The founder and pioneer national chairman of the defunct Congress for Progressive Change, CPC Senator Rafaah Anga, has said there was an implied agreement that President Mohamed Buhari would hand over power to the national leader of the all-progressive Congress, APC, and former governor of Lagos State, Bola Tinibu, in 2023. Anga, who chaired one of the parties which collapsed to form the APC in 2014, said the agreement was the reason why Tinibu remained in the APC after Buhari's first term. He, however, expressed doubt that the APC will give its ticket to Tinibu, predicting a fight ahead with power blocks among governors and some other forces in the presidency. Joining us to discuss this is O'Ponabo, in Kotaere. He's a political affairs analyst. Thank you very much for joining us, Mr Taere. Thank you, Mr Taere. Yes, so there are lots of, they said we would do this and we would do that, but let's start with the fact that this man, let's look at the messenger, and then we look at the message. A former chairman of the defunct CPC, of course, that used to be, used to be the party where President Mohamed Buhari was, and then, of course, all of these parties merged together to become APC. And before measures take place, I'm sure that there are certain agreements that are taken, but then when you hear the term a gentleman's agreement, it looks like a handshake in the dark, isn't it? Well, a gentleman's agreement does not necessarily mean a handshake in the dark. I mean, it's just about understanding. In most cases, it could be implied. In most cases, it could be expressly stated. It depends on your understanding of the signal from the other party. If it's implied, but if it's expressly stated, then it's obvious. It's losing to everybody. I'll give this to you if you do this for me. That is what you call the consensus added there. If you do this, I'll do this. If you give me this, I'll give you. But if I do not so expressly state it, and you infer that it is not implied, you infer that this is going to be a reward for doing this. Well, so to speak, fine. But one point has to be noted. It is not where it's patrimony. This is a democracy. We are not talking about a military regime. It's not a juncture where A will say, I'll hand over to B for the role you play in my assumption of office. But isn't this what is obtainable in Nigerian politics?  And then when I go down, it's going to be that person. We've seen it happen in many states. I mean, why all of a sudden is this a crime? Is it because of the president? Is it because it's the APC? It is first and foremost. It is not, it is antithetical to democratic practice. But does it happen? Don't talk about that. But doesn't it happen? That's why it is. That's why you don't express this so steep. Because you are trying to say, you're going to have any cause of banning the will of the masses. Their votes will not count because the democracy, it devotes the masses, they decide who becomes the leader. So I want to, I want to take you up on this. Because it is implied. Let me take you up. God knows. Let me take you up. Hold on. Yes. Let me take you up on this. When you say that we are not allowing the average Nigerian person to determine who becomes their governor, that's already determined at the party level. Why? Because the ordinary Nigerian, most of them are not necessarily members of the party caucuses. They do not decide who wins the party congress or primaries. So really, does the average Nigerian really have a say in who the party finally gives us as the governorship of the presidential candidate?  Whether, whether the more, I'm not speculating. I'm just saying. That's what I'm saying. But it's the party that produces the candidates, isn't it? But, but, well, even if Buare had made that promise, I have to say, if it was in Trapati, that would not be part of Nigeria here. But even if Buare had made, especially made that promise, there are dynamics. The situation has changed. And Buare probably would have made that promise just for him to get the ticket. Because we know the role Tini Bu play in Buare's imagine. We know the role Tini Bu play in Buare's victory. So if Buare would have made that promise, and Tini Bu would have played those roles, would have contributed so much. Believing he was going to succeed Buare, or he is going to succeed Buare. But then, don't forget that at that time, how many of them were there? How many were in the party? How many people have existed in the party? These are the issues you're going to consider. And you now have power blocks. New power blocks? No. There is just this rumor that Tini Buare has fallen out. It goes to your point where Mr. President himself has to come out to say he had no problem with Tini Bu. So a lot of things would have happened. A lot of other would have gone under the bridge. So as you speak right now, you have new power blocks. New power blocks that can comfortably checkmate Tini Bu. Before now it was Tini Bu, Tini Bu and Tini Bu. But I can tell you today that you don't just have the Tini Bu faction. You have at least three to four major factions within the APC. And all of them have the years of Mr. President. So it's going to be a little bit difficult for Mr. President. We are going and going to hand this power over to Tini Bu. It's going to be a very tough order. Because a lot of people, they must have agreements, reconciliation, and what even as I understand, even the President, who is in government, is also interested. Interesting. It's also interesting. Yes. So you have a lot of issues. So it's not going to be as easy as a lot of people think that this Guaroo does get up all the time to say it's not with Tini Bu. Even it, and what is not coming back for a second, for a top 10. So even though you have that influence right now, the influence is not as strong. It has been said that it's not as strong as it was in its first time. You have the nine mother, we can talk it to her with this man after her his meeting. That's a very funny thing when governments, twice the people, after one or two years, or the second time that even their so-called beneficiaries, who are who took over from them, have issues with them. Because they are not there to hide with you. What else can you do? You're already out of power or you're going out. You're on your way out. So that's exactly what the situation will be. It's not going to be the President to say it's not going to hand over to Tini Bu. It's not going to be that Tini Bu. Tini Bu will really have to love it for it. I'm curious about the sensitivity of this issue. As much as many people would say, oh, pain or ear, I mean, Hangar is calling it an open secret. He's said that he's implied that it's an open secret, that every serious member of the APC knows about this implied agreement. But then we reached out to several APC stalwarts and leaders. But they all passed on this particular issue.  