So, very briefly and then particularly for the members in the audience in the meeting today who are less familiar with the goals and achievements of IMPC, I want to say a few words about the current achievements of the IMPC, but particularly about the long-term strategy that IMPC have been working on over the last six months or so. And of course the main goal of IMPC is to build the first comprehensive functional catalogue of a mammalian genome through a worldwide consortium effort involving major mouse genetic centres from all over the world. It's hard to think of a major mouse genetic centre that's not involved in IMPC. And the main goals of course, the initial goals of IMPC were to generate a mouse null mutant for every gene in the mouse genome. And importantly of course in terms of future biology and understanding of systems to comprehensively phenotype each of those mice to determine all sorts of phenotype characteristics from development to physiology, biochemistry and so on. But critically to provide an important baseline for exploring gene function and through that a much more profound understanding of the genome landscape and genetic mechanisms with of course the long-term vision that that would really play into our interpretation of human genetic data all the way from rare to complex diseases and of course the analysis of large population genetic data sets that continue to emerge from clinical and human genetics. And increasingly the focus of IMPC as I'll discuss going forward in terms of our long-term strategy over the next 10 years from 2021 to 2030 is to focus increasingly on the functional annotation of human genetic variation. Obviously the null alleles will feed into our understanding of how genetic variation impacts on disease but a more exquisite and finely tuned analysis of what variation in the human genome means for disease and mechanism. We are making tremendous progress with the creation of the null allele resource. Nearly 8,000 genes have been mutated so far. Gold standard mutants which have gone into phenotyping there are over 6,000 lines phenotyped. The take home message is that we have completed a third of the coding genome. In the next two years I expect that we'll have done a half. This huge multidimensional data set is making an enormous difference to our understanding of the genetic landscape which of course is appearing in a large number of high impact IMPC publications. But we want to move on from that and be even more relevant which is part of the aim of today's meeting even more relevant to what's going on in rare disease, Mendelian disease, complex disease communities. This is a rather busy slide and I'll dissect it a bit but this is the ongoing strategic vision for IMPC over phase three and phase four. We're in phase two at the moment which will end in 2021 but the next 10 years. And let me just dissect those particular goals. We obviously are going to complete the generation of a null mouse mutant resource for the coding genome. But most importantly we see ourselves in phase three ramping up the production of coding variants, coding mutations in the mouse associated with rare disease, a genome wide mouse strain resource of human disease associated coding variants. And at the same time design and generate mouse strains that model genetic variation in the non-coding genome which is clearly important to understand in terms of the impact of human genetic variation on disease. And of course as we do with the null mouse mutant resource to phenotype those mouse strains as comprehensively as we can to bring a systems view to the impact of genetic variation on both phenotype and disease. And all of this will only take place if it's highly integrated and enabled and strengthened by working with the various networks, human genome centers, clinical genetics consortia, biobank initiatives. And indeed that is part of our conversation today of how we strengthen the relationship between IMPC and the various initiatives within the human and clinical genetics communities. So from that perspective just to bring more clarity to that vision, this is where we are in phase two at the moment aiming to complete our goal one, our null resource sometime in phase three. But as that null resource is completed increasingly we'll ramp up our production of human coding variants, goal two, human non-coding variants, goal three. Providing all of those mice and providing even more richness to the multi-dimensional data set of mouse genetics that is emerging from IMPC. So our vision is that IMPC through mouse genetics sits importantly at the center of a whole variety of networks, both informational in terms of integration with a slew of databases across the world, integrating with other work on other model organisms. But importantly forging links with all of the major disease networks, clinical genetics consortia and biobanks across the world. Many of those links have already been established but we really need to reinforce that, strengthen them and come to a common vision of how we bring mouse genetics right to the center of ensuring that we really do solve the problem of genetic variation and how it impacts on disease. So I'll leave it there, that's where IMPC is and I hope that gives you a brief picture of how the consortium is contributing to this major goal which of course is integral to everything that we want to do in terms of disease, health and precision medicine. Thank you.


Hello, and welcome back to the craft box. My name is Brenton today when we said 50 if it was 101 death walk through last episode We went into frost home and finished off Vigored Rufflin, so yeah, and today we are starting on Miracle keep You're an iron claws sent you I have heard your name before the folk of Grizzleheim singing your praises Let us see if they speak fairly Scouts set by the wolves are harrowing our forces daily even now they ready themselves for another attack If you wish to test your courage and your battle skill lend us your strength in this struggle Go and defeat a moonstrider scout in battle. They will slow them down enough for us to ready our own attack Just a single moon strider scout And we should be fine obviously. Yeah, that makes complete sense. They're fire.   Oh, yeah, I love those skeletal pirates Oh, no, yes, cool That's good I just got in my blade. I am super smart Yes, I am and don't work another one. That's cool.  Yeah, I know I'm not going back to it just because We need to go for I see you came back on hard Good work there. The walls will be slow to stick their snouts near this camp again We have need of stones for our catapults, but the land around here is bear of them We gathered the ones we could but in the night the canyon ragers came and took all our boulders Will you go and take boulders from the can when you have gathered enough of them? Take them to the catapults. It is heavy and difficult work, but necessary Okay Let's see what he wants Young wizard I have an offer. You can't refuse come see me in old town when you can Okay, so that's another spell quest. I'll be back once I've got these boulders Okay, I am back You place the boulders near the catapult and that is the boulders done Once again, you have done well Your was right to speak so highly of you Our assault is almost ready, but we have yet to test their defenses. We have a saying Best to know the trees height before you start to climb Do not look like one of us so you will not alert them if you go to their gate and provoke them Go and inspect the wolves gate and test the skill of their defenders Okay, I'll be back once I have I Okay, I am back. It is ill news you bring But we are better for knowing it. We must change our plans for the assault That will take some time so you can best aid us by gathering word about the camp One of the wolves has joined our number. He does not believe the lies they say about us He is called Wolfric foesbane go and speak to him.  