Okay, well, hello everybody. Thank you for joining us for this TechSoup hosted online discussion. I'm so excited because we rarely get to feature an executive director. And so today we're going to be talking with Abina Patel-Minhach and talk about how ituity cares rapidly launch and scale social impact. So I'm so excited. And also with Godin is here today with us. Listen, I'm getting too excited. I got to get into this and let you know what's going on. My name is Aretha Simons. I'm the webinar producer here at TechSoup. Before we get started, I want to let you know if you're new here, welcome to TechSoup. For those of you who are new, you know that TechSoup or you may not know that TechSoup leveraged the power of smartphones and connectivity and training it and a lot more. If you've never been to our website, there's so much more we try to help communities to leverage the power of technology to serve their community to do better. Today's speaker is going to share her story of how she launched and scale social impact in her community. So before I get started with the webinar topic, I do want to do a little bit of housekeeping. Right now everybody's on mute. So in order to communicate with us, you can type in the Q&A, use the Q&A feature, type your questions or feel free to type your questions in the chat room and we'll do our best to answer all the questions. I'm pretty sure we'll be able to get to the questions. This is being recorded. So the recording will be available within 48 hours. So any little nuggets that you miss, you'll be able to see this over and over again. So before we move on, I do want to let you know that when you're engaging in a chat room, we've always tried to do our best to be courteous. So keep that in mind that we are committed to like to share and bring our best foot forward. So I would like to introduce our featured speakers today. We have Whit Godden. He is the Director of Strategic Marketing at TAP Network. After he spent time at Apple as a corporate trainer for the city of Los Angeles, he pursued a career as a community manager for the successful startup of exploding kittens. I told him I love that name. During his tenure, he helped grow the company from a $5 million domestic brand to get this, a 55 internationally published brand as the Branding and Marketing Director. So you need to know it, right? In 2019, he decided to return to his passion of working in the nonprofit sector. He's been managing TechSoup and TAP Network relationships ever since. This helps nonprofits leverage their impact and their storytelling to accelerate their growth and impact. Next, we have Beena Patel-Minhach. She is the Director of Vitality Cares. She's been with the Vitality Cares for over seven years. So I'm excited to hear all that she has to share. I'm sure she has many, many stories that she has to share. But in her role as Executive Director, she's leveraged solutions to create a multilayer interdisciplinary. And I told her this is doctoral language, but I love saying it anyways. Multi-tiered interdisciplinary approach to assisting addressing the social determinants of health and the impacts they have on marginalized community. She's a graduate of Public Health and, excuse me, let me start it over. She is a graduate of Health Policy and Mansmith Doctrine of Public Health Programs. You gotta get that right. Especially if you've done that much of education, you gotta say it right. You gotta give her her props there. From the University of California, she now resides in New York City. And Whit is gonna tell you more about her. So I'm gonna go ahead and turn this over to Whit. Welcome Whit and Beena. Thank you so much, Aretha. I really appreciate it. Thank you, Aretha. Yeah, thank you so much for joining us today, guys. You know, this is a really exciting and unique webinar platform and sort of, I guess, model than we've had before. So some of you may have heard my voice over the last year on a few TechSoup webinars, maybe not my face necessarily. There was one day last year where I actually sang at a TechSoup webinar. So I'm very grateful to be able to have a friendly and more casual conversation with somebody that I really hold near and dear to my heart, Beena, who has not only become an incredibly wonderful client over here at TechSoup and TapNetwork, which has also become a really close friend of mine as well. And I'm just really grateful that she's taken the time out of her day to share her story of how she's been able to utilize TechSoup services to really amplify and grow the mission and the vision of ituity. But before we get started, for some of you who may not know what TapNetwork is, TapNetwork is TechSoup's marketing technology partner that strives to empower organizations for good. So essentially, your vision is our mission. So today, what we're gonna be talking through is sort of a success story of one of TechSoup's clients where we sort of stepped in and we partnered with Beena and the rest of our team to really help accelerate the growth of their organization. So before I get ahead of myself, again, my name is Whit Godden. I'm the strategic marketing director here at TapNetwork. I also manage our relationships specifically with TechSoup through designing and developing all of our service products and assessment tools. And I also manage many of our relationships with the clients that come through TechSoup directly into TapNetwork. And I wanted to kind of give Beena an opportunity to introduce herself and talk a little bit about her experience and her background at Vy2D Cares Foundation. Thanks, Whit, and thank you so much for having me. I'm really excited to be here. And like Whit said, I am the executive director of Vy2D Cares. Vy2D Cares is a new foundation started by Vy2D, which is our parent company and a large healthcare solutions company, a lot of physician staffing, telemedicine, kind of all those healthcare solutions under one umbrella. Vy2D Cares was a passion project that came out of Vy2D in the middle of last year. And it's really driven by our experience working in communities and seeing how the healthcare system really, really does not meet the needs of those who need it the most. So we are a group of healthcare professionals, doctors, PAs, MPs, and we're committed to creating a more equitable healthcare landscape. And that's exactly what Vy2D Cares aims to do. Awesome. Thanks so much, Beena. I really appreciate it, yeah. So they're an amazing organization. The second I saw their preliminary mission, I knew this was someone that I was very excited to work alongside. I'm very passionate about social determinants of health. I have a pretty big background, deep background in healthcare clients as well. So it was almost perfect alignment when we were able to get together. But I just wanna sort of wrap the structure of our conversation today for the attendees here. So what we'll be discussing and we'll be talking through with Beena today is talking a little bit about how the services provided by TechSoup and Top Network were really able to support their initiatives, as we mentioned in the title, to really scale and grow this social impact. It's almost, it's just been under a year, right? Beena, since the organization started. So we'll be touching a little bit on our support with their virtual Gala, which took place last December. The overall strategy of their organization, both operationally to some degree and how that operational strategic plan gets implemented both on their website and their social media. And I'm really excited because we finally have been able to get through some of the muddy waters, I guess, as anybody who's started a nonprofit probably can experience. And we're finally getting to a place where we have a really strong foundation to drive some individual fundraising to sort of supplement the incredible work that Beena does day in and day out to find sort of the more corporate and partnership fundraising as well, which I'm sure a lot of you nonprofits out there are looking to understand and identify opportunities in ways that you can really leverage those individual relationships with your mission and your organization. But before I dive in too far, we have a very special video to share with you guys. So I'm gonna play this. This was developed for the first Gala, which was sort of our entree, the catalyst that brought Beena to TechSoup and her team to TechSoup and to TapNetwork. But I think this is a beautiful, sort of encapsulate all of the reasons why by two of the cares should exist today. So sit back and enjoy. What is the promise of America? Money, fame, votes, likes, retweets? If you ask me, the promise of America is fairness, but despite living in the wealthiest country in the world, our country still fails to provide for the families that deserve it the most. It shouldn't matter where you live, how much you earn or who you are, everyone should have equal access to healthcare. That's why most Americans aren't afraid of getting sick. They're afraid of not being able to pay the bill. So join us in this fight. We are committed to ending healthcare inequity, one heart, one mind and one life at a time. Healthcare is a human right. Let's not allow unfairness to continue on our watch. Let's build a future where everyone has equal access and equal opportunity. Together, we can change the world. Awesome. So yeah, so, Beena, I mean, what an amazing video. First of all, shall we spill the beans at the beginning of this webinar? You can spill the beans. Who is that very handsome man that was speaking at the beginning of the video there? He is my better half, he's my husband and he obviously owes me for many things but I was fortunate to have him do the video for us.  This is the cause that we're both so passionate about. Our families work in healthcare, his mom is a doctor, his dad was a kind of a community scientist and we have seen how healthcare can work for some people and how it can really fail others and the discrepancy is really unfortunate and that's what we really want to do is bridge that divide. Awesome, yeah. He's a fantastic human being. I'm gonna stop sharing just while we have a little bit of a more fluid conversation here so we're not getting all distracted by the fancy visuals that I created for the presentation today but before we dive into the work that we did together and the work that we're still doing together, I would love to give a little bit more background in who Vituity is, how you guys do it. So I guess my first question kind of touched on this during your introduction but sort of what was the catalyst that truly prompted Vituity, right? This incredibly successful professional medical for-profit company, right? What prompted Vituity to launch a foundation like Vituity Cares? Yeah, so Vituity is started off as a staffing organization. We staff, it was started off as emergency departments and now we staff everything what we call under the Q care continuum across the country. Towards the middle of last year, it became increasingly evident that in the middle of the pandemic, in the middle of the Black Lives Matter kind of movement, it became clear that us as working healthcare professionals within these communities had a bigger role to play in addressing the fact that healthcare fails so many Americans and we see patients day in and day out in our departments and there was so much more that we could be doing for them but not something that we were able to do in traditional healthcare settings. The social determinants of health, access to food, access to a safe environment, access to legal services, all these things that we know clearly affects someone's health were not something