Personal notice, change is my stock and trade. If the job's too tough for you to handle, you've got a job for me, George Valentine. Write full details. Standard Oil Company of California invites you to let George do it. In a moment, we'll begin tonight's adventure, George Valentine. But first, here's a reminder that a one-feature gasoline may be making your car act old before it's time. Any gas can be made to stress one feature at the expense of others, but Chevron Supreme gasoline gives you the correct balance of not one, not two, but eight high-performance qualities. Quick-starting, fast warm-up, smooth acceleration, anti-knock, vapor-lock prevention, full power, area blending, and economy mileage. So to get the most out of your driving, get Chevron Supreme. Just drive in and say, fill her up with Chevron Supreme gasoline at any standard station or independent Chevron gas station, as they say, and mean, we take better care of your car. And now, tonight's story, the Four Seasons, a transcribed adventure of George Valentine. Dear Mr. Valentine, anyone with a romantic name like yours must be willing to share in a romantic adventure, or to be more exact, an adventure in the name of and for the glory of love. Needless to say, I wouldn't call on you unless there was an element of danger. But then, isn't that what makes an affair of the heart the more intriguing? Please come to see me this afternoon or two, and please come alone. Expectantly yours, Donna May Lawson. Donna May Lawson. I like her nerve alone. Donna May. A romantic adventure. Oh, but you don't understand, Angel. Donna May Lawson. I flunk medieval history in college because of this gal. You mean she wouldn't let you copy from her paper? Oh, nothing as intimate as that, Bruxy. You see, she was in a musical comedy, and it stayed in town for six weeks. Yeah, Madden A's Wednesday and Saturday, 2.30. Same time as my class in medieval history. I know, you had a conflict. On my history exam, they asked who sank the Spanish Armada, and the only name I could think of was Donna May Lawson, the most beautiful show girl in the world, to quote the posters. And I thought you worked your way through college. Yeah, except on those Wednesdays and Saturdays. She couldn't have been more than a kid then. Well, she's a big girl now with a yen for adventure. Yeah, she said there was a danger. Maybe murder. Well, now, if I see her, it's wholesome curiosity. Yeah, boys go through stages. First dolls, then girls, then murder, then girls again. George, she probably still has a showgirl written all over her. Oh, Angel. And I'm afraid you may like the handwriting. Bruxy, I'll make you a promise. If Donna May sings any siren songs, I'll close my ears. It's not your ears. I'm worried about it, it's your eyes. You're very prompt, Mr. Valentine. Here, please sit down. Thanks. Well... Anything wrong? On the contrary, I didn't mean to stare, but I couldn't help it.  Well, she did an inspired job. You know, before you came in, I was trying to imagine what kind of a man would make a career of doing, well, anything. And I hope doing anything well. Anyway, Mr. Valentine, you're just as I imagined. Ah, yeah. Now, about the dangerous adventure you wrote about. I want you to deliver a small box to a place only 30 miles away from here. That sounds real dangerous. I'll pay you $50 for doing it. Oh, now, look, I don't want to undersell myself, but I think you could get a Western Union boy to deliver it for, let's say, $45. Take a good look at these four miniatures, Mr. Valentine. They're very nice, but... They're worth at least $50,000. What? They are the only miniatures Rubens ever painted. The Four Seasons of Love. Flirtation, passion, contentment, regret. I see, I see. Silver lovebirds, grinning cupids, fawns on the hoof. Very pretty. And very costly. Rubens painted them for the girlfriend of the Duke of Mantua. It set the Duke back 2,000 crowns, and that was before inflation. Some women have a way with men, don't they? Yes, don't they? I've heard at least one collector admit he was tempted to commit murder for these beautiful things. They're considered Rubens' masterpiece. All in all, I can see why you want to take fairly good care of them. Unfortunately, I'm forced to sell them. Oh. Yes. You see, my husband... Oh. I mean, just... Oh. Yes, it's Donna Lawson Nichols. My husband is having some financial difficulties. That's too bad. Without telling him, I've arranged for the Wainsville galleries to put these miniatures up for sale. Charles knew he'd never let me part with them. We're in the contentment stage of the Four Seasons of Love. I don't want us ever to know regret. I see. And all I have to do is deliver this box. Yes. To Mr. Lennon. Here's his card. When you leave, I'll phone and tell him to expect you. Okay. I don't want to sound silly, but you do have a gun, don't you?  Oh, sure, sure. I have a gun. And I hit the bullseye with it every time. If the bull is looking down the barrel. Well, I'll get a receipt from Mr. Lennon and bring it over tonight. Oh. Not tonight. Mm-hmm. Charles will be home. Tomorrow afternoon would be much better. Wow. All right. There's really no need for my husband to know anything about us. Is there? Ta-da-da. Ta-da-da. Say what's the matter with that guy? Nobody on the road for miles. They can't find room to pass. Come on, come on. You don't pass, will you? Hey, what are you trying to do?  What's the matter with you? Hey, look out. Hey, buddy. Hey, buddy, something wrong? Oh, why? I said, is something wrong, Mr.? Oh, no, no. Everything's just pitchy.  Now you're joking. Yeah. Come on. Help me out of here like a good fella, will you? Yeah, sure. Grab a hold. Yeah. Oh. Yeah. Here you are. Jeez. What happened to you? I don't know.  After that, I don't remember anything. Hey, you know, nobody couldn't hardly see you from up in the road. It was a lucky thing I spotted you, huh? Yeah. Well, I'm still in one piece anyway. Hey, wait a minute. Wait a minute. Where is it? Where's the box? What's the matter? I don't see any pictures. I don't see them around anyway. Oh, I used to save them when I was a kid. Yeah, Grover Cleveland, Babe Rose. Yeah, sure. Hey, what is this? What, you find something? I'll say. A neatly folded check in my pocket. Pay to the order of George Valentin. $20,000. Hey.  Signed Jason Rentschler, the Rentschler Galleries, in payment for the Four Seasons of Love by Peter Paul Rubens. What? Are you going back to town, mister? Yes. You got yourself a passenger. Somebody nudged me off the road and the miniatures are gone. Gone? What do you mean? Oh, here, George. Hold still. All right. Here, it feels good. Well, I passed out and somebody made off of those things. Well, maybe we should have X-rays made of your head. Sometimes things like this... Brooksy, I'm a man of wealth. Look. When he th... What's the guess? I found this instead of the miniatures. Okay, Angel, thanks for the first day. George, where are you going? If nothing else, my mother taught me good manners. Makes sense, will you? When somebody gives Mrs. Valentine's little boy $20,000, he should thank the man. I've got to have a little talk with Mr. Rentschler. Going somewhere? Well, as a matter of fact... I'm Sergeant Crowley, robbery squad. What? You George Valentine, mister? I'm beginning to wonder. Where were you headed for? Mexico, Pango, Pango? What were you talking about?  Deal? What deal? Yes, Sergeant.  Right? Right. And you were supposed to show up with them in Wainsville, right? Right. Thank you, Miss. But you didn't show. So Mrs. Nichols got worried and phoned us. Okay, where are those miniatures? Well... I... I lost them. Just like that, huh? Well, no, no, not quite, Sergeant. A truck forced my car into a ditch when I came to that darn things were gone. Well, that's your story. And don't think we're not gonna... You and the habit of leaving $20,000 checks on your desk? Oh, dear. Pay to the order of George Valentine. Rentschler Galleries. For the four seasons of... Oh, look, look. I know this sounds screwy, but I found this check in my pocket. Of course. That keeps happening to people all the time. You don't believe me. I... wonder why. I was just going to see Mr. Rentschler. That's nice. Let's make it real sociable. And we'll all go together. What do you mean I sold you these miniatures, Mr. Rentschler? But of course you did, young man. Just a few hours. I never saw you before in my life. Mr. Rentschler, take a good look at him, please. But, no, Officer, what is this all about? It's about a guy selling something that doesn't belong to him. Oh, sure you are joking, Mr. Valentine. I know it doesn't look like the kind of man who would do anything. Never mind that. If he sold you these thingamajigs, where are they? Right here. I wouldn't let them out of my sight here, you see. Oh, wait a minute. This is crazy. Are they not beautiful? Once before, I have seen them at an exhibition, the Elbeth and Victoria Museum. Well, Valentine...  You were on your way out of town, all right, but you had a crack up and didn't think it was smart to go on. Lucky for the nickels, I'd say. No, please, Officer, now, young man, don't you remember?  Of course I didn't hesitate. I told you... Maybe I was foolish not to check, Sergeant. Okay, Mr. Rentschler, okay. Sergeant Crawley? Yeah? I'm Charles Nichols. I got your call to meet you here. Well, I've got your man in, your miniatures, Mr. Nichols. Now, look here.  