I am loyal to my people, but they are being lied to So I am unwelcome there I do not believe the bears or allies of the red claw a raven named moon in mistweaver came to us with a captive bear Thane Ivar Anderson Moon and claimed that Ivar was leading the red claw against the wolves and offered the thane to us as a prisoner It is foolish to trust a raven So I did not believe moon it this war between wolves and bears is wrong and I want to end it Many warriors are wounded without good cause If you wish to help bring peace to our people go and speak to our healer engulf moon heart He will tell you what can be done Okay, let us go and speak to engulf who is Probably down by wolf camp We do the easiest way to get to him Was it probably not but yeah, it was actually Yeah, this area is actually quite huge Quite big hello The spirits of sky and night speak to me they say that the one who will bring peace to this land is neither wolf nor bear I Wish only to help the wounded and to bring peace to both peoples if wolf Rick foes bane can heal these wounded wolves They will join him. I have run out of healing supplies So I can heal no others until I have new supplies. Will you help me? I need wound wraps and aloe leaves most moon strider howlers carry suitable wrappings and aloe leaves grow wild around here Okay, I'll be back once I've got all of this. Okay. I am back Those will be of great use Wait for a short while Engulf takes a few minutes to make some healing wrapped if you would help me further Go and use these healing wraps on the wounded wolves in the village The wounded wolves are named reynard ice runner Rolf mornsal and ruric felbringer find them and your aid will show them that the bears are their true allies and That they have been lied to by moon and mist weep when you are finished Return to wolf Rick foes bane and tell him what we have done. He will be pleased Okay, let us go and do this But Rolf hello That wrap is a bomb to this poor wounded wolf. That's good to know Hello, I Thank you for easing my pain And you were over this way, aren't you you are? Okay? I Are you in fact over here? Hello? You seem a wizard, but your hands are those of a healer That's good to know. Okay Let us get on back Over to wolf Rick using the teleport Stones because they're cool And I think once we use them if they're available You have done much to help our cause, but there is much to do before there will be peace I Know the strength of the wolf army, and I know how best to hinder them Wolves look to their strongest warriors for guidance pig like shadow stalker and auto winter watch are the greatest Wolf warriors if you defeat them the other wolves will be uncertain and their courage will break Okay, I'm gonna end off the episode here. I know it's really really short, but we'll finish up this area next time I Will Defeat these two off camera. So yeah, thank you for watching Outside the box


What's happening?  It's I'm Corbin. I'm Rick boss Twitter just Went off into the corner over there. It's hiding. We are reacting to a video. It's called the five most mysterious temples Well, this one is really when I've got long hair. I hide it. Oh Wrong temple But yes, this is a just a I'm guessing like I mean, we know India has a lot of temples. Yeah, and I'm sure there's a bunch that are really old Yep, most of them. I would have thought I would imagine how many new temples are made. Well last time I checked Here we go. These are mysterious ones. We'll define that adjective there. I think they will I didn't make this video You didn't know oh here we go Oh Mystic lands possess Mysterious hate that graphic Number five That's not that mysterious. It's just not there for everybody to see that's huge though It is are they renovating them or scaffolding looks like it. Yeah. Oh wow dang Reading Constructed in 1255 common era the temple is located in Karnark, India The temple is designed as a chariot With 24 wheels pulled by seven horses. That's cool Those things are massive. Look at that. Yeah part of the temple structure collapsed or was destroyed in the 17th century seriously It is believed the collapsed structure had a 52 ton magnet at the top What this magnet caused the main statue idle to levitate in the air dang I The wheels of the temple are actually sun dials Intricate that is no I'd love to look a little closer at the detail on that precise time can be calculated by the shadows cast by the spokes That's cool it'd be cool if it was still there. I'm guessing it's not so there I think it's still there. No that the levitating thing. Oh, yeah, no your hardy Swara temple dang Constructed in 1010 common era the temple is located in Tanjore, India Massive, it's one of the largest temples in India Looks it. It does look large. Yeah Approximately 130,000 tons of granite was used in the construction How do they do these the kumbum round apex structure is carved from a single granite rock This hook this. Yeah, that whole structure was carved. That's one heck of a rock How do you get it up there ways approximately 80 tons that sits atop the temple tower? You have a guy named Phil big strong guy the Vamanam temple tower is 66 meters 216 feet high How did workers a thousand years ago manage to lift an 80 ton carbastone this high? That's the question I had lots of hernias Probably slaves though, right? Without any cranes or lifting machines still remains a mystery Kind of like Egypt probably a bunch of slaves Number three You know, there's a thing not that they said it wasn't slaves Really They said it was like Their form of tax we had to work on it in order to be still slavery They said constructed in 1530 the temple was located in Lepakshi, India You know, you don't walk in the temple's the temple has around 70 pillars supporting the roof I didn't corner pillar in the hall does not rest on the ground That mistake was on purpose. Oh Sorry Frank. I made a miscalculation in 1910 a British engineer tried to uncover the secret of the hanging pillar and got stuck He managed to make a corner of the pillar touch the ground how Pushing but this made the ceiling to misalign and distorted the fresco paintings Idiot don't mess with stuff what keeps this pillar hanging from the top still remains Pressure from the other rock Whoa What is that a foot and then there's the large footprint and stone in the temple Sasquatch What is that about? The footprint is three feet long Probably imprint of something that's got to represent something a foot a Trickle of water flows into it from underground keeping it wet Padman a buswami Part of us for much banana. There is no exact date of origin of this temple It's so mysterious doesn't exist Temple is located in Whoa, they're over on enough problem India. I got tired just looking at It's the richest temple in the world. What does riches mean meaning that it's got probably the most infallible Oh, okay. Gotcha items and artifacts inside of it as far as gold and different things Yeah, golden jewels worth 22 billion Who owns that? Not us only five of the eight vaults have been open till date. How do you know what's in the other vaults? Well, that looks like something out of Raiders Vault B in the temple is the most mysterious it remains unexplored. Why is it like a sacred thing that they're not supposed to go in there? Chamber in the vault is sealed with an enormous iron door You need herald to go there to open up the vault. I Dated myself with that one. It has two massive cobras painted on it with no means of entry This is just the door that doesn't open So they don't let's Gandalf It is claimed that the door can only be opened by a mystic chant Life is right like Gandalf. Just just shout it's going into the minds of Moria Opening this chamber in any other way would bring greatness fortune. Wow Just this is the best one so far yell it's so juicy at it and see what happens could be and the number one mysterious temple Kailasa temple. I Kind of wish we got more information about these. You know, I mean actual date of construction of the temple's unknown It's it's in the ground. Wow Inscriptions on the walls can be traced to 8th century common era Wow Temples located in the caves of Elora, India. We better be at enemies attack from up here though, right? Wow Dang It's a megalith carved out of a single freaking rock All this was one and they just dug into it Yeah, that's impressive Carvers started at the top of the rock and excavated downwards in the no-tube Temples twice the area of the Parthenon and 50% taller good That's all one rock. That's crazy. It has the largest cantilevered rock ceiling in the world Approximately 400,000 tons of rock had to be removed from the site Conservative How did workers thousands of years ago using only hammers chisels and picks managed to carve out this temple? I Don't know. Can you tell me they had a really good union? It remains a mystery til date Wow Learned something new every day. That was and that was cool I'd please for now that we've seen this and because this was requested a while But I'd like to learn more about you know these specific temples. Yeah, and what they are and please know that our Tom foolery and silliness is in no way Negating any of the sacredness of these temples. Yeah, the fact that they're not saying anything Don't even know if they're being used That's my primary thing is I don't know if these are just landmarks