that we could do within a 30 minute visit. And so our providers were always doing this type of work. They were working with community organizations, they were going to different countries to volunteer but Vituity needed a mechanism to do that and that's really why Vituity Cares was created. It's a passion project of our founder who is Dr. Tomlinson. He's also the CEO of Vituity but he always says that Vituity Cares is his main job and Vituity is just kind of secondary because he feels so committed to this cause as a black man physician, CEO of a multi-million dollar company, he overcame a lot of obstacles to get to where he is and he felt the obligation to help those from communities of color and who were disproportionately disadvantaged to the same opportunities that he had to give back to them. So we have a really great group of leaders. Our board is truly committed to growing this cause and the foundation and thankfully we have Vituity and the resources and all of the kind of benefits that come with Vituity as kind of supporting resources for us. Except for the financial part. Except for the financial part. We still have to do all the fun fundraising and all of the social media and messaging and I think we'll get to that, the challenge of Vituity versus Vituity Cares in a minute but yeah, it's like I commend you on your day-to-day work. When we have our meetings, I'm just always blown away by how much you're working and I'm grateful that we're able to sort of help amplify as much as we possibly can over here at TechSoup and TAP network. But I think it'd be really helpful for people who are attending today because you know, when it comes to digital communications, website presence, messaging strategy, fundraising, you know, they all have a similar skeletal structure to execution, right? But it's the application of that sort of skeleton into the construct and the infrastructure of your organization that's really gonna make or break those efforts. So my next question to you is I want to give the audience members here today a little bit of insight as to sort of how your foundation executes its impacts and vision. So like they can kind of understand operationally, how do you achieve these goals that you so eloquently stated just now? Did that come through or no? It did, you froze there for a second, but you might have to repeat the question. You froze right at the question. Can you explain how your foundation executes its mission and vision and impact? Yeah, so, you know, we started kind of with the, that spaghetti technique. We went hard in a lot of different areas. Mentorship for communities of colors and students who are interested in STEM and healthcare related kind of professions. We went really strong with unhoused communities and creating opportunities for unhoused communities to better access healthcare, pop up clinics within homeless encampments, that sort of thing. We also a big area that of focus because we really work in a lot of inner city communities is addressing gun violence and safety issues. And then the last big, I would say focus is that there was a really strong desire by our providers to give back to other countries who don't have the same resources as we do in the United States. So being able to do pop up clinics and mission trips and things like that overseas Tanzania, Honduras and Mexico have ever been our focuses right now. So those are some of our programs within each one of those. We have kind of a lot of sub programs, but what we wanted to do was try, try out a lot of different things where there were interest and then really figure out where we were having the most impact. And so I would say that the last couple of months we've really started to hone in on the two or three big areas that we feel like by 2D cares has the most impact and also the most resources to allocate towards those programs. Awesome, yeah. No, it's pretty amazing what you guys are doing. And I'm really, really feel very special to be a part of it. So I- Can I just mention one more thing? I don't know if I heard this, but I think we wanna encourage the audience to ask questions as they come up and Aretha will just kind of chime in when there's a question, right? Yes, correct. Okay. Yeah, please, yeah. If you guys could just ask questions along the way, we'll start to get into the nuts and bolts of sort of the work that we've done together, which may prompt some additional more strategic or logistic questions. But yes, please feel free. We'll answer them throughout the presentation today and Aretha will interrupt me as they come through. And yeah, perfect. Awesome. Thank you, B&F, for reminding us of that. I appreciate that. So I wanted to sort of as we, before we get started and starting to look at some of the projects that we worked on together, overall like how has, you know, this is not a self-serving question, but sort of a self-serving question. How has working with TAP really helped you and the by 2D cares board sort of develop a stronger message and vision and communicate that overall in general? I will be completely honest. When we first started out, there wasn't a clear message. If I were to ask every board member why by 2D cares exist or what does by 2D cares mean for, you know, what is our responsibility to underserved communities, et cetera, et cetera, everyone would say something differently. What TAP helped us do is really get organized. And it wasn't that the mission has to be the same for each person, because I think that it should be a personal kind of mission driven, you know, how we work with the foundation is different for every person. So I completely understand that, but we needed to move forward in a unified direction and TAP helped us put everything together in terms of figuring out who we are, what we want to be known for and how we want to move forward. I would say those were the three biggest questions that TAP kept reminding us, kept reminding us and kept prompting us to think about as we created a marketing and brand strategy. So really, I mean, I tell with this all the time I could not thank him more for getting us organized. Even, you know, it was, I came on as a executive director even after the foundation that started and the board, the board was not always the easiest kind of entity to work with to really kind of hone them in. Everyone was almost using the foundation for their own personal interests. And that's fine, but we weren't moving forward. We were just moving in different directions and kind of diluting who we were. And so I would say that what TAP did for us is help kind of concentrate our mission. And I think that was just so helpful at that point in our infancy. Yeah, I agree. I think it was a really great exercise. It was a good exercise for myself as well because, you know, I step into these relationships with our clients through TechSoup and constantly have to sort of learn about how an organization does what it does and help them amplify and sort of how do we codify that message? And, you know, the very first project we worked on and I think we can laugh to ourselves about this as well was your virtual gala, right? So we started working with you guys, I think back in mid-November was when our conversation started and you had this beautiful idea of this virtual gala auction to raise money for the foundation as it was brand new, like I guess at that point, maybe six months old. So kind of tell me a little bit about the process before TAP network and TechSoup resources sort of was able to step in and support you guys. Yeah, so the foundation was created in July of last year and right in the middle of the pandemic, we did not have the opportunity to really do any until that year. And so as kind of the season of giving came around, we realized that we needed to do some sort of last-ditch effort to raise some funds for the programs that we're launching this year. And so much like everyone else in the middle of the pandemic, we tried to put together a virtual gala. It was very last minute, very kind of scattered and not organized, but and our goals going into it were, hey, maybe we'll raise a few thousand dollars and then we were really helping banking on some corporate sponsorships and things like that. Luckily, the gala went so successful and I'm sure Whit will go through kind of some of the outcomes from that because due to the pandemic, a lot of the corporate sponsorships, health systems that we were banking on kind of donating some larger sums, they weren't able to do so. The healthcare industry surprisingly got hit really hard by the pandemic because volumes across the country were down. You kept hearing about ICU rates being out of control, but everyone else was really suffering. Emergency department had like all-time low volumes, primary care, everything was really down. And so we weren't able to get the donations that we had banked on. So you can go through kind of the success that this last-ditch effort had and how TAP really was able to come in and within three weeks, create a brand new market for us. I think I talked so much about the support that Vy2D gives us, but in terms of marketing support and support for kind of financial support, we don't really get much. Yeah, we don't really get much outreach. Vy2D is a physician group of over 3,500 doctors, but I'm sure a lot of you guys who are subsidiaries of larger organizations know that Vy2D cares could not access even the email addresses of those people because we are a different entity. So, but TAP had to come in and be like, that's okay. We can still, there's still a way of marketing this without banking on kind of that built-in community. Yeah, I think, thank you so much. It was such a great experience. And one of the things that when you and I were talking about this again, that I thought was really valuable was not only did we, were we able to sort of work together with you guys and identify sort of what tools do you have and what tools do you think you had, but you couldn't use and then positioning and giving, implementing tools that I think you really needed, right? And identifying those. And I think kind of pulling the veil, like pulling the veil behind or kind of opening the door to like the possibilities of virtual engagement. So for those viewing here, like, there was very minimal social media presence whatsoever for Vy2D when we first started. So we really stepped in and we had to accelerate a whole entire, essentially an entire event marketing plan within as more, being a said 30 days. And we were really fortunate enough to see some pretty exponential growth across those different platforms just within that month of working with them. And we were able to also like see an incredible, you know, fundraising goal. I think it was around $350,000 just in that one 24 hour period through the silent auction, the live auction and just the general donations of the attendees of the gala. So it was a really interesting exercise. And I think it put both of us through a personal and professional experience where we had a steep goal. And I think we worked really, really hard to figure out what that looks like. And I think part of this whole entire process leading into that gala, you know, I mentioned before we were gonna touch on a couple of different components of Vy2D care strategy and digital communications platforms. The second piece that was part of this initial relationship was really driving the website development, right? We had your old website and we were trying to get something new out there because we were seeking donations and trying to showcase the work that you guys were doing in an appropriate and an efficient way to sort of seek those partnerships, sponsorships and individual donations. So as we kind of move from the gala experience which I think was our very first great success, you know, capitalizing on the digital communications and the digital platforms. I kind of wanted to talk a little bit about your website and sort of like putting on our strategic brains, you know, how did you feel about the website before we started having our conversations in mid-November as we were preparing for the gala? Well, Beena, before you answer that question. Oh yeah. I wanted to, I was gonna try to jump in there, I was trying to jump in because Dr. Elizabeth King wanted to know, wait, do you work with small nonprofits? Some people might see that number of 350,000 and I was like, oh, I can never raise that. So they wanna know if you work with small nonprofits. That's a great question. And yes, we do. We work with nonprofits of all sizes. So, you know, I think Vitality Cares is a unique situation.  