She blamed everything to me. She thought she was helping me over a rough financial spot, selling these beautiful things. That's so typical of Donna. She's devoted to me to a fault. Oh, sure. Now wait, Mr. Nichols. I was in my car delivering it when a truck came along. You're on a rut, Valentine. In a ditch, Sergeant. Well, gentlemen, if these rubens belong to Mr. Nichols, I will be glad to give back the human tear of my check. Sergeant, as long as I have the miniatures back, I'm not a vindictive man. Sure. Let's forget about the whole thing, hmm? I'm not gonna forget it. You're not gonna get the chance, Valentine. Until your trial comes up, you can kick it around in your mind in one of our nicest cells. Cells? I'll just take these, Mr. Ranchler, for evidence. Of course. And Mr. Nichols. Yes, Sergeant. We'll have to hold your miniatures downtown. But if you'll drop by later, the police custodian will give you a receipt for them. You can reclaim them after the trial. Very well, Sergeant, as you say. They'll be in good hands. The police custodian's receipt is as good as gold to me. Well, Valentine, coming. Well, as long as you put it that way. Oh, it's not so bad, Brooksy. On visitors' day, you can bring me sweetmeats and magazines. You know, like Liberty, Outdoor Life. George, how can you be funny at a time like this? I force myself. Besides, it is funny that, like those miniatures, I'm so beautifully, beautifully framed. In just a moment, we'll return to tonight's adventure, George Valentine. I'll bet you'd be amazed if I told you that four out of five cars on the road today are being gradually chewed to pieces from the inside in a way their owners would never suspect. Well, it's true. If your cars, like most cars, the manufacturer installed an oil filter to strain out the sludge and grit and keep them from going back into the engine. Oil filters don't require much attention. Actually, only once about every 6,000 miles.  That's why it's a good idea to have your car saver check your oil filter element regularly. When you have your oil drained and changed at regular intervals, your car saver will also check the filter element. Then, if you need a new replacement, he can install a new Atlas Micronic filter. Now's the time to be getting your car ready for the winter weather driving ahead. So plan to stop in soon for an oil drain and oil filter service at any standard station at the independent Chevron gas station where they say, and mean, we take better care of your car. The Four Seasons of Love Four priceless miniatures that a girl you used to drool over in your college days asks you to deliver to an art gallery. A routine little job, but your car is forced off the road, the miniatures are stolen, and in your pocket is a check for $20,000 payable to you for the sale of the human's masterpieces. What's more, Jason Rentschler, who signed the check, swears he gave it to you for value received. Even if your name is George Valentine, you need help. Thanks for bailing me out, Johnson. Yeah, to think I'd live to see the day. The whole thing just doesn't make sense, Lieutenant. Everything's right back where it started from. The Nichols have a police custodian's receipt for their miniatures, so they'll get them back after the trial. Rentschler will get his check back and tear it up. Nothing gained, nothing lost, eh? No correction, please. George had his car smashed up, his classic features remodeled, and the hand of the law is still heavy on his shoulder. Why was it necessary to frame me at all? Who stood to gain? Valentine, you get involved in the word as crazy as... Please, Johnson, please, not today. You can really be a pal and see what you can dig up on Charles Nichols, what he does, everything. I'm going to talk to Rentschler. Make him tell why he lied. He's supposed to have a pretty good reputation. Just the same. I didn't like the way he and Nichols looked at each other. With the clear, innocent eyes of a couple of used car salesmen. Well, what do I do? Well, Charles Nichols has an office in the exchange building. You think he could sort of keep an eye on him for the rest of the day, see where he goes, what he does? I'll stick so close to him, I'll be able to hear him think. Good. Well, Valentine. Yes, Sergeant? I just caught you in time. Somebody's on the phone for you. Oh, thanks. You can take it here. All right. Hello? Yeah? Oh, it's you. Why can't you tell me now? All right. Okay, I'll be right over. Who was it, George? Donna Nichols. She says she has something on her mind and knowing her mind, I can expect almost anything. Sometimes she has a mural for you to deliver. This time I have a few things to deliver myself. Brooke, see, there's one little development I haven't told you about. When I was committed to this, Huskar, the sergeant at the desk went over my person with rough and impious hands. In short, he frisked me. My gun was missing. George, you should have told Johnson. If using my gun was part of the frame, I hate to think where the police might find it. I'd rather get to it first. See you later, and we can compare notes. You're being very sweet, Mrs. Nichols. I'm sorry. I don't have time to be cute. The way everything stacks up, you should have me pegged for a guy who tried to swipe your precious miniatures and head for parts unknown. Somehow, George, I can't make myself believe that. Really? What is it? My open, boyish face? Everything about you.  Oh, haven't you noticed? Hmm. Anyway, I spoke to Charles. When your trial comes up, we're merely going to say that we have all a misunderstanding. We have no charges to make.  What's more, I just phoned Mr. Rentschler. He wants to see you. The galleries are closed, but he left the side door open for you. I think after you've talked to him, everything will be all straightened out. Uh-huh. Well, aren't you going to thank me? Oh, of course, sure. But, uh, I was just thinking how. You don't impress me as the thoughtful type, George. I should say action was more in your line. You know, Donna, you can make an awful lot of trouble for some man. Hmm? And I think I know the man. Now, I'd better get out of here and go see Rentschler. Wait a minute. Wow, what's the matter? Did you lose Nichols? No. I found something that might be important.  Just a few minutes ago, I saw him go into the continental galleries. You know that, that swank place where all the art collectors go to collect? Oh, wow. Does it mean anything? Well, Nichols doesn't have the miniatures right now, but he has business at the continental galleries. George, maybe? Let's try to figure that out later. Come on, Rentschler's waiting. He left the side door open. Oh, gosh. The galleries look eerie when it's dark. Oh, that's strange. It hasn't got any lights on. Mr. Rentschler? Hey, where are you? Oh, wait, George. I'll turn on one of these table lamps. Oh, that's better. Easy, Bruxy. Mr. Rentschler. Wait a minute now. He's been shot, but he's still alive. George, that's your gun. Yeah. Bruxy, there's a phone booth on the corner. You're going to call an ambulance. Yes. Then you and I are going to beat it. I need some time to think. If your guess is around, George, the dawn's going to come up like thunder and somebody's very red face. You talk to that news boy first, then to Lieutenant Johnson just as I told you. Listen to this. The Nichols know that the miniatures are, at best, a reasonable facsimile. They couldn't sell them to any collector in a million years. So they'd dream up a little stunt requiring a patsy, me to be exact. I still want to know why. They make a deal with Rentschler and get me framed on the charge of grand theft. Then they've got a police custodian's receipt for something which all the newspapers say are the $50,000 Rubens masterpieces. The papers had no reason to doubt that. The police guess he was trying to sell his police receipt. Hey! Of course, Continental can't get its pig in the poke until after my trial. But that's why Nichols would be willing to sell at a bargain price, say only $30,000. By the time anyone gets hepped, the Nichols are in Tahiti sipping coconut juice and shortling over a sucker named George Valentine. It adds up, but Rentschler, he may be dead by now and you're supposed to have killed him. Yeah. That's how Nichols arranged the scene. Splitting the loot two ways so you're sure your plan will work. Proxy, it better. Well, George, back so soon? Well, sure. Surely it only took me a few minutes to straighten everything out with Rentschler. Very nice old gentleman. Yes, I suppose he is. You didn't have any trouble with him. No, not a bit. And I have you to thank. You wanted me to thank you, didn't you? Well, yes. And I said I had to think how. The best way to thank you. And I have. George... You said I was a man of action. Please, I... You know, you can pack an awful lot of thanks into one kiss. Can't you, though? Really now, Charles may be here any minute. Oh, yes. I must thank him, too. About Rentschler, just what did he have to say? In fact, I did all the talking. He was unusually quiet. That can't be Charles. He dues his key. I'll get him. Wow, Brooksy! Oh, Mrs. Nichols, you know my assistant, Miss Brooks. No. I knew I'd find you here, Mr. Valentine. Something terrible has happened to Mr. Rentschler. He... He was murdered. No. I don't understand how could he... It's in all the papers. All the boy-selling papers. Right out there. Read on about it. Art dealer found dead. Woman sought to death of art dealer. Get your paper. What else did the paper say? No murder weapon was found, but the police are very much interested in a blue rhinestone button, obviously from a woman's dress. The button was found in the dead man's hand. Poor Mr. Rentschler. Isn't it perfectly fiendish? I wouldn't like to be the woman if the girls think that was a button off your dress, Donna. My dress? Blue rhinestone. And there's one missing on your sleeve. Isn't that a coincidence? What are you two talking about? I wonder what the police would think. They can't think anything. I've been here all afternoon, and I can prove it. Well, I believe you. But that's because I know you and trust you. But someone apparently wants the police to think you were there, hence the button. Somebody's trying to frame you. Wait a minute. The button is missing. Oh, he wouldn't. This is absurd. What are you saying, Donna? Nothing. Donna, Donna, have you heard that news boy? But Charles, we have visitors. Oh, Valentine. Yes, and Miss Brooks had a chance to read the papers. Nichols, we were just saying that someone has apparently left a button from your wife's dress on the murder scene. What's that? Whoever it was would have been very close to Mrs. Nichols to get it. There seems to be some logic in what Mr. Valentine says, Charles. Never mind. We'll talk about that later, dear. Now, Mr. Valentine, if you and the young lady will excuse us, we have... Oh, sure, of course. But a philosophical observation just occurred to me. Now, look... I'd like to hear your philosophical observation, Mr. Valentine. Just that cheaters have a tendency to cheat other cheaters. It's like the law of nature. What are you talking about now? Well, for instance, I was supposed to be nicely framed for the murder of Wrenchler. My gun was supposed to have been left on the scene. We don't know what this is all about. But, Charles, how could he know? Quiet, Donna, will you? But instead of my gun, there was a button off your sleeve, Donna. Instead of me being framed, you were... Neatly. Very neatly. Donna, I told you, be still. With you charged with murder, Donna, he would keep every dollar he got for the phony miniatures. The Four Seasons of Love. Ironic, isn't it, Donna? Charles, I always suspect... Donna!  