He also said he didn't respond to this. So does this signal that there might be some trouble brewing in the APC, being that Hangar also said that it's going to be pretty tough for whoever would emerge to be President on the platform of the APC, being that it's he seemingly implied that it was a house that was on shaky footing? Well, first, a lot of people were probably still to respond because I think that they were probably aware of this implied agreement. And now, because of the prevailing circumstances, and so we're not going to be caught in the crossfire. Maybe they are aware, but they have realized that it's going to be difficult. And they don't have to be quoted. Now, you're quoting the former CPC chairman. They don't want that for themselves. So because in politics, you have to be extremely careful so that you don't fall on the wrong side. And I think that's what they are, but they are just being cautious. On the issue of APC winning in 2023, it's all on that because of its abysmal performance. There is so much hunger in the land. The insecurity of the doomed apocalyptic dimension. In fact, everybody, there is so much uncertainty. In fact, there is confusion. Hunger tracks the lives of this country. So it will be very, very difficult for anybody who might be an APC chairman, APC candidate in 2023 to win the election. It will take the intervention, especially the intervention of God, for that to happen. Really, I'm curious and I'm not in any way saying that the APC will or will not win. I mean, that's subject to the elections in 2023. But we seem to see a lot of movements in the APC's direction.  Now, that's me using every other day loosely. Again, we have seen the PDP governors, the PDP governors saying that they're being threatened by the APC and they've been threatened to defect. I remember the spokesperson for the PDP governors after that meeting, implying that there seems to be a push and a hammer, you know, trying to knock them to move to the opposition. So if you sound like, oh, it's the tall order for the APC, they seem to be building their strengths in lips and bounds because they're stealing from the opposition and they're growing their numbers. Isn't that even a plus in that direction? Yes, yes, I can tell you. But most of these governors that defected from PDP to APC did not defect because they believed in the ideals of the party, did not defect because the party is doing well. In fact, that would be an indictment on themselves because as governors of the state, if the state is not doing well, your own state is not doing well, then you are afraid they're going to box us after a table. So they are defecting not for other centric reasons, not for any atrocity. It is not in the interest of their members. It is just because most of them are in their second term and they want higher office. Not even for pure persecution, no, but because the man who ordinarily would have persecuted them is also living with them. So it is for higher office, they are defecting because they believe that in the PDP, there is their chances of getting to where they want to get us quite soon. You know, there is this belief that in the PDP, you have somebody that is using his freedom, bringing his freedom to bear and is dictating to the party. A lot of people who have accused, have said that, many top PDP scholars have said that and have alluded to that. So they knew and most of them will come back to this impunity when they realize that realizing their ambition might be a little bit hideous. They will come back to this impunity. It is all about interest. Politics is all about interest. It has nothing to do with how well the party has said or how well the present government has said. It has nothing to do with that, no nexus with that. It has to do with personal ambition and that's how they are defecting. So if it's all about ambition, so if it's all about ambition, then it means that, I mean, if the APC is growing in their numbers every day because everybody there seems to be ambitious, does it not translate? Go ahead. No, maybe I should, I remember how I said, as we made an introduction, most of them will come back to the PDP or go back to the PDP. Before 2023? Even Justin, that can be the case. What is this? I mean, the policies have just started. The political policies have just started. By next year, early next year, a lot will play out. It's too early right now to come up with problems. A lot will play out by next, early next year. I can tell you that. A lot of holders are defecting. It happened even in 2019. It happened in 2015. A lot of holders have defected to the APC, will come back to the PDP and will apologize to the PDP and tell them it was a big mistake when they darkened out within their lives. It's not all those kind of political statements. That is what is going to happen in 2020. Let's examine the PDP for a minute. The PDP seems to be fading in its voice, unfortunately. And I remember talking to Colla Lovadinho, the National Publicity Secretary of the PDP I think two weeks ago, and I asked him why they have not played their opposition role as powerfully as the APC did them in 2015 and before it became the APC and why it seems like the PDP just recently found its voice again in the midst of all the insecurity that we've been facing in the country. So it begs the question. I remember someone who was on the show asked me, what exactly is in the PDP and why would people not leave the PDP? So really, let's take a look at the PDP. Have they really, you know, played their role well as the opposition? And what do they really have that would make their members want to stay put?  Well, like I just said, you've only bulked up my assertion. Like I said, it has nothing to do with ideology. It has to do with the fruition of ambition, where which party will be a better chance platform for me to realize ambition? It's as simple as that. Now, talking of PDP being a viral opposition, PDP has failed at this moment completely, compared to the role that this is played in 2014-2015. PDP, there is no position in this country, the opposition you have are the civil society groups and individuals. Not PDP at the fact. PDP is on a long journey of lethargic sleep, in the land of lethargic sleep on the nest. And you said they are just waking up. They are not PDP, they are not woken up. It's still a long journey, sojourn, in the land of lethargic sleep. It has no woken up at all. Because we are all aware of what they actually did in 2013-2014 or 2015. We are aware. And we are talking about this is 2021. And you cannot even feel the impact of the party, the major opposition party in the country. You can't even feel the impact. The PDP talks like any other animal you might be once in a while. You are not going to be proactive. Everything was quite proactive. PDP is only reacting. So that's the other opposition we have are the civil society groups and individuals. Not PDP, I can say that. I won't say this. If you talk about what the PDP has done, you see, the two parties failed Nigeria. No public. The two parties, no doubt about that. They have failed Nigeria. But then, when you justify the two between the PDP and the PDP, I can tell you that the PDP failed better. But again, it is a paradox. Why did I say it's a paradox? Because most of the PDP members, we are PDP members. And if we say the PDP members are from the world, then we are also saying, by extension, that some of the members who are from the world are governors or are ministers. But most of them today, we are PDP members. Okay. Well, so it looks bleak. You look from the start. You look confused. I'm a little confused because it's difficult for us to actually tell who's who now. But on that note, we have to wrap things up. Because I'm sure the avid Nigerian who's watching now is also as confused as us as to where is this ship headed. Well, thank you very much. Okay, we've already said for example now, the Minister for Transportation did actually where we were developed in the first ten. I've given an example in the university. Now he's an APC member. So how are you going to accept him? Well, we have to go. Thank you very much. We have to go. Uponaboy and Kutaira is a public affairs analyst. Thank you very much for speaking with us. We really appreciate it. Thank you. All right. Well, on that note, I want to thank you all for being part of the conversation. We are out of time. I am Mary Anna Kun. I'll see you tomorrow when we're analyzing other political issues. Have a good evening.