That they're not going back and looking at and they're not being used for any kind of Spiritual or religious observances in any way shape or form. Yeah, if we had known that we wouldn't have been as silly with the reaction But it I had no none. I'd never heard of any of those you know no How many like how many are there? Yeah, because the ones those are the five mysterious ones. What are like? Obviously the most famous temples tombs in the world or the Egyptian pyramids, of course But outside of that the ones we know most about or you know, Aztec Right temples and stuff. Yeah, and when you think of India, you're like, yeah India has a ton of temples, but I couldn't name outside outside of the most obvious like the big Landmarks that are there that we I would imagine There's thousands of temples in India. Oh, yeah, has to be probably more than in Mexico and Egypt. Oh, yeah, absolutely So there's probably a ton that are very mysterious and which was cool This was more educational. I thought it was gonna be to also like if there's other stuff about like More in-depth videos about either certain ones or different ones or just famous stuff Well, you know, we're all about just learning everything about India that we have Especially like, you know, we love those little Ancient alien shows. Yeah. Oh, no, I'm not saying that you need to send us ancient No, please don't But we like those types of shows that you know explore different stuff of And you know, India has millennia. Yeah Stuff that can't be explained really. Yeah, like I remember doing some research when we were watching Padma Vat And something about that place where the women walked into the fire. Yeah Being closed at night or something along those lines. I we love stuff like that history and trivia I loved I mean the architectural stuff on it. I'm sure was not even remotely close to it if you saw a person But like the door that can't be opened and no one's going to open it Yeah, it's like the whole line how bad you want to open that door now very very much Yeah, and then the the carving on like the one that they literally go from the top down and all stone In like what 8th century? Yeah, something common error, whatever. Yeah, I don't know how long ago that was that sounds like a long time ago. Yeah. Well, I was it was Almost 2,000 years ago It was over a thousand years ago So that would be year eight is what that's now 800 CE would be the same as 800 AD common era and AD are okay Our synonymous. Okay. Gotcha. Okay. Cool. Just making sure. Yeah. Yeah, that was awesome. That was really cool Please send us other Temple videos. Yes, you don't have to be temples. Just cool stuff You could also do the five most mysterious Beard hairs on Corbin's face like the white one that sticks out at me every day


I love Sedona. There's a special place in Boynton Canyon. It's off the beaten trail. There's a mesa there. I've got it marked on the road map where I could show you where it is, but... And I know energy moves too, but this was only a few years ago. I was drawn to go to Boynton Canyon, but as I was leaving, I was drawn to pull over to the side of the road, a mile or two from the main spot where everyone goes. And I walked up and found this plateau. And once I got to that plateau, a hair on my arms was just standing up. It was electric. The energy there was just like off the charts. How can people not know about this? It's absolutely amazing. And I'm really looking forward to going back there sometime.


Welcome back to the channel for those of you who are new around here. My name is Michael aka Dr. Chalini And I'm a radiologist in New York City Subspecializing in interventional radiology with three months to go. Sorry for all the construction in the background But I figured I would make a video because I haven't made a vlog style video in a very long time Especially one where I'm not on call. Let me get past all this construction first. Hold on a sec Oh my gosh so much activity on this avenue today. Anyways, so I haven't done a vlog in a very long time I think since the last time I was actually on this rotation. Anyways, so I'm on clinic again today Which is great because you don't go in until like noon or 1 30 depending on what patients are scheduled to win It is about 1 30 p.m. Right now Finally heading in put a great day so far woke up have a nice look up coffee Finally got to do a morning workout, and you know, I love morning workouts I just haven't been able to do it in so long then They got to take a nice little shower and ultimately I was able to trade this morning So I was finally able to sit at my computer make a few small day trades here and there by now You've probably seen my video. I made my first stock video 100% video on a medical stock, which you haven't seen I'll link up here I think I'm going to start doing more of those if everybody likes them because I Mean you want to see what I do on my time off my free time. I don't have much of it, but I do enjoy trading in all things stocks because Like anybody I enjoy making money. Well, I hope everybody enjoys that I'll stop rambling now headed into the office now to see like 15 patients or so And I'll let you know how that goes and just a minute All right, everybody, so it is five o'clock now. It is very windy outside just finished a whole day of clinic I was the only provider there, which was pretty tough. It's all like 18 patients or something. So now We got to run into the store real quick to pick up some creamer For the old wife So, well, honestly No way. So I changed the bottles and I recognize this creamer is the best by the way I don't use creamer, but this Chobani creamer. Okay, so I noticed the reason these look different is because these are not the right one I just wasted about five minutes of my life. So that was a big fail. This is pretty much the end of my Monday I'm gonna go home relax. I got so tired at like two o'clock because I'm not used to Waking up and working out like I used to but I feel so much better But I'm just not adjusted to it and I've worked out three of the last four days So I'm gonna try to keep it going every day this week minus Thursday. It was that to wake up at like 4 a.m. to do that Tumor board stuff. So anyways, I'll check it with you at some point during the week Hopefully we can continue this vlog And it'll be worth something Okay, and it is officially Thursday. Oh wait, it's not Thursday. It's literally Wednesday I didn't film yesterday at all, but today is an absolutely gorgeous day outside as you can tell The Sun is a bound And it's warm. It's like 50 degrees, which is much needed after a long Blizzard season that we've experienced thus far, but I'm not getting too comfortable with it because Usually what happens is there is another like hardcore winter storm After it gets warm for a period of time. So I expect there to be like one last Dump of snow or whatnot in March and then we can get back To a warmer weather Stop it a lot. So I'm headed to clinic right now Wednesdays are usually The uh interventional oncology section Or basically we handle patients that have liver cirrhosis and have hepatocellular carcinomas or liver cancer We have like a multidisciplinary clinic with us The liver surgeons and liver medicine and we decide what kind of The best options are for these patients. Some of them have pretty advanced disease. It doesn't usually Follow the textbook per se So that's what we're going to do today. Probably see like 20 patients. There's usually some add-ons And then tonight we have a dinner with all the fellows Which should be pretty nice now that indoor dining is kind of 30 open now. So that's what I'm doing Of course in New York probably won't show you anything in clinic because obviously HIPAA, but I'll catch you after I'm done All right, everybody. So I just finished clinic and went pretty well. It's like 445 right now I got a little coffee and non-sponsor, but this is actually really good headed home now Going to change shower Get dressed up get cleaned up because we're going to a nice nice restaurant tonight Also comment below if I should get a Jeep like that That thing is sick. I used to have one of those back in the day. Anyways, I'll check it soon Good morning to everybody. It is 445 a.m. At the moment went home got home last night about midnight Went to bed got about four ish hours of sleep Now I'm back at the hospital. I don't know why I'm here this early, but well, I do know why I'm here this early That's because I have tumor board to do today And I know it's a little dark in here my phone can't handle this kind of uh low light But I have to put together this entire list of