't they do this with 4GE a few years ago? T-Mobile started calling their 3G HSPA plus 4G, even though it was not. Right. It was annoying for about a year and or maybe a little bit longer. But nowadays it's long gone and it didn't, you know, everyone knows what 4G is. And 4G wasn't significantly impacted by these shenanigans of 4GE. And so maybe this is going to be the same thing. It's just we're annoyed by it on the principle of it. But how damaging is it actually? How many times did Sarah use the term 4G? And how many times did she use LTE when she was telling us this story? Zero. Well, she said LTE. Because that term got bankrupted early on. And we had to start saying, well, we mean LTE, not HSPA plus. I don't know that we're going to have to do the same thing with 5G. And I don't even know what the term, but the equivalent for LTE would be. Millimeter wave, maybe something like that. But could lead to that. And it leads to confusion. That's the thing. You have people who are like, yeah, I guess I get 5G. Cool. This is great. They rolled me out the 5G. And the thing about this whole story, and again, it's coming from the Dallas Business Journal that AT&T is like, OK, we settled it, but we're going to go ahead and still call it 5GE. If that's true, then it will continue to confuse people. Yeah. So pass it along to your friends. 5GE, not 5G. Yeah. Key by Amazon, however, is expanding. That's key. KEY to 13 new US cities for Amazon Prime customers, bringing the total of its 50, total cities to 50. Key, if you're like, wait, what's Amazon Key again? It's the $119 a year in-home, in-car, and now in-garage delivery service.  Well, now you can have your packages left in your garage. If you have a Chamberlain smart garage door with the MyQ connected garage door software. If you don't have a smart garage, Key does require an internet connected door lock and security camera for the in-home delivery or you can get in-car delivery if you have an active on-star or Volvo on-call account. Yes, Volvo on-call accounts. Yeah. And you can leave it in your truck. Yeah. It was funny. I recently got a Volvo as I've talked about on certainly good day internet. And it was funny. That was like a big selling point that the nice man selling me the car was like, and guess what you can do? You can get your packages put into your car. And I was like, all right. Well, I don't know.  Home, too. This is for people who are like, oh, my car's out in the middle of a parking lot. That's kind of cool. It's a very cool novelty thing that I think probably is going to be very attractive to certain people, although it is limited depending on what car you have. And again, I don't have a garage. So I'm like, whatever. I think more people with garages will be excited.  Have you seen people's garages? What? I would much rather have somebody leave a package in my garage than my actual house. How many people keep so much stuff in their garage? I don't know. I'm with Sarah. Don't you keep stuff in your home, Tom? Yeah. I can't leave it like your value. It's easier to get into a garage. So if somebody, I'm not worried about the delivery people stealing as much as I am the person walking by going, hey, that garage has some cool stuff in it. Well, but that's why the security camera keeps everybody honest. Is there a security camera or just the smart garage door? I don't think there's a security camera required for the garage. Oh, that's just the front door. Just the front door. OK. Well, all right. So yeah, that would be a limitation. Yeah, I hear you on that. The other question I have is to Volvo and on-star users, what you're going to do with all that junk? Amazon leaves inside your trunk. I know. It's just going to melt. It's going to melt. It's even melt us and the heat. Folks, if you want to get all the tech headlines each day and about five minutes, be sure to subscribe to DailyTechHeadlines.com. And thanks to everybody who participates in our subreddit. You can submit stories and vote on them at DailyTechnewShow.Reddit.com. Bookmark it today. Also bookmark at Facebook.com slash groups slash Daily Tech News Show. Good conversations going on in both places. Let's check out the mailbag. There's another place for good conversations. Absolutely. And in fact, we got a great one from Kevin. This was like, Kevin, Kevin, let me learn something new. Yeah. So Kevin says, I consume fairly large amounts of tech news every week, either in the form of podcasts, go DTNS or tech news sites, but I came across something today I've never heard of in my life. I was curious if Wikipedia was downloadable. Turns out that it is. The file is just about 15.4 G I B Kevin says, first I assumed it was gigabytes. And then I looked closer and I saw the little I in there and I looked that I looked it up and found out it stands for give a bite with a B, not a G. Anyhow, after doing a search on the difference, turns out that gigabyte is a base 10 decimal term and that give a bite is a base two or binary term where Gibi, maybe and kibby are called binary prefixes. Easiest to explain as with the kilobyte versus kibabyte, which has to do with that extra 24 bytes, we're all aware of where one kilobyte is really 1024 bytes, not actually 1000. So kilo mega and giga are nice round decibel numbers. Kibby, maybe and Gibi are the binary equivalents, ie 1024 1024 squared or 1024 cubes. Very cool. I love this, Kevin. I love this. So very Wikipedia to use give the bites because it's huge. I mean, I guess they have to. Yeah. Very surprising. It's only 15 gigabytes. Honestly, give the bites. I apologize. But don't you have in English, gigabit? Yeah, you have gigabit. And it is a speed measure. Gigabyte is based to 1024 squared, 1024 cubed. So what's the difference between gigabyte? What's the difference between gigabit and gigabit? Gigabit is a throughput measurement. No, it isn't. It's gigabit per second, the throughput measurement. But gigabit is the amount of data and gigabit per second is the speed. But the amount of data, I think you're asking, like, why, why are you using, why are you using a speed measurement for this, for this storage measurement? Okay, the reason the reason I'm saying this is that in French, gigabit and gigabyte are two different ways of measuring data. And one is the decimal and the other is the binary. And I think that in English, it might be the same in which case I don't understand what... Which is a whole new one. Another one that allows you to measure extraordinarily large amounts of data. Okay, I'll let it go and we can talk about it in a good day internet afterwards.  I didn't really know that either. So, you know, thanks for schooling us and sparking some conversation. Also, thanks to Patrick Beja for being with us this fine Tuesday. Patrick, what's been going on in your world? Right now, I'm googling gigabit and gigabyte and gigabit everything like crazy. But other than that, I guess gaming is always on the forefront of my mind. If you enjoy gaming casually, then maybe you should consider subscribing to the monthly video game briefing, which we do every month with Scott Johnson. And if you enjoy gaming more seriously, then maybe you should consider subscribing to Pixels, which is my bimonthly gaming show where we go into more details about the games of our world. Excellent. Go check it out, frogpants.com. We are doing it. We are getting the number short of last month down into the single digits. Thank you, patrons, for becoming patrons. Our goal each month is to get one more patron than last month. And we are just nine away, one baseball team away from reaching our monthly goal. So, if you've ever thought about becoming a member of DTNS and we're like, you know what? I want those editor's desks and I want that newsletter from Roger. And I want those extra bits that you get in the Discord access and all of that. We will wait.  Our email addresses feedback at dailytechnewshow.com. And we love your feedback, so please keep it coming. We're also live Monday through Friday. If you can join us live, please do so for 30 p.m. Eastern 2030 UTC. And find out more at dailytechnewshow.com slash live. Back tomorrow with Nicole Lee. Talk to you then. This show is part of the Frog Pants Network. Get more at frogpants.com. Hope you have enjoyed this program. Good night, Rob. So, Ramfea made an attempt, Patrick. A bit is an individual one or zero. No, I know. I know this.  