Like Vitality Cares is a fantastic client. They are actually what I would consider in our actual Rolodex, sort of a mid-sized nonprofit from an operations perspective. But yes, we definitely manage and work, that was their fundraising goals, right? But the work and the effort that we put into here, the contracts I would say, and the work that we worked alongside them is, you know, medium to small nonprofit size marketing strategy. So, you know, this is not something we're not looking at some crazy, you know, marketing retainer over here. We're really seeing an opportunity to work with an organization that has what, how many people do you have on staff? Like three, two? You know. Wait, I'm a one-woman show over here. Exactly. So, while the, you know, that was, I think that's why we felt the fundraiser was such a success, right? We kind of, we were able to capitalize on a really important topic and we were able to reach people who felt incredibly passionate about it.  It's not a giant nonprofit. And so, like, this is along the lines of, you know, you're, I would say something along the lines of, like, your local library or maybe your local, you know, mental health or health equity nonprofit that's helping support inner city youth or social determinants of health within your local communities. So, yes, we definitely work with smaller nonprofits. And if you have any questions, you can always reach out to us. I have our email at the end of the presentation. And, Beena, there's a couple of questions here for you. First of all, you're getting lots of invitations to come and speak, to work. Dr. Elizabeth King, she already asked a question, but Paulette wants to know if you would come to African countries. April wants to invite you to Niguagra and Honduras to work with trafficking victims. And heavy on the, I just, I'm sure this is gynological, of course. Also, Deborah wanted to know when you did your foundation fundraiser, what was the foundation's total financial investment? When we did the fundraiser, what was the financial investment? I think in order to put on the virtual Gala, you know, secure the auction prizes, all of that kind of stuff, the entertainment, all in we spent close to, I would say $20,000 for the Gala. That's not bad for your return. We were really, really fortunate to be able to during the pandemic again. In some ways, we were fortunate because, you know, we were doing it at a time where a lot of people were, you know, a lot of celebrities were able to do virtual things for a lot cheaper than they would be doing in person. We were able to leverage just the fact that people were at home. So the attendance was a lot larger than we probably could have had in other years. And so in some ways, the pandemic situation kind of helped us do this at a lower budget. Yeah, that's great. And Deborah wanted to know who got your auction items? So we worked with a group called R&R Fundraising that secures, they do, and they were wonderful to work with. They were able to put together trip packages for us, Costa Rica, Mexico, Hawaii, and they offer it to us obviously at a very, very, very discounted rate, and we're able to auction them off and still make a pretty good amount of money off of them. So the trips were a huge hit for the auction. No, they weren't. The trips were a huge hit for the auction. Nice, nice. And she also wants to know, how do you access celebrities who are willing to participate? You know, from experience, obviously being married to my husband who's a comedian, I will say that oftentimes it's just about asking. You know, a lot of these celebrities would be more than happy to put themselves on video or to send an autographed item and oftentimes the only reason that they don't do it is because they don't get asked or people assume that they would want thousands and thousands of dollars to do it. I can just say from personal experience, my husband does this all the time, it's just about asking, you know, going to their website, figuring out who is their manager, their agent or their assistant and putting in just a very compelling ask and most of them I would say would be happy to do something. It may not be, hey, I'll show up to your next gala, that sort of thing, that may require some funds, but the fact that we can do so much prerecorded these days, if it's like a quick shout out on social media or something like that, I think there are a lot of celebrities who'd be inclined to do that, to really kind of support the good work that's being done. Great, and I know you were trying to think of the information with R&R, but they're asking for their information, you know, for the trips. If you could find that. Yeah, and Trevor wants to know, oh, good, Whit is answering, possible to meet 101, Whit is answering that question. Great, so yeah, that's it. So the questions are coming in now that other people ask and they own trading LLC, wanted to talk via audio. So Whit will put the information in the chat room after this. Perfect, absolutely. Awesome, well, yeah, thank you guys for those questions, that's really awesome.  And so, you know, as I was mentioning before, our sort of our second big project, being that we worked on together was the website, right? It was a little bit of a rough patch. So what I was asking you just before we answered a couple of those questions was sort of like, before we stepped in, and before we started looking at your web presence, how did you guys feel, how did you personally feel about your website? I did not feel good about it. I don't think that it was a good representation of who we were. And I felt that when I looked at the website, it was like vituity light and that was not what we wanted to be known for. When you looked at it, it looked like we were a healthcare kind of company. It didn't resonate with the communities that we're trying to really impact. And it was just really dry. I felt like it was saying the same thing, but in a hundred different ways. I think you guys have all seen websites like that. You're staying the same thing on every single webpage or every single page. And it really bothered me to send people who I was asking for money from to the website and they'd come back to me and be like, but what do you really do? And that bothered me because I wouldn't want to give money to someone if I really didn't know what they did. And so yeah, I didn't feel good about it. Yeah. And I think that was really helpful when we were talking a little bit about the strategy as well. Like part of the process, right? For us to work together was really identifying what your core pillars were, right? So we went through this exercise. We kind of had most of them kind of already articulated. And then we sort of took these pillars and we essentially, for those of you who are tuning in, this is what a general like sort of a very simple site map would look like. So Bean and I worked hand in hand into identifying a new site structure for the different components and messages that live across the website. And we aligned those with sort of the key goals of sort of what the organization is committing to do. So this is what the new website site map looked like after Bean and I started to really work together from a messaging perspective. And you know, one of the things, Beena that you and I have talked about as well is like part of your mission is to take action, right? It's very action oriented. It's this is a problem we need to solve today. And your old website, which you know, you guys had built before we started talking together sort of lacked that ability to take those actions, right? There were very few places where you could fill out a form, sign up for a volunteer position, make a donation. And I think what we really were working to do was making this website, not only really showcase the work that you do, which was also something very important that was lacking, but also how can we get people involved, right? Cause you know, vitality, I think it knows, vitality cares knows this isn't a one man mission. This is a, this is a social, sort of a social movement, right? That we're all working towards. And so I just wanted to give the audience members, oh, do we have a kid joining you back there? A husband, I think, I don't know. But I just wanted to give everybody a little bit of an insight as to sort of what Beena and I were able to work on as far as like building up the strategic site map and mapping out the content so that we can properly sort of hit on those individual mission pieces and those overall goals. And so this is just a very basic, and this is Beena where I'm gonna ask you a little bit about the design process. I think this is a big question that a lot of nonprofits have when we start talking to them about their website. What does the design process look like? How collaborative is it? Is it really about like your designers or what you guys want? How does that, how did that process come about? Cause you kind of see where this is the old site over here, and then this is the site that we were able to redesign and relaunch for you guys. So would love to hear from your first hand experience about like sort of that branding, base lift and overall web design process. Yeah, so I think that the process was really seamless in the sense that you had a good understanding of what needed to be done. Half the battle was making us understand that there were big gaps in kind of our, in kind of our, there were big gaps in the building blocks of who we were. And so we literally had to go from the beginning. Again, who are we? What do we want to be known for? What do we want to be known for? Who aren't we, right? Like we can't do everything. And how do we want to move forward? And so having WIT guide us through that process was invaluable. And having that slowly be reflected in this new design was really, kind of mind opening, eye opening for me because it came together slowly. And we were able to, as we built the website, I feel like we built our foundation. And it was just a really kind of, a good clearing process for all of us. I mean, the first webinar that you kind of, or the first kind of presentation that you walked us through where we did that exercise, I think you might be showing it next about kind of who we are and who, yes, yes. This was really, this was kind of, I think that pivotal point for me and for the entire board to be like, what is it that we do and how do we best reflect that on our website? Yeah, absolutely. And I think one of the things, my favorite part of working for TAP and working with TechSoup and working within the nonprofit sector is our strategy is collaboration, right? And I'm sure being that you can probably test to that