Once, upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, while I nodded, merely napping, suddenly there came a tapping as of someone gently wrapping, wrapping at my chamber door. To some visitor, I muttered, wrapping at my chamber door, only this and nothing more. Distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, and each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow, vainly I had sought to borrow, from my book's surcease of sorrow, sorrow for the lost Lenore, for the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore, nameless here forevermore. And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain thrilled me, filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before, so that now, so still the beating of my heart I stood repeating, to some visitor and treating entrance at my chamber door, some late visitor and treating entrance at my chamber door, this is it and nothing more. Presently my soul grew stronger, hesitating then no longer, Sir, said I, or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore, but the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came wrapping, and so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, that I scarce was sure I heard you. Here I opened wide the door, darkness there and nothing more. Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there, wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before, but the silence was unbroken and the stillness gave no token, and the only word there spoken was the whispered word, Lenore. This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word Lenore, merely this and nothing more. Back into the chamber turning all my soul within me burning, soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before, surely, said I, surely that is something at my window lattice, let me see then where that is and this mystery explore, let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore, tis the wind and nothing more. Open here I flung the shutter, when with many a flirt and flutter, in there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of your, not the least obeisance made he, not a minute stopped or stayed he, but with mean of lord or lady perched above my chamber door, perched upon a bust of palace just above the chamber door, perched and sat and nothing more. But this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, by the graven stern decorum of the countenance at war, though my crest be shorn and shaven thou, I said, art sure no craven, ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the nightly shore, tell me what thy lordly name is on the night's plutonian shore, quoth the raven, never more. Much I marveled, this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, though its answer little meaning, little relevancy bore, for we cannot help agreeing that no living human being ever yet was blessed was seeing bird above his chamber door, bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door, with such a name as never more. But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only that one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour. Nothing farther than he muttered, not a feather then he fluttered, till I scarcely more than muttered, other friends have flown before. On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before, then the bird said, never more. Stardled at the stillness, broken by reply so aptly spoken, doubtless said I, what it utters is its only stock and store, caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful disaster followed fast and followed faster till his songs won burden bore, till the dirges of his hope that melancholy burden bore of never, never more. But the raven, still beguiling all my fancy into smiling, straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of a bird and bust endure. Then, upon the velvet sinking, I but took myself to linking, fancy unto fancy thinking, what this ominous bird of yore, what this grim, ungainly, ghastly gaunt, and ominous bird of yore meant in croaking, never more. This, I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing to the foul whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core. This and more I sat divining with my head at ease reclining on the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp light gloated over. But whose velvet violet lining with the lamp light gloating over she shall press, ah, never more. Then, me thought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censor, swung by Seraphim, whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor. Wretch, I cried, thy God hath lent me, by these angels he hath sent thee, respite, respite, and epentee from thy memories of Lenore. Quaff, oh quaff this kind, and epentee, and forget this lost Lenore, both the raven, never more. Prophet, said I, thing of evil, profit still if bird of devil, whether temper sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted, on this home by horror haunted, tell me truly I implore, is there, is there balm in Gilead? Tell me, tell me I implore, both the raven, never more. Prophet, said I, thing of evil, profit still if bird or devil, by that heaven that bends above us, by that God we both adore, tell this soul with sorrow laden, if within the distant Aden it shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom the angels name Lenore, clasp a rare and radiant maiden, whom the angels name Lenore, both the raven, never more. Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend, I shrieked up starting, get thee back into the tempest and the night's plutonian shore, leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul has spoken, leave my loneliness unbroken, quit the bust above my door, take thy beak from out my heart and take thy form from off my door. Both the raven, never more. And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting, on the pallid bust of palace just above my chamber door, and his eyes of all the seeming of a demons that is dreaming, and the lamplight or him streaming throws his shadow on the floor. And my soul, from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor, shall be lifted, never more.


Good morning everybody today is August 29th Tuesday, and I'm actually a Trading today if we can get a good setup. I don't have to work today So I'm out on the hunts for a good trade And what is in the agenda today? We have a consumer confidence report coming out at 10 o'clock eastern time. That's gonna be a bit important so Maybe the markets won't be moving until after 10. So probably be waiting For about 30 minutes or so, but let's see. Let's see what happens here. I'm looking for 243 calls 243 50 maybe 243 50 maybe I am looking at the 243 50 calls That expire on Friday. I went ahead and bought in Put in at 118 and 17 by 119 at the moment Gonna check the long term Long term. That's 30 minutes there. We're good there The one hour still rad boat. We're okay. Let's go back where we at 117 There we go 118 that's back up. Okay 14 by 116 117 by 118 back to even again. There we go. It's looking good here Waiting up for to make a move higher than 165 Everything still looks really good here still in it still in it Trying to get out at 123 or so Got it at 123, I believe yep got it at 123 That's okay How is it that it blows up as soon as I trade it how is that even possible My goodness That is just wild, but hey, I made a winning trade leave at 128 129 130 My goodness, that is just too wild How does that happen every time I get in and get out? It's it starts to blow blow up It's okay. Look at that. It's already down to 123 127 too funny Okay, I made a winning trade. That's all that matters. I didn't lose anybody that is too Funny that took a long time. I was in that trade for 12 minutes 12 minutes these These signals are really helping me a lot in my trading They they give me a vote of confidence so to speak to Stay in the trade And it's all in the indicators again. I made these these I should say I made this think script on my own and it was It was it's not too difficult, but anyways, I won't get too into that unless you guys are interested anyways this I made it made a good trade It was good. I just it irks me every time that I sell it actually blows up But that's okay. I made my money And I'm out It was hovering right around those price ranges for quite some time and I bought literally I guess Where you know it stayed consistent there 934 eastern time I bought in on this candle right here and see it's went kind of sideways on me for a little bit and then it took off but Um I went to any threes on the bit there It's one of those situations where if I would have held on like five seconds later, it would have sold at Quite a bit higher Again, I'd rather be telling myself of that Than saying, uh, man, I you know got into bad trade I should have held on to you know to stay green and whatnot, but so I'm happy made my money I'm out And uh, we'll try this again tomorrow. Thank you so much for watching everybody. I appreciate it comment down below Uh, what you traded did you trade spine? Did you trade? Uh, uh, you know stock? What did you trade comment below? I would greatly Appreciate it and I would like uh, I like to learn I like to learn what everybody else is is trading And it'll be fun. And if you haven't subscribed yet, please hit that subscribe button down below It helped me out tremendously. I'm almost to my 100th subscriber goal. I've been at that for several several several months But it's been a nice and awesome journey of the greatest subscribers in the world.


Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine, believe that all diseases begin in the gut. Of course, he also thought women were hysterical because of their wandering uterus. So much for ancient medical wisdom. But something like constipation can have a major negative impact, and physical, mental, and social well-being gets often overlooked in healthcare. This may be because poop talk is taboo, but it can have a severe influence on their everyday living, both psychologically and physically. Constipation can hurt, causing abdominal discomfort and pain straining, hard stool, and frequent bowel movements, bloating, and nausea. No wonder laxatives are among the most commonly used drugs. Most are safe when used judiciously and intermittently, but because of the frequency of their use, they do end up being one of the most common causes of adverse drug reactions. Perhaps treatment should instead address the underlying problems, such as lack of dietary fiber. You probably don't need a meta-analysis to demonstrate that dietary fiber can obviously increase stool frequency. Populations in most Western countries must be considered by world standards to be almost universally constipated. Here, it's an epidemic among the elderly, but simply not a problem among those centering their diets around fiber-rich foods. Where is fiber found? This patient's summary in the AMA's Journal sums it up with an illustration of whole, unrefined plant foods. Now for those of us smug in our intake of fruits and vegetables, we need to realize that fruits and leafy vegetables are the poorest whole food sources of fiber. Why? Because they're 90% water. Fruit vegetables have more, but the fiber superstars are legumes, which means beans, split peas, chickpeas, and lentils, as well as whole grains. And gram for gram, fruit fiber doesn't seem to have the same effect. It may take 25 grams of fruit fiber to double stool output, something just 10 grams of whole grain fiber, or vegetable fiber can do. And that's not all fiber can do. If you eat some whole grain barley for supper, by the next morning your good gut bacteria are having it for breakfast, releasing butyrate into our bloodstream, a compound that seems to exert broad anti-inflammatory activities, which could help explain why significant decreases in the province of inflammation are associated with increasing dietary fiber intakes. Check it out. And the highest group here was just getting the minimum recommended daily intake of fiber. So what, if you have knee pain or something, you should eat more fiber-rich foods? We didn't know until now. Dietary fiber intake in relation to knee pain trajectory. Thousands of patients were followed, and a high intake of dietary fiber, which is to say just the minimum recommended intake, was associated with a lower risk of developing moderate or severe knee pain over time. And two Framingham studies found that higher fiber intake was related to a lower risk of having symptomatic osteoarthritis in the first place. But wait, don't a variety of diseases have an inflammatory component? How about fiber consumption and all-cause cardiovascular and cancer mortality? They found that compared to those who consumed the least fiber, those who consumed the most had 23% less cardiovascular disease mortality, 17% lower risk of dying from cancer, and 23% lower mortality from all causes put together. Unfortunately, most persons in the United States consume less than half the recommended intake of dietary fiber daily. These researchers suggest all sorts of potential mechanisms for which fiber could be life-saving, from improving cholesterol, immune function, and blood sugar control, but there also may be more of a direct cause. If you ask people to bear down as if they're straining on stool, you can get a rapid increase in intracranial pressure inside your skull. And indeed, if you look at trigger factors for the rupture of intracranial aneurysms, if you ask hundreds of people who had strokes, bleeds within their brains, one of the biggest trigger factors noted was straining for defecation, multiplying risk sevenfold.


Hey everyone, we're gonna have a conversation today, or maybe this ends up becoming a rant or a statement But if you guys recall I recently did a video on doom which you can check out up here about how the developers were Defending their choice of like 30 FPS and sub 720p resolution at times And now they're upset with gamers and how they should be focusing on other things and throughout all this I read all of your comments literally every comment the hundred and seventy plus comments on there and I Understand some of the sentiments for one thing that we're gonna talk about one thing that I was going to mention in prime comments Until I realized you know what this needs to have its own video is the idea of Why people? Chastise ports on Wii U and are excited about the ports on switch because there are legit people that are right now I'm one of them that are praising ports that have come to switch That also destroyed them coming to Wii U and how and why some people feel like it's a comparable situation So first let's start off with how ports were treated on Wii U So when Wii U released in 2012 it got ports of games like FIFA it got ports of games like Madden NBA 2k and You know Mass Effect 3 I think was in there as well There was a bevy of ports that kind of came in Assassin's Creed although Assassin's Creed itself was actually a pretty high quality port in my personal opinion There are issues with these ports the big criticism was that FIFA Was a prior version of the game right a prior release of the game Skinned to say it was the new version of FIFA when it never was it had missing features And in general it was literally just a re-skinned older version of the game You'll notice that when I say that what is it? That's true with FIFA on switch It's a re-skinned older version of the game. That's missing features The the two games in terms of how EA treated both platforms seem very similar So this is that that's one way that people get comparisons NBA 2k on the platform had sacrifices that ended up not making it on par with NBA 2k on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 and Likewise, there are sacrifices for NBA 2k 18 on switch compared to Xbox one and PlayStation 4 and Just to throw other examples out there Mass Effect 3 had lots of issues forget the pricing of the Mass Effect trilogy and yada yada Mass Effect 3 had severe frame rate issues just massive frame is dropping down into the teens and personally for me when I played it down into the single digits completely unacceptable and You compare that to things like the Doom port where it was 60 FPS and Close to 1080p on other platforms although they use dynamic resolution scalars as well So like when switch dips below 720p, it's because of the dynamic resolution scalar same thing on the other platforms They never really stayed at 1080p 60 FPS. You probably didn't notice while playing That's that that's the benefit of resolution scalars is that while you're playing you're really not going to notice the dips But they were there But switch versions obviously worse in fact doom on switch is going to be the worst version of games and so There's some criticism out there that me and others are praising these worst version ever ports on switch That killed it on Wii U and that the situations are comparable They're not let me explain. So when Wii U came out in 2012 The power of the platform was practically on par with Xbox 360 and playstation 3 The current gen platforms at that time now Yes, we do know a year later Xbox one and PlayStation 4 released and it is fair to say we use significantly behind those platforms But a lot of the multi-platform games that came out for those like like Assassin's Creed black flag Call of Duty etc. Also came out on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in fact the multi-platform games that came out on Xbox one and PlayStation 4 continued to come out on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 