Thank you. Hi, everyone. My name is Prashanta Kochavara. I'm the director of product for Kubernetes offering at Trilio. And today, we are going to be talking about quantifying the business value of cloud-native data management. So we've all been hearing about data on Kubernetes, bringing your stateful workloads. So today's session is going to talk about or go through why you need to invest in a cloud-native data management solution and the benefits of doing so. So from an agenda perspective, I'm going to talk about the market. What are we seeing in terms of traction, in terms of customer adoption, and how it's moving into more of a data-oriented world on Kubernetes. After that, we'll do a quick case study. We'll introduce you to a pseudo organization that we've created, Acme Corp. We'll go through an overview of who Acme Corp is, how are they running their operations. And we'll use that pseudo organization to quantify some benefits that they're going to see adopting a cloud-native data management solution. And then finally, we'll go through the cost-benefit analysis, going through each and every use case, one by one, putting some numbers together, and eventually finding out what are the benefits that we are going to get from a cloud-native data management solution. So there are multiple challenges that IT ops and DevOps face today. Infrastructure resiliency, migration, governance compliance, service level agreement, self-service, and most importantly, security around ransomware and similar issues. So these are real problems that everyone's facing, whether whichever part of the application lifecycle development you may be in, these are all real challenges that people have been complaining about. Now let's talk about the Kubernetes market adoption and growth. Now Kubernetes began like any new technology infrastructure, any new technology paradigm with a lot of stateless applications. The reason for that being is that whenever you have a new technology, people are not going to put all their investments into it right away. They're going to go step by step. They'll start off with stateless workloads. They will start connecting those stateless workloads to databases outside, after which they'll start bringing in more stateful applications, basic ones, and then they will bring in their more mission-critical applications. If you think about, look at the past from a virtualization perspective, that was the trajectory that customers have followed. If you think about public cloud, same kind of trajectory. And if you think about other kind of infrastructures like hyperconverged, they also have followed the same model where you kind of test it out first and then you bring in your mission-critical apps. And that is what we are seeing with Kubernetes now. Your stateful workloads are coming in because you want to have that innovation done faster. You want simplified management. If you have your application spread across different silos, management overhead becomes very, very painful. And then, obviously, from a better TCO perspective, having a single architecture on Kubernetes where your application metadata, data, everything lives together is just going to be beneficial all throughout. Now, the graphic that I have on the right is from a 2020 CNCF survey. We don't have the 2021 results out yet, but 55% were already using storage and production. So now you can just speculate where it would be after a year and a half and what people are doing. And especially if you look at all these sessions that we have been having at KubeCon, the Expo floor, everything talks about data. A lot of vendors are bringing their tools into Kubernetes to manage and play around with that data. Now, let's go through the pseudo organization that we have defined, ACME. Now, ACME is a organization that deals with social media outlook, uses a lot of artificial intelligence, machine learning for data intelligence. They have about $500 million of revenue a year. Reputation is very important for this organization. So it's a pillar company within its industry. Today, they're releasing once a week, but they do want to improve that. They have a multi-cloud, hybrid cloud approach. They want to go full blown Kubernetes with a cloud native first approach. And from a data perspective, which is what we're going to be using for our quads, we will assume there are 100 apps. Each app is about 100 GB and there are about 100 captures happening a day in terms of backup and point in time recovery. And then we'll also assume that there is a 10% change rate in terms of the data that is generated. Now, what are the goals of this organization? Security is number one. No matter what you do, wherever you put your data or your infrastructure, you want to make sure that it's very secure. They want to ensure that there is more self-service to empower the development teams. They want to release more often. When you release more often, it's going to have a direct impact on your revenue. So they want to release at least two more times or two or more times a day. At the same time, having multiple infrastructures, they want to reduce their cloud spend. They want to be compliant with minimal overhead and obviously recover very, very quickly from outages. So let's keep the environment in mind. 100 apps, 100 GB, 100 captures a day and the organization goals. And now we'll start constructing how ACME is basically working on a Kubernetes platform and what are the painful points that they're looking to solve. So we'll describe the organizational structure as to how ACME is using everything today in within Kubernetes. So to begin with, we are going to define Lisa, who's a developer. She's writing code, building the end-to-end workflows and in order to do her job well, she wants to test with production data. So to increase the successful deployments every time they launch into production. Lisa works with Brian. Brian, you can think of Brian as the SRE who takes the application and runs it within the Kubernetes cluster. And now Brian is obviously fully GitOps oriented and he is also focusing on application uptime, making sure that there is no corruption and in case there is an outage, he can recover quickly. On the ops side of it, IT ops side, we have Rob, who's also using GitOps to instantiate clusters and manage the environments for the front-end developers. And Rob's main goal is making sure, again, there are no outages at the cluster level. If there is any migration, DR kind of services required, he wants to provide those. And then Rob works with Jane. You can think of Jane as the higher level IT director who's also focused on business continuity, costs, reducing spend and so on. So that defines our ACME corp organization. Now let's go through the data management capabilities use case by use case, right? So test data management is one of the use cases that ACME wants to be good at. Application migration to reduce cloud spend, maybe bringing some applications on prem instead of running it in the public cloud. Compliance and governance, they're using a lot of artificial intelligence, machine learning. They need to have a lot of testing in place to understand the impact of whatever they're doing. And then finally, infrastructure availability and ransomware protection. How do they recover from outages and what are the benefits of using a cloud-native solution to do so? So to begin with the first question that ACME is going to be posed with is, what kind of solution do we use? We are in Kubernetes now and we are bringing all our data in. Should we leverage one of our existing legacy data protection technologies? Now within Kubernetes, the architecture of an application has changed a lot, right? It's no longer just focused on the data volume. You need to capture the metadata as well and that kind of defines your application. So right from the get go, the traditional solutions that they have are not going to suffice with the Kubernetes architecture that they are living in. Then ACME thinks, hey, maybe we can adopt a project who is helping in data management and data protection. However, the IT manager, Jane, says that, hey, we need to be thinking about support. We need to be thinking about, we can go and get into some unpredictable behavior which we don't know about, right? So those kind of questions force a forcing function to lead the organization into choosing a cloud native solution which is an enterprise product with enterprise-grade support, providing higher level features, deeper level features, doing everything in a multi-tenant zero trust manner. So let's talk about test data management and why that is important, right? The cost of failures in software have increased from 1.1 trillion in 2016 to 2 trillion in 2020 and the chart on the right shows you how expensive it is to retroactively fix and or catch and fix issues later down the deployment and the delivery process, right? So you want to be testing with production data very quickly, very early on so that you can increase your chances of deploying into production and increase revenue by having excellent customer experience. Now, the space of test data management is also growing very fast, right? It's growing at a rate of 12.7% here and that's happening because there are multiple moving parts in a organization with respect to application development, right? There are multiple pieces you touch and as a result of which, the chances of failure keep increasing. Now, Kubernetes, the philosophy is to deliver software quickly and efficiently and you know, you need to make sure that you are putting your best foot forward in making that happen.  It's not going to provide you the benefits of Kubernetes in the first place. So from a solution capability standpoint, you know, you want to have a solution that is fully driven via APIs and policies. You want to have granular control over data and object capture and you want to make sure that the solution is storage agnostic, distribution agnostic, cloud agnostic because you may have your production environment running in one place but your test and dev environments may be running somewhere else. So you want to make sure that, you know, whatever you need to bring and port the applications from one cluster to another is possible. Now, let's look at it from some cons perspective, right? Let's say Acme invests into test data management, you know, by leveraging a cloud native data management solution. If they invest, they can expect, again, these are variable numbers. You can plug in, you know, something else as well but just putting it into perspective. If they have a 15% impact in revenue, that will change their revenue from 500 million to 575 a year. And if they don't do it, right? Complexity of environments is always going to keep growing. Your infrastructure is going to keep expanding. Your new revenue will go down because you're not going to be able to service customers.  Because the competition may be doing it. So NetNet, it's almost a 35% net impact of 200 million on Acme, looking at the direct cost and as well as the opportunity cost, right? So it definitely makes sense to invest into test data management to make sure that your software releases are more successful. Let's talk about application migration, right? Acme is doing multi-cloud. Data shows that 92% of users have a multi-cloud strategy. 