point as well. We don't stand in the corner and direct our clients, or direct the nonprofits we're working with and collaborating with and say, this is how you have to do what you do. No one does what you do better than you, right? But it's a matter of identifying the how and the who and the what and articulating that in a very confident, authentic and consistent way, right? And sometimes you're particularly within the nonprofit sector and particularly with the mission you guys have, there's a lot of passion behind it, right? So there's a lot of, there's already a lot of energy and synergy around your statements, the way you use the terminology around your mission and the impact and the changes that you hope to see. But I think it was really great exercise for us to work together on really sort of distilling all of that into a sort of core functional strategic org chart. And I'm about to get to that in a second, which is sort of I think the aha moment that all of us, including the board had when we were looking at how do we identify and outline your website presence, your social media presence. So the first thing that we did, right, was we identified who are we and who are we not? This is really helping us identify sort of what's the tone of voice, what's the overall messaging and how are we functioning within the conversations that we're having as vitality cares, right? And I think this came, this is that the, this is the separation between vitality and vitality cares if I can be, is that appropriate to say, that we're not being a, right? Absolutely. Yeah, so we had this sort of more button up medical professional versus this really social activist, slightly irreverent type of messaging. And then really building, I mean, this goes all the way to the strategic operations of the nonprofit of your foundation. And you know, working through your digital marketing, your Gala and your website presence would not have necessary, we would not have gotten this, had we not gone through those steps, right? And I think this was a really valuable piece to bring to the board some clarity and some more certainty around who you guys are and what you guys do. I don't know if you wanna add anything to that. No, yeah, no, this was a turning point. And I feel like it just takes one or two pieces of collateral that makes sense to people to really give them the confidence to go out and fundraise with it. This was what our board needed to be able to speak confidently to who we were and what we do and they were able to take this to their health systems, their clients, their partners and really brainstorm around this kind of piece of collateral and speak to this in a way that people were bought into our cause and wanted to partner with us on these activities. Absolutely, and I see Deborah asked how long this process took. So I'll answer that question. And I would say we probably got to this point, Deborah, in about, you know, the whole project with Vituity Care is spanning all the way back to mid-November for us to sort of put our heads together and figure out exactly where we were. I would say this project here, like to get this roadmap finalized is probably about three months. Would you say that's about right? It's about mid-February that we landed on this that really accelerated the website development and our social media strategy. I think so it's about a three month project to get this sort of on paper. Now also remember Deborah, Vituity started just under a year ago. So like if you have an organization and you want to put something like this together there's probably components already existing it just needs a little bit of duct tape and some super glue and some experts to take a look and sort of help build out an org chart like this that can help accelerate and provide more value to your overall digital footprint. Whether or not that's website, your website or social media strategy or email marketing strategy on sort of all of the above. So awesome. Well, I think like one of the things that I wanted to touch on, I know we're getting close to the end and I want to leave it open for questions which we're grabbing throughout the process here was one of my favorite pieces about working for tap is we get to collaborate with you guys. And as I was mentioning before, when it came to the website and working on the strategic oversight it was a really strong collaborative effort but I kind of wanted to talk a little bit about our social media approach and sort of the relationship that we have and how we kind of execute on that. I'm actually gonna stop sharing for the moment so we can kind of just have more of a conversation here. So Beena, tell me a little bit about like we have a whole team, right? We have a whole team here that's helping come up with storylines and building your social media assets, pivoting and constantly looking at how can we optimize and improve your social media strategy? So I'd love for you to kind of give your firsthand experience of working with TechSoup and TapNetwork on executing the month to month strategy around your social media. Yeah, so I would say that before we brought you guys on it was very willy-nilly in terms of how we were posting what we were posting. And there was no really consideration on who is this really targeting, right? Like is this just for other healthcare professionals? Is this just gonna go out into like the internet universe and kind of just like get dissolved in some way? But what you and Lacey and the team helped us do is think about again, what is our online persona and who really are our targets on social media? As much as we're trying to address issues within communities of color and those who have been disproportionately affected by healthcare inequities, that's not the purpose for our social media presence, right? We weren't directly, that wasn't an intervention where we were directly able to give them kind of what they needed. It was, we very quickly realized that we needed to use our social media presence to raise awareness, to fundraise, to make other healthcare professions and other foundations and other communities, community partners aware of what we're doing and how they could tap into us as a resource and how we could tap into them as a resource. And so we started really tailoring our posts and to really to that market. And so I think that was a really, really kind of good exercise. Just because of the celebrity entertainment that we had from the Gala, we very quickly got a good number of followers and we became increasingly important that in order to retain those followers, we had to put out things that were relevant and that were engaging. And the celebrity appeal was very quickly going to go away. And I'm proud to say that from the Gala until now, we've retained all of our followers. Like I was really afraid that after the Gala and after people kind of forgot about about the celebrity aspect, we'd kind of go down. And we've been able to retain the followers and that's really just exciting. And to me as a testament to the fact that we're putting things out there that people are interested in seeing. I think now we're pivoting to another kind of crucial kind of step is now that we have them engaged, how can we get them to be more actionable? How can we get them to donate? How can we get them to become mentors for our programs? How can we get them to partner with us? That's the step that we're working on right now. But I feel like that engagement is finally there. Yeah, absolutely. I mean, I still see messages come through Facebook and Instagram and especially through the website of people reaching out like, I wanna participate. I wanna volunteer. And we now have these mechanisms and we're publishing the content out there that I think is really impactful. And I'll share this with everybody. Bina and I had our regular meeting yesterday that we reviewed this, but normally we would be reviewing our quarterly analytics and it was really exciting what she'll see now tomorrow, Bina. She hasn't seen it yet. So you are all finding out right now that, since the Gala and through the Q2, just the content that we've been able to put together really has grown the engagement and grown the audiences as a whole. So it's pretty exciting. And it's all a testament again, back to that collaboration piece, right? I think it's really important that you work with somebody who's passionate about what you're doing. And I instantly clicked with you as a friend and as a colleague and as a professional relationship. And I think that collaboration, not just like openness and genuine, sort of energetic and inter-interchange really makes what we do really work well. And the rest of my team over here I know is really passionate about what is happening over at Bituity Cares, which kind of leads me to our next big project that's sort of in the works right now. And sort of now that we've got, we have the really successful Gala. We had this brand new website relaunched, I think just really gives a whole new look and feel and understanding as to what Bituity Cares does. We really were able to kind of peel back the layers of your internal organizational structure and strategy and integrate that into a really powerful and sort of impactful social media presence. We're now looking finally at some, more individual donors at fundraising initiatives. And so I wanted to just share with the folks here on our call about sort of what we're looking at doing, which is the day of giving, right? So, Bina, I don't know if you wanna share a little bit of background to sort of like what this project looks like and sort of how we're gonna be going about it. And I can add in anything else as well. Yeah, so, you know, I would say since from the Gala until now we haven't done any big fundraising pushes only because maybe this was in security of mind, but I really wanted to spend the first six months of the year launching all of the programs that we had promised that we were going to launch. And I am proud to finally be able to say that they have all been launched and now we can go back to our donors and say your funds are being used and they're being impactful. We have some data to show about how well the programs are going, the impact that they're having on the communities and we are gearing up to figure out what the next life cycle of these programs will play. And in order to do that, we need to kind of start that second round of fundraising. And so, you know, Witt and I and Lacey decided that we should do, you know, there's always the giving Tuesday, which is later on the year, but we wanna do a day of giving around the programs that we're actively working on. We are putting on public clinics for homeless and campments. We're putting on health fairs for inner city high schools and they have gone so well. These pilot projects have gone so well that there is this desire to scale them across other communities. And we now are able to concretely say that for X amount of money, we're able to do this. And so we want to kind of put out that call to action. Can you help us put together 10 more public clinics? Can you help us put together 20 more community health fairs? And we're hoping that we can engage people through our social media and some email marketing in order to really kind of raise the money for the next six months, I would say. Yeah, I think it's gonna be really great. You know, we're putting together to like a whole media kit for your staff and donors and boards and influences as well. But I think it's gonna be, I'm really excited about this project and I think it's gonna lead into some really fun stuff for the fall and the winter as we kind of head toward the next scale as well. But I did just want to touch on Terry Miller asked a question about how often are we posting for vitality cares and where have you found the most traction for social social FR? I'm not sure what you mean by social fundraising. That makes sense, okay. So there we go. So for posting schedules, that's a really good question. There's actually a digital marketing benchmark report that we released earlier this year. I will make sure that Aretha sends the link out to everybody to that download. And it talks a little bit about the data that tapped.   