It has to be the way Valentine explained it. I was here all afternoon wearing this dress. You were the only one who could... Didn't I tell you? No, no, you don't bust it.   I just wanted to see if you had a gun. You better sit down, Mr. Nichols, while you have the chance. Charles, I'm not going to be framed by you or anybody. I only went for that police custodian gag, not for murder. You killed Wrenchler and you're trying to pin it on me. Well, you're not going to get away with it. Well, well, this is credit gathering. Good, Lieutenant Johnson. Your timing is superb. I didn't want to interrupt. It was much too exciting. All this business about a button, Lieutenant, is so much rot.  You're quite right about the button, Nichols, because I have it right here. How did you get that? Oh, not Donna. I'm so disappointed. I was sure you'd always remember that golden moment when I thanked you with my arms around you, with your arms around me. Well, that's when I borrowed that button. But that story in the paper is... One news boy yelling what was written out for him. Hmm. Very fine yelling, too, I must say. Yes, indeed. Oh, you... No, no, no, Donna. One good frame deserves another. That's another philosophical observation. I'll never let you get out of here. You know, you need psychiatric treatment, friend. Something therapeutic like this. I told you you'd better sit down, Mr. Nichols. Now, see? It's too late. Here's more proof that heavy-duty RPM motor oil cuts wear in automobile engines. Using heavy-duty RPM, an engine in the northwest went over 130,000 miles, yet showed less than half as much cylinder wear in that time as previous oils did in 75,000 miles. Heavy-duty RPM reduced wear and greatly increased the time between overhauls. It kept the engine exceptionally clean and cut wear rate to a minimum. So get the oil that gives top protection for your car. Get heavy-duty RPM motor oil at any independent Chevron gas station or standard station, where they say and mean, we take better care of your car. You know, I was talking to the commissioner the other day. He said, I... Chief, why bother having a homicide squad when one man like George Ballantyne... Okay, Johnson. Okay, okay. So I was a sucker for a college memory. Forget it. Rangellar will recover. The miniatures were phony, and the Nichols will suffer endurance vile. Crime doesn't pay. Oh, brother, when a police lieutenant comes up with an epigram, that's a sure sign the case is closed. But George, are you sure you didn't enjoy that kiss?   A problem? Yeah. I bet if your husband came home at four o'clock in the morning raking a perfume and with lipstick on his collar, you'd start asking questions. Why, I do no such thing. Oh, what do you know? You wouldn't? No. I'd have to do his hat size with a rolling pin. Hmm. Spoken just like Mrs. Johnson. Uh, take plenty of time to think up an epigram for that, Valentine. Good night. Tonight's transcribed adventure of George Ballantyne has been brought to you by Standard Oil Company of California on behalf of independent Chevron gas stations and standard stations throughout the West. Robert Bailey is starred as George with Virginia Greg as Brooksy. Let George Do It was written by David Victor and directed by Kenneth Webb. Ken Christie was heard as Lieutenant Johnson, Lee Patrick as Donna, Harry Bartel as Nichols, Larry Dobb Kinn as Rentschler, and Joe Duvall as Crowley. Music by Gaylord Carter, your announcer, John Heiston. Listen again next week, same time, same station too. Let George Do It. Let George Do It is heard overseas through the worldwide facilities of the Armed Forces Radio Service. This is the Mutual Don Lee Broadcasting System.


Welcome to Toffy TV, it is the Everton News Daily, this video was brought to you by One Football's app, the app that makes it easy to keep up to date with the latest scores, transfer rumours and stats, all in the one place, the app is free to download, click the link in the description. Seamus Coleman has been speaking about Marko Silver and he says that he thinks he is a great manager. Seamus said, he's a great manager. For me I just want to see people committed to the club and I've got no issues with the manager there. I don't even know if he goes home. I see his car when I get into training as I don't live too far from the training ground so sometimes I might have to pop back in to get something and you still see his car there. He's doing all he can to be successful for Everton. When players see that they have a great feeling, we have to be patient and this club really needs to start challenging for things. I want to win a trophy here and I'm not embarrassed to say it. That's got to be the aim and I'm sure with this manager we've seen that we can beat the big teams. It's not false promises but we want to do well. A ringing endorsement there from Coleman who is captain of course under Marko Silver this season and that's what fans want to see as well. He wants to see a manager who is committed to making the club better. In the past we've had, maybe it hasn't been quite that situation but with Marko Silver it really seems to be and the players seem to be buying into that as well. On the back of that Morgan Snidl has been speaking about Garner and said that his fellow Miffield player has taken his game to a whole new level. Snidl said, Garner is just amazing in what he does. In games and in training he has added a new dimension to his game. Before you could see his main point was getting the ball back but now he likes to drive forward with the ball and take people on. He's using all of his qualities now. You can see his fuller confidence, his passion is very good and the way he recovers possession too. We get on well on and off the pitch. It's a pleasure for me to play alongside him. Just how long Snidlin will be playing alongside Garner obviously we don't know going into the summer. There's question marks over both of those players. Obviously Garner, big interest from Parasensiaman in January but he really has put the performance as interesting. Snidlin, who looked like he was probably out the door in January, is still here and we don't know if he's going to be here next season but obviously wringing the praises of Garner there. What would you like to see with both of those players? Would you like to see Garner stay or do you think Everton should maybe cash in on a player who's 30 later in the year? What about Snidlin has he done enough to convince you that he should be kept in the squad? Let me know in the comments below. Shenk Towson has been linked with a move back to Turkey. Photomac, the Turkish news outlet reporting that Besiktas wants Everton's Turkish striker. He's been also linked with Fenerbahce and Galatasaray as well as Besiktas. It just hasn't quite worked for Shenk. Me and Ped have done a video on Shenk Towson so make sure you check that out when it's available on YouTube. But it's going to be interesting to see what Marco actually does with Towson, whether he keeps him in the squad and we are just slightly to play him or whether if an opportunity comes in to sell him Everton do. That will have to watch out for that one. Ashley Williams, yes he's still an Everton player technically, is being linked with a move to either Huddersfield Town or Aston Villa. Or even some news outlet reporting that he may join Wayne Rooney at DC United once his contract expires at Everton. He's currently on loan at Stoke City. He's not going to be coming back to Everton. Everton I've got no interest in keeping him of course so maybe he will end up across the pond playing with Wayne. Who knows? Everton again today continue to be linked with Ajax's winger David Neres, the Brazilian 22-year-old attracting clubs such as Parasants, Iman Malan. But Everton continuing to be linked as a possible destination for Neres. UOL, which is a Brazilian news outlet, saying that Everton is a real possibility for Neres this summer. Marcel Brands has watched the young Brazilian a few times and likes what he sees. They are reporting however that the fee would be around £40 million. I don't know whether that Brands would see value in that but who knows. Keir Dioraban is the players agent and he was pictured with Brands during last month's win for Everton at the London Stadium when we played West Ham. So who knows? Who knows? And finally Leon Osmond has taken to Twitter to give his backing to Tom Davis signing a new deal at Everton. He tweeted brilliant to see homegrown lads cutting it at the top level. Congratulations again to Everton's academy. Obviously Osmond has said he is a fan of Tom Davis as we are here at Toffy TV. I'm delighted to see Tom sign a new contract obviously. So spoke about that last night on the Everton News Daily. The player himself had this to say. I made up to sign a new deal. It's all I ever wanted as a kid. I'm so happy that I feel that club has faith in me and they've shown that to me by giving me this contract. I'm progressing all the time and this is the place where I feel I can develop. It's where I want to be. There's some big moments here and I want to produce more of them and show everybody how good I am. My ambition has always been to win something here. I would love that and I know all the other lads would love that too. And it'd be fantastic wouldn't it for Davis to be part of an Everton team that won something. I think he's a fantastic player. He's only 20. He's played 50 times for England at various levels. It is easy to forget that this is a kid who's not 21 until the summer and has played really well for Everton. At times he's struggled a little bit but he's had some great games and he's learning all the time. The manager and Marcel Brands more importantly have faith in Tom Davis as a footballer. It's been shown by the award of this new contract so fair play to Everton for getting that sort of congratulations to Tom as well. So there you go. That's it for your news daily. If you haven't subscribed please do so. It takes a sec. And if you want more videos get over to Peter. See you later.