Sorry. I don't mean to... You might be trying to explain it for others in the audience besides just you. Yeah, I apologize. But yes, I know that, of course. It's just that it turns out that in English, as you said, gigabit is only used in speed measurements. In French, however, gigabit and gigabyte are, as I was saying, different ways of measuring quantity. And gigabit in French is the equivalent of gig... How did you call it? Ghibibit? Ghibibit. Yeah. Ghibibite. Yeah. In English. Ghibibite. Yeah, because we're talking bytes, not bits. Right. So, in French, gigabit is the equivalent of the English gigabyte. And gigabyte is the same in French and English. So, we already have that distinction, which is why I thought it was weird that you guys... If gigabyte is a standard unit for data processing, why did the French come up with their own word for a standard unit? Because of that issue of base 10 and binary. Okay. That doesn't answer your question. No.  Why did we not use the standard term gigabyte instead of coming up with gigabit, which now confuses both of us because I think you're talking about throughput. I have no idea. But maybe we came up with that distinction before gigabit was invented. I don't know. Yeah, that would make sense. Actually, the references in the Wikipedia article go like... Most of them are from the 2000s. The earliest one is 1999. And I suspect that hours, which started with gigabyte and gigabyte, of course, are much older than that. We have gigabit as a unit of storage as well. It's just never used. Right. Gigabyte allows you to express much larger amounts of data without having to go, is it a PETA? Is it a TERA? What's after TERA? Which is why Wikipedia had to use it because it's cubed. I think that may be part of the thing that's confusing to you. Like 15.4 gigabytes is not equivalent to 15.4 gigabytes. It's a cubed amount of bytes, which is ridiculously large. Well, all right. So what's for certain is that the French gigabit and the English gigabit are actually two different amounts of data because French gigabit... I don't think they are two different definitions. They're just two different usages. We just don't use it for storage here. No, I'm pretty sure that the French gigabit is binary. It's a unit of information equal to 1 billion or 2 to the 30th bit, say gigabit. Is that right in French? No, no, no. That's my point. It's binary. So it has that extra... like kilobit is 1,024 bits, not 1,000 bits, whereas kilobyte is 1,000 bits. Yeah, but a byte and a bit are different, right? A byte is 8 bits. Right. But okay, all right. Now I'm confused and tired and I need to sleep. But it seems to me that maybe I'm confused and the French and English are actually the same. I think it's a usage thing where the French are using gigabit, maybe, where in English, you just don't use it for that. You only use it for throughput. Maybe, yeah. It's still binary. It's that gigabyte is saying 1,024 bits. Kiba, meba and gigba are equivalent to 1024, 1024 squared and 1024 cubed. That's the one thing I'm pretty sure of, is that when you're talking gigba, it's 1024 cubed, not 1024 times 10. You know what I mean? Right, right, yeah. So maybe, yeah, maybe it's actually the same and the thing I was seeing as different are just not even usages. Maybe I got confused by the gods of bits and bytes that were playing tricks on me. It's very possible. All right, I'll get out of your hair and let you find titles and all that good stuff. And I will not talk to you next week. Actually, we'll miss you. I'm away next week, but we have to. Yes, absolutely. All right. Have a lovely day. Bye, Patrick. Good night. Fun week. Okay, titles. D is for delivery drones. I like that. There's also 5G.  You always love the longest titles. I like 5G. 5G. That's funny. All right, let's do that. Yeah. All right, GDI title Meet Me in America. Love it. I love that. And I love that people have started submitting GDI titles with their own call out. Somebody emailed us like, hey, how come GDI gets the second class title? It's always the title that you don't like as much as the first title. I'm like, I don't think that's really what we mean. It's just another one. Yeah, it's just the second one we picked. It also often is something that we're like, yeah, that was a great conversation, but it wasn't in the show show. Right, right. So, you know, we'd call it something else. I mean, it did start with Roger going, okay, now give me a second one as we got used to it. Right. But as Drumwald suggested. It's not a second class title. It is, they are equal in class. Just on different shows. Correct. And sometimes we could go back to using the same one for both if it's just that good. That's how when you tell it's reached a new level. Uh, how do we feel about Sriracha on this panel? Like over it. I had my dalliance with Sriracha and I don't dislike it, but I'm not excited about it anymore. No, I actually find it too sweet. I have never been, I mean, I've used it since I was a kid. So it's never been like, ooh, a thing. Sure. But I will say as I've gotten older, I've, I've liked spicy food more and more. And I think that's just because my taste buds are going dead. Well, but you say spicy, but Sriracha, not so much. Sriracha isn't that spicy to me. Well, I mean, it's spicy, but there's a sweetness. Here's the reason that I ask is because, uh, at a, uh, a deli that's near me, they've got. Ramald wrote, I don't like it in my eyes and I totally. I probably wouldn't either. I haven't tried that yet, but I'm going to go ahead and guess. No, I've always found Sriracha to be just, I don't know. I don't, I don't know why people go crazy about it. It's like, I'd rather just put Cholula on everything. Um, you know, if I, if I have the choice, but there is a Sriracha kale salad at a deli near me that has a lot of other stuff in it too. But it is, and you know, people kind of like roll the rise of kale on everything, but I know it's good for me. And so I want to have as much kale as possible, you know, without, you know, not enjoying it. And it is the best thing I have had in a while.  So I'm like, all right, Sriracha, you are back. I'm intrigued because I'll be honest. The Sriracha thing, I was like, yeah, it's all right. And then I had Sriracha popcorn and I kind of loved that for a while, but then I got over it. So maybe this would reignite. And it's not, it's Sriracha. Yeah. And the salad is not particularly spicy or Sriracha heavy, but it's definitely in there.  And Sriracha needs to be used as an ingredient, not a flavor. Right. Right. Like use it as a part of a larger flavor profile. Yeah. Flavor profile. I never heard that word until I had the food channel. Well, I'm telling you, this is good salad. I love salads. The problem is that within an hour I'm hungry again. Well, you do that with, you know, we were talking about our sides earlier. It's like, yeah, like I'm not eating the Sriracha salad for dinner, but I'm having it alongside a little, you know, maybe a little chicken. That could be an indication you're eating too much. Being hungry. If you're really. Yeah.  And it takes a while to get used to eating smaller meals. Well, although I will say, so the other night I was like, I just want sushi. I'm just going to like I'm going to order some like delivery sushi and I ordered a lot. Like even for me, I was like, this is crazy. I will like probably not get through it. I got through it. And in the morning I was starving and I had eaten like quite a bit of fish and rice. You know, it's like, why, why is that? I don't know. That was your problem. Well, carbs burn through you. But I mean, but the fish was, you know, you figure it's like. Fish isn't as fatty and the meat isn't as dense as in like a cow. So. But even some of it was sashimi. I wasn't really eating that much rice.   