all of the liver cancer patients we saw in clinic yesterday Because we have to have a multidisciplinary conference to kind of go over the treatment on all these patients So there's probably about 30 or so I have to put on this list Make sure all their imaging is on point and uploaded to the right spot of the actual tumors So let me get to it. I had my coffee which I literally spilled Everywhere I had to make my own coffee this morning and bring it because there's no coffee shop open This early in New York City. Who'd have thought well, there probably is somewhere just not by me All right. Have to get to work. All right, so It's about 6 20 now just finished getting all of this stuff together pretty much all set for tumor board The only problem is now I'm here for like 45 more minutes and I am So tired because obviously four hours of sleep is not enough for any human being We'll get this going it'll run from seven to eight And then yeah, I'm gonna go home probably take a little nap and then come back and go to clinic So I have about 30 minutes or so until tumor board starts and I'm not gonna go get a cup of coffee Because I don't feel like I have enough time to get a cup of coffee So I'm just going to continue to be tired and hopefully just get through this and go home and sleep But one thing I didn't mention was last night. I was gonna film like some b-roll You know the usual switching it up and like having dinner with my fellows Colleagues and all that stuff. Anyways, we ended up going to that michelin star restaurant, which was Fantastic and it was even better because We got to spend all time together and we also got to eat inside for the first time together Of all of fellowship. New York City finally opened up indoor dining to I think like 25 or 30 capacity It felt kind of weird, but it felt also good at the same time and one of us even said we were like This is why we came to New York City in the first place Because we wanted to be able to hang out with all of our friends hang out with colleagues Go out and enjoy all these nice restaurants and that is one thing We have all been missing But I guess it's kind of slowly phasing in right now and I am so pumped because I really don't have that many months left Living in Manhattan. I don't know for sure what's gonna happen After I finished fellowship in june, but I don't know if I'll be staying in the city But more to come on that later. Okay. I have an hour of tumor board wish me luck I'm literally just walking home right now aimlessly and I like forgot to even Vlog that I finished tumor board. That's how tired I am everything went really well If you remember from my last time I did tumor board. It was a complete disaster and Today was not a disaster whatsoever It went actually very smoothly the pack system worked and went through all the patients perfectly So I can't ask for anything more than that Other than for these dogs to shut up So I'm headed home now going to take a quick nap and get back to clinic later on in the afternoon Oh, man. Oh, man. Oh, man I know I'm not gonna complain, but who I am tie here went home I was like starving for some reason when I wake up Like super early. I am starving had a bagel made some scrambled eggs find out with anjana this morning when I get back So I got about 30 minutes of sleep slept from like 11 30 am to noon Had to shower get ready and now headed back in to the office Shouldn't be too bad of a day today only have like 10 or 12 patients and then I'm gonna go home and crash wake up and do this all over again tomorrow and then go out for dinner tomorrow And start the weekend before I have another week of call, but This week's almost over and uh Yeah, here's to another good clinic day words to honor express How bad I need this right now Cheers All right, I don't even know where I left off yesterday But today is Friday almost the weekend. It is about 10 45 am at 11 o'clock hair appointment because I need to trim this rat's nest So going to do that right now and then try to be at work by noon Might I add it is for rosin outside today The temperature has changed so much every day this week. It's crazy headed to do my hair cut now clinic and then I'll probably in the vlog at some point today because Have dinner later on tonight and uh gonna chill and do some work this weekend Where I started my alone Seven-day stretch call which I'll obviously film so we'll see how this goes All right, we just got the fresh fade Cleaned up ready to go to clinic right now should be a pretty easy day. It is all usually Urologically related like all post prostatic artery embossations and all that kind of stuff So should be pretty quick in that like four or so and go out to dinner tonight like I said But I'm not gonna take it off for dinner because we are going to enjoy dinner with friends tonight Finally, this will be our first dinner with friends eating inside And I'm pretty pumped about it. So I'm that note. Make sure you smash like and subscribe button Follow me on Instagram if you don't already be heavy comments Leave them below if you want me to do more videos with no premise or plot whatsoever like this Where I just kind of walk around and vlog my life when I'm not on call Let me know in the comments below as well. Call me on tiktok. There's some pressure over there now Otherwise, I'll see you off on The next video


Okay. Good morning, everyone. Welcome to BC 106, our course on interpreting scripture. Thank you for joining us today. Thank you for all those who are in class today. Let's pray and let's get started. Father, we thank you for another day in our lives. Thank you, Father, for the opportunity to come together, spend some time learning, being equipped. We pray, Father, for the work of your Holy Spirit in our lives, for the work of your Spirit to teach us and train us and equip us, God, so that we can be effective and we can be fruitful ministers of your kingdom here on earth. We pray for an impartation of wisdom, revelation, anointing and grace on our lives as we look into your Word, as we study, as we learn that the Holy Spirit Himself be our teacher. Thank you in Jesus' name. Amen. All right. So we're continuing our journey in interpreting scripture. I'll just quickly review something we touched on last week, and then we will go forward. Now, just for you, the first two students just to reiterate, no exams now. You'll have only one final exam. They'll cover everything, right? So there's no exam this week for this course, right? So you can get some rest. All right. So we were talking about biblical interpretation, types and shadows. And we looked at three different ways in which we see scripture working together. We talked about types, illustrations and allegorizing. So types are given to us in the scriptures. There's something in the New Testament that looks back at the Old Testament and says like that, you know, it's pointing back to the Old Testament. And so the Old Testament, God gave it at that time to point to what was going to come, right? So it's like you see the shadow first, then you actually see the tree, right? So the shadow was in the Old Testament. We call it a type, but it was pointing to the reality. It was in the New Testament. So that is perfectly fine. We can use that, we can study scripture and use that to preach and teach. Then there are illustrations, which are something that is used like an example, you know, to teach us something. So the Bible says, you know, in 1 Corinthians 10, also in Romans 15, the Bible says, things that happened to the people in the Old Testament happened as examples to us. So we can look at the stories, we can look at what is recorded in the Old Testament and look at them as illustrations or examples and learn from them, right? So example, like we've said this many times, when David went to fight Goliath, we can look at his life, we can look at his courage, we can look at his bonus. We can look at that as an illustration, as an example for us and we can be inspired. But we must not allegorize. Allegorize means we are putting into the text something that God never intended. So like we said last time, suppose we say David is like Jesus, Goliath is like Satan, and five stones represent five pieces of armor, helmet of salvation, breastplate of righteousness, belt of truth, sword of spirit and shield of faith, five matching. Oh, we forgot the shoes, but anyway. So five stones he took, five pieces of armor. And then we, you know, we make that, we make it up like that. Now, it sounds okay. And we're not doing or we're not saying anything sinful, but that's an example of allegorizing. That means we are assigning a meaning to