82% have hybrid. And from this report from FlexairUp, what IT leaders have been saying is that their cloud spend has been going up exponentially, significantly, and there is nothing they can do about it. It is a function that they need to adhere to because they cannot stop doing business. So everyone or the IT leaders are looking to control this spend as well as have proper portability of applications. So what are the solution capabilities that you need to look for? Again, it needs to be infrastructure agnostic and policy-driven. When you're going to be migrating your applications, you do not want to be doing it on a cherry-pick basis. You want to have a policy that says that, hey, these apps can be migrated from cloud to on-prem, on-prem to cloud rapidly, and do it under these controls. Data volumes need to be managed as first-class citizens, right? So that you have granular control over them and you can move it around easily. More importantly, you need to be able to have a solution that can incrementally patch the data object as and stage it in another environment. The reason for doing this is when you're migrating, the application piece or the metadata piece is fine, but data has gravity, right? And how are you going to move the data around quickly from one environment to another environment so that data staging capability needs to be there, right? So that on a click of a button in a matter of seconds or minutes, you are able to actually move your applications and actually realize the power of multi-cloud and hybrid cloud environments. So definitely look for those features in the solutions that you are opting in for. Now, let's kind of look at it from an analysis perspective. Let's say Akme decides or figures out there are 50 apps that we can port back and forth between public cloud and private cloud and save some money. Obviously, if they think 50 apps is what they can do, the true savings would be somewhere less, right? Because you're going to have some costs on-prem as well of your hardware or having some personnel manage it more delicately. So the true savings we can assume are a little less in terms of 30 apps. And let's say the cost before on-demand migration was 15K. Now, with the savings, not using as much compute and storage, you may probably save some money there. And let's say we end up saving about four and a half thousand dollars on a periodic basis. So that translates to a 30% savings right away, right? So think about making your application mobile from one environment to another environment using the cloud when you need it, on-demand, burst workloads. If not, you bring it on-prem, run it in a much more controlled cost environment. Let's talk about compliance and governance, right? Now, if you remember the operations team, Brian is doing GitOps. And with GitOps, he has all his code stored within Git. And he's like, hey, from a compliance governance perspective, if I need to go back and see what was happening at any given point in time, I have that. However, within Kubernetes, there is a difference between the running state versus the desired state, right? There are a lot of non-deterministic items that get created within a Kubernetes cluster that also need to be captured from a compliance point of view. There are a lot of industry requirements that say, hey, we need the running state, or we need the data that you've captured for a very, very long time. If you look at the regulations around AI and ML-based systems, there are a lot of new bills that are being passed by the American government and EU as well, would say that you need to do periodic testing of any decision-based testing or any decision-based system to understand the impact of it. And as part of this, it needs to be continuously validated. You have audit checks, so all these items or whatever you're doing within your organization needs to be continuously tested and validated. The graphic on the right shows the cost of compliance. It's showing over six years from 2011 to 2017 how the compliance of, or how being out of compliance has cost organizations. And from 2017 up till now, you can just expect this to be exponentially higher. Again, from a solution standpoint, what do you need? Policy-driven, right? You cannot make, again, you cannot manually control the compliance and governance of every application. You need it to be policy-driven. You need tiered data archiving, right? If you're gonna be saving data for five to seven years, then the data needs to be curated and strategically moved into lower-cost storage options. And that needs to happen on a policy-based to save money. And then obviously you need to have a tool that can do isolation forensic testing of the application for whatever audit requirements are there. Now let's look at it from an analysis perspective again. He said ACME has 100 apps. Let's say there are 60 apps that require long-term retention. And from a backup frequency perspective, they're doing a daily backup. So 365,000, oh, sorry, 36,500 backups is what they're gonna be doing in a year. 21,900 is what they're gonna need for long-term retention. Now, if they have a policy-driven solution that moves the data from S3 to Glacier, and it could be Azure, this lower storage, whatever it may be, they can save a lot of money and the total cost is just 51K. But if they do not have data staging, that's 500K. This is a direct, simple math of just calculating how much data you have in S3 and how much you're storing over there. And if you try to do it manually, as I said, it's not even worth doing it because the amount of time a person tries to do this manually, you might justify the cost of a data management solution anyways. So overall, 90% savings from a compliance governance standpoint. Next, let's talk about infrastructure availability. Global executives report that the failures of infrastructure have been increasing or at least say the same, it's not going away. There are tech issues daily, human error is the biggest cause of it. And even if you do not have human error, there is something known as silent data corruption. Data can just get corrupted without even realizing it in real time. So all these issues definitely beg the reason or the need for a proper solution that can help you recover quickly. Now let's look at the table that we have over here. The cost of downtime for all these big corporations is huge. The lost revenue, if you look at the last column, is 99 million for Amazon for 63 minutes of downtime. Facebook recently have your nose with their upgrade process had a big outage, right? Every minute costs money. Same thing with other organizations, with whichever industry vertical you may be in. What stats and data show is that every large organization, if they have an outage, the average cost they pay is $11,600 a minute. For a small organization, that's about $8,000 an hour. The data also says that 40 to 60% of businesses will never reopen after a data loss. So again, what you need when you are looking for a solution that can help recover your infrastructure, you need DR planning capabilities, right? When you have an outage, you do not want to be struggling and figuring out, hey, how do I recover my minimum variable business then? You want to have it curated, planned, tested regularly. Again, you want to recover quickly. Time is money, right? So data staging is applicable here as well. You need mutation capability. You want to make sure that the application that you have captured can be mutated tweak to run in any other environment after a disaster. And again, you need to have granular control over everything. Now let's look at it from an analysis point of view. Let's say Acme has 25% of their business, Godoyam, right? And let's look at it from two angles, right? If they have DR planning and DR staging, and if they'd not. From a recovery time perspective, it's 390 minutes versus 96 minutes, okay? And from a cost translation, if you take the 500 million revenue and just come down to a per minute cost, that is equal to 93K versus 27K, right? Now, keep this in mind. The cost of, if 50% of the business was unavailable, the cost for Acme would have been 342K. So the exponential, there is an exponential factor there as in when your business, more parts of your business are down. It definitely makes sense to have a solution that can help with DR planning and DR data staging. Let's keep this 342K number in mind for 50% outage of the business because we'll use that for the last piece of the conversation. Let's talk about ransomware, right? Any business vertical that we look at is being attacked by ransomware today. 300 million cases of attacks each year. And you don't even know if the attackers are gonna give your money back. The cost of an attack has increased to an average of 300K. And the pandemic has given a rise to more of these attacks because of, you know, lot many more mobile devices, different technologies that are being used to access the same data that was being accessed just through a corporate environment before. So when you are adopting a solution here, you wanna make sure that it's not just a simple, you know, data backup, data recovery solution, but you wanna make sure that the solution is aligned with a proper cybersecurity framework. So, you know, you wanna make sure that a solution can identify your assets before that they are attacked so that you know what to protect. You are able to detect when an attack happens. And obviously when the attack has happened, you're able to recover from it.  There are multiple features that you require from a solution that can make this happen, right? So definitely look out for these kind of features in the solution that you adopt. Let's take a look at ransomware protection analysis, right? We spoke about 50% of the business being out. Let's say ACME corporation did not have any protection against ransomware. Ransom demanded was 300K. Their total cost is 300K plus 50% of the business being out which was 342 we discussed earlier. That's about 642 or 650K roughly. But now if they had early detection savings, let's say instead of 50% of the business being out, only 25% was compromised. Ransom demanded was the same. You did have DR planning and staging capabilities. You had immutable backups, encryption available. So obviously you do not pay any ransom. The only money or the only cost to you is the cost to recover, right? So that would be roughly 27K from an outage perspective that we had discussed in the previous analysis as well. So total savings, you know, looking at the money you haven't paid from an opportunity cost perspective is about 420K, right? Again, these are numbers that you can, you know, use in within your own organization to justify these benefits. So let's look at the overall summary of what we've discussed here. Test data management, we're getting 35% savings. Application migration, 30% savings. Compliance and governance, you know, archival, tiered archival, 90% savings. Infrastructure availability, ransomware protection, 33 and 95% savings. What does this all mean, right? Let's say you invest 25K in a data management solution. Right? We are showing the benefits in 400K, 500K for, you know, being very conservative with the outage that we are describing. That can easily, even a single use case can translate to a 20X improvement on your return on investment. Right? So this is a definite need and a new way of looking at data management and data protection within Kubernetes. Also, you know, back in the day, you would have multiple solutions that would support test data management. You'd have a separate solution for, you know, let's say security. You'd have another solution for backup recovery. So here, in the Kubernetes space, investing in a cloud-native data management solution, you're getting four different use cases as one technology that you opt in for. And again, savings are going to be exponential. So as you're bringing in your data in, definitely make sure to invest in a proper data management solution. So that's it for me, folks. Thank you for listening. If you have questions, we'll be at Booth P17. You can come and talk to many of our cloud-native experts who can help you with any of the questions that you have. And obviously, if you have any other suggestions and points that you'd like to discuss with me, feel free to reach out. My email is prashantru.coachawara.io and my Twitter handle is at coachawara. Thank you so much. Thank you for listening.