Yeah. That's so weird. Maybe you dreamt you were running. Maybe I burned some calories. Yes, that would be great. We can just dream our exercises from now on. Usually after four hours, your body is done digesting whatever you eat, unless it's something really heavy. Because I was, it was, who told me that someone at Tech TV told me, it's like, yeah, every four or five hours, your body is done digesting whatever you're eating. CBS has suspended its CEO search and extended acting CEO, Jeff Ainello, through December. That is significant. Why? Because CBS and Viacom were rumored to be close to a merger and then Leslie Moonves got ousted. And that all kind of just evaporated because they had to deal with the fallout for Moonves getting ousted for sexual harassment charges. So everybody thought, okay, they're going to get back to a CEO. So now if they're suspending the CEO search, it could mean they're deciding to start that merger process again. And if you're like, why do I care? Because then Viacom and CBS would be a bigger competitor to Disney, Netflix, Sony, etc., in this whole streaming content business. And CBS and Viacom used to be a company, but National Amusements, which owns both of them, decided to separate them because they thought that would make them more agile. And Paramount is very movie industry heavy and CBS is very television industry heavy. CBS also has a lot more interactive stuff because it bought CNET and a few other companies. Whereas Viacom doesn't have a lot of interactive stuff and just bought Pluto though. So I could see merging all of that together would make them more competitive. So not yet another streaming service to pay for. By the way, who said you had to pay for every streaming service that comes out? We really got to get over this idea that every time there's a streaming service, you have to pay for it. Everyone's like, you know, this is really adding up. It's like, well, then don't get it. Pick your poison. But I have to watch everything. No, you don't. You never did. You never watched everything anyway. Right. That was a whole point of cable. It's going to come on the good day internet and I can't talk about anything you guys are talking about because I haven't seen it. That's because you don't watch anything, Roger. That's a whole different situation. Every time I'm like, hey, who's watching this show, everyone's like, let me, well, Tom sometimes does. Roger and whoever that was. Yeah. Our viewing habits don't overlap a lot anyway. You just, Roger, you just don't have time to watch hardly anything. Tell me what TV shows you watch regularly. Like regular, outside of the CW stuff. I would have to say The Good Place and That's About It. Which isn't even on right now. Yeah, exactly. But good show. Really good show. So there you go. You can watch a lot. I'm telling you, Killing Eve. You might like it. I watch the bits of, I will watch Good Omens, I think, when it comes out on Prime because I have Amazon Prime, but just because it's already there. Yeah. Right. I think when you get used to that idea of like, you know what, I'm not going to watch that because it's on a service that I don't want to get. I'll just watch something that's on the service I have. Oh, SNL. That's the other thing I watch it with any regularity. You watch on Hulu? I watch on Hulu, usually. Or I watch when it's live because it's at 8.30 now. What else do we watch? I don't know, video people. You may never find out. Sorry, because we're ending the video now. But audio folks, stick around. We might talk more about it or we might not. Might talk about Pickle. I don't know.


Today we are here to conduct IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix site assessment. The location is called GUIA IDP site. The team are gathering information about the site population and sectoral gaps that IDPs are facing. Information are gathered and interpreted then systematically shared to humanitarian partners in order to inform and to support the response intervention.


All right, welcome everybody to Grand Rounds this morning. We have a neuro Grand Rounds from neurology residents who are gracious enough to come and teach us a little bit. So our first presenter is going to be Alicia Bennett. She's a 30-year resident as well as me. So she's from Oregon and then did her medical school in Des Moines University. And she's going to present a case about Seussac syndrome. Thank you. Okay, well thank you. I chose this case in part because I had never seen a patient with Seussac syndrome and then I'm gonna be doing a stroke fellowship in the next year and a half. And so I will eventually be taking care of patients with this disorder. So I wanted to learn a little bit more about it. So to start off with a case, this is a patient of Dr. Warners who I saw in follow-up in clinic. And she initially presented in October of 2010. She was 49 years old at that time and she was referred to neuro ophthalmology clinic for evaluation of right eye vision loss. Two months prior to this, she had experienced ascending weakness and sensory loss in both legs with associated incontinence, vertigo and gait instability. And EMG had been done at that time and it suggested that she had Guillain-Barre syndrome so she was treated with a course of IVIG and she did have improvement of her symptoms with this treatment. Six weeks after this, she developed hearing loss on the right, she had worsening gait and she was noted to have an INO and hyperreflexia. She had an audiogram that showed sensory neural hearing loss on the right and she was treated with prednisone but did not have any benefit. So when she came to the University of Utah, she had an MRI that showed T2 hyperintensities and these were in deep and sub-portical locations as well as in the cerebellum. She had a lumbar puncture done which was normal except for an elevated protein of 78 but olivoclonal bands and other studies were negative. On the day prior to her evaluation in clinic, she had sudden loss of vision in her right eye. In clinic, back in 2010, her exam showed encephalopathy and then she had visual field testing that was not consistent due to this encephalopathy but she was noted to have a branch retinal artery occlusion in the inferior nasal vessel of the right eye. So a diagnosis of Susax was made and she was started on rituximab and then restarted a course of IVIG. So this is her visual field at the time but like I said, not totally consistent due to her encephalopathy. Here are pictures of her right eye and you can see here that this vessel is not normal here and then on fluorescent angio again, we're looking closer at this vessel and here are her pictures at 16 and 25 seconds and again you can see that the inferior nasal vessel is not filling normally and then she has some hyperfluorescence in this vessel over here which is not occluded. So to talk about Susax syndrome, it was first described by Susax in 1979 after he took care of two patients that had branch retinal artery occlusions, hearing loss and neurologic symptoms. He first termed the disorder microangiopathy of the brain and retina and then in 1996, it was suggested that the disease be called Susax syndrome. It affects women more than men in a ratio of three to one and the mean age of onset is 28 but cases have reported patients from the ages of 18 to 59 and then the triad consists of B-R-A-O, hearing loss and neurologic symptoms. It's often chronic and has a relapsing course. So to go through the triad, the ophthalmologic findings typically patients will complain of blurred vision and photopsia. There can be multiple B-R-A-Os and it's typically bilateral. Oftentimes, the B-R-A-Os will be in the periphery and patients won't complain of clinical symptoms but these occlusions can also affect larger branches. There can be retinal artery wall hyperfluorescence like we saw in our patient and this can occur remotely from the occluded vessels. If you see the hyperfluorescence in combination with other symptoms like the hearing loss or neurologic symptoms and this can be pathodemonic for Susac and then the last finding would be retinal artery wall plaques or also known as gas plaques and these are typically located randomly between arterial bifurcations which is in contrast to emboli which will be at the bifurcation and these can be transient and disappear. So here are examples of all these findings. So in the right picture at the arrows you can see the gas plaques which again are between the bifurcations and then on the left you can see retinal artery occlusion such as here with the hyperfluorescence in this case next to the occlusion. So the neurologic symptoms can be quite variable. Most patients will complain of headache and this will often be a first symptom that can be months before the other symptoms arise and typically the headache will be migraness. Other possible symptoms include stroke-like symptoms, neuropsychological deficits, long track signs, focal neurologic signs and even seizures and these can be the most disabling parts of the disease for these patients. There's also a multitude of MRI findings that you can see. So often times you'll see multifocal lesions. There can be multiple infarcts in the white and gray matter. There will be snowball-like lesions in the center of the corpus callosum which I'll show you in a second and then leptomeningeal or parenchymal enhancement. So here is an example of these snowball lesions and I think the right image is a little bit better but you can see just these kind of punctate focus of hyperintensity in the corpus callosum and these are different than the Dawson's fingers of multiple sclerosis which are going to be a finger-like projection that's projected into the white matter. So just a little bit different there. Yeah, I think just small vessel infarcts. So then the progressive hearing loss. This will often be very sudden and can occur