some scripture text that God never intended. We're not using it. It's not a type and a shadow. It's not, it's not an illustration, but we are allegorizing. We're giving it meaning that was not there originally. That is allegorizing. That we must not do. So we'll talk more about that later. But types and illustrations are good things. We must learn, must identify them in scripture and use them. So we spent quite a bit of time on that last week. And today we're going to go to the next lesson, which is on biblical interpretation or on parables, interpreting parables. Now, before we go forward, any questions on types, illustrations, allegories, any questions on that? Let me just check on online class. If there are any, I'll just stop sharing. Any questions on the previous lesson, which is types, shadows, types, illustrations, allegories? Any questions on that before we get into talking about parables? Okay. Fine. So let's move on to our next lesson today. We'll try to cover maybe at least two more lessons. We will talk about parables. Let me share that. So parables, we are all aware that the Lord Jesus, He used parables a lot in His preaching and teaching. Now we do find some in the Old Testament. One notable example in the Old Testament is when the prophet Nathan, he went to rebuke King David. Second Samuel, I think chapter 11, I think. He went to rebuke King David because David had committed grievous crime. He had committed murder, committed adultery, all that. So God had sent the prophet Nathan to rebuke him. Now how will he go rebuke? So he used a parable. He said, King David, and he gave a story. There was one man, he had sheep and all of that, but somebody came, he went and there was another poor man who had just one sheep. And he went and he took that person's one sheep and he did all that. So he gave the story to David. David was king. He got very angry. So who is that man? Come on, I'll punish him. And then he said, you are that man. So he used a parable. David understood the parable. He understood the meaning of it. He was ready to act on it. And then the prophet Nathan said, hey, that's what you've done. And it opened David's eyes to his own wrongdoing. So that's an example in the Old Testament. But definitely now we come back to the New Testament and we see the Lord Jesus using a lot of parables. So what are parables? They are simply stories or you can say they're simply illustrations taken from everyday life. Stories taken from everyday life, which help us understand spiritual truth. So these are stories from everyday life. But in those stories or through those stories, we can learn some spiritual truth. So of course the parables of Jesus had to do with stories from their time. So a lot of it would be a farming, fishing, those kinds of stories, things that were relevant in those days. So if you think about it, and I think this question came up in the class last week, is it okay for us to use stories from our life, our day-to-day life? Is it okay to use stories from our day-to-day life to help people understand spiritual truth? And the answer is yes, because that's what Jesus did. He used stories from their time, which the common man would easily understand. Oh, he's talking about farming, he's talking about various things that they related to. A shepherd taking care of sheep, a woman searching for a lost coin in the house, those kind of things. They all understand that, they relate to it. So if we look at it from our day and time, yes, it's good to use stories or illustrations from our everyday life in order to help people understand spiritual truth. But the important thing is the spiritual truth, right? They need to come to understand that spiritual truth. If they just listen to the story and they say, what did pastor teach them? They'll tell you the story. Oh, we enjoyed some nice three stories he said, we enjoyed the stories. But if they didn't get the spiritual truth, then their stories have become a distraction, right? Because they only paid attention to the story, they didn't pay attention to the truth. So there is a balance to this, but understand the main purpose of the story. It is in that story hidden, there is hidden truth. So what are parables?  So you're throwing, like we said, English, you know, let me put it like this. You're throwing two stones, right? So along with the story, you're also passing on truth. You're throwing it together. So you're communicating a story, but in the story, there's also truth. So you're para, you're throwing it alongside. You're putting it together. You're communicating it together. The story plus truth. So it's not just the story you want people to hear. You want people to understand the truth that's actually, the story is actually pointing to. Right? So Jesus spoke in parables and, you know, in Matthew 13, also in Mark 4. Very interesting question. The disciples of Jesus come and ask him, why are you speaking in parables? Why are you telling these stories? Right?  He's already told us 10 stories, one more story. Then next day, again, three stories. What is the, what is going on here? Jesus is saying stories, so many stories. So they come and ask him, why are you speaking like this? Why are you speaking in these stories? Then Jesus explains, right? In Matthew 13, Mark 4, he says, for you it is given to know the mysteries of the kingdom.  When I say it directly, you can understand it. But for the others, I have to do it like this. Right? So that means there are some people who will understand plainly. Like, you just tell them straight, you know, this is what the Bible, you know, the word of God says this is, this is the truth of the kingdom. They'll understand it directly. But for some people, you need to quote unquote, you need to package it in a story because he said there's a reason why. Because the eyes of these people, they have eyes but they cannot see. They have ears but they cannot hear their hearts. They cannot understand. So that is why I am putting it in a story so that at least they can get the truth. So for the disciples, he said, look, you're able to understand easily the mysteries of the kingdom because the father has given it to you. He's brought you into a place where you know you can understand. But for these people, it's not like that. They have eyes, they can't see, they have ears, they can't hear their hearts, they can't understand. So I have to put it like this. So the parable is an attempt to help people understand the mysteries of the kingdom. For those who cannot understand. It's like, I'm doing, taking one more step. Other people, if I speak directly to the disciples, if I speak directly, they will understand. But these people, they cannot. So I have to take one more step. I have to put it in a story and then hopefully they will understand through the story. You know, they'll go and think, ah, he said like this. He said like that. Maybe they're thinking about the story. What is so great in that story? Yeah, we are doing this every day. Every day we're going to the farm. Every day we're going to the field and putting seed and what is so great?  Oh, maybe it means it is God's word. You know, so as they think about the story, they will stumble upon the truth. Maybe it's an attempt to help people understand the truth. So that's why Jesus spoke in parables. And it's perfectly fine if we do something similar. So parables were an effective form of communication. They got the attention of the hearers. They encouraged people to think about it. You think about the story. Yeah. And it then would lead them to the truth. So if you look at the parables, the stories Jesus used, there's so many. So we just listed some of them here in about the two houses. One house built on the rock, one house built on the sand. So very, very simple. They can all understand it. Yeah. If you build a house on the rock, it will be safe when the storm comes. If you build a house on the sand, it's going to collapse. No foundation. But then Jesus said, whoever hears my words and does these things, does my whoever hears and hears and does my word. He is like a wise man who built his house upon the rock. So the story was very simple, very easy to understand. But the main meaning is you must listen to my word and you must live by my word. Then you will be like this, strong, stable. Storms will come, rains will come, floods will come, but you will be standing. So it put it in a very simple way, but a very powerful truth was communicated. So like that, there are many stories. We are familiar as you read through the Gospels. You would have gone through these parables. So I'm not going through all of them, but the