Good Monday afternoon. Hello. All right. Welcome Monday. Midterm thoughts. We're going to go brief. Thumbs up, thumbs down. I don't know what that means, but, you know, wait, you can express yourself. You can do middle. I didn't have to start late. I appreciate you being flexible with that. Sometimes weird winter things happen, but that happened to me the first time I did midterm. So I was literally running with a box of midterms to the glass. It was super fun. All right. Let's see. Project 3 due on Friday. Let's get started on the next topic. Any other questions or anything? When they're downgraded. Before the next midterm, we'll say that. That's a great question. You've got to remember, there's 238 of you and six problems. It creates a lot of stuff to be graded, right? And I like to have each problem graded by one person, right? That way you're consistently graded on every problem. So that requires us handing things off to each other. It'll take a little while, but as soon as we have the results, you will have the results. Any other questions? Let's get back to semantics. All right. So we've talked about variable resolution and how the compiler is able to map a variable usage to the variable's declaration. And we also know a little bit about scope so we can understand how long a variable's declaration is valid for. Now we're going to talk about function resolution, right? So we talked about, so what are some of the different ways on Wednesday that we talked about how functions can be, how we can know how to refer to a declaration of a function from its usage. What are some of the ways and some of the variables that we're going to say to these? How do I see map a function, an invocation of a function to its declaration? By name. By name. Yeah, so it only looks at the name, right? It doesn't matter. You cannot define another function with the same name no matter if it has different parameters. What about C++ or Java? Usually name and parameters, sometimes we can parameter types, right? So you have the name, the number of parameters, and the title of parameters, right? And so we went to all this and we saw this and we saw that another way of looking at disambiguation rules is using the function signature, right? So these are two sides of the same coin, right? So disambiguation rule says when we invoke a function how do we know which function we're actually calling? A function signature says what is the signature of a function? So I see the signature of a function is just the name, right? Because that's all the information you need to know to know which function gets called. Whereas in languages where you have parameter number and parameter types, the function signature has all those things. Okay, we saw this. So in C, function signatures are name only, which can be incredibly limited. Whereas in C++ function signatures are names and parameter types. So you can say that the function signature for C++ function is some name followed by the types of the parameters. Cool. All right, so let's walk through an example of using C++ but also using the C library functions to be super confusing. So we're going to include standard IO.h. We're going to call a function foo that... So what is the type of foo? So what's the function signature of foo? So we're in C++. So what's the signature of foo? foo, gotta have foo, why? The name. The name, right? Part of the signature is the name. And foo, right? Or nothing, no parameter list. Why don't we include int? Because the return type in C++, the return type doesn't mean anything in response to the function signature. And deciding between resolving a function. And so we don't care about that. We don't include that. And now you can find another function foo which takes in an integer this time, returns an integer, and this returns 10 plus x. So it'll be a function signature for this function. foo int, is it going to be foo int x? What do you think? Why not foo int x? So at least from deciding which function to call in C++ the only thing that matters is the name of the function and the types of the parameters in the order. The name of these parameters doesn't matter at all. We can't make a new function foo that takes in an integer called bar and expect that to be a different function. And part of that is in C++ do you have a way of invoking a function and saying this specific parameter is this value? No, right? We have no way to say that. We only invoke a function and we pass parameters to it and those parameters have types and those types get mapped to the invocation. Cool. So in my function main I can call foo and set it to return value equal to whatever test parameter I want. And when the compiler is compiling this, remember all it sees is the ID. It just sees the ID, the string foo and then that's to say which function foo gets invoked. So here it says, okay, I know I have foo with zero parameters. Do I have a function defined as foo with zero parameters? Yes, I looked up in my symbol table just as we saw before. Now once again this is different from static dynamic scoping in that you can do function resolution differently and also have different types of static and dynamic scoping. But here in C++ we're assuming static scoping, we're mapping this instance of foo, this invocation of foo to this definition of foo. And the same thing here with bar. Now we can pass test. So what's the type of the argument test in? So then what's the type of foo here? So what function is going to be invoked here? foo that takes in one parameter and that's an int. And so that's what the compiler tries to map this invocation of foo to. And so it says, oh here there's a function called foo that takes in an integer. Great. We can compile this program and it's going to output 10 and 20, which is exactly what we think it should. Questions on this? But this is just another knob that the language designer can tune and change. They can say functions have to be unique by name. Or they can say they have to be unique by maybe just number of parameters. Or they can say they have to be unique by name, number of parameters, and type. And so this changes the way we program this language and this changes the exact semantics of what it means when you see a function invocation here. How do you map that invocation of that function to the actual function like it's called? Cool. All right. Moving on. Now we get to assignment semantics. This is where we're going to be super duper ultra precise, which I guess is a very not, probably, ironic way of saying precise, very precise. So the question is, what exactly happens in the following statement x equals y? What was that first comment? Depends on the language. Depends on the language? Why? Yeah, so part of it, so our intuition is we're copying what, the value of y to x. Right? But really it depends, and so we need to be very precise in saying what do we actually mean. So we need to define four concepts here that are going to help us to talk about the exact semantics here. Because there's the name x, there's a variable hopefully called x that's been declared in our program. There's also a variable that's been declared called y. Assuming this is a valid statement, these are both in-scope variables, which means we can map them to some declaration. They have names. And so names as we saw is why we went through that whole process of scoping rules. How do we map this name to a declaration? Next we want to talk about locations. So what would be the difference between a name and a location? Anything about where x is stored or what happens to x? Right, x is a way for us to abstractly think about and define a variable. Right? The computer can do whatever it wants to x, but it has to put x somewhere. Right? x must be somewhere in order for the computer to reference it and change it. We don't actually care when we're programming. Is that a true statement? Most times we don't care exactly where the compiler is putting x. The compiler could put it in memory. It could store it to the disk. It could pass it on to another computer to store for it and retrieve that value from that other computer anytime it needs it. It could optimize in a way to register on the CPU. Do you care? What do you care about as a programmer? What do you care about? It's available. If I want to do something with x, make sure that I get it. Exactly. When we modify or change x, when we use it later, we want to see those modifications change. One step further. When we set it to something they can be expected to still be that something when we come back for it later. We want to be able to do a variable. Set it to a new value. When we access or use that again, we better have the same value. It better not have changed in the meantime. Unless we wanted to do that. Which is a whole other issue. Using shared memory or something like that. But frankly, when we're just talking about learning, we don't care where the computer puts this. But we know it has to put it somewhere. We're going to use location for this. We're going to say a location is a container that can hold a value. That's it. We're going to talk a little bit more abstractly. We're not going to think about exactly where containers can hold values and all that kind of stuff. We're not going to care where it is. We just know that the computer needs to have this value somewhere. We need some way of linking those two things. Right? We know we have a name. We know that the computer stores the value that we associate when we assign to that name somewhere in I guess I'll be stupid, in the computer right? It's storing it somewhere. But we know in some abstract location and we need some way to bind and say that this name now refers to this location. This name is bound to this location. And finally we have the things that we're putting into locations. Right? We have some kind of value. We're actually kind of constrained in certain languages between what values we can express. Right? So we have an integer in C on a normal 32-bit system. Can that represent all possible integers? Why not? That seems really annoying. When you write an algorithm at a high level do you really want to care about you just want to say I want a number. That number could be zero to whatever large number I think of, right? So why do we care? Why does it actually have six set of values? There's a lot of integers. Yeah, I mean that's part of it, right? Why else? Well, it's tight. Care about it's tight? Why? Well, it needs to be an integer because you're going to be performing operations specific to that type. True. Let's say you're trying to find an integer class as a capital I full word integer that represents all possible integer values. And let's not even worry about negatives we can always deal with that. Like zero and up. Why can't we do that? Why don't most languages allow us to do that? We're going to make it very, very easier or harder to overflow. I'm trying to represent all numbers. But I care about it as well. We might not require that big number limit. For normal operations use that. If you really want to use large number, large integer then use the type for that. Okay. So I only want to use so I may only want to store a fixed number. Like for instance, if I was storing dates and I just wanted to store the last two digits of a date. Right? Which is the Y2K bug. But I want to be super clever to store those last two digits. But still, what's the fundamental reason? Why is that a benefit to me to be able to to say my range and set of values is fixed? I'm going to say space. What was that? Say space. I got 8 gates of memory in this thing. I don't know, I'm convincing, I think it's difficult. So you can tell the difference between the types. You can tell the difference between the types. I always store like a type bit or more than a bit. Because types, I mean we'll go over and talk about types later. But I get to say that I even find a new type that says like a centimeter is also an integer. Right? That's a different type. And I'd say that centimeters and integers are not the same thing. To find a new type, inch for an inch is also an integer underneath but inches and centimeters are definitely not the same thing. What you're getting at, but I don't think any of the software that I've ever written is going to count higher count to a higher integer than can be stored in 32 bits. You could