One of the discussion points we talked on is how often should you post on your social media? How often are other nonprofits posting? So we sort of are able to glean into what the nonprofits responded to. But at the end of the day, it really comes down to the data that you guys are able to collect from the platforms in which you're posting onto. So we use a program called Agora Pulse that we use for publishing all of the content for our clients. And those involve and include some really robust analytics tools that show us what time of day is the most engaged time of day. So we can properly identify when and how often we should be posting based on the metrics that we're receiving back, right? The data that we're getting back from those posts. So traditionally three to four posts a week is a pretty strong place to start, but you need to commit to that, right? Commit to those regular and consistent postings. Another big important piece, it's not all about quantity, it's also about quality of posts, right? So I use this with my clients all the time, I'll give you guys part of my secret sauce as a strategist is this term content fatigue. If you're posting the same kind of content over and over and over again, your followers will stop paying attention as you show up on their news feed. Cause they're just gonna go, oh, Vy2ity Cares is asking for more money again. Oh, Vy2ity Cares is asking for more money again. Like they'll adjust automatically, their brain will just zone out if it's the same type of content and the same call to action. So in order to ensure some sense of diversity and diversification in your content types goes back to what Ben and I were just discussing as collaborating on that content calendar on a monthly perspective and working together to say, how can we keep this as engaged as possible? And we're still getting the end results we're looking for without asking the same question 15 times in four weeks, right? So I hope that's helpful. That was a really good wit. So we have about four minutes and I just wanna do some quick fire questions. I noticed there's some in here that being that probably can type some answers to, people like, you know, thing use orange, you like the orange the best, you know, some, you can answer those questions. I'm gonna scroll in here. Eric from Orlando wants to know, how do you get assistance for funding for his nonprofit? Is that something you can help with? Good, I'm glad you put your information in. Please take a screenshot of that. Tap, I'm TechSoup at Tap Network. Please take a screenshot of that. So can you answer that question for Eric? How does he get assistance for funding for his nonprofits? How can you get assistance for, well, let's do this. If you could reach out to us at this email, I'd love to get a little bit more information. It's a pretty specific question. So I would love to kind of follow up in a one-on-one conversation, if that makes sense, Eric. Bosman wanna know about celebrities. Do they respond to cold calling? I would say that getting to their representative is usually the best way to get in touch with them. Obviously if you are really active on social media, you can try, but it oftentimes doesn't get them and oftentimes their social media accounts are managed by someone else. So I would say going to their website, figuring out who their representative is and usually there's a link to getting in touch with them, that's generally the best way. Okay, Dr. Elizabeth want to know how do you feel about Hootsuite? Hootsuite's fine too. I think it's just a matter of what you have a personal preference for. Hootsuite's great. I know some other people use Sprout. We've just found that Agorapulse has a really great listening tool that we're able to implement as well. So it's not only scheduling everything out, but we can actually ask Agorapulse to listen for certain phrases and listen for certain hashtags that may not be directly tagged into, for instance, by Tuiti Cares. So one of the hashtags that we use for by Tuiti Cares is hashtag healthcare heroes, right? So we're able to listen to that hashtag and if other people are using it and there's a relevant conversation for by Tuiti to engage in conversation, we can go ahead and tap into that conversation even though by Tuiti Cares wasn't directly tagged in it, if that makes sense. So I would take a look at the different capabilities. Yep, sorry. Last question, the seed of life. When is it true that social media is a very tricky aspect of marketing? Well, actually I think she was agreeing that it is true, but yes, she is right. Oh, okay. No, no. I know, but you are absolutely right. Yep, it is a very, it's tricky, but I think at the same time, it's the art part of marketing. We always say marketing is an art and a science, right? And I think that social media can be just as much the art part and like really coming up with creative and impactful storylines and content pieces and strategies is really important. But before I sign off, Aretha, and before we wrap up and say our thank yous to everybody for joining us, I did just wanna call this back out again. You know, we provide some really amazing services as well as educational content, blogs, webinars. We have a course on our 300 level course for website management that's gonna be launching in August next week, next month. So be sure to check that out. If you have any questions, feel free to reach out directly to us at TechSoup at tapnetwork.com. And Bina, I apologize, I was gonna actually have them get your email because I'm sure some folks are gonna find some of the stuff that you do incredibly valuable for your- Yeah, absolutely. The easiest way is probably just going to our website by 2dcares.org and sending me a message through there. Sorry, I'm trying to answer some of these questions without working. But yeah, just email me. In terms of our staff, when asked what our staff side is, I'm the only employee of the foundation. We have several volunteers, but right now we are very dependent on volunteers and I'm hoping as we grow, we will be able to kind of grow our paid staff as well. Wow. Well, this was amazing. I learned a lot. I'm sure there were lots of comments before saying this is great. Whit and Bina, thank you so much for being here today. I love stories. So thank you for coming to share yours, Bina. Thanks, Marisa. Thanks for having us. Bye, everybody. Bye-bye. Thank you.


0 pressure gradient and we came up with this form of the expression and the whole objective of doing the analysis was to calculate the wall shear stress. Now if you look into this expression, you will see that you may calculate the wall shear stress provided you know what is the velocity profile within the boundary layer because that is what is an unknown in the integral expression which is there. The big question is that what should be the velocity profile? Any velocity profile which you may choose or approximate in general will not be the correct one because the correct one should come out of the detailed solution of the flow field and then what is exactly there within the boundary layer but you may always substitute this velocity profile with some approximate velocity profile which sort of satisfies your boundary conditions. So when it satisfies your boundary conditions and the velocity profile is substituted here, our expectation will be that the velocity profile may be inaccurate but in a somewhat integral form the velocity profile should give not a bad estimate of the wall shear stress and this expectation is from the fact that after all the boundary layer is very thin. So error in the velocity profile may be important when you consider the velocity profile as such but in the integral sense the integral of the velocity profile might not be that erroneous. So that is one of the expectations. So whether that expectation is justified or not the best way in which we may look into it by some example. So let us say that we want to have a polynomial approximation of the velocity profile. So for example you may have different forms of this expression like one may assume a polynomial like this even you may consider a fourth order term and that is what was done by an engineer known as Pohal Hussain. So his particular method was dedicated in the name of his honour but here we are not going for a fourth order polynomial, we will leave that on you as an exercise in your assignment problem but we will consider a third order polynomial. Even one may consider a first order polynomial, one may consider a sinusoidal function, so many different forms of the functions are possible. Within the constraints of the function you have to satisfy the most important boundary conditions. So that these unknown constants a0, a1, a2, a3 whatever these are determined. So let us look into this special case as an example problem and see that how do you calculate the boundary layer thickness, the wall shear stress and the total drag force on the plate on the basis of this. So to do that first of all we have to understand that how do we calculate these coefficients. So if you have 4 coefficients you must satisfy 4 boundary conditions to get these 4 coefficients. Let us see what are the most essential boundary conditions that you need to satisfy. What is the physical problem we are considering? You have a flat plate on which you have a free stream flow coming with a velocity u infinity and the boundary layer is growing like this and you are interested in describing a velocity profile at some section x. So what are the boundary conditions that you want to satisfy? Boundary conditions. What is the most essential boundary condition that you would always like to satisfy? See the boundary conditions should come in order of priority because if you choose lower order polynomials you may not be able to satisfy all the boundary conditions because you have less number of coefficients but the most essential one you should always satisfy. What is the most essential one? No slip boundary condition at the wall. So u equal to 0 at y equal to 0. What happens in the outer stream? So let us say that y equal to delta in an engineering sense is equivalent to y tends to infinity in a mathematical sense because outside delta whatever happens is like first stream. So literally it is the variable y by delta or eta tends to infinity but it is as good as y equal to delta. So at y equal to delta what are the boundary conditions? u equal to u infinity at y equal to delta. Any other boundary condition at y equal to delta? So u does not change further with y at that. That means the gradient of u with respect to y equal to 0 at y equal to delta, a fourth boundary condition. Of course you may go on adding here like in terms of a boundary condition at y equal to delta you may also have the second order derivative of u is equal to 0. But more important boundary condition which has a priority over this is what happens at the wall because at the wall you have one boundary condition but if you really have a liberty to put more the priority should come there because these two are quite sufficient to describe what