even overnight. It can affect both ears and it's typically of low and middle frequencies. It can be accompanied by tinnitus and vertigo and it's thought to be from occlusion of the cochlear pericapillary arterials and those of the semicircular canals. Many patients will require cochlear implants and hearing devices. So the pathogenesis is thought to be from an autoimmune process leading to damage and inflammation related to occlusion of the microvessals and these are typically seen in the brain retina on ear thus causing the triad that we've been talking about. There have been case reports of an anti-endothelial cell antibodies which support the autoimmune hypothesis and these have also been seen in Shogun syndrome. There's not perivascular information seen in this disorder like you see in typical vasculitis. So the diagnosis is typically made when you see the combination of the clinical features that I've told you about. Most times you'll have documentation of a BRAAO by Flores and Angio or the retinal artery wall plaques or the retinal artery wall hyperfluorescence. So any combination of those. The characteristic findings on MRI, the clinical course and the headaches can all be supportive of this diagnosis. So there's two common courses of this disease. The first is a monophasic predominantly encephalopathic course that is shorter and typically limited to one to two years. The prognosis is good in these patients if you treat them early and aggressively. Then there's a recurrent course that involves a BRAAO and hearing loss and this will be longer and the encephalopathy is typically less severe. Treatment has not been well established because this is so rare and there have not been any randomized control trials but it is agreed that treatments will either be of a combination with these treatments. So IV steroids followed by an oral taper. Some will be treated with IVIG and I saw some papers even talking about doing plasmapheresis in these patients and then immunomodulators like psychophosphamide, mycophenolate, mophitil and rtoxamab had been used. Most clinicians will treat with aspirin to reduce the procoagulopathic state and then other supportive treatment like cochlear implants are typically used. So just to follow up with our case, she did have remission of her branch retinal artery occlusion but then had recurrence in April of 2011 with recurrent vasculitis and a recurrent BRAAO in the same region of her initial occlusion. She's currently being treated with cell sept and IVIG every four weeks. She was treated with rtoxamab for approximately four months and then was treated with psychophosphamide for a period of time but she's remained fairly stable on the cell sept and IVIG at this time. And then she was later also diagnosed with subacute combined degeneration from B12 deficiency and so she's being followed in neurology clinic for this as well as her seusax and then in neuro-optimology clinic and that's all. Any questions? Yeah?


Hi, here's InterGU-TV Live 2022 from Essen and I'd like to introduce you right now to my next guest here in this studio and this is Rudolf Steiger. Hi, nice to meet you. Hi, pleased to meet you, Denise. So how are you doing, Rudolf? You are FIG president. We met actually four, four and a half years ago when you just started to candidate as a FIG president. So your present, the NC runs right now for about four years. A lot of has happened until that time. So let's have a chat about that. What happens and how is it to be with FIG? First of all, it's a pleasure to be here. Thank you for inviting me. I'm doing very well. Due to your professional video you made. I had a successful campaign, was elected in Istanbul quite clearly and the presidency started well. The 13 months took well off. We had a successful working week in Vietnam. I made some visits to national member associations, went to the UN and so on. We started our program. We had a program on FIG 2028, which was developing a long-term strategy. Why 2028? Because then FIG will celebrate 150 years. We're founded 1878. I was invited to Nigeria in February 2020. I was invited by the president of Nigeria, the Republic of Nigeria. Was proud to be on national TV. And this was also good for our colleagues from Nigeria there. And on my way back home, I saw the first masks in the airport of Istanbul. Then Corona came. This was difficult. And a difficult time started. We had a working week scheduled in 2020, April, May in Amsterdam. We had to cancel this totally, which was already very difficult due to contracts we had. And in 2021, we made a virtual working week, which was very successful. Because we had a professional studio. We had professional support for our software we were using. But at the end, people expressed it was good, but we want to meet in person. Yeah, this is what you can see here. It's an industry gathering, it's a reconnection, it's a meeting place. So people want to talk to each other and get connected. Kind of physical meeting. I mean, we learned during the pandemic, we learned to do video conference. But we also know, for kickoff meeting, for difficult questions, it's necessary to meet in person. In between, you can do something like status conferences and everything. That's working well. So, yeah. So you had a lot of impressions, a lot of conversations, a lot of learnings, I guess, within the last four years, as an FIG president. And you talked to surveyors from all over the world. You mentioned Nigeria, you mentioned Vietnam. And yeah, just tell us, what are the challenges? Maybe you would also have the in common worldwide, what surveyors are facing or geodesists with their profession? Well, it's a split image. 30 years ago, a surveyor was in the shadow, working for public administration, working for military services. Nowadays, maybe also due to Google, we know the value of geoinformation. And geospatial information is a backbone of each development in society. So we are now more and more coming into sunlight. We are respected, we are seen, we are recognized. That's good. For the moment, all the job opportunities are very good. And if you look around 20 years ago in the geo measurement wise, three companies, four companies, four, five different types of instruments. Now you have, I don't want to say hundreds, but 50 different companies, a variety of different sensor systems combined them together, which is really interesting and exciting. And this development will go on. What I have learned from FIG perspective with this conflict in Ukraine, the Russian aggression towards Ukraine, we were asked to expel, for example, Russia, but we are a neutral organization. So what I, as a person had to learn is you have a split personality. You have one half, which is called corporate FIG. There you need to be neutral. But nevertheless, you can and you should have a personal opinion on things. And now the real learning out of it is you have to accept that you have these two halves in yourself. And once you have accepted it, it's fine. Okay. Okay. So what's your impression about intergeo? Did you have the chance to get an overview of new products, innovations, or is there anything you would like to mention or highlight what you have seen? For me, it's all these autonomous vehicles like the dog, the spot, the robot dog, or the drones. And yeah, it's fascinating me. And also the new LiDAR scanners and that solution of the pictures they are presenting. It's awesome for me. Of course, I had the chance to walk around and to see what is going on. It's just an overview because it's so much and so huge variety. But first of all, it's this feeling of coming back. When I started early yesterday morning, Tuesday morning, eight o'clock, there was really a feeling like the athletes waiting for the signal to go. And everybody was excited about, let's start again. Let's meet again. And this can really be felt also compared to last year, where we had something like one third of the normal size. This year, we have probably something like two thirds of the normal size. So it's very positive people are in positive mood. You can also see a lot of people who are exhibiting different products, new products. They are proud of what they did during covid updates. But I can't pick you out for the moment, just one product. I see a lot of new developments. Yeah, the whole branch developed a lot also during the pandemic. So if you want to see Intergeo, you still have the chance until Thursday evening to give us your visit at Intergeo Essen. I would like to thank you at that moment. Thanks for having the opportunity. Yeah, we go into the exhibition right now and we invite you to do so as well. Thank you very much for joining us. Thank you.