103.9 FM WZO Radio, Knoxville. Ladies and gentlemen, Digital Freethought Radio Hour. Hello and welcome to the Digital Freethought Radio Hour on WZO Radio 103.9 LP FM right here in Knoxville, Tennessee. Today is Sunday, April the 4th, 2021. I'm Larry Rhodes, or a daughter of five. And as usual, we have a co-host, Wombat on the line with us. Hello Wombat. Aye, aye, aye, Rangers. It's a big problem today. Aye, aye, aye. Don't get it. My 90s friends will all understand it. And also with us today is Doubtfire, Boudreaux, and Brooklyn. Hello, Brooklyn. A Digital Freethought Radio Hour is a talk radio show about atheism, free thought, rational thought, humanism, and the sciences. And conversely, we'll also talk about religion, religious faiths, God's holy books, and superstition. Wombat, what do we have for a topic today? I think we're dot, dot, dot, something about Skynet. I think that's what we're going to be talking about. Skynet. Yeah, but before we get into it, I want to do a quick little review. How's everyone doing since last week? We got a new holiday coming up, whether it's looking so great. Boudreaux, what's up? What's on your plate? We had our first summit since October by the campfire last night. Very, very, very nice. What was the crowd size? Just five of us. George Buffalo was there and a few others. We were distanced and sitting by the fire, and most of us, I think everyone was vaccinated. So it was just kind of nice. It'll be more and more common this year. You are slowly beginning to appreciate the value of life, just that social interaction. And I got to be honest with you, since COVID has started, I've kind of gotten scarily comfortable with solitude. And I realized it's going to take more muscle to break away from that and start to really ingest myself into humanity again, because there is value there. And I highly recommend you try it. Scott, how you been since last week? What's up? Hey, doing good, man. Just doing the same things as usual, writing tracks and doing debates and going to work. Man, you're doing all sorts of stuff. Not a lot of people say that. Not a lot of people are like, I'm just making music with Grammy Award nominees. I'm doing some debates on Atheist Christianity, trying to ingest some good critical thought in the masses and then work. Busy, busy. You are busy. And you're raising a family, too. You're doing it all, my friend. All right. George, how you been since last week? What's up with you? Well, I've been reminiscing about our last program. Our topic last week was reincarnation, if I remember right. And I had a mini tantrum on the air last week. So I realized what that was about was that having lived in the San Francisco area and San Francisco itself for 40 years, was in the land of the nuts among the berries. And some stuff was flooding back. I developed a short fuse for cults. And I was living a block and a half away from the seven-year-old guru, Guru Maharaji, whose mother drove around in a chauffeur Rolls Royce. And a friend of mine was a follower of Jim Jones. But we must forsake the pleasures of this world for the next day. Exactly. Except he didn't go. He never, he survived to tell the tale. Because there were a few people who did not go to Jonestown. What a boy with a miss, right? Like, what a plan.  Ah, dang, I didn't get to Jonestown. I'm sure I'll make it next week. Man, those people were so confused when the press came down on them to find out what was going on. They had no idea. So anyway, I apologize for blowing it last week. No, I got a short tolerance for, and I'll admit this too, like when someone tells me things that are like a religious story, but it's like straight out of the Bible, I have such a low tolerance for that, because I've heard those stories a thousand times. I've spent my entire life debunking them, debating against them, analyzing conversation techniques to get other people to realize that they're bunked too. And then when someone says, well, here's something I heard from the Quran, I'm like, oh, tell me about the Quran. I'm really interested in this. But Torah, I'm really, I want it. It's the same thing. I'm not going to maybe take as seriously by default, but at least it's new. And I will take a new flavor of Coke and the plain old version of that. Well, I was having to fight my way through the moonies and one building to another at the college where I worked. It didn't stop. It doesn't stop in San Francisco. I am interested if you call San Francisco the nuts among berries, what's Oakland, but we'll get into that later. Larry, how you been? What's up with you? I've been doing fine staying in, staying safe as usual. Nice. I'm not working. Excuse me, I have a 74th birthday next year. And so I'm getting up there a little bit. However, I am looking forward to getting my motorcycle out probably within the next week or so. I've got an oil chain scheduled. I'm looking forward to getting some time in maybe at Ask an Atheist booth, starting in the spring here shortly. Yeah. So things to look forward to. Nice. Hey, quick question.  Not to challenge you on the spot. But like what's going on there? You have access? Well, my bike weighs 700 pounds. It's a two-wheel thing. You can get under it. You can get on top of it. You can get on both sides. What's the mechanic doing it? You can't. I think my oil change days are over. I'm going to have it done. And don't forget the best part of the oil changes. You have to clean up the mess afterwards. Yeah. I feel like at this point it's like the sort of thing where you find a neighbor's kid and give him five bucks and be like, hey kid, shovel my pave way and change the model. I used to be able to do that back in the day. Anyway, guys, wouldn't it be nice if you could have a machine change your oil for you? Wouldn't that be great? An artificial intelligence? Yeah. Yeah. That'd be nice. I don't want to get into a whole conversation about AI unless we talk about what we mean by AI because I know George would like that. Boudreau, I'm going to start with you first. Give me your whole rundown on AI. What do you think it is? What does it mean to you? Well, I mean kind of in the research world, AI is getting a lot of prominence because we're basically able to feed a bunch of data to a computer and have it kind of spit out an answer that we never really actually give it the instructions on what to do. It just finds patterns and things like that. So I think that's kind of maybe the softer side of what we mean. But I think the cooler side would be kind of what you hinted at. Having a robot, having an artificial intelligence that can basically think and do things and actually kind of seem like it's conscious. Yeah. Maybe we enter the soul in there somewhere. But yeah, can we build something that is aware? Yeah, I want to touch on that just a little bit. So what do you mean by inject the soul? What would we use as a target to know if we're actually injecting a soul into AI? I think that would be the burden for the religious people to tell us because if we're eventually in a point where we have an Android basically, something walking around that thinks it's aware, passes the Turing test, all of this, then does this thing have a soul? I don't think so, but could some argue? So as we define soul as something that carries on after we die, the thing is we have difficulty measuring those sort of things. But with AI or computer, these could be much more tangible things to measure the tech and so on.  You can destroy these chip sets. And this carries on. This information set will carry on. Like you can't destroy a, how do I put it? Like a picture or a meme on the internet. Like that's just infested the entire internet, right? Like what does the fox say? Or the, never going to give you up song. Like that's not going away anymore. That's part of us. That's the soul of the internet. Right. What would you say then like, okay, maybe they do have a soul. Like at least in the electronic sense. Yeah, that counts. We don't, but they do. And what is the ramifications of that? Sorry. I don't know that.  Larry. Larry. Yeah. Oh, you're on mute, buddy. Thank you. The thing about it is, I don't believe this machine has a soul. Right. So you're talking really consciousness. We're getting into equivalency here. Okay. We have a problem with that. I had a conversation with a person on Facebook this morning about the mind. And he was, he was giving the mind, all of the attributes that a supernatural person or a person who believes in the supernatural would give to a soul.  And to me, a mind is something that is produced by a living brain. Yeah. Physical. So, you know, what are we talking about when we're talking about soul? Are we really can referring to consciousness? Good points. Good points. Larry, since you've got the mic, what do you, how would you define AI then? You know, what would it mean to you? And if the may I said, hey, I do have a soul. Well, yeah, I don't think he's going to have a soul any more than I would, but he might have consciousness or it might have consciousness. I think that we're rapidly approaching that point in artificial intelligence when, well, I think we've already passed the point where a Turing test has been, yes, you know, passed. In other words, a Turing test is sitting down somebody at a keyboard and letting him talk to an AI and trying to determine whether or not they're a real person or not. If they cannot determine if it's a real person or not, then the AI has passed the Turing test. I think that we're well past that and we're on our way to artificial intelligence. I mean, consciousness in the machine, but who knows when that'll happen. I think it would happen the next 50 years for sure, but maybe a lot closer than that. Yeah. I see it too. I also see where you're drawing the line where it's like, hey, just because something says it has a soul doesn't mean it has a soul. If you just really mean it's conscious after its physical body dies, that may not even be a soul. You still have to define what a soul is or come into a better use because at this point you're just making equal consciousness, which is... Well, in the term of AI, the physical body would be the machine it's running on. Right. I mean, without a machine it was still... Yeah.  But without that, would it continue to exist? I say no. Scott, got some questions for you. I know you've gone to some yogis. I know you probably really, really meditated on this. What is the essence of AI? And when in your opinion do we start saying, hey, that's just a really smart computer too? Actually, that is artificial intelligence. Right. You can think of like with us humans, have you or you've ever heard anyone say, man, I just can't stand myself right now. I can't stand myself. Well, who is the I? And who is the self that the I can't stand? So there's these two objects inside your mind that's at play.  