happens at the boundary layer but this alone is not very sufficient to describe what happens at the wall. I mean if there are scopes of incorporating more boundary conditions at the wall it would be better. So look at the governing equation let us try to satisfy the governing equation at the wall. See this velocity profile does not understand the momentum equation. It is just an approximate velocity profile. So we will try to teach the velocity profile in such a way that it is in a way satisfies the constraints of the governing equation at the wall. So at the wall if you look at the governing equation so if you have the let us write the momentum equation the boundary layer equation basically this is the boundary layer equation. When you consider flow over a flat plate essentially it is a 0 pressure gradient. So this term is not there. Let us try to satisfy this at the wall. At the wall u is equal to 0 by no slip boundary condition. At the wall v is equal to 0 by no penetration boundary condition. That means you must have the second derivative of u with respect to y 0 at the wall right which follows from the governing equation. So this is not a boundary condition that you directly find out intuitively but if you want to make sure that the momentum conservation is satisfied then that is what you get. So the remaining work is easy that you substitute these 4 conditions. So you will get 4 algebraic equations involving a 0, a 1, a 2 and a 3. So from that you find out a 0, a 1, a 2, a 3. So I am not going into the details of the algebra because it is too trivial. So at the end what you will get out of this is u by u infinity is equal to 3 by 2 y by delta minus half y by delta whole cube. So the remaining terms will go away okay. Now at least once you get out of this whether your algebra is correct or not at least you should check that it satisfies most of the essential boundary conditions that at y equal to 0 equal to 0 and at y equal to delta u is u infinity. Now what we will do with this velocity profile? We will use this velocity profile for evaluating the integral which is there in the expression. So to do that we will write tau wall by rho u infinity square is equal to ddx of integral 0 to delta. Now we will write 3 by 2 y by delta minus half y by delta whole cube into 1 minus 3 by 2 y by delta plus half. With a obvious substitution of variable that is eta equal to y by delta you may write this as tau wall by rho u infinity square is equal to ddx of integral 0 to 1 then 3 by 2 eta minus half eta cube into 1 minus 3 by 2 eta plus half eta cube d eta and then multiplied with a parameter delta because dy is equal to delta into d eta okay. So change of variable is there. So important thing is first of all this delta is dependent on x but this integral evaluation is not dependent on delta. So you can take this delta out of the integral. So it boils down to evaluating some sort of a polynomial expression and then coming to the integral again let us not waste any time in like doing this very simple algebra and simple integration. Let us say that out of the integration what you will get? You will get a number say you get a number k which comes out of the integral of this entire expression. It is a definite integral so it will come like a number. Now what is the tau wall? Tau wall is mu into this one at y equal to 0. So that also you may calculate from your assumed velocity profile. So what is your assumed velocity profile? So that is this one and you may calculate the first order derivative at y equal to 0. So that will be 3 by 2 delta because remaining term will have y which will be 0 at y equal to 0. So you will have mu into 3 by 2 delta rho u infinity square is also there in the denominator is equal to k into d delta dx okay. So then you can integrate this and once you integrate this you will get delta as a function of x. So let us write the integration. So you have delta d delta is equal to by rho u infinity square to 3 by 2 k dx. So if you integrate it delta square by 2 is equal to 3 by 2 k mu by rho u infinity square x plus constant of integration. As we know that in the limit as x tends to 0 you have delta tends to 0 that is the edge of the plate where from the boundary layer grows and therefore you must have c equal to 0. So you see the growth of the boundary layer is like an initial value problem where you start with x equal to 0 and whatever condition is at x equal to 0 all the subsequent conditions for delta may be evaluated. So the x coordinate here acts like a time coordinate as if you have started with time equal to 0 instead of time equal to 0 it is x equal to 0 and as you march along x in the positive direction you see that the boundary layer grows. So this is called as a marching problem. So instead of marching with respect to time you are really marching with respect to space or position. So now you can find out what is delta by x. So delta square will be 3 by k. We will always write mu by rho as mu because kinematic viscosity is what that governs the physical situation. So mu by u infinity square x. So you can see clearly that delta varies with square root of x which we have also seen from the previous analysis like the order of magnitude analysis and the blacier solution. Now if you want to find out how delta by x is scaled so basically what you have to do you have to divide by x square. So if you divide it by x square then okay one important thing is we have missed 1 u infinity here because this u should be I mean it is u into u infinity is this one. So somewhere u infinity has to be there. So yes 2 by yes into u infinity that is 1 u infinity we have missed. So this u infinity and this u infinity will cancel. So eventually we will have only 1 u infinity here right. So for evaluation of the tau wall there was 1 u infinity. So this is u infinity that has to be there. Now if you divide it by x so delta by x square is 3 by k into nu by u infinity x that means delta by x is square root of 3 by k into Reynolds number to the power – half okay. So if this is calculated this comes out to be this particular number roughly if I remember correctly roughly 4.64. So see this is somewhat erroneous because if you remember the blacier solution this was 5. So instead of 5 it is coming out to be 4.6 or something like that but the important thing is that the scaling behavior is similar. See the order of magnitude gave delta by x of the order of Reynolds number to the power – half. The exact solution is like 5 into Reynolds number to the power – half. Some approximation it is deviated from the exact solution but we are not really that much bothered about this one. This is somewhat disturbing because the approximate solution is somewhat deviated from the exact one but this is what is not our focus. Our focus is the wall shear stress calculation. We are never expecting that it will give the correct boundary layer growth but our expectation is that at least integral of the velocity profile will nullify the error in the velocity profile to some extent and get a better estimation of the wall shear stress. So let us calculate the wall shear stress. So if you write the wall shear stress tau wall that is mu 3 mu u infinity by 2 delta that is what and delta you may substitute as a function of x. So delta is nothing but 3 mu by 2 3 mu u infinity by in place of delta we will write square root of 3 by k into square root of mu by u infinity x. So what we will get essentially say tau wall, what is our matter of interest is the non-dimensional form of the tau wall. So the non-dimensional form of the tau wall is given by this CF which is the friction coefficient which is tau wall by half rho u infinity square. So you divide this by half rho u infinity square. So one of the u infinities get cancelled then you are left with there is one mu by rho that means it is basically something into which one? This x is no just I am using this expression. So delta is square root of this one whatever into square root of x okay. So that is what is substituted here. So this one something into mu by u infinity into root over mu x by u infinity. So that means CF is coming out to be something into Reynolds number to the power – half. See this becomes square root of u infinity this numerator becomes square root of mu. So square root of mu by u infinity x. So this constant if it is evaluated this comes out to be 0.646 and the exact solution the Blasius solution gives this one as 0.664 and this is really quite close. So the error between these 2 may not be that significant for a calculation for an engineering calculation and therefore you see that remarkably although the velocity profile was erroneous although the boundary layer thickness was quite erroneous this is also erroneous but the error has somewhat gone down and that is because of using this in the integral form. So the whole expectation is that the functions may be inaccurate but area under the function as area under the curve that may be the approximately the same despite the error in the function themselves. So this sometimes is called as skin friction coefficient. So sometimes this is given with a subscript x. So CF with subscript x for CF as a function of x and the name of this is known as skin friction act coefficient. Why it is so? Because we will later on see that there may be other mechanisms of having a drag force on a body. So here this drag force is originated out of the frictional action or the viscous action. So this is given a name of skin friction drag coefficient. The subscript x to indicate that it is local friction coefficient that means as you change x this will vary. Now one is interested at the end to calculate the total drag force on the plate. So how do you calculate the total drag force on the plate? To calculate the total drag force on the plate basically you have to keep in mind that the wall shear stress varies locally with x and it is important to take care of that local variation. So to take care of that local variation what we may consider is let us say at a distance x. We take a small strip on the plate of thickness dx. So the plate is having some width so it is basically there is a strip which has some width. So let us say that the width of the plate is b. So the element that we have considered is something like this and the shaded portion which is there, this is where it is exposed to the fluid and that is where there is a shear stress between the fluid and the solid. So how do you calculate that what is the total shear force on this element, whatever is the shaded element. So let us say that df is the shear force on the element. So what is df? So tau wall is the wall shear stress that into b into dx. If you want to find out the total one of course you have to integrate it. So the total f, so let us give it a subscript d to indicate that it is a drag force. So fd will be integral of tau wall bdx from x equal to 0 to x equal to l where you know that how tau wall varies with x. So that is already known to us. So tau fd let us write integral 0 to l in place of this one we write 3 by 2 mu by square root of 3 by k u infinity divided by nu by u infinity x into b into d. So again if you consider the form like there will be some numbers based on what is the value of k then mu u infinity divided by square root of nu by u infinity b then just integral of x to the power minus half dx. So it will become this one. Now just like the local skin friction coefficient is a non-dimensional representation of the wall shear stress locally. There is also a non-dimensional representation of the drag force and that is given by coefficient of drag. So let us write what is the coefficient of drag. So the coefficient of drag is given by fd divided by something reference. See this is a force. So this should be represented by some equivalent half rho u infinity square that is there times some reference area. So what area you will choose here? So if l is the length of the plate b into l we will see later on that depending on the shape of the body there are engineering conventions of how what reference area should be taken. So this fundamentally is like some reference area. For flow over a flat plate it is like this b into l but for different shaped bodies we will see if it just flow past a circular cylinder maybe flow past a aerofoil section how these reference areas will change from one to the other. It is nothing very fundamental it is an engineering convention that what reference area you choose for designating the coefficient of drag.  