When I would come into my kitchen and bring all my things together to start making soap, I guess you can say it was almost like my meditative state. Just watching everything melt together, smelling everything. It was almost like everything else didn't matter. My name is Madeline, and I'm the founder of By Madeleine. The first time I made a bar of soap, just taking it to my mother-in-law. I went over to her office, and I shared a bar of soap with her and everyone started talking about it, started asking me for more. When was I gonna make more? That's how I got started. We're starting off with my liquid oils, and these are my melted down solids. So this is coconut oil and share butter. One important thing that I offer in my soaps is the infusion of my oils. It's the aromatherapy behind it, the whole goodness of the plant. I'm just gonna put on my protective gear. The benefits that I receive are more of a luscious touch to my skin, a coin. Doesn't feel like there's a lot of buildup on my skin. I used to call it practically magic, because for me, putting all this together, it was like magic. I never thought it was gonna be a business. I just grabbed something that I liked and I loved and it just grew. I had this fear of possibly taking on too much than what I can handle, and it was a tug-and-pull. Go Daddy! It makes things a lot easier. It's just one space, one place to look at. I'll click in, review what it is that they have purchased, and start picking out the items. Steven, my husband, he has his camera and he's like, hey babe, why don't you just use the camera and set it up and started getting lights and just wanting to create this whole photography studio for me. My older daughter, Alyssa, likes a lot of media and she was helping me, you know, navigate certain things on the computer. I'm not very tech savvy. It was a family effort to create what it is now. I do have some customers that are repeated customers and I've actually had the opportunity to meet them in person just recently at different markets. Not being able to have my storefront, this is my mobile storefront. Showing and teaching the community that we can take care of ourselves and our skin naturally, something that everyone can benefit from. Being an entrepreneur for me is sharing my passion with others. It doesn't even have to like work. This feels like I'm playing all day long.


Welcome to session 5 of Quality Control and Improvement Using Minitab. So, I am Professor Indrajit Mukherjee from Shell HMF School of Management IIT Bombay. So, we are discussing on tools that are used for visualization ok. So, in this context we are just discussing about histogram where it can be used and what scenarios like that. Histograms are generally used whenever I have a continuous data. So, for that generally histograms are preferred. So, there are many key quality tools which we will highlight over here. So, one of the tool is histogram another one is box plot that is the two important tools that is used in quality. So, visualization of the data. So, and that can be used for some interpretation out of the data. So, that we will see how it is possible. So, here you see I will talk about box plot over here I will talk about histogram and then we may go to scatter plot over here. So, histogram is just representation of the data. So, how the data is spread over here. So, what is the spread of the data that can be seen. So, there can be a spread from this range to this range like that and where is the peak of the data concentration of the data CG of the data basically CG of the data may be somewhere over here. So, but the spread of the data is showing that there are two clusters over here. So, one is this cluster over here and one cluster is over here. So, that means, a mix of data is basically plotted over here. So, it will give you some sense about the data distribution like that and what is the spread of the data. Then we can see the descriptive statistics in Mineta which can be used to see what is the mean value, what is the other measures or statistic that can be that we can we can also figure out that means what is the mean, what is the standard deviation like that and what is the range, what is the maximum, minimum, interpreted range all things are possible over here. So, let us take an example of CTQ and let us try to demonstrate that one. Let us try to see that assume that CTQ is thickness like that. So, we will illustrate in Mineta how these plots are possible. So, last time also we are discussing on this. So, I will open some data sets which is available with us and that will help us to illustrate in Mineta like that. So, I am opening in Excel. So, some other data sets and then we will place it in Mineta like that and see. So, there is a layer thickness which is an important characteristics which we want to plot over here which is a CTQ basically. There are marks in quality also we can illustrate. First let us try to see that in a manufacturing process some we are producing some thicknesses or coating over a given surface. So, in that case layer thickness is important and target value we can assume as 3. So, let us try to see by plotting this one whether some more information we can get out of histogram like that. So, I have copied this data set over here. So, I told you that when you install Mineta what will happen is that a icon will be coming to your desktop like that and then when you click that icon what will happen is that we will get some interface like this. And we can we can just see the interface over here and see once these are the columns where you have to cut paste the data set. So, first row over here where you can write the data name of the data variables like this and then you can type in the data also or you can copy paste the data from excel sheets like that. So, I will copy paste the data from over here and I have already copied this one and then what I will do is that in Mineta this worksheet what I will do is that I will highlight on the first row and then I will control V I will paste this one ok. Whenever I pasted this one so there are there are windows over here. So, what do you see over here this is the session window where the results will come when you do some analysis over here and if you have to save this worksheet which is coming over here. So, this worksheet this is known as worksheet over here like excel what you see worksheets like that. So, this can be saved over here save worksheet as. So, what you can do is that save worksheet as and then on the desktop maybe we can we can save this one. Let us say visualization of data I am going to replace this file which is existing like that. So, I am just replacing with a new file like that. So, you can you can also name a new file like that because I had already created earlier. So, for some illustration. So, again I am redoing that one I have replaced that file. So, now this file consists of only c 1 columns with layer thickness like that ok. Then I told that where from I will draw the graph. So, there is graph option over here there are many options that you can see over here. So, out of the all the options you have histogram over here as one of the options like that. So, there can be other options like that. So, I am considering on histogram over here. So, for visualization of the data this is a continuous data continuous scale data. So, that you can understand thickness is measured over here and it is a least count is up to 3 decimal place which was measured over here ok. So, what I will do is that I will plot this histogram over here. So, I clicked histogram. So, then it will ask simple histogram like that ok I will mention it ok I will draw a simple histogram like that. Then what is the graph variable your cursor should be over here and double click this c 1 column over here or otherwise what you can do is that I can just delete this one I can just highlight this one and select from here. So, that is also possible. Then you have some scales over here keep it as default do not want to change this one labels I do not want to if you want to name or give some titles that you can give ABC or something like that this is always possible. So, I am not doing this this you can explore by yourself like that ok. So, data views and all these things do not do anything over here we do not want multiple graphs to be plotted. So, data options are over here. So, these are also not required because I have already given the options that layer thickness has to be plotted ok. So, maybe the frequency over here which you want to which you want to highlight over here. So, maybe that if that information is available. So, in this case that is that can be provided over here that is not required over here. So, label what we can do is that maybe data labels what we can do is that use y values to data label over here. So, in this case what will happen when I when I click ok over here I will get the frequency information also. So, this session window will give you this window will give you all the results over here and graphs. So, when you double click this graph you can you can just see that Minitab has already done the basic analysis and it has plotted the histogram based on the its default options that is there. So, number of classes what do you see over here 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 classes it has divided the total dataset and the width of the classes is the interval which Minitab automatically determines like that and there are formulas to do that also. So, in that case Minitab does it automatically for you and gives you the frequency. So, this over here what you can see this is the bin size over here. So, this is varying from 3.015 to 3.025 like that and within this bin there are 5 observations like that. Similarly, next bin you can see how many or in that class how many observations like that. So, maximum observations are within this range over here what you see 3.07. So, it is varying from this