the following year Which at that point would have been the Wii U's third holiday now by the Wii U's third holiday period It was no longer getting third-party multi-platform support. That's a key thing to remember as well So Wii U in terms of its capabilities was pretty much on par with an Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 It was more powerful in some aspects and a little less powerful than others essentially because it used an APU It's GPU power its raw graphics capabilities were higher But its CPU was a little bit worse than what was in the Xbox 360 So it had a little bit less CPU headroom. This is why games would have needed to custom work This is why you could just take a game throw it on Wii U and it would just magically run They would have to go in and optimize the game for the platform but in general if they bothered to optimize the game for the platform it could run as well as it did on 360 and PlayStation 3 Unfortunately companies didn't do that on Wii U They didn't take the time to try to optimize the game for the platform They either just threw the original code at the platform and it ran like crap like what probably happened with Mass Effect 3 and they just left it be or In optimizing for it they realized hey, we don't want to optimize it If we just give you an older version of the game it runs just fine and we don't have to do any changes This is what EA kind of did and they washed their hands of it Switch is not in that same situation The here is why people are willing to accept the ports on switch being at a lower quality and no It's not what you think it's not because it's a tablet, right? It's because it's not on par with the systems of the day it came out Wii U released in 2012 and was just as powerful as an Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 Switch came out in 2017 and is not even half as powerful as an Xbox one Which is the lowest In terms of raw power situation of the current generation of consoles So you have the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox one the base models and switch at best at best with all the Metrics and testing out there is at half the power of an Xbox one so When you bring ports of today's triple-a games that only come out on Xbox one and PlayStation 4 Do not have Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions over to the switch Obviously, it's not going to be on par This is why I say that I am accepting of the realities of ports on switch And this is why I don't get upset when things come across my table like doom being 30 FPS instead of 60 FPS or being sub 1080p and because of the dynamic resolution scaler occasionally sub 720p on Wii U I've heard some people say if this game was on Wii U that would be unacceptable. What it I mean Pretty much zero Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 games pretty much there were some ran at 30 FPS and sub 720p Like it happened a lot In doom is a game that was only ever made for PlayStation 4 Xbox one and PC It was never made with older hardware less powerful systems in mind So if it was brought to a system like Wii U and it ran as well as it does on switch that would actually be impressive Because there are people who still only use out there after all Wii U is only discontinued last year So we have to consider the two situations of switch in Wii U and having this conversation Wii U released as an on par in terms of raw performance platform with the systems that were out in the day And on par with the platforms even for the next couple years that were getting versions of the games that the Wii U could have gotten Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 ports of games for the next two years. It just didn't happen beyond Assassin's Creed Black Flag and watchdogs now Moving beyond that the switch Is not on power graphically now. We know why it's not on power graphically. It's because it's a portable system It's because it's using mobile technology in a tablet form We know why it's not as powerful as an xbox one in PlayStation 4 Because mobile technology is not there yet to be as powerful as an xbox one in PlayStation 4 at the base levels So that's that's why it's not as powerful But the reason that it's acceptable isn't because it's a tablet isn't because it's x y or z It's just because it's half the power of an xbox one That's why I bring up things like realistic Expectations it was realistic on Wii U to expect the full current gen version of madden The full current gen version of fifa the full current gen version of mass effect 3 an old port It was reasonable for all of these third party games that released on xbox 360 and playstation 3 To run on Wii U as well as it ran on the xbox 360 and playstation 3 and not only run as well Be the current versions of today's game But that's not what happened the Wii U was capable The switch isn't This is something we have to consider when we talk about games like fifa 18 I've often compared fifa 18 as comparable to the treatment EA gave Wii U And reality is it is EA is treating switch the same way they treated Wii U The difference with switch is it's a little bit more justified Because the platform is half as powerful as the platforms they created the game for in the first place So I hate that it's using older gen stuff I hate that it's this I hate that it's that I hate that it's missing features And there's nothing I could do about that because these are choices EA made internally And while as much as I believe they could have made better choices along the way actually ported frostbite over to switch Yada yada yada reality is that it is More acceptable because the switch is not playing in the same field that Wii U was in 2012 So really I think there's just this general misunderstanding of games In today's world Misunderstanding of platforms a lot of nintendo fans fans of switch in particular We'll throw out the fact that well, we got to remember these games are running on a tablet. They're running on a tablet. They're running on a tablet And that's the reason that's the reason it's acceptable No, the reason that these ports are acceptable in the forms that they're taking even NBA 2k 18 Which now has added the ability to play with friends. So now I basically have zero complaints about it other than the fact I wish They would give it the fire and the warriors treatment where you have our performance mode where you can get 60 fps but really you know pretty crappy visuals or resolution or A quality mode where you have 30 fps and you get a little better looking visuals I actually hope that all games start doing this on even xbox one and playstation 4 And xbox 1x and the playstation 4 pro I actually think this is something console wise needs to exist If you're not going to let us mess with all the individual settings Just give us a 60 fps mode versus 30 fps mode and you can advertise using the higher quality asset mode But you know let gamers kind of decide how we want to play the game Do we want the better visuals or do we want the better frame rate? That pleases everyone then everyone's happy but NBA 2k 18 on switch is magical I play a ton of it And the reason that its sacrifices are more acceptable is because this platform is not on par I mean it I wish I had a month here. Oh, you know what? I don't want to break my equipment, but this is like a mic drop moment Like boom mic drop Walk off the stage I'm still talking right Okay, exiting stage Left Yeah Boy, there's more I am the tanner of a chance from the tanner of brand if you like this video You know what to do and if you dislike the video hit that dislike button Let me know seriously folks What you think about this whole wii u versus switch and how third parties are treating both platforms in the comments below Do you agree with me? Do you feel like It's not a comparable situation because the wii u was on par with the systems of the day while the switch is not I feel like that's the biggest argument on why I think the doom Port is actually one of the best ports and the mba I think mba 2k 18 and the doom port those two ports are some of the best third party ports that have ever happened on a nintendo platform Uh dating back to maybe the gamecube days I know i'm getting i'm getting crazy here anyways folks Thanks for tuning in and I'll catch you in the next one The next one the next one Which will be prime comments Peace out