So again you will get one of the u infinity gets cancelled out. So this is something into Reynolds number to the power – 1.5 but Reynolds number is based on l. So this Reynolds number is not based on any local coordinate but the total length of the plate. So this gives the total effect and this coefficient is just double of this 0.646. So it is whatever like 0.646 into 2 and it is therefore also quite close to the result that one gets from the exact solution or the Blasius solution. So what we get out of this exercise is we have seen that how by using an approximate velocity profile we may estimate how the boundary layer thickness grows with x, how we calculate the wall shear stress and how we calculate the total drag force and their non-dimensional versions. Again because this is originating out of a skin friction force so sometime this is given with a subscript cdf. So f for skin friction because as I have mentioned we will encounter such examples where there will be also other mechanisms of the drag force not just the wall shear stress okay. Next we will try to go through some of the important concepts or important terminologies related to the boundary layer and these terminologies are displacement thickness and momentum thickness. So first terminology that we will try to understand is displacement thickness delta star. What it is? Let us say that you have a flat plate but there is no growth of boundary layer. So then what happens if you have uniform flow, uniform flow will remain uniform and that means the plate is having no effect. So if there was a streamline say there was a streamline like this, this streamline would move parallel to the original direction. So when you have uniform flow the streamlines are actually parallel to the flow direction. So let us say this is one of such undisturbed streamlines. Now this is what that does not happen in reality. In reality what happens? In reality you have a growth of the boundary layer. Let us say that the boundary layer is growing and the boundary layer is growing like this. So because of the growth of the boundary layer what happens? What will happen to the streamlines? The streamlines will originally be parallel to each other but when they come close to the plate will the streamline, so we have decided or we have come to a conclusion that the streamline cannot remain just like this. So it has to get shifted or deflected. Question is it will be deflected upwards or downwards? Upwards. So let us try to see that why it should get deflected upwards. So let us say that because of the effect of the boundary layer the streamline has got deflected upwards. So this same streamline which was undisturbed now it has got deflected upwards. The reasoning is very straightforward. If you consider 2 sections let us say that we consider one section here say section A and another section here say B. If the flow is steady whatever is the flow rate through section A should be the same flow rate through section B because see this black line this is a streamline. So there cannot be any flow across it okay. Now if the same flow rate has to be maintained see this is the region where the flow is slowed down. To compensate for that the streamline should be upward so that this extra flow plus this flow becomes same as this flow right. So the streamline has to move upward not downward. Question is how much does the streamline move upward? Let us say that we have chosen such a reference that this is the delta at the given x and let us say that this shift of the streamline is delta star. We want to find out what is this delta star. Nature is not important for us. This is just a rough sketch. What is important is that whether it is shifted upwards or downwards because like we are not having any attention on what happens across the streamline because by definition of the streamline there is no flow across the streamline okay. So let us write let us try to find out this delta star. What would be the basis by which we may find it out that the mass flow rate at the sections A and B must be the same. So you must have m dot at the section A same as m dot at the section B. So if the uniform velocity was u infinity at the section A it is rho into u infinity into delta into the width. Let us say the width is what? B. Now the width will get cancelled in both the sides. So let us not just write the width. For B you see there is one portion within the boundary layer. So that is integral 0 to delta u dy where u is the velocity as a function of y here. Outside the boundary layer you have u equal to u infinity. So plus rho integral of delta to delta plus delta star into u infinity dy. Basically that into u infinity into delta star. So from here if we simplify one more step what we get? You will get u infinity into delta is equal to integral 0 to delta u dy plus u infinity into delta star. This term you can also write as integral 0 to delta u infinity dy all the same. The whole idea is that we want to club these 2 terms together. So from here you can write delta star is equal to 0 to delta 1-u by u infinity dy by dividing all the terms by u infinity. So this is known as displacement thickness. So physically what it is indicating? Physically it is indicating maybe a displacement or a shift in the streamline because of the existence of the boundary layer. It may also be looked from a different angle. Let us say that we are trying to consider a case when this is a flat plate with boundary layer and retardation of the flow close to the wall and we consider an equivalent case when we do not consider the effect of the wall directly. But what we do is we make a shift of the wall. So the new location of the wall becomes say like this. What should be this shift? So that this problem with a boundary layer is equivalent to a problem with a uniform flow. So this is a problem with a boundary layer. This is a problem where we are trying to have the same flow rate but no boundary layer that means there will be a uniform flow. So let us say that the uniform flow is like this with a velocity u infinity. So here there is a growth of the boundary layer. So you have a delta as a function of x. Here you do not consider the growth of the boundary layer but to avoid that analysis what you do? You shift the plate a bit upwards because the effect of the boundary layer is it has a reduction in the flow rate. So if you still want to use u infinity, you make a shift of the plate somewhat so that your effective area of the flow gets reduced. So that multiplied with u infinity should give the same as this one. So let us say that this shift of the plate is a. What is our constraint? Our constraint is that the flow rate should be the same. This is the hypothetical uniform flow. This is the real boundary layer flow. So here the velocity profile is like this. This is u infinity. So what is the flow rate here? The flow rate here is integral of 0 to delta u dy. What is the flow rate here? u infinity into delta – a. Of course I am just considering the volume flow rate per unit width of the plate. So rho into b that term I am not considering. So if you equate these 2, what you will get from here is what is a? a is nothing but integral 0 to delta 1 – u by u infinity dy. So this is nothing but delta star. So what does it mean? It means that the displacement thickness also may be looked at as a hypothetical displacement of the solid boundary. So that the remaining flow within the length delta may be perceived as a hypothetical uniform flow still predicting the same correct flow rate. So the advantage of this is that sometimes you do not want to analyze the details of the boundary layer but you just want to have a gross estimate of the flow rate. If you do not know what is delta star then what you may say is that within this length this – delta star whatever is there the velocity is uniform. So it is not that it is actually uniform. It is a pseudo situation with which you are matching with the exact situation. What you are not compromising with is the flow rate prediction. So the pseudo situation and the correct situation are giving the same flow rate that is the basis of this. Now although the mass flow rates over the sections a and b are the same but the momentum flow rates are not the same and we will see that what is the difference in the momentum flow rates over the sections a and b. So let us write what is the momentum flux or maybe momentum rate of momentum transfer. So the rate of momentum transfer at a what is this? So you have what is the rate of mass transfer at a? Rho u infinity into delta that multiplied by u infinity is the rate of momentum transfer at a. What is the rate of momentum transfer at b? Again one part within the boundary layer another part outside the boundary layer. So whatever is within the boundary layer you have rho integral of u into u that is u square dy from 0 to delta plus it is basically rho u infinity square into delta star that is the top portion. Top portion outside the boundary layer velocity u infinity. So if you want to find out what is the difference between these 2 momentum flux or momentum rate of momentum transfer at a and b the difference of these 2. So that you have rho into u infinity square delta minus integral 0 to delta u square dy minus rho u infinity square into delta star is what? Delta star is u infinity minus u by u infinity integral of that dy from 0 to delta. So one of the u infinity get cancelled out. So when one of the u infinity get cancelled out the next step we can have a simplification. Let us go for that simplification. So this becomes first of all this becomes minus rho u infinity square delta. So there is one u infinity square delta then there is minus one u infinity square delta. So this term gets cancelled out with the first term.  