range over here. So, this is 3.055 and this will be around 3.075 like that. So, we can assume 3.07 more or less is the average or center of gravity or accuracy or what you can see the CG of the dataset like over here. So, and the spread of the data varies from this range to this range. So, what you can see that peaks of the dataset. So, we can also plot this one by we can also what we can do is that when I draw histogram it will ask width fits like that. So, some normal distribution overlay graphs can be placed over a distribution graph can also be placed over here. So, if you click ok. So, it shows you some normal distribution plot over here. So, mean is given standard deviation is given number of observation is 72 that will be given over here. So, this observations and also you can copy this graph like this. So, if you want to copy the graph and paste it in reports or in excel file like that you paste it over here and just move wherever you located. So, this is possible in board and this is also possible in excel like that. So, you can save these graphs also ok. So, that is also possible. So, this gives you some basic information. Now mean standard deviation I may need more information over here. So, that will not come in histogram over here. So, maybe maximum values, minimum values. So, then what I have to do is that I have to go to stat and they go to basic statistics and maybe display descriptive statistics like that. So, one go you can draw histograms also using this option like that. So, minute I have this stat option where we will use basic stat regression and over in this course is another experiment control chart quality tools. Some more with respect to time we can plot also which is known as time series we will not cover, but we will show you some illustration of graphical illustration how it is done. So, minute I have options of nonparametric test like that those are the test we will also illustrate in certain scenarios where it is required like that ok. So, what we will do is that now in this case. So, I want to see the basic statistics. So, in this case display descriptive statistics I will mention which is the. So, cursor will be here and double click c 1. So, what are the statistics that will be required? So, I have gone to statistics and I have clicked that one. I want mean information, I want standard deviation information, variance information, coefficient of variance information, first quartile median these are all informations what I want to see like that maximum minimum range these are not required. So, maybe these are the basic things one wants to see in the data set. So, in this case I will click ok and if you want to see histogram over here also with normal fits like that that is also possible like that. So, this when you click this one. So, this comes automatically like that in minute tab. So, now this things can also be the results can also be copied as a picture like that and you can just place it wherever it is required. So, if you want to place it over here you just place it over here and then save that one or in reports anywhere ok. So, what information we get over here mean value is 3.060613 like that. So, up to fourth place of decimal data sets we are getting standard deviation coefficient of variation that means what is the magnitude of variance with respect to mean like that. So, variance information is also given over here minimum maximum inter quartile 1 quartile 3 median value that 50 percent observation are less than this 50 above this one like that. So, range information is also given inter quartile range is also given like that. So, all informations we can get out of the minute tab software which is necessary over here. So, mean is 3.06, but I told you initially that our target is 3 that means CTQ that is generated thickness layer that is generated over here should lie between 2.9 to 3.1 let us say and the target value is 3. So, what we can see from this graph is we are basically off centered like that you see. So, 3 is around on this axis on the left hand side like that and our average what is coming out of the process is around 3.07. So, we are accuracy part we are missing over here and also we are getting some information which is beyond 3.1 that is out of spec also data we are generating over here ok. So, that is also an alarming situation in quality that means our process is off centered variability is high and also we are producing which is creating rejections also. So, this gives you an immediate impression of the data set without much statistics I can make this kind of interpretation out of the data ok. So, another important thing what can be done like that when whenever I have the spread of the data we can also see another important graphical illustration over here which is known as box plot like that. So, here also box plot is sometimes used to define some of the. So, this is what it will show is that what is the width means within which we have the complete data set like that. So, this is the range which is known as inter quartile range within which most of the data sets are concentrated over here. So, if it is more spread that means we have a much variability in the data if this spread is very less or we have a small spread of this. So, in that case data is squeezed more or less over here and in that case density of the data is high. So, variability is less we can also interpret like that way. So, it is like spring more it is spread more elast that means more data spread of the data is quite high and if this is less squeezed that means we have a much less variability in the data like that. So, we can think about that and these are the stretchable extension what you see over here. So, these are known as whisker over here. So, this line what you see over here extended up to 1.5 into inter quartile range what you see over here definition and anything lying outside this is basically outlier over here that is indicative measures that it takes like that. Anything beyond this is an outlier there are other tests for in identifying outliers, but this is in box plot also we can see that which data is very unusual like that. So, that we can we can also see from the box plot. So, this on this the first start of the box over here this is known as first quartile Q1 and this is the second quartile which is known as Q2 or the median value of the data set where 50 percent of the observation will be on the right hand side of this value and 50 percent on the left hand side left hand side of this value and right hand side of this and this is known as third quartile values over here and difference between this first quartile and third quartile this this area is known as inter quartile range like that ok. Here also whisker is extended to the smallest value 1.5 of that and anything beyond that is outlier basically ok. So, this is also possible in Minitab. So, we will use the same data sets to illustrate box plot where we have drawn histogram here we want to see the inter quartile and where the data is most concentrated like that. So, what we will do is that that is also possible over here. So, that is also possible over here. So, this same data set we are using. So, I will go to Minitab over here and then what we can do is that we can just see the box plot and then we go to graph and there is a box plot option over here. Then there is simple box plot over here I click ok and I give the variable as c1 double click that one and do not go I do not need to see much options over here. So, we can we can place the values over here also. So, just click on this and you will get all information. Quartile 1 is 3.04 that is 25 percent of the observation is less than this 3.06 is a median value. So, 50 percent of the observations are below this and 50 above this one. So, this is the inter quartile range like that. So, this is the spread of the data set what we can see. So, most of the data set are concentrated in this zone like that. So, data set concentration can be seen over here. So, this is the width of the box like that. So, most of the data are concentrated within this ok. So, this is the inter quartile range. So, this information we can get and how this is useful like that I will I will use an example to illustrate that one. So, let me also take some examples like that like let us say the quality marks and which I have not discussed or what we have started like that. So, I am taking this marks in quality I have to make a decision let us say whether to attend the course this is the last year marks what I have what was given. So, I want to select whether to go for this course or not like that. So, what we can do is that just we can see the basic statistics of this. So, display descriptive statistics I will display the marks like that and statistics what we have mentioned is already given over here. So, and graphical illustration I want to see the box plot of this rather than histogram. And so, I will click that one ok and I will click ok over here and then I will get the box plot over here. So, on an average the 50 percent median value is approximately equals to 72. So, that means, on an average people are getting what we can say is that the middle value 50 percent of the people are below this, but 50 percent are above 72 like that. So, this is a favorable situation what we can see over here and also we can see that 72 is the average value from here. This can also be copied like that results can also be copied from here copy as a picture like that and you can paste the results what I have shown earlier also over here. So, statistics can be pasted like that. So, that is also possible. So, in this case what we are seeing is that on an average 72 marks are there. So, I can also see the histogram of the data set and if you want to see the histogram of the data set then some more information we can get like that just click double click that variable graph variable and click ok over here. And then what you see is that you