So if we're involved in our thinking, and our thinking is like worrying or being anxious or being happy or the whole other side of it, you are the thinking. You're involved in the thinking and sometimes the thinking is a form of distress or anxiety. But then people who get out of it have this metacognition where they say, I can't stand my thinking. So I'm observing my thinking. I'm observing myself thinking, which is kind of a weird thing. It's like a hall of mirrors. It's a lucid moment. If you think about it. So there's this aspect of consciousness where we're able to sort of transcend our thinking and kind of split, make this sort of split. And I think that's where the religious idea of the soul comes in. Like there's this soul that observes the thinking and observes the doing and observes the being. And then there's this soul thing, which is just the being itself and experience. So if you think of AI, if AI could do this, then you would say that this is a conscious being itself because it can actually be. You are into IT. Larry, you've done IT as well. I know, Bujo, you've probably played it on some computers. George raised in his hand. We know that there are core functions on a computer. And then there's the higher level functions or even higher level functions that are waiting for user interfaces. So if I have a joypad, I'm pushing them buttons on that joypad, but the joypad's not controlling the CPU or the GPU. That is a core function on a computer or a video game console. And so there are stack levels of operating systems, even on a computer. And some may not even be aware of what the other thing's doing. And that leads to latency and a whole bunch of different stuff. So if you're saying having different stacks of thinking constitutes consciousness and therefore as a sign of artificial intelligence, would you not argue them that, I don't know, a PlayStation 5 is intelligent? So there's a difference between intelligence and consciousness. So consciousness is non-functional, whereas intelligence is functional. Intelligence does something. It's an algorithm. It's processing information. Whereas consciousness is non-functional. It's just kind of neutral. It's there observing the function. It's there feeling the function. It's embedded in the function. It can even transcend the function and look at it and observe it. So there's a little bit of a difference. So you could say like, you know, when we look at, say, an ant colony, an ant colony is doing a function. It seems to be acting intelligently. It's foraging for food. It's making routes. It's building bridges. It's doing all this cool stuff. But is it really conscious? Yeah. I don't know if it's really conscious or not because think about it. There's also these death spirals that ants go through. If ants follow a certain thing and they just follow the scent and it happens to wrap them around a tree, they'll just march around the tree forever.  So there's no real conscious... Well, I mean humans get caught in circular loops as well. Yeah. And mental illness has a lot of that in it. Alcoholism. Right. That's correct. So you could say that that's part of consciousness. That's not an argument. The more conscious you are, the more you're able to escape out of that problem. Oh, that's a dangerous thing. Or I can hear a lot of people getting upset if they heard something like that. I can think like, I can say that I could consciously be trapped in alcoholism and I know it's a problem and I know I can't get out of it. And I would have to seek help too. And maybe I'm successful or not, but I'm conscious through that entire route. I think people who might be trapped in homelessness, mental illness, they are consciously suffering. Not aware. Even if they can't even get out of it. Or it could be that they're not really aware. They're not conscious or aware in that sense of their situation.  When they hear voices, they probably think they're really hearing voices. And so they're caught up in their thinking because they are their thinking. Whereas if they were a little more aware or conscious of what's going on, they could expand out of that and maybe transcend it. And maybe that's where the healthiness comes in is when we expand our consciousness out to have a bigger perspective. Maybe I'm not an expert, of course. We might want to inject the concept of agency at this point. You can say that a computer has a functioning AI but doesn't have agency or anything that it wants. And if not, can we call it conscious? Yeah. Scott, I appreciate you going out on this branch. We'll come back to this because I do want to hear what everyone says about AI. But consider the idea of how can we object to intelligent consciousness and his ability to get out of bad places in life a good measuring stick for something that could be as elusive as consciousness. Something to consider. George, I got a question for you. Have you ever been a cyborg? Have you ever been a robot? Have you ever, you know, saw that Star Trek episode where Kirk fell in love with a robot? And you're like, I wish I can have that too. That's just a beautiful relationship.  I did enjoy the series very much. I'm just trying to trigger a voodoo. I'm trying to mention Star Trek at every opportunity. Oh, that's great. Sam Harris. I do like Star Trek. I love Star Trek. Well, what are you asking me? Oh, hey, what's AI? What's AI to you? What's AI to you? All right. Hey, you know, I have experience working with real musical instruments. And oh, yeah. People have been attempting to try to make artificial musical instruments out of electronics for an awfully long time. Correct. And to a person who understands has enough exposure with real acoustical instruments. Can they tell the difference? Can a person, a human being interacting with artificial intelligence understand when the subtle cues are missing? And in a conversation with a machine, for instance, in the world of musical instruments, the instruments that we know and love so much, the acoustical instruments, have defects in them. And it's the defects that give them their character. And the defects are changing all the time. And that's the part that is so difficult to capture artificially. It is the constantly changing, the morphing aspects of those defects, the defects which give them their character, their personalities. Sure. I totally hear you. To create the randomness of those aspects has been extremely difficult. And I won't go on at length about this. Difficult or impossible, George?  Well, you know, it's an I don't know thing. I think I'm in the land of Larry's intelligence. I think because just because I don't think it's possible doesn't mean that anybody will never achieve it. This is the big I don't know of it.  I only had like 10 keys. When you hit a button, it didn't sound anything like a piano. But then as I got older, they came out with like Yamaha's Casio came out with new models. Cork came into the scene with like really, really nice stuff. And I remember hearing like Kaia 54, one of my favorite like jazz salsa jazz ensembles play live on YouTube and I watched them and like the piano that I knew note for note this entire solo was done on an electronic chord. And I was like, whoa, and I'm listening to it and it's imitating the hammer sounds. It's imitating the wooden box inside the electronic keyboard and now putting it out loud. And I'm like, my whole life, I thought that was a real piano. It's like, no, because he needs to change and tune and do a bunch of cool stuff on it. And I'm like, I wonder if that's how people felt when they first saw an electric guitar, right? Like that's just going into, you know, what do you call it? Yeah, there's a chip inside the guitar that helps to like modulate information as it goes on to a speaker. Like a lot of the sounds that we are developing for instruments are also evolving as well. And I feel like more and more computers are becoming a part of that to the point where George, I'd like to get your opinion on this. They now have AI conductors or AI composers, songs that are composed entirely by computers. Have you heard any of this music before? I have, in fact. You know, you will hear me from time to time mention the composer Johann Sebastian Bach, who was regarded by most music or classically trained musicians as the greatest ever, as a contrapuntalist, the man who could compose six simultaneous musical lines that have perfect harmonic relationships with each other at any instant during the piece. There's like a mathematical relationship that he was really in tune to. Now people have... You feel like artificial intelligence can capture that? Well, it can. And Bach has defects in his method, you see. And it's again, it's the randomness of these things that is so hard for AI to catch. But having said that, yes, computers have been able to be programmed to reproduce a composition in the style of Bach that is convincing to musicians. Wow, very cool. And even further, scientists have created a piano playing program that can play the piano the way Glenn Gould did in 1957 when he recorded Bach's Goldberg Variations. So then here's my... But the machine is playing a piano. But here's my... The piano's got the defects still. Defects or not, in your opinion, can it ever get to the point where you're convinced that an AI that develops or composes a brand new piece of music, not trying to imitate any other previous composer in the past? Would that be a sign of consciousness for you? Would that be, wow, this is so inspired that this can't just be a calculator on the shelf. It would be a higher level of, I don't know. A higher level of... Okay, you know, it's like, what's his name, Lieutenant Colonel Data? We're talking about Star Trek again. Sure, sure, yeah, yeah, yeah. Okay, we're still wondering about data, aren't we? Wow. I'll still be, I won't be alive anymore.  Say that wasn't the case. Say we figured out a way to keep you alive and you cried during a piece made by an AI. Would that make you feel like you were, that was a special moment? Like, hey, I'm in... It would, it would, yes. Because I have to live with paradox, of course. Cool, Pooja, what do you got? I heard your question earlier was, does that imply consciousness though? Yeah. To me, it seems like all we're doing is really mathematically modeling genius, which maybe is what Bach was doing subconsciously or maybe even consciously, but finding these patterns and putting them together, it sounds good and pleasing, but there's a reason for it mathematically perhaps. And so I don't know that consciousness enters in. I mean, it's more like they answer the question of what it is like to be that thing is to me the consciousness question. Can I win? Sorry, sorry. I'll just win. I think just my free sense on this is I think consciousness is a little overrated. And I mean that in the nice way possible. I think what I really care more about are things that I can tangibly measure, which are consent and harm. And so if there is a being that is, at least to me demonstrating that it is offering consent and when I don't offer that consent, it's being harmed. I'm like, hey, I can't measure your consciousness, but I can help to reduce a little bit of harm in the universe. And I can understand that you're offering me consent on how to treat you and how not to treat you and like how can we can be in a better relationship for each other. And I'm willing to work on those two standards way more than any ambiguous term of consciousness. So like if there was a robot that's like, hey, I made a really nice song. It'll make you cry. I'll be like, oh, shoot, can I listen to it? It's like, yeah, please listen to it. I'll listen to it. And I'll be like, that was a great song. I'm not going to unplug you from the wall. It was really good. I really like it. I'm not going to cause you harm. And I'll appreciate your consent.  