Hello, everybody. Can you hear me fine? Cool. So my name is Ryan Holman. Today I'm going to be talking to you about a project I've been working on for a while. The aim of the project was to bring the data that we obtained through passive Bluetooth monitoring. Oh, sorry. Is that better? Okay. So the aim of the project was to bring the data that we obtained from passive Bluetooth monitoring into a Python medium. A little bit about myself before I get started. I live in Austin, Texas. I work for an amazing company called Zifton Technologies where I am their lead server developer. I have a master's degree in computer science. Most of my thesis work revolved around C++ template metaprogramming. This is a longer speech than I had at Black Hat. So you guys are going to get longer demos and more content. So pretty awesome. So here's what we're going to go over today. Terry picked out three Bluetooth essentials that I think anyone doing passive Bluetooth monitoring should understand. I'm going to go over some fundamental projects which created the foundation for my work. And then finally what I did, why did it, why I thought it was needed and what it provides. And then I'm going to go on to some demos. And the demos are pretty thorough. They're in an IPython notebook format. It's really nice for creating documentation and live demos. It's all, all this content is on your conference DVDs. So if you want to check it out later, go for it. The source code currently doesn't have a home online. So you guys have the only copy of it right now until I check it in somewhere. And let's get going. Okay. So the first thing to understand about Bluetooth is it's built upon this frequency hopping protocol. And what this means is a communication between two devices is going to take place over 79 different channels. And these devices will hop through these channels at about 1600 times per second. And the hardware that we have in order to monitor this, this Bluetooth in the air can really only listen to one channel or a small subset of channels at a time right now. So the data that we obtain is going to be very sparse. And what this means is we're not really going to have a whole conversation and this, you know, the data, we can still do a lot with it, right? It's not completely useless. And that's what we get. Okay. So here I have an illustration of a simplified Bluetooth stack. There's three things I want you to take away from this slide. Anytime I say BTBB, that's Bluetooth baseband. And the second thing is, is Bluetooth baseband is the lowest level on the Bluetooth stack. And this is what we listen to when we actually passively monitor Bluetooth. So the Bluetooth baseband layer cannot directly be accessible with our everyday commodity Bluetooth devices and operating system software. So we need specialized hardware in order to access this layer. Okay. And now on to the Bluetooth address space. This is the last thing that I kind of cherry picked out that I think you guys should understand about Bluetooth. It's some of the more important information we actually gain from this data when we're doing passive Bluetooth monitoring is actual Bluetooth addresses because the Bluetooth protocol tends to hide them. So if you're familiar with a typical our networking protocol, a Bluetooth address is laid out pretty much like, like a MAC address, right? Where our upper half is vendor specific and our lower half is device specific. Now as far as relating them, that's about as far as it goes because in Bluetooth, where it starts to differ is we don't actually need this whole entire address in order to make a Bluetooth connection, right? On the illustration, the section labeled the NAP can be filled in with whatever we want, as long as the UAP and the LAP are correct and we can actually make Bluetooth connections. So the other thing that we tend to do with Bluetooth addresses is we split them up into these three subsections, right? The NAP, the UAP and the LAP. And so the NAP is the non significant address part, right? Because we don't need it. And luckily we don't need this because it's actually the hardest part to obtain when we're passively monitoring Bluetooth. The UAP, this can be derived from packets that we obtain during passive Bluetooth monitoring if the packet actually has a payload or data associated to it, right? We obtain this by checking its air checks and basically we're able to obtain this sometimes. So we won't always have a UAP but we can get it sometimes. LAP is basically given to us in Bluetooth based band traffic and we can pretty much always guarantee it's going to be there. And that's the Bluetooth address base in a nutshell. Okay, so for my project, I chose to use the Ubertooth. I chose it because it's small and it's cheap. If you're unfamiliar with the Ubertooth, it's a project created by Michael Osman. And it's basically a USB dongle capable of sending and receiving data on the same layer as a Bluetooth baseband. Some other things about the project. New this month, Dominic Spill took over as the lead programmer. So there's been a lot of code movement and I expect to see a lot of new features and functionality coming out of it pretty soon. So that's pretty exciting. And most importantly for my project is the Ubertooth software provides a Kismet plugin. And basically the Kismet plugin can output this Bluetooth baseband data into PCAP files. And this is kind of core to my libraries because I use these PCAP files in order to input the data into my libraries. So really short to live BTBB also created by Dominic Spill, Michael Osman. It's basically a core library for Ubertooth and GR Bluetooth. And I mentioned it here because it provides a wire shark plugin. And this is closely related to what I did with my medium in my libraries. And luckily, I had this because it made my work a lot easier, right? Michael Osman did all the hard work of building this wire shark plugin. And then I could check my work against his. And it made my stuff go a lot quicker. If you're unfamiliar with Libby to BBB, it's basically it provides the data structures and methods for driving information for Bluetooth baseband data. So Scapi is the medium that I chose in Python in order to incorporate my data into Python, right? And Scapi is pretty much your go to framework in Python if you want to deal with raw network traffic. It's a framework slash library which provides methods for sending, receiving, accessing, manipulating network traffic and it supports a lot of different layers, right? Bluetooth baseband not being one of them. So that's kind of where I came in. So when I first started out, you know, I have one goal and one goal only and that was to somehow get all this Bluetooth baseband traffic into Python in its entirety, right? I figured once I could do that, I could rip through this stuff and throw it into my data crunching libraries and throw it into big data storage warehouses and you know, just have fun with it, right? I don't need to sit there and hammer out C code or C++ code to do stuff that's rapid development, right? Python is better for rapid development. So I did this by creating the Bluetooth baseband layer in Scapi and when I first started out, I would just take the pcap files created from Kismet and load them into my Scapi module and this was really great for postmortem work, right? But the problem here was is I couldn't find live data. I couldn't see packets streaming down my screen as they came in over the air, right? So I had two options here. My first option which I started to do was to build a direct interface into the ubertooth so I could stream this data directly to Scapi. I actually chose not to do this. I quit that. I'm working on it