will get the histogram of the data. So, what you can see is that on the left hand side much less observations are there and on an average 70 is the we can say center of gravity of the data like that. So, most of the people are more than 70 what we can see over here. So, this is a favorable situation just by drawing what I am seeing is that number of people getting more than 70 is much higher as compared to the number of people getting less than 70 like that. So, so that is also reflected over here. So, it is more skewed on the right hand side as compared to the left hand side like that. So, on the higher side of marks basically. So, in this case I can make immediate judgment ok this course in that case I can take a chance because people are getting more than 70 most of the people are getting more than 70 is like that it is skewed on the right. So, that is why this is a favorable situation like that. So, that also is possible, but if I want to make a box plot interpretation also I can see that one and I can also see the marks information and I can draw the box plot like that and when I see that one also I see the same information, but there is some variability over here and but favorable is more than 70 many observations are more than 70. So, you do not see symmetry over here. So, more observations on the other side. So, density of that is more. So, color blue is on the. So, it is not symmetrically what you see like that. So, there is this more values on the other side. So, skewness will be represented also in box plot you can can directly see which side it is more skewed data is concentration. Data concentration is more on one side as compared to the other side like that. So, that gives you an immediate impression that what we what we can do out of this data that we are. So, some inference we can draw some decision we can make out of this. So, box plot can also be used we can draw multiple plots over here. So, let us take another example like I have some data set where rest went information is given and I want to see which restaurants to go which has minimum service time. So, some data is provided over here. So, like Burger King, Pizza Hut, McDonald's, Subways, Domino's Pizza and all are providing burgers let us say and I want to take wherever there is a least time like that. So, some random sample information is given over here. So, this information was collected by some researchers and based on that I have to make a decision which restaurants I should go like that. So, what I can do is that I can just copy this information I do not know much about statistics, but I want to place that one and I want to compare these data values like that. So, in this case in in one go I want to analyze this one. So, Burger King this data I have pasted from there copy pasted from excel and then I want to see that how it box plot can I see multiple graphs in one like that. So, what I will do is that I will go to box plot over here then I will go to multiple y options over here I click ok over here then then I what I do is that Burger King from here and I press shift and I select up to C 10 like that. So, then I select this one and it will automatically or otherwise what you can do is that just double click one then second one third one fourth one and fifth one like that and keep it as default and whatever conditions. So, you will get this graph in the session window like that. So, if you enlarge this graph what happens is that you can see in one scale in one graph you can see the variability of the data set like that. So, the Pisaert condition what you see is that this is the median value over here and the median value is coming out to 143 which is very which is less as compared to any of the median that you see that that central line that you see any of the median. So, this is the lowest it is giving you the lowest median that means you can you can also see that this information helps you that what is the median value of the observations which can be taken as a location of the data central tendency of the data set like that that also we can we can consider sometimes medians can be useful for that interpretation also, but mean also can be calculated we can see the values of means ok. But what it says is that the median value is very low is lower than any of these options. So, immediately I can discard Domino's Pisa because this is very high. And then subway it is also high and variability is also high this bandwidth of the box that you see over here the bandwidth is quite high. So, this is also not favorable for me and this is also quite high Burger King is also quite high. So, I have options between Pisaert and McDonald, but if you see Pisaert and McDonald what comes into my mind as bandwidth of the Pisaert that inter quartile range is quite low as compared to McDonald over here. So, I will I will select Pisaert because that is the service time of Pisaert is less as compared to McDonald over here. Although you can see some outliers over here there is some service disruption may have happened in one or two cases like that, but I may be willing to take the risk like that. But if it is on the lower side you see that one star is over here on the lower side of this this is also an outlier, but this is a favorable situation if you see delivery time less means it is a favorable situation. So, in this case I am not worried about this and these two I can I can take it because I can see that most of the observations are having less variability in service time. So, variation in service time is also less and the median value is also quite less. So, I will I will take a decision to go to Pisaert and take the deliveries like that. So, if I have to choose between any of these restaurants based on the data I will choose that one. So, a multiple box plot can be shown in single graph like that that is also possible in Minitab like that. So, that is a quick understanding of the data I will have visualization of the data that is possible in many situations we will have such kind of plots which will be helpful in quality also quality also like that. So, so this is box plot what we have illustrated. So, you can just practice that one and see some of the data sets of CTQ and plot in single one or plot in multiple plots in single graph like that. So, that is also possible like that. So, then we can what we can do is that we can also understand and plot like dependency between variables like that which is known as scatter plot. Sometimes what happens is that this is extensively used in regression like that. So, this can be used in regression and we have regression analysis like that. So, I will so this is one variable like that. So, this is one X variable on this axis over here. So, and the other axis is Y over here. So, this is another axis what we can see. So, here what is important is that whether there is any relationship between the data set or not. So, that I want to I want to check. So, whether there is any relationship that X is between the two data set like that X and Y like that. So, there I will see this is extensively used in when I am trying to develop a function between Y and X like that. So, so that is where we will use like that. So, if I am interested to illustrate that this is a X variable Y is a function of X I want to see that one and whether linear function nonlinear function. So, this scatter plot will help me to understand that whether one increases other also increases or not like that. So, what is the correlation that exists between the data set strong relationship or weak relationship like that linear nonlinear many things are possible over here ok. So, this will help in regression analysis and regression is an important tool in quality. So, that is used in design of experiments also ok and that is also used in prediction many of the times predictive models are used to control the process like that to get the best CTQs like that. So, that is also an important aspects what we cover in quality. So, that is but you can you can see any any regression analysis in many of the course like statistical course like that. So, we will give a brief idea of regression also in this course ok. So, what I wanted to illustrate at that this gives a demonstration between relationship between two variables. So, this is known as scatter plot and the relationship can be like this. So, you can see that x and y is on this axis. So, in this case the relationship between these two variables name you can you can you can change it. So, one axis may be x 1 other axis may be x 2, but x and y is the I am trying to trying to say that one is the CTQ and one is the control variable. So, in this case control level variable. So, that I want to illustrate over here and for that what I am doing is that I am showing. So, this is a linear relationship. So, what we can see is that one increases x increases on this side y also increases like this. So, here you can see some curvilinear relationship exists like that. So, this is x increases initially it increases and then it becomes steady and then it becomes down like that. So, it is a non-linear kind of scenario. This can also be thought of as non-linear relationship means this is a polynomial equation basically. So, maybe x square is prominent over here. So, in this case some square equation will be prominent over here and here it can be negative relationship that means one increases other goes down like that. So, one is decreasing. So, one is increasing this can be positive and this can be negative relationship what you see over here. So, these are the types of relationship when you plot that one you will immediately you can visualize that one and immediately you can make a interpretation out of that. So, visualization of the data set like that. So, then here you can see that if the density of the data are more concentrated towards this then that means a strong relationship. So, bandwidth of this is very less and all the data points are within this. So, this is a strong relationship positive one and when positive means when one increases other also increases like that and linear relationship that we have to take into mind to consider. So, but the width is very high over here. So, in this case not very strong relationship. So, how do we say strong weak like that? So, we have a correlation coefficient to understand the relationship between variables like that. Pearson correlation coefficient can be seen to see linear relationship between y and x like that if x increases y increases what is the strength of the relationship that can be seen like that linear relationship I am saying. So, in this case there are options like that. So, this can be seen like that. So, this is now there is no relationship you see random variable random ups and downs like that no trend as we can see increasing decreasing like that nothing is possible over here. So, and this relationship what we see over here can be expressed in mathematical terminologies like that which is known as correlation coefficient over here which is given by covariance a measure that association between two variables divided by standard deviation of x variables standard deviation of y variables. This is the covariance formulation over here what you see and covariance divided by these two will give you information about the strength of relationship.  