question is, or the main thing we want to learn is how do we interpret the parables? Interpreting parables, we must interpret them correctly to get the correct meaning out of the parables. Because sometimes we can take a parable and preach something totally different from what Jesus never meant and just be looking down from heaven. Hey, that's not what I meant. I can imagine Jesus like, oh no, what does this guy say? And Jesus must be like, Gabriel, you need to go do something. Go tell this guy not to interpret my parable like that. I can just imagine. Because we read the parable and we say something else that Jesus did not even mean. So we need to interpret these parables correctly. How do we do it? Well, here are just some guidelines. Number one, understand the story's natural meaning. This is the actual story that he was saying. So understand what he was saying. This is literal, take it literal. This is what he's saying. A shepherd at 100 sheep, one sheep got lost. Or a woman, she lost a coin. Okay, understand. Very simple. Don't make it complicated. Understand the story. Simple stories. Then see in what context did Jesus use that parable or that story or that illustration? In what context was he doing it? Sometimes he's responding to a question. Sometimes there's a request from people to explain something. Sometimes somebody's made a complaint. So how many times must I forgive my brother? He's very irritated. How many times? He's waiting for a number.  But that man didn't go and forgive his servant who owed him a small amount. He didn't do that. So he's teaching about forgiveness through that story. See basically God has forgiven us so much that we need to turn around and forgive people. Who may have offended us. But what they've done to us is nothing in comparison to what we've done against God himself. And then he says, okay, seven times seventy. So it doesn't mean you count. Four hundred and ninety times. Well, you've reached it. Coming close, four eighty seven. Three more times finished. I can take revenge. That's not the point. He's not talking about little numbers. Seven times seventy. He's basically saying it's just as how much, you know, how immeasurably without measure. God has forgiven us. Right. That way we have to forgive others. Right. So that's the point of those stories. Right. So it's maybe, you know. So when you understand the context, it'll help us understand, interpret the story correctly. Parables sometimes were given with a stated purpose.  And he gives a parable. There are parables of the kingdom, meaning he's specifically saying, this is how the kingdom of God operates. Right. So for example, he said, the kingdom of heaven is like this. There was a man or owner of a vineyard and he needed some laborers to work in his vineyard. So nine o'clock in the morning he goes to the city center. He sees some laborers there. He says, hey, you're looking for work. I'm just paraphrasing it. You're looking for work. Okay. Go work in my vineyard. I'll give you the days wages. Okay. So some people go nine o'clock in the morning. They start working. And he needs more laborers. So 12 o'clock in the afternoon, he goes to the city centers. He finds some people looking for work. Hey, go work in my vineyard. 12 o'clock. Three o'clock. He needs some workers. Hey, you find some people? Go work in my vineyard. So there are people. Some started working at nine o'clock in the morning. Some started working at 12. Some started working at three. Now at six o'clock in the evening, end of the day, they all line up. So the people who started working at nine, they are waiting. Oh, today I will get one thousand rupees. Just making up. That person, he started half a day. He should get 500. That person started three o'clock. He should get 250. But the master comes, gives everybody thousand. So these people are like, hey, how much you got? Thousand. You also got thousand. But you started only at 12 o'clock. Three o'clock. How much you got? Thousand. You got thousand. Hey, I started at nine o'clock. You started at three o'clock. This is not fair. So they start complaining. Then the master responds. He says, hey, two things. First, I gave you what I agreed. Nine o'clock you agreed for thousand rupees. I gave you thousand rupees. Why are you complaining? Second, master says, don't I have a right to do as I wish with what I have? Don't I have a right to do as I wish with what I have? It's his money, not their money. If he wants to give thousand to the person who started, I'm putting it in simple terms. If he wants to give thousand rupees to the person who started at three o'clock, that is his, his wish. Can I not do as I wish? And then Jesus says, so is the kingdom of God. The kingdom of God is like this. So what is he trying to get? What is the message he's trying to get to us? Through that story. He says many, the first shall be last. The last shall be first. So what is the message he's getting to us? There's several things we can take. First, that we must not judge other people. God will call people at different points in time into work in His vineyard. He calls them. And it's up to God whom He calls and whom He chooses and how He uses them and how He blesses them. It's entirely up to God. I cannot point a finger and say, hey, that man, that woman, they don't deserve this, no. It is entirely up to God whom He calls, whom He chooses, how He uses them, how He blesses them. I, as a person, as a part of the kingdom, I must just recognize that. I can't go and keep judging and saying, hey, that person should not have such a big church. That person should not have such a big ministry. What he's doing, that is not my business. This is God's kingdom. It's entirely up to God whom He calls, whom He chooses, how He uses them, how He blesses them. That's entirely up to God. And I must learn to rejoice in how ever God blesses them. Imagine the person who came at 9 o'clock, he got 1000 rupees. The person who came at 3 o'clock got 1000. You also got 1000. Wonderful, man. You're really blessed. That's a different attitude. You're like, hey, I'm happy you got that. I got what he told me I will get. I agreed for 1000, he gave me 1000. You came at 3 o'clock, you also got 1000. Wonderful. Wonderful. Let us rejoice, be happy. Why complain? Anyway, we got the same amount. So you're happy, you're celebrating how God blesses calls, anoints and uses people. That's fine. Now, how does this translate into everyday life? Example, suppose you've been working in a city. You've been working 40 years in that city, pastoring. After 40 years of working, you have a church, 500 people. Now, one fellow graduates from ABC Bible College. He comes to the same city. In two years, he's got 500 people. God, I work here, 40 years. After 40 years, I have church of 500. That bacha, just two years he graduated. Little boy, God, you're, how he must be doing something wrong. How he's got church of 40 people. See, that is how we tend to think. But that is not kingdom thinking. Because according to this parable, who am I to judge? God will call, God will choose, and God himself will use. God will anoint, God will bless as he pleases. I can't judge what God has called each one of us to do is to be faithful in what he's given you. You'll be faithful. You've got the message, right? But that parable, that simple parable that Jesus gave, if you think about it and we understand it and we try to draw the principle, what is the truth about the kingdom that he is saying? Then that will teach us a lot. But suppose we use this parable and say, oh, God is a partial God. The people he chose at nine o'clock were the Jews. The people he chose at 12 o'clock were the Baptists. And the people he chose at three o'clock are the Pentecostals. If I interpret like that, it is correct. It's not correct. That is not what Jesus meant. It's not what he meant, right? I am assigning some meaning to that parable and making God look like he has favorites. He treats though that group of people better than these. No, no, no. That is not what he meant, right? He has no favorites. God is not a partial God. God is fair and just to everybody. But he's helping us understand something about the kingdom, a principle, the kingdom that should operate in our lives. He's not trying to tell us that God is a partial God or he has some favorite groups of people. None of that. So if somebody interprets that parable and starts saying things like this, I'm just made up an example. But if they say, oh, this group, nine o'clock group is this and twelve o'clock group is this and three o'clock group is this and then that is the wrong interpretation of that