So now what you see that what this is not 0 right. Therefore there is a difference. Now is this positive or negative? This is positive because u infinity is greater than u. So u into infinity is greater than u square. So that means this is actually a representative of the very important fact that there is a momentum deficit at the section B. So whatever was the rate of momentum transport at the section A, the rate of momentum transport at the section B is somewhat less than that. And this is indicator of how less it is. So this you can write as rho into u infinity square. Let me just taking u infinity square as a reference. So u by u infinity into 1-u by u infinity dy. Just a non-normalized or non-dimensional way of writing is the term which is there in the integral. And see this term in the integral is a term that we have encountered in the momentum integral equation. Tau wall by rho u infinity square was d dx of this quantity. And this we call as theta which is also given as symbol of momentum thickness. So momentum thickness that is given by theta. And what is important is that this momentum thickness what it physically indicates? It physically indicates the deficit in the rate of momentum transport across 2 sections because of the development of the boundary layer. That is the physical implication of this. But mathematically this is expressed just by this integral. Sometimes one also uses third parameter which is known as the shape factor h which is given by delta star by theta. The ratio of these 2. Why it is given a name of a shape factor is somewhat obvious. The obvious is that this ratio depends on the shape of the velocity profile. So only on the shape of the velocity profile because if you see the integrals, these integrals of course they themselves depend on the shape of the velocity profile. But sort of even their ratio also therefore depends on the only on the shape of the velocity profile. Shape of the velocity profile means u by u infinity as a function of y by delta. That is the shape of the velocity profile. So once the shape is fixed this is also automatically fixed. So that is why we call it a shape factor and given a velocity profile it is possible to determine the shape factor. Now the important thing is that we have till now considered the boundary layer over a flat plate and that is one of the very simple cases. But even in this very simple case we have not considered one thing that is the effect of turbulence. We have considered that means implicitly that the boundary layer develops as a laminar boundary layer. But in reality the boundary layer may have a transition towards turbulence and what is the Reynolds number that is important here? The Reynolds number here is dependent on the parameter the axial location x. So you see that as you move along the plate this Reynolds number increases. Beyond the critical Reynolds number you have the inertia forces dominating so much that a slight disturbance may trigger the onset of turbulence and then the laminar boundary layer changes its characteristic to a turbulent boundary layer. May not be abruptly but at least over a given distance and the critical x or the critical Reynolds number at which this transition occurs for flow over a flat plate is roughly 5 x 10 to the power 5. So you see that the critical Reynolds number it depends on different geometries. See for flow through a circular pipe the critical Reynolds number was roughly of the order of 2000. There the reference length was the diameter of the pipe. Here the reference length is the axial coordinate. There the reference velocity was the average velocity. Here the reference velocity is the free stream velocity u infinity. So the critical Reynolds number is therefore not a magical number which is true for all cases like depending on the situation your reference length changes, your reference velocity changes and the convention changes all together. Now what happens to the growth of the boundary layer if you have such a transition. To understand that let us work out a problem by which we will base illustrate it. So just note down this problem that consider the turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate for which u by u infinity is given by y by delta to the power of 1 by 7. So this is the velocity profile for the turbulent boundary layer. So when you say u remember we are not writing it explicitly but this is the average velocity. This is not the instantaneous velocity with fluctuations. So u by u infinity is y by delta to the power of 1 by 7. This is given for the turbulent boundary layer. What you have to determine? Number 1 the Cf and Cd that is the local skin friction drag coefficient and total drag coefficient on the plate for the flow over the plate if the entire boundary layer is turbulent. Number 2 the same things Cf and Cd if the boundary layer undergoes a transition to turbulence Re critical equal to 5 into 10 to the power 5 okay. Then what is given? Given is that at the wall this is what is given at the wall. We will see that why this is given at the wall. This is from experiments. This is actually real data from experiments conducted by Blasius. So this is from experiments and for laminar flow for laminar boundary layer it is given that Cf is equal to 1.328 into Reynolds number that is Cdf right Cd 1.328 into Reynolds number to the power minus half Cdf okay. So with this problem statement let us try to work out this problem and this will give us some idea. First of all this is the velocity profile which is again for turbulent flow it is not possible to determine the velocity profile exactly. So this is just a curve fit of the experimental velocity profiles and therefore it is not a very accurate one. The loss of accuracy is important at some place and let us see what is the place.  So this part you may substitute u by u infinity as a function of y by delta and then you will get this as something into d delta dx that is fine. Substitute u by u infinity as y by delta to the power this. Now what about tau all? See if you want to calculate mu du dy at the wall you see that you cannot calculate using this velocity profile. So this velocity profile is not exactly valid at the wall for calculating the wall shear stress and that is why the wall shear stress has to be separately determined from experimental conditions and that is what it has been experimentally determined. See fluid mechanics is such a subject where you cannot independently go or grow with theory or experiment you have to somehow make a good combination of these for understanding the physical principles. So tau all by rho u infinity square you will have 0.0 225 into mu by u infinity into delta to the power 1 by 4. So then it is straight forward you integrate this and get delta as a function of x. So if you integrate this you will get let me just tell you the answer quickly you will get delta by x is equal to 0.37 into Reynolds number to the power – 1 5th okay. So once you get delta by x it is easy to calculate the Cf and Cd just as we did for the previous cases. So let me give you the answers at least so that you can verify later on. So Cf will be 0.058 into Reynolds number to the power – 1 5th and Cd is 0.075 into Reynolds number to the power – 1 5th okay. So these are the answers for the first part of the problem. But this is not a very realistic representation why? Because we know that the boundary layer does not become turbulent from the very beginning. The Reynolds number is based on the local x. Local x is initially very small so it is always initially laminar and then it becomes turbulent. So the real picture maybe something like this. So you may have the flat plate in this way. You have first a laminar boundary layer then it undergoes a transition to turbulent boundary layer. Let us say that this is the length x critical over which it is laminar and then beyond that it is turbulent. So the question will be that what is the length of your plate? If the length is greater than x critical how do you find out x critical? x critical is given by u infinity x critical by nu is 5 into 10 to the power 5 that is re critical. So given u infinity you can always find out what is x critical. If your length of the plate is greater than x critical then in reality there is a great chance that the remaining flow is turbulent. So your actual drag force actual is what? If you say calculate the total drag force as an artifact or outcome of that the entire boundary layer is turbulent there is an error because of the presence of the laminar part. So that error we have to nullify. So what we can do? We may consider that it is f drag force that is the drag force with from x equal to 0 to x equal to l considering it as turbulent, fully turbulent. Then subtract the drag force from x equal to 0 to x equal to x critical for turbulent and add the drag force for that part for the laminar okay. So as if the full thing was turbulent then you subtract the turbulent part from the initial and add the laminar part okay. And you have to keep in mind that when you are writing the corresponding the cd's so this will be cd into half rho u infinity square into b into l. Here it will be cd into half rho u infinity square b into x critical and here also it will be the same cd into half rho u infinity square b into x critical. The difference is that in one case the cd is the laminar cd in another case this is the turbulent cd. So this is turbulent cd this is the turbulent cd and this is the laminar cd. In the problem already it is given what is the expression for the laminar cd you have to be careful in place of l you have to now use the x critical as the reference length. And then if you make a simplification of this the net drag force is the f drag force actual by half rho u infinity square into b into l that is the net cd and the answer of this will come out to be 0.0725 Reynolds number to the power –1.5 –1740 by Reynolds number. This is the answer to this. So if you just substitute and make a simplification just check that whether you get this final expression. So what this final expression says that there is a correction because of a part of the boundary layer being laminar and not the entire boundary layer being turbulent and this is the expression of the composite cd that takes care of the fact that a part is laminar and then it is turbulent. So with this we stop our discussion today and in the next class we will start with the discussions on boundary layer where you have the effect of the pressure gradient till now we have considered the boundary layer without the effect of pressure gradient and boundary layer with the effect of the pressure gradient we will start discussing from the next class. Thank you.


Hi, my name is Denny Motter, the Art Director for NASA Science, here to introduce the 2023 Earth Day poster. In honor of NASA's Earth Information Center, this year's poster features a central, colorful sphere-like wreath composed of lush green trees, fine flowers, and various plants and wildlife. This little world floats in space with flower petals and leaves drifting around like stars in the sky. In the center, an astronaut leads a little girl through a grassy clearing. The astronaut serves as a visual metaphor for NASA, leading the next generation of explorers to discover the world around them. Although many only know NASA by our human exploration program, we have been studying Earth's interconnected systems for more than 50 years. Our open-source and publicly available data enables scientists to have a greater understanding of our planet's climate and how it's changing over time. In the distant sky, an eclipse can be seen, alluding to the upcoming annular eclipse, which will be visible across America in October later this year. The details of this year's artwork were painstakingly composited from well over a thousand layers. Each branched flower and leaf were clipped and colorized, adding highlights and shadows to blend them into the composition. I spent a lot of time playing around with color in depth of field, creating a world that pops off the page while pulling you in at the same time. In a departure from previous years, the composition is cropped across the middle in a landscape format, but still retains the series 15 by 30 aspect ratio. Oh, and I did manage to hide one more Easter egg. The Artemis I launch can be seen reflected in the astronaut's helmet. If you like this year's Earth Day poster, be sure to check out the Complementary Moon poster. To download the 2023 Earth Day poster, including desktop and mobile wallpapers and posters from past years, visit science.nasa.gov backslash 2023 poster. And for that Complementary Moon poster, visit science.nasa.gov backslash science-explorers. Happy Earth Day, everyone!