again. But for this initial release, I stopped that because I thought, well, people using stuff like a USRP and they're able to write these pcap files, they're not going to be able to use my libraries directly because I'm only going to have an ubertooth layer. So what I did instead is I built a streaming layer for pcap files in Scapi and what this does is it's kind of similar to the tell-to-ash Chef ID and Linux, right? Where you're just kind of looking at the file as it's being written and you can safely review this. So I created a layer where I'm actually able to read from the pcap file safely as Kismet's writing to it so we can use it as kind of a data pipe in between applications. So now that I have my data flowing into Scapi, the way that I wanted it and I could get everything I wanted, there was a lot of stuff that I would do over and over that I really wanted to just build a lot of helper methods in my library for. So the first thing I did was a lot of times when we're going through this data we want to see all the unique Bluetooth addresses we saw within a data set, right? So I have helper methods in there that will give me a unique list of all Bluetooth addresses found within this traffic and I'm viewing. Same thing for data types too, right? If I have a pcap capture it's really useful for me to know, give me a count of all, you know, poll traffic or ID traffic, dv traffic, dh traffic that I actually saw within this so I can actually get an idea for some review. Okay, this packet had a lot of voice traffic, this packet had a lot of data traffic, this, you know, things like this and it just makes it easy for me to actually see what's in these pcap files really quickly.  So I would try to build these methods that would give me like a human readable format for these things. So obviously if I had a vendor and a UAP I could then look them up via manufacturer files and get the manufacturer a name for me. So I could, as I'm streaming this data I can see, okay this is an Apple device. I can see, okay this is a, you know, XYZ device. Now we're not always going to have an NAP so when we only have a UAP I can do a NAP reduction on this stuff, right? So a typical vendor list has about 20,000 vendors in it. If I have a UAP I can do a NAP reduction and get, you know, 30 to 60 vendors and it's associated NIP. So if I see the vendor that I'm actually looking at in this list then I can associate its NAP along with it. So as I did, like I'm really into doc strings so if you guys look through any of my libraries there's extensive doc strings for all of my methods and functions along with descriptions of their outputs and arguments. I'm also very pet bait so if you guys look at my stuff it's pretty readable. And along with all this stuff too, as I was learning all of this I wrote a lot of extensive documentation for all the related projects, right? So if you're new to loading firmware on your Uber 2 to get the latest, greatest code and functionality, you know, the first time you do this it's not so straightforward. So I have a lot of documentation on my website on how to actually do this type of stuff for, you know, the Uber 2 project and a couple other things. And I should be updating my documentation soon, hopefully after the whole conference settles down and I can relax a little bit. So under the demo, anyone in the audience use iPython notebook? C1, alright. It's my new favorite Python tool. Basically it's a, it's a great way to create documentation when you're actually doing this stuff and to allow people to run your code interactively. But here we go. Basically I'm going to go through a lot of, you know, like a SCAPI tutorial but using these PCAP files for Bluetooth-based band traffic and show off some of my libraries. So the first thing I'm going to do from SCAPI import all, this is not very pepe to me, but for demo sake it makes my namespace a little bit less. So BTBB is the library, the Bluetooth-based band library that I created for SCAPI.  I'm going to create a reader interface to a sample PCAP file and I'm going to read one packet from it and save it as a variable PKT. Now SCAPI provides methods for viewing this data in a nice format. So let's look at the first packet, although I can tell you it's not going to look very interesting. So my layer is based on top, like the bottom layer of my SCAPI module is based upon the Ethernet layer since they're one-to-one match. So when we see ID traffic it's just going to look like an Ethernet packet. Wireshark also does this with their plugin, but let's look for something a little more interesting. So I'm going to iterate through these packets one by one until we find something with actual data and here we have something. We can see here that, you know, the Ethernet layer is the base layer for this stuff. Then we start to have the Bluetooth baseband layer. Each level of the Bluetooth baseband layer and a lot of this was modeled off of how it was laid out in Wireshark. SCAPI also provides summary data for us too if we just wanted to see this packet in a short view. And this is really nice for just generically iterating through this stuff so you don't have a whole bunch of stuff on your screen. So we can build just simple loops in order to go through, let's say, find me the first packet that actually has Bluetooth baseband payload in it, right? I'll iterate through and print out a short summary of every packet before that until we find one with actual payload. Okay. So next we can actually, these are just kind of like built-in SCAPI things. If you're unfamiliar with SCAPI, this is probably informative, otherwise it's probably kind of boring. We can take the rest of our packets from our PCAP list and load them all into a Python list. We can view it, see that there's, you know, 440 other packets in here. We can treat it a lot like a Python list where we can do list splitting on it. Now we can take this list and, so this is really helpful to have SCAPI with this traffic, because I can actually take that data that I just loaded into a list now and say I knew Joe Schmoe had, you know, Mac address or Bluetooth address X, Y, Z. I could filter out all of his data and write that to a PCAP file. So now I have these really nice formatted PCAP files. So I can say, okay, this is all of Joe Schmoe's traffic and I'll save it for later analysis. So here's just an example of me writing out all this data to a PCAP file. I'm doing a bash ls on it through IPython in order to show you that it's written there. I can then open it back up and look at 5 packets from it and close all my files. Okay, so I mentioned that I created this streamer object in SCAPI in order to be able to access these PCAP files as Kismet's writing them. So here's an example of this. This first four lines of gibberish here is my hybrid of bash in Python. Don't ever use anything like this. This was actually just one line less than actually doing the pure pythonic way. Basically all I'm doing here is looking in my Kismet logs and grabbing the latest one. So let's assume for demo's sake I'm not going to do, I'm not going to do a live Kismet packer, eh, capture, but let's just assume it's being written to right now. I'm going to grab my latest log and here's the file here. I'm going to create a streamer object on top of that and now I can stream through this, right? And my streamer object, my streamer iterator I can tell it like a lot of different things. I can say stop when you get to the end and basically to remember where you are so the next time you access your stream you can start where you left off. If I tell it not to stop it'll basically sit there and wait until a new packet comes in and we can kind of see this stuff go through. And that's more for an interactive mode in Scapi where you'd actually have to control C in order to get out of it. But here's just an example of it. And then we can close my streamer object. Oh, actually let's go back, sorry. It wasn't very informative. So let's go to the skin and open my streamer object and look at this stuff and show you that