parable. You understand, right? You're looking at me very strange. Okay. I hope you understood, right? Number three. So, which is what we did determine the main truth being illustrated by the parable. Do not turn parables into allegories by trying to read meaning into every detail, right? So don't allegorize it. Like example, I said, no, don't say nine o'clock group is this twelve o'clock group is this. Jesus never said that. He never meant it. And don't read meaning into every detail. No. You try to get the sense of it. But don't go and say, oh, every detail, this represents that and this represents that and this represents that. Because Jesus, if Jesus wanted us to do that, he would have explained that to us, right? But don't allegorize every detail. For example, I think we'll give some examples, right? We'll explain this. Use only those analogies that were explicitly pointed out. Use only that which Jesus pointed out in the story, in the illustration, in the parable. If he pointed out or whoever's giving that story, what was pointed out, use only that. Very important. Number five, validate the main truth of the parable with the teaching of the rest of scripture. That means whatever truth I draw out of the parable must be consistent with the teaching of the rest of scripture. I can't use one parable and come out with some meaning. There is not supported by the rest of scripture. For example, I heard one famous preacher. This is in Luke 15. I'll just point this out because I want to just give us a bad example, an example of how you must not interpret scripture. If you come to Luke 17, I'll just give an example. This was actually like a very famous person. I won't mention his name and all that. This was based on Luke 17. If you look from verse 5 to 10, Luke 17, 5 to 10. This is an example of how we shouldn't assign some meaning that was not intended in the parable. In Luke 17-5, the apostles come to the Lord Jesus and they say, Lord increase our faith. To that Jesus responded, if you have faith, like a mustard seed, you can say to the tree, mulberry tree, be pulled up by the root, be planted in the sea, and it will be you. Then right after that, the scripture is continuing. There's a text, the text of scripture continues. Which of you having a servant was ploughing or tending sheep? Will say to him when he has come from the field, come at once and sit down to eat. But will he not say to him, prepare something for my supper and guard yourself and serve me till I've eaten and drunk and afterward you will eat and drink? Does he thank that servant because he did the things that were commanded him? I think not. So likewise you, when you have done all those things which you are commanded, you say we are unprofitable servants, we have done what was our duty to do. So we read Luke 17-5-10. Now, this was what that preacher said. He said, faith is like a servant. When you release your faith, faith goes out on your field. It does work for you. And then it comes back and then you don't have to thank your servant. The servant just did what he was supposed to do. That was the message he preached. Everybody shouted hallelujah, praise the Lord and all that. My question is, is that the correct interpretation of Luke 17-5-10? Is that what Jesus was saying? Was he saying faith is your servant that you send out into the field? What do you think? So there are two separate thoughts, right? See, remember the Bible was not written in chapter and verse. The writers wrote whatever the Holy Spirit brought to their remembrance at that time. So there are actually two separate thoughts. Here there is verses 5 and 6. So if you actually look at it, verses 1-5 is about forgiveness. Luke 17-1-5. Verses 5 and 6 is about faith. And verses 7-10 is about serving God. So you don't mix up the thoughts. The question in 5 and 6 was about faith. Increase our faith and then the Lord said, Okay, this is how you use your faith. You have to speak your faith. It'll happen. Then he continued to talk to them about serving God. Before verse 5, he was talking about forgiving people. Now two verses talking about faith. Then talking about our attitude in serving God. That even after we have gone out, we've done. When we come back, we say, Lord, I've only done what you've told me to do. It's not like I've done you a favor. I've only done what you have told me to do. And God knows how to reward us and honor us and so on. But that's just an example where there's an illustration there about telling the tree to move. And there's another illustration about a servant serving his master and how the master relates to the servants. There's illustration there. So don't mix that illustration with something else in front. You'll get some totally different meaning. Sean, your question. Yeah, if there is a common thread, then you recognize it and use it. But if there is not, then we shouldn't. We should treat them as separate. Because remember, Jesus could have actually said these stories on different occasions. But the writer, gospel writers were writing it one after the other. So Jesus could have on one day said one story. Maybe another day he would have said another story. But in the gospel, it may have been put in the same chapter. It doesn't mean he was saying it in all in the same sermon. Because they were writing what the Holy Spirit was bringing to their remembrance. They were not putting the date and time on July 4th, 9 o'clock service. He preached this July 10th, 9, 10 o'clock service. He preached that. No, they're just putting it as the Holy Spirit reminded them. So when we read, we get the impression as though it was all part of one sermon. It could have been, but it may not have been. So we have to treat them separately. If there is a common thread, in example Mark 4, or the sermon on the mount. Yeah, that was one sermon that goes across several chapters. Five, six, seven, one sermon. But it goes across three chapters. So then you treat them. But even in that three chapters, all different, different thoughts, various kinds of thoughts, he's talking about different things. So you treat them all in separation. If there's a common thread, okay, then you connect. So interpret carefully. So let me just finish this. We'll take up some questions from online students as well. So when you're studying a parable, you say, how was it introduced? Who are those hearers? What is the action commanded or the response expected from the parable from that story? Okay. So let me see if there are any questions from our online class. Any questions? Online students, have you been following this? Any questions? Okay. So some of the parables of Jesus, the stories that he used are so powerful. That of the prodigal son. Such a simple story, but a very, very powerful story. That is capturing to us how we have gone away from God. We've done all kinds of wrong things. And then how when we return to God, repent and return to God, he still receives us. Now recently I heard somebody interpret one part of the parable. They said it like this. They said, Hey, you see, you have to go and ask your father to give you your inheritance, your share of the inheritance. It's in the Bible. And they were actually referring to the story of the prodigal son. Now, is that a right application of that story? Is that what Jesus wants people to do? Just because the prodigal did that or the elder brother was there? No, that's not the purpose of the story. So there was some family matter, family issue, family matter issue. And that person is quoting this parable, this prodigal son story. See, the younger son went and asked the father for his inheritance. Father gave it to him. You go ask, but that is not what Jesus intended from the story. That's a misuse of the parable. The purpose of that parable was to talk to us about the love of God, of what sin has done for us and how we need to return to God and how God will welcome us. That's the purpose. And so we should not, you know, we should not allegorize that parable. We will come to allegorizing next thing. So sometimes people can say, well, the prodigal son represents this kind of people and the elder son represents these kind of people in the church and all of that. Well, we can say that we should not have the attitude of the elder son. That's the right application. But don't use that the elder son as a representation of this kind of group of people and the prodigal son like this kind of group of people, all the youth are represented by the prodigal. All the older people are represented by the elder son. Don't use those kinds of things. Right. Sometimes people do all that, you know, but that is not what Jesus intended. So don't, don't allegorize that parable. It can lead into, you know, all kinds of wrong misapplication, misunderstanding of that. Okay. Any questions? Yes, Sean. Yeah. So first, so Sean is talking about the Lord being anointed. So first, we would not call it a parable. Yeah, because it is an incident. It actually happened.  