So, this will be the minus 1 plus 1 relationship that you will see like that ok. We will take an example to illustrate that one. So, let us take one examples to illustrate this one relationship between both variables how it can be done in Minitab. So, I will take one example over here and let us take a simple example scatter plot examples like that and where we have size of the flat and price of the flat and I want to see whether relationship exist or not. So, these are coded variables. So, I am just copy pasting the information. So, and I am pasting it over here. So, in this case I will paste the information over here and then what I will do is that I want to see the relationship and first I will draw the scatter plot and then figure out what is the correlation between these two data points like that. So, what I will do is that I will first option is scatter plot over here. So, when you when you click this one what will happen is that it will show do you want a simple scatter plot? Yes, I want a simple scatter plot there are many options with regression and all these things I am not interested I want to see. So, which is the y variable I am taking arbitrarily price as the y variable and size of the flat as x variable over here there are other options that is available over here I am not going into the options you can always explore that one I will click ok over here and it will give me a visible impact over here. So, if you see the graphical illustration that indicates that size of the flat increases price also increases like that. So, this gives you an impression that may be they are related may be they are related over here ok. So, and positively related over here linear linear relationship may exist, but the strength of the relationship I need to check. So, in this case strength of the relationship how do we see the strength of the relationship over here then I have an option to see that one. So, basic statistics then I have a correlation matrix the formulae that I have shown covariance divided by standard deviation of x and standard deviation of y that formulation what we have shown over here this formulation will be used like that. So, this is s x y by s x by x y. So, this is the relationship it will indicate what is the value of r. So, r is on the positive side plus one side. So, that is positive strong positive relationship on the negative side towards minus 1 and close to minus 1 strong negative relationship linear relationship basically ok. So, then what I can do is that I want to see this one. So, in this case Minitab I will use this one stat basic stat calculation will be done based on the data set x and y over here which I have defined. So, correlation between two variables. So, I want to see price and size let us say. So, you can you can just so sequence of this is not important whether price is placed first size is placed again it does not matter. So, option is that I want to see Pearson correlation over here. So, in this case and graphical matrix plot over here. So, what you want to see over here I want to see correlations between the variables like that. So, only there are many options so statistical interpretation. So, I will use the simplest one over here. So, I will click ok over here then what do you want to do you want to see the tables like that. So, whatever default also you can keep like that ok. So, correlation coefficient is coming out to be r 0.727 like that and so this is the correlation coefficient that you see over here. So, this is the Pearson correlation coefficient that you see over here ok. So, variance also what we can see is that basic stat we can also see the covariance of this we can calculate. So, in this case covariance of this will be given like when you do that one. So, this is the covariance matrix what you see over here. So, in this case so covariance what you can do is that price and size covariance is 191 basically. So, what I can do is that I can open a calculator also and I can just see the calculations whether it is rightly calculating whether Minitab is doing it correctly. So, 191 has to be divided by standard deviation. So, size and size this is 27 approximately this is 2545 like that. So, square root of these two values when you multiply and then make a inverse and then multiply with 191 you should get the correlation coefficient like that. So, I am making a square root of 27 let us say and when you do that one around 5 I can assume like that 2545 I will take a square root of that and it is about 50. So, 50 multiplied by 5, 250, 50 multiplied by I am doing 5 let us say and 250 and make a inverse of this and then multiply it with 191 that is the information that we have and what we get is 0.75 approximation over here. So, in this case and what we got earlier was a 0.75. So, earlier what we have got correlation coefficient. So, in this case what we have gone is that approximately 0.72. So, some calculation error is coming because of square root and all but it is perfect. So, 7 to 7 if we go by exact calculation method. So, it will be same the value will be 0.5 to 7. So, that is possible. So, that is possible. So, we will ignore the last part of this. So, we will consider that one. So, what is important over here strength of the relationship. So, this is 0.72 what we have seen over here what we have seen. So, graphically what we have seen and positive. So, 0.7 to 7 that is positive and generally more than 0.7 can be considered as a strong relationship and this is on the positive side because this is plus r equals to plus 0.7 to 7. So, that means I have a somewhat strength of the relationship is quite high linear relationship is quite high over here. So, that can be also seen over here. So, this type of analysis how it will help is that it will try to identify like that. So, when I am defining a variable between relationship between two variables over here. So, y is y and x over here and in that case whether they are related or not that will help me to select the x which will be used in design of experiments and experiment on those things to develop the functional relationship y and x like that. So, this can be one of the x that I am trying to see the scatter plot because there is a 2D plot like that and if you have more variables we can add more variables over here 3D up to 3D plots are possible that can be visualized basically more than three dimensions cannot be visualized. So, in that case and it gives you some common sense that this is a potential variable which can be considered when I am modeling that one y with x or which variable can be considered in experimentation to understand when I change the x it will have impact on y. So, we do not select arbitrarily we select those x and manipulate and try to enumerate those x at different levels and try to experiment on using statistical means ok. So, to understand the relationship between y and x like that. So, selection can be initial selection can be based on correlation information like that. So, with this illustration so, we have we will stop over here for this session. So, what we have done is that we have shown you histogram where the data can be plotted and CTQ and we can see the variance of the data and we can we can also see the central tendency of the data then with MINITAB and that is quite convenient like that. Then we have a box plot where the straight or the data like spring I can see that concentration of the data is more between these values and these values first first quadril and third quadril. Inter quadril range can also be we can think about the spread of the data like that ok. Box plot helps you like that it can be used for multiple scenario comparison. So, which is the best option like restaurants what we have taken. So, that is one important plot. So, in quality I am demonstrating three important plots in this session. So, one is histogram, one is box plot and the last one what we have demonstrated is relationship between variables because this will help me to select the X variables or control variables which impacts Y basically. So, whether there is any relationship between X and Y and I am showing linear relationship like that. So, non-linear relationship also can exist and in that case those variables can be selected for experimentation and finding out the mapping relationship between Y and X which can be used for optimization also. So, this is the overall idea and we will stop over here and see you in session 6 and where we will discuss more about quality visualization of data and which are preferably used in quality control and improvement like that. Thank you.