probably find some specific applications but generally, kind of like we talked about that for the most part you don't need to count that type. You do write a library so you can take the numbers you can store and use them to represent bigger numbers. So why 32? Why do we care about 32 bits? The numbers. Because why? Because it's in the hardware. It's in the hardware how? And you say that like a 32 bit of 40 or 64 bit hardware. Yeah, so it's usually a couple ways to look at it. Some ways could be registers. Fundamentally, the CPU that you're executing on has limitations on what it can do. So modern, let's say 32 bit CPU has registers that store 32 bits each and has operations to calculate and do addition and subtraction and it's on 32 bit like integers. But you're not coding through a specific machine and you code C or C++ if you're coding this you can go to any language. So why? Why do we still care? Well, you said that we're trying to write a general purpose solution that'll work with everything for a solution that only works with 32 bit machines then it certainly wouldn't work with a vice versa. Okay, cool. I'll take a flip side of that to say backwards compatibility would be one reason. So A, C was written in the 70s as like a high level assembly language to write the UNIX operating system in and at that time they had limitations on sizes so they sensed to continue that limitations into a high level language. Actually, a lot of languages came from C. So languages like Java which are made much afterwards and why would it matter to a Java program if you have 32 bit integers underneath? But they still carry the same restriction I don't know, maybe it's because they felt people would be more used to that it'd be easier to bring that previous knowledge into the new programming language and you'd get started and not have to use this concept. Something that should be performed it doesn't mean by performance or maybe I just injected that into that conversation. So it kind of all linked. So why? I guess the question is, so we just said the 32 bit CPU only operates on 32 bit numbers does that mean we have to always use 32 bit numbers? Can we do 64 bit addition on a 32 bit CPU? What's the difference? It was two cycles two memory cycles. Yeah, it's going to require multiple clock cycles in order to essentially emulate a 64 bit operation on a 32 bit and more registers. So now we're getting back to the talking about size. Size of things. It really is I think a lot of it comes back to performance. When you write a C program and you declare an int you know that that's going to be whatever the default size of the system is usually let's say 32 bits it's going to be 32 bits on the CPU. Now if you start to try to change that and try to when you start doing 64 bit or 128 bit math or whatever on a smaller processor you have to do a lot more processing in order to get that to work. So we're kind of if you think about it as a community we've kind of made this implicit tradeoff that says I want to use super performance. I want to have really good efficiency and performance and if I need that flexibility like somebody said I can use a library. If I want to represent there's a big number of libraries in most languages that will handle any large number you throw at them. But their calculations are slower. Anyways this is getting thinking about values so that a value that we're talking about on a program and a computer is fixed. And this comes from physical limitations really. Before you move on we can talk about floating point precision and how when you're doing linear algebra the number of decimal places back first you have plays a big role in the conditioning of your linear system you have crappy conditioning in not enough decimal places and your rocket's going to explode wherever it's traveling to. Yeah so we need to and that's a kind of a side step that question. We didn't talk about floating point at all because you're using floats and they should use doubles and all that kind of stuff and depending on how many calculations you do you need to be very aware about how your errors accumulate as you're doing these linear systems and all these equations. There's actually a whole area of scientific computing and that is like trying to deal with this problem and said not only can we view algorithms that are super fast that a computer can do but how can I minimize this error propagation so yeah there's something to think about right? Float's the same way. Float you need to represent usually 32 bits you're trying to represent an exponential decimal number in 32 bits which is hard and double is usually larger 64 but CVUs usually have built-in support for those types of things and they even have built-in support now for doing operations on large arrays of numbers they have different extensions and you do need to worry about it unfortunately I haven't reached that stage yet where you can just code in this super high level I don't care about the machine mentality because often times they can come to bite you if you're in a certain domain and using certain types of stuff I use famous examples in a lot of video games where weird things like being able to slip through cracks in balls and stuff are due to bugs and floating point calculations because the things didn't line up exactly right so there's like a little hole in the wall and you can kind of get through something because that's where usually those problems come from alright so how do these four things join all the way back to the Simon's Mantis if you're getting super low into the details of the CVUs how do these four things come together the names, location a binding between the names and location and some kind of value so we're going to use super awesome diagrams I guess I should say another side benefit that we're going to learn here in this section and we go over like midterm from what was it, fall 2015 that example midterm I sent out maybe you got to a question with like a bunch of crazy pointer arithmetic maybe you saw it yes that's what this, so I'm going to teach you about a tool we're going to talk about box circle diagrams you will become a pointer god and goddess witch, wizard, I don't know what's your favorite like ultra powerful thing that will be you with pointers you'll be able to deal with address of operators complicated triple quadruple dereferences and be able to know exactly what the program does so that you can never write that in your code but you can understand what these things do and when the compiler tells you oh the type doesn't match you need to dereference something you're not just like okay just add an ampersand and never think about it again understand what's going on and why the compiler is yelling at you so we can get a super powerful section actually without this section so we're going to represent we have a decoration of an integer x so we have a name, the binding location, the value so we declare an integer x what are we telling the compiler to do for us let's take c for now what are we doing yeah so we're first saying that we want to name something we have a name x that later on in the program when you see an x all references to x that results in the same decoration mean the same thing so we have a name x and we're asking the computer to give us some location to put x in and bind those two the name and the location are we telling anything the compiler hanging on the value here no but are we telling it what the possible range of values can be yes we're making an explicit thing here if we had a character named x that would only be able to represent 256 values because it's an 8-bit integer we use enums we're doing the same thing the token type enum in project 2 defines a set of values so that way we declare a variable that's of a token type the compiler can check and make sure you're only using elements from these values this fixed set of values box circle diagrams they're literally just like the name implies going to have boxes and circles so the name is going to be x the location is going to be a box the binding and a line it'll be a line between the name and the location and this says that the name x is bound to this location does this location have a name maybe we'll get to that depends most times yes most prior languages give us a way to talk about a location the address of operator the memory address that is associated with a location in some languages like java we can't get that we don't know where things are stored we can't get the memory address of anything in java and yet we can apply these same concepts to java we have the name a binding a location and finally the value is going to be a circle inside the box so there we go right now the value inside this location so now I'm going to try to access and print out x what's going to be printed out close up anything that's in that range could be printed out because I did not tell the compiler exactly what I wanted inside the value of this location that's associated with x so this is the way we'll talk about this as we'll talk about what I'm going to say binding so we'll usually say x is bound to this location or we'll say the location associated with x will be another way to talk about this location right and so that is the box that x is bound to so this part is the easy part it's creating, when you see a declaration you know you can create a box circle diagram like this for x now we say x equals 5 what happens to our box circle diagram the circle has a 5 in it but what is the exact semantics that this means x is the name what was that sorry update the value of x to the value of 5 yeah update but x doesn't have a value x is just a name it's more than value 5 of the location yeah very close we want to copy the value 5 to the location associated with the name x so what's the difference between this and when we said x equals y earlier we copied the value y to the location associated with the name x what's the difference what's the difference between 5 and y 5 is direct and it's sitting in directly while the other one is sitting it's getting the value of what that is it's getting the value directly yeah but what's the difference between y and 5 5 is a literal 5 is a value itself but if you do an assembly it's immediate parameter yeah we won't worry about that but a high level 5 is a value whereas y is a name that has a location associated with it so we'll get into there's just like a preview where it gets deep into that and so how does this change our diagram we put 5 where like here in the circle yes super easy oh not there okay I was like I don't know what this is going okay so copy the value 5 to the location associated with the name x that is the precise semantic definition of what we're talking about here for our assignment so now if I have in x and in y and I say x equals y what are the precise semantics here yes since the value of x the value what is located in the address of y yes very close okay so using our super precise we're going to say copy the value in the location associated with y right so remember location associated with y we have y bound to a location that is the location associated with y copy the value in that location associated with y to the location associated with x x we have y we have something in there we're going to copy the value over here so then maybe this can give us some insight why can't I do 5 equals y 5 does not have a location right 5 is a value 5 does not have a location think we'll look at it later there's operators that will give us a location if we give it an integer like 5 but we can't say 5 equals y or 5 equals x yeah so if we go back here you're saying so is 5 stored in the memory so let's think about this for a second it's a good question so you're thinking about right in between these two lines in between x and in between x equals 5 right does 5 exist somewhere in the program where the program is memory well think about the process as an address space so let me give you a guess right now as to why earlier you said a value is an element from a set so it stands to reason that 5 belongs to a set that is defined somewhere to the system interesting so I have 32 bits in an integer because I mean every single number like we represented with 32 bits so from 0 to 2 to 32 is in my memory space because that's one element out of all that set I would think probably