But in this case, it was an actual incident. So what we find when we compare the Gospel narratives is Jesus was anointed on two different occasions. In one, it is clearly given who anointed him. One is, I think in John 12, where Mary, Mary and Martha, so Mary, she anoints Jesus. And you can see that the number of days before his, if you read the passages carefully, you'll find the number of days were different. So one, I think was six days before his crucifixion. One was three days before his crucifixion. So the day that you can see the difference in the timing, you'll also see the difference in who did it. One was done by Mary and the other was done by this unnamed woman who came. You'll also see the difference in the location. One was done in the house of Simon. And the other was done, I think in Mary's house or something like that. So you'll find. So basically you can, if you look at those passages very carefully, you'll conclude that it's easy to conclude actually that these are two separate occasions where two different women came. And they anointed. And one broke the alabaster box on his head. The other wiped his feet with his tears. So how they did it also is very different. So if you can conclude that these were two separate incidents, yeah. Cross-reference it. Oh, okay. So yeah, so some Bibles have these headings and cross-references. That is fine. The cross-reference doesn't necessarily mean it is the same thing. They're saying, okay, here's another incident that's similar to this, right? Or they may, if they cross-reference verses, it doesn't, it means that that verse has some relation to it, but it doesn't mean it's exactly the same. So when they cross-reference across the Gospels, they're just saying, okay, here's another incident that's like this where Jesus was anointed. You know, similar, similar incident. So the cross-reference helps in our study of the scriptures. Yeah. Okay, so let's take a break. When we come after the break, we're going to talk about avoiding allegorizing and then hopefully we'll also get into how to interpret prophetic scriptures, right? So the prophetic passages scripture, how do we go about interpreting them? Right, so we'll be back in 10 minutes. Thank you.


Ddiogelwch ddigon i gweithio gyda'r eich ysgolwyd yma yn gweithio'r defnyddio'r cyfriedig er интересноu i Gwyrddoedd Alexiwyr Andrew Dick, mae'r minister o St Michael's Church in Wales yn Mwysgrwyll. Ieithiwch ddweud, Ffyr Method, mewn cyfrailage a dweudio'r gyffredinol yma ydw i ddryyydd i chi i gydigio eich eich ysgolwyd. Daddiwch ar flachau Christian i gydig o'r finfluonau i'r cyfryd i trefiadau'r of one who has in the popular hyn been described as the servant king. Indeed, Mark's Gospel tells us that Jesus said of his mission, the son of man did not come to be served but to serve and give his life as a ransom for many. I'm a minister of the Church of Scotland. This Parliament has within it ministers of state. This idea of leaders being called ministers, I would like to suggest, betrays our country's Christian heritage. The word minister means servant and Jesus once said, the one who rules should be like the one who serves. I'm a servant of God. Ministers of state are servants of the people. As indeed the previous First Minister, Alex Salmond and the former Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, have recently pointed out. Now it's also been suggested that power corrupts and surely it's worth politicians and religious leaders remembering often that they are servants. Some though would question whether leadership and service are compatible. But I believe that an important tool in the toolbox of leaders is example. If we are tolerant of people, if not always their ideas rather than, as is the tendency today, being tolerant of ideas but not always people. If we model a culture of service, a mutual respect, just perhaps others will follow our example. And the national renewal that many of us long for might begin. Let's never forget that by definition a leader is a person who people follow. I like many Scots was very proud that mutual respect characterised much of the recent referendum debate. I'm proud that public service is still largely respected and honoured in our country. I'm convinced that we must be vigilant and look to the source of our values as a society as never before in this age of such rapid change.


Politics of violence in Pakistan. In this session, we are going to discuss the politics of violence with special reference to Pakistan because politics of violence has been endemic in Pakistan. But the scale, scope and geographical distribution of the problem has not been systematically studied that in the case of Pakistan, there have been incidents in which violence was involved. But it has never happened that this issue should be studied in depth, especially through academic circles so that its root causes can be understood. On the policy side, museum makers lack credible quantitative data with which to weigh the relative costs of political motivated violence against the many other challenges facing Pakistan. Now, if it is understood that the topic of politics of violence in Pakistan is a specific context where politics is involved and in the context of politics, when violence was involved, what was the outcome of it? Such a data for which the museum makers search for it, search for it, so that there is such a future planning that such incidents, such incidents will not happen again. But on that, no academic circles have been researched and no such data is available based on which proper findings can be drawn. So, issues are there to assess the role of violence in Pakistan's politics and economic development. So, no one can deny the presence of the issues. So, there are some core policy relevant issues, like the link between electoral politics and violence. Now, the core policy issues, we must first understand that one is that violence which is related to political issues, especially during electoral politics. During elections, how many killings, how many incidents of violence should be seen? Because there is a class system in Pakistan. Many entities and identities also exist. So, during the electoral campaign, when elections are about to take place, we see a lot of incidents of violence. Then violence affects economic growth and development. Then there is an issue where there are fights, strikes, and all these things. Then public opinion responds to militant violence. In Pakistan, there was a time when militant violence was also written in one form. One was when there was violence on political issues and on social issues, but then when violence has come from militant groups in Pakistan, it is very relevant and important to understand this as an important issue. Then political organizations choose different strategies like normal political contestation violence and then at different times and different places. Some political organizations sometimes opt for the attitudes of violence and such events. For example, against state machinery, creating such a situation where state machinery is involved, people are selling, people are charging, there are many other tactics to maintain the situation of law and order, but sometimes some organizations, they deliberately use this style of violence where states have to be involved. Then there are four key patterns in Pakistan's pattern of violence, specifically when we have to understand and when we have to relate politics of violence. So there was a phase when many people were saying that due to the madrissas in Pakistan, a generation was created who promoted these activities. Then the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan and then after 2001 US involvement in Afghanistan, it actually promoted the politics of violence in Pakistan. Then there are some national anti-state campaigns in some areas of Pakistan specifically. After the Lal Masjid incident, a generation has been created who are involved. Then in the society of Pakistan overall, because of a response and reaction, politics of violence was born. We have a response and reaction against social injustices, against economic issues and sometimes against state authorities. So there are many factors and many patterns that we can understand in the context of politics of violence in Pakistan.