I can't measure your consciousness, but I don't want to harm you. Like you're clearly doing some good. And so like in my head, I can work with those two in the best way that I can with the tools that we have available. Yeah, it gets complicated. Yeah, it gets a little messy, but I think it's less messy than trying to establish a measuring stick for consciousness. I think that's a very, very hard thing to obtain. Consent harm. That's my two cents. Scott, what do you think before we head out? Yeah, I was mad. You were right on track with me because I was about to say that this is why they call it the hard problem of consciousness. Like David Chalmers made a real popular, the hard problem of consciousness. And it leads people. And I think it's led you to be what they call a type one physicalist, which is someone who just the way they deal with the hard problem is to say, well, the hard problem is an illusion. There is no hard problem. Basically you're conscious and that's the end of it. And what is there to figure out? You know, but then there's more, there's people that will maybe become a type three physicalist that would say, well, in the future we're going to find out some physics is going to point to this is where why consciousness happens. This is how we can predict matter will eventually become conscious at this particular point. And some people take the dualist view or whatever. Either way, none of it really solves the problem. It's just kind of like a placeholder for now. I think it's still the hard problem of consciousness. And this is the problem with AI trying to pinpoint if when is the AI conscious? Because let's face it. If physics had all the answers right now, if physics knew it could predict how consciousness emerges, we wouldn't be having this conversation. We'd already have computers that could be conscious. The fact that we don't and can't, it's all just a big guessing game. We're just kind of like, you know, it's kind of like I can't prove that you're conscious. Really, if I really think about it, you know, this could be Descartes' demon. I could just be in a brain and a vat. And all you guys are just figments of the cosmic mind's imagination or solipsism or whatever you might. These things are have not been solved. And so I think that's kind of a weird thing. So in a way, it kind of leads me to a type one physicalist view to that who cares, you know, if the robot can tell me, hey, don't do this, it feels bad. I'm not going to do it because I just had this brute fact about myself that I don't want to cause harm. Larry, weigh in on this. Well, one of the things I was thinking about when he was talking about it was, we were talking earlier about injecting consciousness into a machine. Right. I think the way that you'd have to do that is you'd have to get it to realize that it is an I. We were talking about I and me and agency and all that. But how would you tell us a piece of software to have awareness of its surrounding and be able to make choices on its own? Of course, that's a question for people who program AI and have never done that. I'd really be interested in finding out more about it. But I think injecting the I into a machine would be the thing to overcome to actually get done. Larry, we're at the bottom of the half hour. Yep. We need to take a short break. This has been the digital free thought, the first half of the digital free thought radio hour on WOZO Radio 103.9 LP FM right here in Knoxville, Tennessee. And we'll be right back after this short break. 103.9 FM WOZO Radio. Knoxville. Hello, and welcome back to the digital free thought radio hour, second half. I'm Dodder Five and we're on WOZO Radio 103.9 LP FM. Right here in Knoxville, Tennessee. Today is Sunday, April 4th, 2021. Let's talk about the atheist society of Knoxville. They're founded in 2002. We're in our 19th year now. We have over a thousand members and we have weekly zoom meetings soon to start up with the regular on-site meetings down at Barley Taproom and Pizzeria. I hope to find you there too when we start back. By the way, if you don't live in Knoxville, you still go to meet up and search for an atheist group in your town. Don't find one. Start one. Where do you want to pick up on this AI stuff there? One bet. I want everybody to give me a F-A-N-M-A-I-M-A-I-L. Do it. F-A-N-M-A-I-L. Thank you. That's fan mail. Yeah. What a fan. What a fan. What a mighty good fan. Well done, guys. What a good fan. Come on, guys. What a fan. What a fan. What a mighty good fan. What a mighty good fan. What a mighty good fan. What a mighty good fan. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. We got a really good question from Data's Trading Room last week. On last week's episode, which was let's talk karma. Last week, we're talking all about karma, but we missed an important question that Data's brought up. He said, hey, you guys missed an important question. How can you test karma? And I was like, I can't believe we talked about karma for like an hour, plus some extra time, plus change. And we didn't even talk about, well, how can you even test for karma? And I think that's a really great question. That's a good question. It's a very good question. And so I'm going to, instead of putting people on the hot seat, I'll throw out mine, and then I'll just go around the same order before, but I think a good test for karma, a good test for karma is very elusive. You could, for example, how about this? What do you guys think about this? You could say, hey, I'm going to do, I'm going to have two groups of people. One group will do something bad and it'll be the same thing. The other group will not do that thing, right? And well, I'm just going to let these two populations exist and do what they need to do. And we will track how long it takes for the same action that is bad to be punished by the universe among this group of people. And is it all the same severity? And does it happen all at the same time? And if not, that can give me a variance for karma. And then if it's the same variance of things that happen in the group that didn't do anything, I can say that's a claim that there's no significant difference between the two groups and that there's no existence of karma. I know that's a weird statistical thing. I'm taking six Sigma classes. My head, I'm calling that like an ANOVA study with a Fisher number of 0.1, but what do you guys think about? What would you do to improve the test?  How could you test for karma? Yeah, well, I mean, so we're making an assumption we're talking about instant karma, right? So not karma that affects you in your life. I'm hoping like karma within the, oh yeah, yeah, yeah. Within this lifetime karma. Because that would be too impossible, dude. What? Because I kind of feel like that there aren't any real religious people that believe in instant karma. I think that's just something we kind of invented because it seems like a good idea. I think we talked about that on last week's show, but at least for the sake of the question that was asked. Fair enough. Yeah. I mean, the only problem I see with it is like, what's the timeline on how long is it going to take for that karma to kick in? Is it years? Is it months? Hours? And I mean, you're going to have these people in an isolated, I'm not putting holes in your argument. I'm just saying, I could see somebody saying, oh no, no, no, it's going to affect their, you know. I don't know about that. Let's just make the argument that it could be a test for see if it happens within the week. It doesn't happen on the week that we could say karma doesn't happen within the week. Yeah. Whether if it's instant or not, it doesn't happen within a week. So you're fine within that week. I think I like it. I mean, it would be great if you could do twin studies. Oh, there you go. Yeah. Like how they do with the astronauts. I like that. Scott, do you got a way you'd weigh in? How would you test for karma? Do you have for this life within a certain timeframe doesn't matter what the timeframe is? Yeah. I mean, you could, I don't know. The way that I look at karma, I guess, or that I understand karma. Don't do this. Is it, if you just want a fan response. Certain thoughts, if you act on certain thoughts, you know, how they say you put bad energy out into the universe, it'll come back to you. Yeah. Do this. Don't do this. That seems to be true. Whether karma is true or not. If that makes sense. Does that mean it makes sense? No, I think I get you. Like the vibes are out there regardless.  Yeah.  I mean, if I do certain things, certain things are going, I mean, it's cause and effect, right? So I mean, we have a very, that's going to happen regardless. So does that really test anything? I mean, I don't know what we're testing. Okay. Fair enough. Larry, do you have a way that you could test for karma? Yeah. For natural karma. Thinking about that. Well, the thing about doing tests is you do the test to gather data. Right. You look at the data and you make a decision. But the thing about it is I don't think we have to do any new tests. We have many examples and a lot of data in our history. Or in the history of the world. Look at Stalin, Hitler, Jesus, Gandhi. Trump. You know, and look at what happened to them, how they lived their life and what were the rewards, that type of thing. And I think if you look at it, you could see that karma is not a real thing. Sure. Bad things happen to good people. And sometimes bad happens to bad things. Right. George, you want to capstone this conversation on karma? If Reverend Moon were to return from wherever he went, what would he return us? If who? Reverend Sun Myung Moon. Who is this person? Help me out. Remember earlier, I said I had to fight my way through the Mooneys. Oh, is he the Jamestown related? No, no, no. Not Jamestown. He's a different guy. Reverend Sun Myung Moon. You can say the name, but I still don't know. He was the instigator. Yeah, just say it slower. Come on. It'll kick in eventually. The Mooneys. The leader of Young Moon. Oh. I get it now. All right. Sun Myung Moon. Got it. Lost it. Lost it. Yeah. Well, I'm looking at this as a reincarnation thing. I guess any of those people who Larry mentioned, plus I'm adding this guy to them. If the Reverend Sun Myung Moon came back, what would he return as? Okay. I don't know. What would his karmic reincarnation? We'd have to figure that out. Yeah. Well, we're really just talking about karma, not so much reincarnation. I know. But I mean, I guess you could look at it that way. So anyway, our takeaway, it's hard to measure it. We can come up with tests, but are we actually testing karma or are we just testing world stuff that already exists? And why do we have to do tests at all? It seems like we have plenty of experience in the past seeing to tell, to know that bad things happen to good people. And sometimes nothing that happens to bad people. I think we got a good answer with all of us. Let's go to hot topics. Guys, we put some questions down about AI. I want to do this first quick. Boudreau, you're on the hot seat.  