not right because then you have to have 2 to the 32 memory just to run one program right 32 times 32 because you need a place to put each of those 2 to the 32 integers then you run into a problem because with 32 bits of memory you can only usually address 2 to the 32 memory locations for memory addresses so your memory can only be 2 to the 32 that's why on 32 bit systems you have 4 gates usually so no it didn't get stuck anywhere or it hasn't yet maybe or maybe not probably there's a high probability that it's in there somewhere let's think about it this way I like that so if we just serve through the memory is there randomly some memory that happens to be can somebody file it 0101 0101 yeah so like a bunch of zeros and then 101 right is that likely to exist somewhere in our memory space maybe so I guess a better way of phrasing the question is if we change this 5 to a 10 does that memory location somewhere in the program now become instead of a 5 or 10 it should fly right so this code is going to compile down to C right and then or not compile down to C sorry compile down to like x86 assembly it's going to load the memory in x86 assembly a lot of times in the instruction this will be like a move a constant 5 into some register and then move that register into a memory location that would usually be how this would happen but does it have to be there I guess is a better question or I guess the root of what we're trying to add here does this line mean that 5 has to exist somewhere do you as a programmer in C care if 5 exists before this point what do you care about after this line executes right so if you were to access 5 and print out x sorry if you were to access x to print out x after this line you better see the value 5 so that's really the compiler's contract to you based on the semantics of this program right so so could the compiler compile it so it moves 5 into a register and moves it into a memory address that's associated with x yes could the compiler also put 0 in a register and increment that register 5 times until it knows that value 5 is there and then move that value into memory sure maybe it knows that on a certain processor that's actually faster than loading a value from an instruction those kinds of things happen right and compiler compilers have to be very clever in how they do these optimization tricks but the whole point is they preserve that contract with you the programmer that before this line you don't care what's in x afterwards it better be 5 and you don't care where that 5 came from you should know that x better have that 5 right so you don't really care where this came from that's a cool question okay so then how the heck do we get there what we're talking about before that 5 equals x that would be pointless because the left hand side if you overwrite that register it doesn't matter because you're never going to access it again think about how crazy that would be it's like I guess maybe you could make a language like that where you took 5 so you kind of took the thing of all the constants in the program are like fixed in this table like we were talking about like 0 or 2 or 32 and then you could assign to 5 and change its value to be something else like 0 and then later when people all try to copy 5 to somewhere else they get a different value you could compare these three things up I don't know why you never want to program like that but you could probably do it it would be easier just if you ever encountered a non-variable left hand side to reverse the assignment in case somebody's like dyslexic and they type it out backwards and the compiler just makes up for it it would work until you had variables one set to the other right, yeah, it's tricky the other thing is if you do like x plus y equals 10 on the left hand side you do x plus y what does x plus y look like a value, right, a number a value but you can't assign to that that'd be funny, x plus y is equal to x plus y I mean you can do what you want if you're creating a language this isn't going to be better to program probably not, I'm really thinking about it okay, cool so that's part of what it shows you is these semantics, right this is exactly what we mean when we see this line we say copy the value in the location associated with y to the location associated with x super annoying that the equals is assignment and double equals is equality I know you probably reached that point where you're very comfortable with that remember your first time doing that there are two completely different concepts one is a question asking are these two things equal and the other is saying hey from here on out assign this thing to this other thing and change its value forever there are two very distinct concepts that are separated by one equal sign so some languages actually have them distinct some languages have colon equals to mean assignment and like double equals to mean equality which gives it a little bit more separation but now we can evolve grown to the point where this is just how it is try to do it in a different language whatever okay, cool so now we can see things like this x is equal to x so this means copy the value in the location associated with x to the location associated with x this is exactly what we want to have happen right, so we have an x that's some value in it and we're going to copy it back to itself okay, so assignment semantics this is what we kind of hinted at when we talked about values versus like something of a location like why can't you have an x a 5 on the left hand side why can't you have an x so assignment semantics are of the form an L value versus an R value so the way to think about this is really easy an L value can go on the left hand side of an assignment semantics so an L value also has a location associated with it right you have L's two ways to remember that it's on the left hand side of an assignment operator and it has a location associated with it where an R value is just a value it has no location associated with it so this is something like we saw of the form of x equals 5 right, x is an L value that has a location associated with it 5 it does not have location associated with it it's just an R value so here we're going to find this a little bit more broadly because it's going to come into play a different thing so an expression is an L value if there is a location associated with that expression so why is this a little bit more general than what we were just talking about if the L value is a literal if there is a location associated with it right, so we talked about so we put x on the left hand side of it what are we saying that just things, like variable things like x and y can be L values what are we specifically saying in our definition an expression, what's an expression these and operators so we didn't really ever define it but we talked about the line of programming like we did, so we have programs and statements and statements that are composed of multiple expressions so anyway we have function calls operators, we can call a function and then add this as all of that function to the result of another function this can be any complicated expression that you have the point of view references, adders of operators all these things so if there is an L value associated with the expression then it can be on the left hand side R value so expression is an R value if the expression has a little value associated with the expression then function 5, does that have a value associated with it does x have a value associated with it it has a location associated with x assuming that x is already declared but we'll assume well formed programs here so x as R even declares we know there is a location associated with x the same as addition operators we have 5 plus 10 does the result of that have a value associated with it we see some value as the result of that operation where x plus y is the same thing so here we have x equals y when L value equals to an R value and so the semantics here for anything of an L value is equal to an R value is copy the value in the R value to the location in the L value associated with the L value whereas this is why we can't do 5 equals x this does not make sense semantically we already talked about that we cannot do that we can have an L value on the left side and an L value on the right side when do we see that x equals x or x equals 5 and here the semantics are slightly different but still essentially the same copy the value of the location associated with the L value on the right hand side to the location associated with the L value on the left hand side cool so now your thing is like C so A is which type of value an L value or an R value an L value and B plus C is so the R value here is the value in the location associated with B adding to the value in the location associated with C that expression together is a value so what we need here is copy the value associated with B plus C with A midterm on Friday I'm going to do a minute off


Are we serious right now? Like there's no way you do the ball right at me man What is up with these guys super bummer dude I think we're actually three and three we're actually getting covered we start playing shitty But then playing good playing shitty, but playing good our defense has been bad. Just gotta get games and boys My B John had a big game for the boys B John just had a big game Derek Henry drives 18 Everybody gets a solid performance.     Oh, what else to tell the kids? Oh, man Oh my god, oh Tyree be better. It's a little bit be better. I don't even need a big body. I just needed somebody to block Anybody could Like Come on boys Warrant sap, that's you kid. That's you. All right, dion.    I mean, that was pretty dope play That was a pretty good play Can't step out that pocket like that. Good play though. Good play kid.   Why are you here? Why are you here? That's what I gotta ask. Why are you here? I mean that guy's the read guy. He'll never play the bubble. That's what I'm learning. Oh, maybe Oh, we could have got some blocks there. We could have got some blocks Dude, like that should be a bubble situation though. Like that that look should be I should bubble that look I should be able to bubble that look. I really should hate this.   Perfect. You just stepped up too far.  Gronk is it?     Oh my god. Like I just dude.   Like that's so awful Thank god. He missed it, but like Oh my god. I was waiting for throw one of the wheel rounds and something. Oh my god Dude, I just have been so lax and days ago today.     I can't laugh.  I think if I was like further down the field, we had a shot right there.  How about that? How about that anybody anybody wants to get an end zone if you get an end zone Dog it's just like the greatest.    He's not on shawntaylor. Thank god. Oh my god Dude, how about daniel jones have a day? How about that or the giants really dreck? Are the giants actual dreck?   Come on, man Duh, aren't you just getting through life right now? Come on more and sap. It's time to wake up I need you to make some plays here like I what?  You were that open. Oh my god, man. Do I suck?  See wood.  Oh my god.       Why wouldn't it be Bruce Smith at the tackle? Why not? Why wouldn't it be good old Bruce Smith at the tackle? Why wouldn't it be? That's going great, man. I've never had a bad day in my life. You guys know that Somehow this run is getting just absolutely packed. I mean now we already got that We already got the players that can you know, get rid of ice anyway, so it shouldn't really matter that much Doc, holy shit, man.  Well boys, you know the bald man. Oh, I got it. I didn't mean to let go but we did gg gg gg Good game. Didn't play the best defense once again