the next time that I go to access to this stuff there's been no new data written to this file so I'm basically going to start off with nothing, right? So this is really useful for and I'm just streaming through in order to see all this data in real time. Okay, so this is just kind of some setup stuff. I use Wireshark manufacturer files when I actually do my vendor look up and NAP look up on a lot of my data. So I don't have my Wireshark manufacturer file in a default location. So I actually have to specify it here. I'm going to open up another pcap file and we're just going to view the first couple packets within this pcap file and we're going to look for the first one that has some actual data associated with it, right? We have a UAP for this. And so what I'm going to do here is I'm going to show you these helper methods built in here. Here's an example of the get vendor one, right? So let's assume we did know the NAP and I plugged in the associated upper NAP to this address we saw here, right? This wasn't in the data but let's pretend like we knew it. I can now see okay the vendor is this, right? But if we did not have that I can take this packet here which was packet number six and actually plug it into my get vendors function and I'll get back a variable possible vendors, right? And we can see that there were 60 possible vendors for that. I can then look through all the vendors that it was associated with. And for me this was very easy because I knew that I was looking for an Apple device, right? So now I have here my NAP associated with that address and my actual device name. Grabbing all distinct Bluetooth addresses out of a packet capture. This provides very useful for when you're actually plugging into other applications you might create or other tools, right? I can take this list and send it to you know a scanner utility that I have or I can send this list to a connection utility. I can do a lot of things with this and basically this kind of builds at the core for a lot of my tools that I just kind of create around my library. I actually don't have a Bluetooth library installed on my OSX operating system right here so this part is not going to work but this was me sampling showing you that you can take this list and throw it through like throw all these addresses through a Bluetooth scanner. This works in Linux. I actually have never really been able to find a really good Python Bluetooth module so if anyone knows of any let me know. Let's go to another demo. So this is kind of the fun stuff. I do a lot of data analysis in my day-to-day work so I took a lot of this data that I'm grabbing from these pcap files and I can do a lot of really cool stuff with it right? So anyone here familiar with pandas? Python pandas? Alright he's the Python guru over there. Python pandas is basically like a data crunching library in Python. It's really awesome you can do these in memory like database tables and you can do a lot of like group by operations and matplot lib graphs and stuff like that off all your data. So here I'm going to open up another simple pcap file and I'm going to read it in with my streamer. I'm going to instantiate a whole list of packets rather than iterating through which would be better memory but not going to get into that right now. So basically here this gibberish is me going through my list of packets that I put in a pcap file list and I'm just going to grab out some interesting information from within each packet right? I'm going to grab if it had a UAP and LAP what type of packet type it was is it going to be the master was there a payload associated and in the time that I actually saw it from the pcap metadata and so when I do this I never cleared all of my stuff but either way I already had the output recalculated on these I guess. So here I'm just going to show you that the head of my data set that I just created above right and basically this is just the first five rows of my table that I created in memory. This is a pandas table so basically I can go through my data set find the min and max date I can see that this packet capture was only about five minutes long and then I can just rip out some awesome graphs on all this stuff by doing a lot of group by functions right? I can say okay show me all of my data for all my client like all the LAPs I actually saw right and then you know I get this really cool graph here I can you know with four more lines of Python I can say okay well just show me all data that wasn't you know blank right let's get rid of all of our ID traffic and I can show this stuff I can do type breakdowns by packet types for all this stuff with a couple more lines I mean this is just all Python pandas is really cool for this with two lines of code you can just rip through this data and do some really cool stuff with it here I'm just showing you know per LAP here are the packet types we saw for each one and I'm actually running out of time so I'm going to kind of sum this up I can also do a lot of really cool time series stuff on this so I can see if I'm running this packet capture overnight I can you know see at midnight I saw this big spike of traffic or whatever we can break this out a lot of different ways per client or per LAP time series cumulative sums of all the data they sent you know sub graphs of different types of data they sent stuff like this so it's really cool stuff if you like Python pandas you can just kind of go through these tutorials and learn a lot from them all right back to the slides okay so what is the relevance of all of this obviously I created a way to do postmortem in real-time data analysis on these Bluetooth baseband pcap files in Python I did it in a way where we're providing cross compatibility across different devices which is really nice just for you know people using other tools out there like the USRP and a lot of these libraries can just be really easily incorporated into other tools you have auditing tools pentesting tools there's a lot of cool stuff you can do with this I just I play with this stuff all the time while I'm drinking coffee in the morning and I can rip out a new scanner and try some new techniques and it's pretty easy stuff and when in Python you only need a couple lines of code so stuff I'm working on right now I'm working on some Python libraries to directly interface with a lot of the ubertooth functionality that you get out of their C libraries just recently I think it was like this week Dominic Spills made the main ubertooth library a shared library which is really nice for me so now I can just kind of plug into that instead of me creating it in a Python setup.py file I still want to build a direct stream into the ubertooth now that I actually have a way for you people with the USRP to use it now I just kind of want to not run Kismet in the background I mean no offense to Kismet I just you know resource consumption and stuff like that I would just rather directly stream this stuff straight into Python. Bluetooth low energy layer I'd never created that layer although it would be fairly simple for me to do now that I know my way around all this stuff and we have no way of actually sending these packets out if I were to create them in Scapi right now but it would be really nice for me to just make sure it was all sane if we are building packets in Scapi for in the future when we actually have a way of sending these out we have a medium for actually creating a lot of these packets and here's some references you can all my slides and content is on the conference DVDs but if you want to get into this stuff or learn it or if there's something I talked about that you weren't familiar with I have links to all this stuff here and you can find a lot of my tutorials and demo code online at hacknar.com I actually don't have the code from this conference up there yet but later this week I'll put it up there contact me at my email address don't be scared I'm pretty nice and follow me on twitter hacknar.com I'll try to do any updates for the project there so thank you