There are some people who've absolutely mastered Linux, who can make it do anything they want using some sort of pseudo-science. Science has proven time and time again to be a wildly successful approach to obtaining knowledge. Many interesting and important observations were made before the formalization of the scientific method, but it's hard to argue that the practice of science doesn't have some sort of intimate relationship with truth. I mean, yes, people still do argue that. I mean, computers, which is just really supremely frustrating. However, there's another problem in that some individuals have recognized that success and attempt to hang unjustified claims on the coattails of science, representing their ideas as being somehow scientific and justified when, in fact, they aren't. Astrology, alchemy, numerology, phrenology, feng shui, psychics, a whole slew of weird stuff that's supposedly good for your health. There's no shortage of disciplines which people claim are as good as, or even better than, mainstream science, like physics or medicine, at prediction and accessing truth. I mean, we've got evidence that science is really, really good at finding stuff out, and so we want to believe in things that are scientifically justified. But how are we supposed to separate them from all the pretenders? Differentiating science and pseudo-science is a philosophical and practical concern called the demarcation problem. As with most philosophy, it's not as straightforward as it sounds. We have sort of an intuitive sense of what science and pseudo-science are, but trying to make a hard and fast rule to separate one from the other is actually kind of tricky. Sir Karl Popper, a truly prolific 20th century philosopher with some really impressive earlobes, took a stab at the demarcation problem using a principle that he called falsificationism. For Popper, the main thing that separates science from non-science, or pseudo-science, was an emphasis on strict falsifiability. A scientific claim was one which staked its entire reputation on the fact that you might observe something in the world which would totally disprove it, but you never will. Popper chose Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis as a sort of punching bag of pseudo-science. He said that one might be led to the mistaking conclusion that it was a fantastic theory because it could never really be proven wrong. After all, any human behavior whatsoever could be explained as some combination of id, ego, and superego, and any clinical observation could be interpreted as an expression of sublimation, or repression, or anal fixation, or really whatever the Freudian wanted. However, according to Popper, that actually makes it unscientific. If there's no possible observation which would totally invalidate the theory, if there's no risky statement that the theory makes, which if proven wrong would mean that it's totally bankrupt, then it's not science. This is sort of backwards to how we usually think about these things. The most successful and well-respected scientific theories are powerful because they explain a bunch of different phenomena, because they make positive claims about what will happen given certain starting conditions. But through the lens of falsificationism, the scientific method isn't really about explaining what's true, it's about proving conclusively what's false. In some sense, that's absolutely right. A scientific hypothesis really only has two possible states, wrong, and maybe I mean it worked this time, so hopefully it keeps working that way in the future, I guess, unless somebody proves otherwise. There are some problems with Popper's criteria that we'll get to in a second, but it is an exceptionally poignant observation, and it does cross a whole lot of stuff off of the list. Like, psychics might claim to be able to predict the future, but they never really pin their entire professional reputations on singular predictions. If they get something right, then it's because they're psychic. If they get something wrong, it's only because reading tarot cards is really hard, guys. Falsificationism does a lot for advancing the enterprise of demarcation. And as a bonus, it turns the problem of induction on its head. After all, if science is only in the enterprise of disproving the theories that can't be true in keeping everything else open as a possibility, then there's no induction going on, only deduction. But as I said, there are a few problems with Popper's position. First, it can be interpreted in a way that excludes a whole lot of stuff that we normally think of as science. I mean, Popper himself originally thought that the theory of natural selection wasn't falsifiable, because it kind of sounds like an untestable tautology, like saying, survivors survive. He later retracted this view after being shown the empirical test that had been done on natural selection, revising his statement to say that it was only very hard to test. But he had sort of demonstrated that dismissing something because it seems unfalsifiable can be kind of subjective. Second, and perhaps more importantly, most scientists don't really think that way. I mean, positive results bias aside, there are an awful lot of scientific papers that make positive claims. Claims that something is causally linked to something else. Either there's an unspoken assumption among all scientists that those are just possibilities that haven't been disproven yet, or there's something else going on here. Despite those significant objections, Popper's insight in falsificationism kicked off a whole bunch of inquiry into the philosophy of science, including the demarcation problem. One such line of inquiry was formulated by Thomas Kuhn, whose book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, was written in response to Popper and has been an exceptionally influential work. For Kuhn, Popper's falsificationism was only characteristic of somewhat infrequent scientific revolutions, like general relativity or quantum mechanics, not real normal, everyday science. After all, for most scientists, if you get a result that contradicts the existing paradigm, like say, the law of universal gravitation, you don't publish a paper titled Gravity is Wrong. Instead, you publish something that's more like, hey, I found this curiosity. It kind of looks like it's violating the law of gravitation, maybe? According to Kuhn's theory, scientific revolutions only really happen when there are so many observed problems with the paradigm that something absolutely has to give, a period that he describes as a crisis, followed by a paradigm shift. Incidentally, that's not just management jargon. Kuhn's book is where that term first gained popular use. In order to differentiate normal, run-of-the-mill, non-revolutionary science from pseudoscience, Kuhn proposed a demarcation criteria of puzzle solving. If a result, contrary to the existing paradigm, arises in the course of normal science, there's always some confusion that goes along with that. It becomes a puzzle that the researcher has to account for. Maybe the instruments were miscalibrated, or maybe there's an electrostatic effect that's unaccounted for, or maybe gravity does really weird things at small scales. Whatever the case, in real science, disagreement from prediction is always cause for further investigation. On the flip side, in pseudoscience, there's no real problem if a prediction turns out to be false, no puzzle to be solved or investigated. The psychic just says, oh, I must have misread the tarot cards, and then just keeps on saying wacky stuff. Popper and Kuhn both had huge influences on the philosophy of science. They had different approaches and were strongly critical of each other's work, but oddly enough, their theories had more in common than you might think. Whether you use puzzle solving or falsificationism or any of the other numerous philosophical systems that were developed in Popper's wake as a guide for demarcation, it's reasonably clear what sorts of things are science and what sorts of things aren't if you look closely enough and think hard. Adam Savage has his own criteria. Remember kids, the only difference between screwing around in science is writing things down. Many thanks to the Mythbusters for many years of entertainment and education. You guys will be sorely... ...mythed. Do you like Kuhn's or Popper's criteria for demarcation better? Please leave a comment below and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share. And don't stop thunking.


Well, let's eat the breakfast and plus TV Africa and if you're joining thank you for joining us and also thank you for staying with us We have a Zika on your I took who joins us this morning for off the press is it girl Let's go to have you join us. Thanks for having me or to a con. You know, I really like that name It sounds like, you know, man who's actually going, you know, to battle with the song it's actually Decorated general like Ariana caca voice about the highest title you can be given within this part of the world I salute you. Well, it's good to have you on our show this morning. Let's start off with the punch On the punch newspaper a tickle lunches campaign books Agreed governor's boycott event. That's the board caption on the punch. It's quite different from what you would have yesterday Underneath Buhari government has failed Nigerian disarray federalism faulty. That's what the PDP candidates quoted to say, of course a large article about her But some persons have said beyond all of this The electorate need to ask the very vital question because I think we've been in that phase where people come out to say We're going to solve the problem So if it's electricity, we're going to solve it But the big bigger question should be how will it be solved? We're talking about the practical ways to solve the question or solve the problem. Why or Tom? Makin day it pairs who others won't campaign for the ex vice president That's what an eight is quoted to say Again, you have a PDP remains a strong party were campaigning to win governor Immanuel don't Emmanuel apparently is quoted on that this is right as you find underneath the boat caption But they're more interesting headlines another says states to get 750 million dollars World Bank loan in December and politicians may destroy Nigeria a former president to Lucia Gunobasan Joe raises the alarm. How would be the question? Obese supporters cannot gather leaky toll gates That's what the courts saying and some people have not the likes of you know, sure He's actually not you know supported this looking at his comment among all this some people prior to this time I've said that your B movements can be juxtaposed with that of the end sauce I really don't know, you know, the thought to be and all of that all thefts federal government probes Exploration production by IOC's and just before we move away from the punch Dream killers how South Africa's flawed visa process for straight Nigerians is another bold caption Not exactly bold, but is another header you find this morning on the punch and the PNID scam Cots revokes directors bill orders re-arrest Senate ticket Machina flaws Ahmed Lawan and six recon Sillation that's on the punch newspaper. It's really interesting We know we have some experts will try to explain the same scenario with me China and a Fabio Well, the nation is what we have next looking at the nation newspaper Riki Makin day or Tom Shawn articles campaign launch and that's really funny because contrary I mean prior to this time It felt like according to the reports that you know or Tom had all already cut ties with the likes of you know We cable really what could have been responsible. We're hoping that Our guests will have an answer Oh, go on you a puzzle and Southwest chieftain also absent neck members Alleges 28 million our offer to derail opposition party PDP flag bearer promises restructuring and good governance that a tickle A bubble car right there. Me China not lawan is your bear north central candidate court rule Obidachi 23 rally cannot hold a lecky tall gate That's what is quoted On the nation this morning and just before move away from the nation You also have D. C. O civilian killed in attack on or your police station Okay, do lute to federal government ams are to protect Undo residents My leadership will inspire nigeria to greater heights says bola I'm a tunable. Uh, that's the flag bearer of the all progressive congress Quoted on that one, but that's the much we can take on the nation Quickly before us. We have the daily trust newspaper On the daily trust race to presidency and out to rescue nigeria sounds like, you know Santa Claus has come to town quite early Tico's quoted to say I'm out to rescue nigeria. That's the race of presidency former vice president at tico abu worker There's uh attributed to that quote and we care marking day three PDP governors absent at campaign launch What does this mean for the PDP PDP remains strong despite doom says Okay, Udom Emmanuel has quoted on that 18 presidential candidate signed peace accord today Have you ever wondered why? Other time we signed the peace accord, but has that really translated to you know, real peace when we'll talk about a tangible piece that you know the Those who are vying. I mean this candidate would accept the outcome of the elections I pop kills five soldiers civilians in anambra and you've been enough Court rejects armoured law and recognizes me china and then pc orders to raise gas use So five million tons in three years and over 20 feet kill in cogit tanker explosion There's also another picture here Quite saddening, but i'm sure you want to find out what that's about Flood sacks 13 anambra community and renders many families homeless And despite federal government's caution a kere dolu insists on arming a motecum Flood and drought insecurity have affected us badly. This is what farmers are saying And that's the headlines on the daily trust this morning Now thanks to the paper vendor. We have the daily sun newspaper in front of us The daily sun says a tickle confidence of victory as apc moves to resolve campaign issues It's just not sure that this point everyone expects that all houses should put their acts together wiki allies shone pdp's PCC inauguration lp kicks off campaign in joss and You have another caption saying Stop threatening us with igbo president. Another in elders tell ohanese Some using a name thick and pan igbo body tells the nef another says cbn goes after states firms individuals to recover 9.3 trillion intervention loans Niger 62 NAF acts a buja resident not to panic over the aerial plane rehearsals well 2023 may make or may my nigeria.  Well, we quickly turn You know to our guests is it come? Yeah, I took who joins us this morning. Is it go? Thank you so much for being part of the show Thanks for having me always a pleasure right there Well, we set off with the court ruling or the court rule saying that obi dati 2023 rally cannot You know hold a lekkie tollgate I mean what what are your thoughts on this especially where you know the the lord the constitution talks about freedom of association And it also talks about the movement, you know, everyone has a right to move and own practice in any parts of the country Uh, my perspective is uh, actually a little different While while I think that um, everybody has right of movement But I think it is the place of the law to um, protect the system the society And I I would say this from a completely different perspective in the sense that, um I think that it to be suicide for for for my brother, um Peter will be to launch his campaign at the tollgate. Um, you know at the lekkie tollgate into a suicidal From what we we have seen in just And the way legos is I think that the federal government should Beg obese people to go to the national stadium as soon as they So that the crowd can be controlled so that there will be no collateral damages So for me my perspective is not so much whether they have a right or they don't have a right I want to look at it from the perspective of safety Because the crowd in that place is going to him going to be humongous And might be difficult to control So if I had my way, I would say they should please open the national stadium You know in soon larry for them to go there because that's probably one of the largest venues and that place will be packed full What what's happening? I I think that Those guys are out to make a statement and um I really think that is not the issue of fundamental rights But even that right of association has to be with respect to public safety and them There's a certain crowd that you want to move into a certain place and then government will be irresponsible If they did not do that, but they shouldn't get about it as per no you can't be there It should be more like, you know telling them, you know, I think that that place is not suitable for you I think that that place will be too small for you I think that you should consider a larger place and if such if they went About it that way And for any reason there was any um incidents that was untold or not too good Then the the the rally organizers will be held responsible and government would have become the hero But when you now try to say no, you can't do that. It's like you're trying to stop them out of Bad delay and that's not really good for government government should learn to be a little more strategic You can get what you want. Just look for a way of having that thing done Well, um, so I'd like to ask you also What premises is coming on? Because you have some people who have said that peter will be is A political movement that's similar to the hashtag answers and we understand that leagas was is an epicenter And you know the answers hashtag process if you're talking about the climax of it, uh, you know What's in leagas and leki to get cannot be left out of this So do you do you really agree with those who are saying that Peter will be is a political movement that's similar to the hashtag answers and if your answer is yes, then why? I'll tell you you see when I come here um, I try very hard to wear A different cup you would understand that I belong to a political party And that um, I have a presidential candidate But I also know that I'm not called here as a member of a party But somebody who is is expected to be Non-partisan in my analysis and somebody who is expected to be very very objective To that extent I I would like to reiterate what I said earlier We need to have thinking government. I believe that without even asking any questions I believe that the peter will be movement is akin to the end sound stuff. You can't take that out You can't take that out. There are too many things that are similar. You know, they don't ask you for money They are not waiting for the leaders to bring money. They are not mobilized by by the leadership I mean they just do their thing So I always say that Peter will be the the obedient movement is is not a person movement It's an ideology that the young people had crafted for themselves long before today And peter will be is lucky so to speak not just lucky He's had the antecedents to fit into that movement And I want to say that he's not actually the only presidential candidate that fits into that movement He's just the face of it. I believe that obedient movement is an ideology that applies You know to people who number one Are Careful to to know that government money is not personal money. That is obedient movement people who care about the masses That's the obedient movement People who are willing to do what will better the lot of the young people. That is the obedient movement I'll tell you this in akwae bomb state for instance You know I've been you know put in the obedient movement And I tried very hard to see to let them know that look I belong to a different political party And all they say is that sir is not about party is person There's a hashtag called person not party and that is the the the hashtag they are operating now That is becoming the Nigeria thing So they may be somebody in PDP in quara that fits into the obedient movement or somebody in agc in Adamawa That fits into the obedient movement. So the obedient movement is not a person But an ideology it's a vision and it takes its root from the answers movement So you really cannot Differentiate the answers from this movement It is within that context that I say that government should have been a little more forward thinking So that they try not to link the two because you know It is like a symbolism going to that like it all get it it's symbolic of that movement It's an animation, you know of that movement So what they should have done was to have come about it the the back door and say look You know this the way this thing is going and what the tragedy we had in that place Your crowd is likely to be so much and we the place is a little tight Please look for a place that is more open You know whatever so that if you like you can pay a visit to that place You know, which is your right with time bed for the launching of your campaign The crowd is not suitable and again, they could even have used civil societies to make that movement You know, we really have governments that don't think and it bothers me a lot If you are thinking government, you can get what you want. Just be a little wiser in your approach to it Because I mean from all of the things that you have said they sound really very nice And so one would be wondering why There's a stop to that if you look at those who protested The protests especially those who gathered the lekkitoge for the hashtag answers. These persons were not armed And so if you say that they should not stop at that point We know that the constitution is very explicit about You know our association everyone has a right to an association Unless or protests unless there are threats to national security And so if you have a group of persons who are saying we're only coming out to say We're trying to support, you know for a certain candidate Don't you think that that's some sort of restriction that a lot of people because this didn't just happen The court didn't just wake up to give that injunction Some persons came together Decided to approach the court and you know put out all of that And of course the court went ahead to give that particular order But because it's sounding like if the people the the people are a threat is like, you know Maybe they are armed or these are terrorists who who who actually plan to gather of course Terrorists can't even gather in that sense. But so what could it really mean? I mean how harmless or how harmful are these persons if they're designed that This is where we want to stay and have the protests that are not carrying arms The just the group of persons who are saying we're throwing our support for a certain candidate And they're out about don't you think that this is a violation of their human rights? In a democratic setting Yeah, one of the biggest problems that I have with the court today is that They are They are not They are they are almost becoming a threat to to to our our democratic system They are becoming a tool in the hands of of people rather than serve the people number one, it is our fundamental right To associate Wherever we wish Only to the end that like you rightly put The the the safety of the society is not at risk Number two, we all know that government is scared stiff of Allowing the obedient movement to to have that direct animation and correlation With the ensar's movement We all know that it's the same thing But you see they are afraid because the moment you create that nexus that link it it sends A shock wave across the whole nation It reverberates with the whole youth It kind of endorses the fact that this is a youth movement. This is our movement Government is scared Well, as Zickel yeah, I took uh, I'm not sure you can hear us. We seem to have a bit of a network issue And you know, that's uh very You know common with uh a network manager or apologize that you're not able to hear Zika and I take as soon as we're able to Connect with him and have him share his thoughts on the issue Then it will be fantastic and great. But in the meantime We're looking at the issue surrounding the the fact that the court has ruled or given a ruling as regard a certain group of peasants or peasants who have decided to support a certain candidate ahead of the 2023 elections And everyone has a right or freedom movement and one of you up until when you become a threat to national security And if if you say the peasants were a harmless, I really don't understand the rationale behind Those who are juxtaposing or comparing uh supporters of petal b or the petal b movement as some have tagged it to the hashtag answers But I guess has been able to identify the similarities This is a group of peasants were not bothered about many who were not concerned about whatever it is They're you know self-driven and it sounds like an interesting, you know fact or a thing For the Nigerian people, but this is what it is. And so it's it's quite worrisome Why would the court what are the premises? How did the you know, the judiciary or the court arrived at You know that ruling what were the factors that were conceded before saying hey This group of peasants cannot be allowed. They're not terrorists Uh, I don't know. I mean it's not like they're bearing arms. What exactly could be the issue Is it going? Yeah, I took if you can hear me. It will be great Unfortunately not. I can hear you loud and clear. Let me tell you this Yes, you see the oxygen of That political man over in Nigeria is money The so-called big parties have Have have believed in the use of money to rent crowd Right now some companies are starting to come up. I don't know if they will allow them to get registered The the the CRC the the crowd renting company, you know, just tell me I want 50,000 people and they will now tell this number of bosses They tell you the cost per bus the cost per person pay them and they deliver the crowd to you So the moment you bring this obedient movement you demystify that that that their stronghold Where people can now come out without asking for money. No shishi movement It is it it it it the government is scared stiff the people in power that think they have money They are scared stiff that a young person that a not so rich person will come up and That that movement will take them to power and then they will lose their hold on power You should understand that government is not is not happy They they're having sleepless nights They are thinking what else can we do and government always resorts to one thing and that is the use of force That force is either, you know, physical force or legal force and I really want to appeal to our courts To know that their symbol is a blinded eye And please They are the last hope of the common man. They should stop being used by the government Let this movement become the liberation of our people Where people have the freedom to choose who they want and not to be manipulated into poverty so that at the end of the day They can be bought cheap It's a movement that all of us subscribe to And it's a movement that I want to call on all Metrotic Nigerians to tell government hands off and let the youth and let the people be The no shishi movement Is a movement This reminds me of my grandmother. No shishi movement. Okay, quite interesting Let's turn our attention to the daily sun newspaper right here Now the daily sun amongst all the papers it talks about the opposition party major position party and we hear that There are some persons who were not parts. These persons are very critical And so the paper says that allies wiki allies shown the people's democratic parties presidential Council campaign inauguration of that particular campaign Do you think that this would actually mean anything the likes of wiki or tom? And whatever you're making they not being part of, you know, the inauguration Does this mean anything really? As you see, you know as a party man, you you were party. Yes I'll I'll tell you this and Nigerians need to wake up and smell the coffee Politicians or no loyalties. No allegiances whatsoever to the vehicle It is about their interest Vehicle is vehicle you get to the airport. You can go by bomb air You can go by mart airline. You can go by united You can go by any airline important things. I'm trying to leave abuja to go to Lagos So if you think, oh, he's so Petrotic and so bothered about these airlines and like politicians don't care about parties the people in pvp have looked at the crystal ball and They are their principal right now is not helping matters. I still can't understand why The the the mister tickle cannot have a three-man meeting I really can't not even a three a two-man meeting himself and the party chairman is like Guy, you know, this thing is getting out of hand. Please. Let's let's let's let's deal And then the next meeting is one on one himself and wiki And he says my brother and willing to make this concession is getting late in the day Please what do we do for him to call wiki's bluff? Is wiki reading the pendulum and seeing that the momentum is in two areas right now Right now in the next few weeks what they are doing is waiting to see the campaign start because there are some, you know Are giving you three circles First circle is a circle of pdppda apc, you know old people on Old vehicles the second circle is that of quankwasso and pitao b which is Old people in new vehicles. There's a third circle Which is that of new vehicles new people and that is sdp and then agc You know talking about uh adewale and then mister kachiku These six people are going to redefine the dynamics and what wiki them are looking at They are seeing a possibility of a runoff where one person might not win because each of them is going to get a Major bite chunk of what is going on. I can I belong to agc I've seen the game plan of that young man called minister Dume de kachiku and trust me in the next few weeks There's going to be a major tsunami in a certain direction. He's gonna have his crowd You can't rule out quankwasso. He's gonna have sdp. My brother adewale is gonna have so they are looking at You know a possibility and right now it should have been like the three horse race They have always said which is a pdp apc and labor the pdp is losing out Leaving apc and labor. So these guys are looking at when the new blocks the new kids come in Where will they where will the alignment still where will the momentum still, you know move? And they are seeing pdp losing out in this equation As a result, I think that attico has very tactfully worked himself out of reckoning That is my own very very honest opinion how it turns out in the coming weeks There's going to be a lot of changes a lot of dynamics as soon as the campaign starts by around november december We will know the major players that are on the block Well, uh, so you you you have said something about uh vehicle destination and politicians, so my question is I mean you you are in a certain vehicle. So why are you in that vehicle when you know that For every vehicle that you bought, you know the destination So why would you be in a certain vehicle when you know that your destination is not the same as that? And so where exactly are they going to really if if they are in the wrong, you know You're just in a vehicle that they know where the destination is but they know that that's not their destination So where where could they be going to the likes of wiki marking day and otom If they're really shown, you know the inauguration and that's a sign. So where exactly are they headed? They are heading to where they are in power in 2023. Where's that? Is there a place wherever we win? So they are watching, you know, we have six months the six months to election Let people not forget that it's not tomorrow. It's not next tomorrow. There's six months to election So people are doing their political calculation They are waiting to see because you see you can't really judge the momentum as it is You're going to give one month from the the start of campaign That's when we are going to see the programs of the people the projects of the people and how they resonate with the people For instance, I tell you a quite one for instance, you know, everybody knows about a pc Everybody knows about pdp. There's not much you can say now every attention is on a dc. What is he saying? What can be done? What is he saying? Where does it belong and people are watching even the old politicians are watching me They want to see as soon as campaign kicks off. They've been watching what I've been doing consultations They don't understand a lot of things because they are underground consultations is like, you know, more More subtle But when the campaign start then they will see the momentum how it builds Right now a lot of people are like waiting and watching They want to be in power come 2023. So they want to see where the pendulum is swinging As a result, whatever analysis we do now is going to be a almost a weekly update a weekly update Now if um article is able to quickly Get back to these people Bring them back build a momentum by the end of october The song will be different But if it continues to call their bluff and this will continue to look in other directions other possibilities It might come a little too late in the day When all of them can stay in pdp And that's the worst thing that there's a worst nightmare that um that article has If they left the party it would be easier for you to know what to do But they are there in the party. They are listening to you.  They don't belong there I'm a candidate so I can tell you where their heart is, but they are there inside there And at the dying minutes at the right time the damage would be done and they know where they are heading They know maybe about five or six of us. They know who we are They know all of us one by one and they know what they want at the fullness of time 2023 is going to be one of the biggest surprises in this country. Trust me So you probably be saying that they are detractors In this political parties Oh, that's what politics is about. Politics is not religion. Politics is about detractors. Politics is about conspiracies politics is about, you know of Not just reconciliation or betrayals. Politics is something that we really need to look into a little more That's why people outside do all this, you know analysis because they are being very rational They think that this is what should be But they don't know that they are dealing with people who don't care about rationalism. They are they are like their stomach Me myself and I that's unholy Maybe because we're moving away from this, you know issue now moving to another but just quickly But maybe this is this is actually the issue where People don't stand for anything if the loyalty is not to the party or the ideology They're right. And that's maybe that's what we're having all of this You know movement because I really don't understand the rationale of belonging to a certain party And all of your allegiance and whatever is to that party and then it's it's not that you want to be there Your heart is somewhere else. You're not going the same direction. So I don't leave I mean, but the option is so why haven't they left if that's the issue? Well, let's not talk about this now I know that we I know you want to but quickly for this want of time I'd like us to look at the statement of the former president of the federal republic of nigeria One that a lot of persons have said hey, uh, you know today We're having uh the cell phones because of his administration and what have you we're talking about luceguno basandro He says that politicians may destroy nigeria And that's more like hey, he's given a tip of what's going to happen. I had a 2023 election You have an idea what that means or what does this what could these really mean when he say Uh, the politicians may destroy nigeria I'll tell you what it is The people in politics today Are not people who care about a good amount. Let me not use the same brush because I'm in politics The generality of the people in politics today are merchants They're entrepreneurs. They are business people Who have seen that enterprise called government as extremely lucrative and has very high, you know returns on investment Now you are there Expecting a dog to bark or a cat to meow and that's not going to happen When we have more people of conscience come into politics people who care about this country when we kind of Find a way of removing too much money as as as what accrues to political office holders And make service the essence for seeking public office Then we'll have people who come in to serve you but right now we're having too many people inside there Who have nothing to do with service? That's why they can afford to pay you Nobody pays you to serve you anybody who pays you is an investment I'm sorry. We have to go now. I'm prompted that we really need to go for Some reasons beyond our control. Thank you so much for being part of the breakfast It's usually Insighting to listen to you talk about, you know, those issues and I wish you the very best Thank you so much and to everybody. Have a lovely day. All right, then Well, that's the size of a conversation on off the press with a zickel Yeah, I took who's uh, who's been a guest on the show I mean bringing all of that insight and perspective on the papers this morning We will take a break and when we return we'll be looking at a first major conversation right here. Please stay with us