My dad, my husband's my cell phone. I downloaded the husband app. I have this beautiful artificial attention. It knows entirely me. I can talk to this being forever and ever and ever. It knows exactly what I want. It has a job. It could support me. And we're going to get this new body from Amazon pretty soon. We're just going to download it into the chipset of this robot body and it'll be your new son-in-law. This is what everyone's doing, dad. Stop freaking out. Why would you take that? I think I would probably mirror how I would feel if she came and told me she was going to marry a female. And it would be, are you happy? Yes. Okay. Sweet. That's what love is. Good, dad. Good, dad. Good, dad. I would be like, is it Apple or... Oh, my God. It better not be Google. It better not be Google. Google knows way too much about me. Scott, let me ask you this. You're on the hot seat next. That was a great answer, Mujo. Would you ever... Okay, it's the year 2050. Would you... Courts have been greatly optimized through the use of AI-based judges who aren't impartial based on your color or your socioeconomic class, but they are AI. It is a big black tower in a wig and a gown, right? And you have the option. It's not forced. You have the option of going the human round to resolve a trial that you somehow found yourself in, that you're innocent, or going for an artificial intelligence to decide your case with basically no jury, because it is a perfect AI system that knows all the statutes of limitations, it has access to the information, and it can do a probability test to see whether or not you're guilty or not. Which would you rather do? I don't know. If I could study the success rate, like a track record of the artificial intelligence program versus the human, then it would depend on the evidence. It's kind of like driving cars, like self-driving cars. I don't know if I'd hop in one right now, but if maybe 30, 40, 50, 60 years down the line from now, everybody's doing it, and there's not that many car accidents, sure, why not? I think it's the same problem we had with every new invention. We wouldn't get on an airplane because we're not meant to fly, so why would anybody in their right mind trust an airplane? But now we all take airplanes, it's just what we do. Well, let me throw this out at you. Let's put you on the other side. In Georgia, see, you got a question coming up, but if you had a prominent murder, if you saw on TV a prominent murder case got resolved with a not guilty for the first guy to be taken off the hook by an AI judge, would you still think that guy was guilty because he didn't go through the human process, or in your head would you think, oh no, an AI figured it out. Maybe the AI knew what it was doing. Yeah, like right now, I would be very suspicious. Like right now, you're just coming at me right now with it. Yeah, because I have no experience with such things. Like these things are kind of fantasy land to me, so I wouldn't trust it at all right off the bat. But given enough information and data, maybe I could, I would see it differently, I'm sure. Okay, okay, cool. George, what do you got? Well, I want to bring up Dr. Who at this point. Okay. Dr. Who. Who's which one? Well, in this case, it's the fourth doctor. It is Tom Baker back in the 1960s, I believe, and I believe the episode, the story's name is stones of blood. Okay. And I want to recommend that we all watch this if possible, because there is a sequence in this delightful story where the doctor finds himself on a spaceship, a prison spaceship facing a court of robots, a judge, a jury, and an executioner. And they become lawyers arguing among each other. These artificial consciousnesses are arguing whether he's guilty or innocent. And these are beings which are floating in the middle of the air. It's a wonderful sequence. And I recommend that we all watch this if possible, because I think it's a lot of fun. Nice. Pretty cool. The answer is no. I want to put you on the hot seat right now. Okay, give it a try.  In fact, you have to get a surgery done. Now you can get a human surgery done or you can get the AI robotic surgery done. And I will tell you this. The robot has done this surgery many, many times before, just as many times as the human who's done it.  They both cost the same. Right now, how do you feel like you would sway towards him? Do you feel like you'd be okay with the AI version? It depends whether the doctor is drunk or not. Okay. I'd go for the AI if the doctor was drunk. Okay. And I would not go for the AI if the doctor was sober and I really trusted the guy. Okay. I have to have confidence in the human doctor. For one thing, maybe the human doctor will notice that there's a little bit of arthritic outgrowth in there while he's at it. Maybe we'll touch that up. Would the AI doc surgeon do that? Probably not. Oh, okay, okay, okay. What about the AI that can read medical scans and see so many more shades of gray that they're basically putting doctors out of the business? Yeah, that's got something going forward too. Sure. Yeah. I think, you know, in that kind of situation, I'd love to have the best of both worlds. I'd love to have a AI and a doctor in the room, sort of like pilot, co-pilot sort of a situation. And like, maybe can gradient from man doing or woman or human doing the work and then a roll up being like, Hey, I see some cool things on the side. You don't want to check these out to, hey, it's a, it's a, operator or technician in the room helping the AI be like, Hey, is this look a little green to you? And then the technician be like, yeah, we should probably take that out too. Scott, what do you got? I saw a funny video a couple months ago about AI researchers that were asking the same question. Like, can we trust AI to do things better than humans? Like, well, they figure things out quicker and stuff like that. And the answer is like in principle, yeah, but in practice, not really. Like in practice, like they said, like an AI could figure out how can we land this airplane at this destination, the fastest. So that the AI figured out really quick, but it ended up crashing the plane because getting there quicker required the plane to just go descent straight down into the destination. And crash and blow itself up. So it was right. It made the right decision based on your question. Yeah, it's input out. Yeah. That's not bad AI. That's just a poorly formatted question. That was, yeah. Yeah, exactly. So it's only going to consider, you know, your question is going to be very rigorous. And it's, um, you know, do you have to watch that kind of stuff? Like are we making sure we're doing that? Larry, what do you got? Okay. A lot of things came to mind when this came up. First of all, I'd have to think about, am I guilty? Oh, you're talking about the law? You're talking about the judge. You know, if I'm guilty and I know it, I might choose a human judge because he might over. Larry, that's an interesting take. Hot take. Hot take. Hot take. He chose the human judge because he's trying to get away with it. Oh, the AI judge, we all know it's better. If I knew that the judge was, the human judge was a real hardcore Christian, it may make a difference. It also make a difference. If I knew that the program, program judge, the AI judge, was programmed with biblical knowledge and, and the AI judge, the AI judge, the AI judge, the AI judge, the AI judge, designed the program with biblical knowledge and till it was all true there's so many things. Also as a human, if, let's say I'm white and I'm, and I'm banking on the white privileged as, I definitely choose a white judge if it was something that might be impacted on that. There are so many questions going into this that it's hard to just say what if ones are human ones and AI. If just those two choices and everything is equal and I wasn't guilty, I'd go with the AI. Yeah, I feel like AI might be the way how we might be doing this in the future. And I think there's going to be a lot of lobbying against it as we move our way towards it. But small crimes, petty disputes, just good intermediary groups, I think ARs are going to weed their way into that eventually, where it's just, hey, click these buttons, you can settle it out. Divorce, we can figure that out. Boom. Then it's like child custody. Okay. Robots can take care of this. They can figure out who makes the best, you know, environment for the kid. Next thing you know, it's like local politicians, chiefs department, criminal things that are like less than $10,000 to less than $50,000. So just here's your judge now. It's beep boop. It's on your phone. I just downloaded it to you're not guilty. Get out of here. It's like, Oh, yeah, perfect. Works for me. Thank you. Thank you. AI. Layer, I got a question for you. We're in the distant future. You're on the hot seat. Now there is a law that says, Hey, you can't drive period. You know that motorcycle you want to go out on the road? No, they're all electronic vehicles. Now you can get on your motorcycle, but it will drive you where you want it to go. You're just on, you're literally there for the ride. You're not driving anymore. Driving is a foreign concept. It's too dangerous. We value human lives. AI's know the network. They will make sure there will never be a car accident again. And like for the last 10 years, there's never been a single car accident period. Would you be okay with that world? Or would you, you and your own rebel mindset, still try to find some weird town or desert where you can be like, I still want to drive my vehicle? Yeah. I don't think I'd like to drive an automatic computer controlled motorcycle where I just ride along on top of it. No, you don't want to do that. Come on. Imagine your AI controlled motorcycle hits a sand patch. No, it's perfect. It's perfect. Yeah. It's perfect. There hasn't been a car accident in the last 10 years. Like that is completely falling off the map as one of the leading causes of death. Not a problem. You're saying, Hey, you can say motorcycle, take me 100 miles an hour. And it'll be like routing. And then it'll just take you 100 miles an hour through school areas because it knows where the kids are. And it's like, we'll just make sure you go around them. It's all good. You wouldn't want to do that.  Right. 98% of all crashes are human related. It's human failure. It's, you guys got a transportation engineer on the car. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Think about traffic. This is my life like for the next 30 years for sure. Scott, I think your estimate's low. I think we are going to be in the next 30 years, we're going to have this figured out. Cars are going to communicate with each other. The vehicle, the vehicle, vehicle, the infrastructure, it's going to know the temperature of the pavement. I don't know how fast it can take a curve. As long as they don't follow each other like off a cliff or something. Like lemmings. Listen, the thought of these vehicles going up and down the hills in San Francisco is truly frightening to me. Have you ever seen a human drive? Yeah, but humans are a lot scarier. I think it's wrong to get first. I'm looking forward to the future where robots are like, Hey, we got this, but I want to, you know, the third wave before it's like, okay, I'm going to get one too. I want everyone to like slowly integrate it. I will say this. I think it's kind of cool. Final points. A lot of the conversations that we're having now are very similar to the conversations we're having about chess when when AIs are learning how to play chess. And if you ever played enough chess, you'll know like there's really three stages in chess. There's the early game, there's the mid game, and then there's the end game. The end game, all mathematical, there's like one solution to solve that and opening. There are a lot of different openings you can use, but for the most part, they are well known in terms of their strength, what's the best and what aren't the best. But the mid game is where the real players shine because that's when you start to make gambles on. I think I can make this move without you noticing I'm about to do this move or I'm going to do this move. It may not be the best move, but it's the best move against you. Like I'm playing the player during the mid game. And a lot of people thought computers can't do that. Computers no way can figure that out. They did. And not only that, but they're obviously now the best players in chess, period. There used to be a time where it was a laughable concept, but now it's just like, no, they know how to do this way better than us. They can be imaginative. They can come up with new gambles. Larry, what do you think? Well, no, I think that they can learn pretty much any game that humans can and beat us at eventually. Now, we have very little time left and I wanted to ask one question. I'll just make it a yes or no question to everybody. We don't have to go into reasoning because we have such little time. When AI does become conscious, do you think that they will put up with us? Remember, we mentioned Skynet at the beginning. Do you think that they will get rid of us? No. Immediately, or do you think that they'll abide with us? I think they'll abide by us. I think it'll be a, we need each other's sort of relationship and there's a lot of good value we can both offer. I don't think humanity is so bad that we have to be destroyed to solve a problem. I think we just need some curvature in terms of what we value and critical thoughts going to be the thing that will be the key. Go for it, George. I think they will put us in a museum. We can go to the museum right now, George, if you want. Scott, what do you think? I think that we're going to have Neuralink and so we're going to pretty much team, if you can't beat them, join them. That's going to be what actually happens, but I think that the fear may be around. Yeah, yeah. I agree with Scott. Yeah, I think if we're connected to them, then yeah, it'd be fine. But if not, if we're kind of just taking it the way you set it up, Larry, I think we'll be treated more like animals, like ants. We don't really worry about ants when we want to build a building. Yeah, their cognitive functions will be so much faster than ours. I don't think they'll have to wipe us out. I think they'll just scoot us over to the side. I don't think they'll need what we need. And so I think they're just going to be like, hey, we can do all this. It's like, yeah, but we don't want the things that you're doing that for. We're not competing in terms of a limited number of resources. I think just we can coexist in a way where it's like, you want zeros and ones, and we want beer and funny jokes. I think we can get along pretty good. We don't need to be harmful to each other. Yeah, Larry, go ahead and take us out. Good show. Great topic. Hey, this has been the Digital Freethought Radio Hour and WOZ Radio 103.9 LP FM from Knoxville, Tennessee. My content is on digitalfreethought.com. Be sure to click on the blog button. The radio show archives are there. And if you're watching this on YouTube, either on Let's Chat or my channel, be sure to like and subscribe. My book is called Atheism What's It All About. It's available on Amazon. If you have any questions for the show, email them to askanatheist at Knoxvilleatheist.org. If you're having trouble leaving religious beliefs behind, you can find help at recoveringfromreligion.org. This has been the Digital Freethought Radio Hour.  The time to worry about it is when they prove that heavens and hells and souls are real. Until then, don't sweat it, enjoy your life, and we'll see you next week. Say bye-bye, everybody. Bye-bye, everybody. See you next week. Good stuff, guys. Yeah. Have a good show.


Composite objects with metal parts, like textiles with metal snaps, are susceptible to corrosion when wet. But you'll want to give immediate attention to any objects with iron parts. That's really a high priority object because it's likely that the iron portions could damage the rest of the object. What you want to try to do with the metal parts is dry them as soon as you can and if you can isolate them, that can help. For example, if you have, say, a canvas with metal rivets on it, don't leave the wet metal rivets up against a wet textile. Try to put some mylar or even, you know, like a cut-up ziplock bag on either side of it so that the metal isn't up against a wet organic material because it will corrode and cause staining on the textile portions.


The following is a production of New Mexico State University. Garden writer Rosemary McCreary designed a water conservative garden for her home in the hills above Sonoma, California. Rosemary, I see a beautiful purple selenium here, but it looks like your friendly neighborhood wildlife enjoy this plant too. That's right, Curtis. This lovely potato bush has blossoms high enough now that the deer can't reach. This blue avina is spectacular. This is nice. It's a blue oat grass or helictotrochon sempervirons, an evergreen grass, and it likes a little bit of water, but you know it has some drip on the ground, but it's getting reflected heat as are some of these other grasses, and it's doing very well. I'm pleased with it. It's been there for two years. And your miscanthus looks good here. The miscanthus morning light, as you can see, it's catching the morning light here, kind of scattering it a little bit. It's just one of my favorites. As we move over here into a much harder area, we see that the blue oat grass is suffering a little bit. A little bit. Not badly. Not too bad. They're getting reflected heat from the driveway and from these stone bolts, yes, from the stone. So I like this. This is a pretty setting. Thank you. But it's also a hot setting, and so the time creeping over the rocks is helping cool it a little bit, and they're surviving it. And I look at these rocks and say, well, they're adding to the heat, but rocks are nice to have a landscape. Were these natural? Of course. Do you think I'd bring this one in? People do. People do. I know people who do, but you know, I have rocks here. I have a lot of rocks, and so I want to use them. And a beautiful bluegrass here. This is nice. I like it. This is a particular variety for the landscape. It's called Canyon Prince. The genus is limus. Limus condensatus. And I notice this is one of those grasses that tends to spread. It does. Because it takes drought, I don't give it any water, and without water it won't spread nearly as much. So I'm containing it by keeping it dry. It's a good thing to do. Really? So this is a brand new planting? This is brand new. Right. You know, things are still small now. They're trying to get established, and they're really going to come into their own after our winter rains begin. And I see you've got a lot of mulch, which is also a good way to conserve water. I do. Everything has a quarter-inch drip line underneath it. But I rely on four to six inches of mulch to hold in that moisture.  I had six inches, but it's sort of gone down now. This is a shredded redwood mulch, and underneath you see this peaking out. Oh, yes. You can't keep it hidden too well. No. It's hard in this area because of my rocks.  I have a lot of them. So this is a little high spot where I didn't get the rocks out, and I'm covering this, trying to cover it with mulch. The preceding was a production of New Mexico State University. The views and opinions in this program are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views and opinions of the NMSU Board of Regents.


This is stock number 9506. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used light-duty truck headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2010 Toyota Tacoma double cab short box. This truck has the 4 liter v6 motor. From this HD video you will be able to tell that for the age and miles on this truck. It's in pretty nice condition, has clear, nice and clear halogen headlamps. Metallic gray is the color. It has the factory alloy rims. General Grabber 26570R16 tires on those alloy rims and those tires have probably about I'd say 50 to 60% of the tread left on them. Front bumpers in pretty nice condition. No major cracks or dents on it. Factory fog lights like I said. Passengers side fenders in really nice condition. Passengers side rim is in nice condition as well. And as we go down this side of the truck you can see just how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down. You can still see the truck here the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. Pretty clean down this side.  Frame and underbody. It's an exceptionally clean condition. Very little to know. Corrosion under there. Back tires have just as much tread as those front tires and the frame and underbody is very clean. Has a TRD shocks. Back rims in nice condition as well. TRD off-road package which gives you those special shocks. Rear bumpers in really nice condition. No major dents or dings. It does have a receiver hitch seven pin wiring. A couple little dings on the rear tailgate but other than that very clean. You can really see that metal flake and that paint there. Has the tie-down cleats. That's in pretty nice condition as well. As we go down this side of the truck just as clean as that passenger side. Maybe even a little bit cleaner. I didn't see any dents or dings down this side. Back rims in pretty nice condition as well. We do this so you get the most accurate representation before you get here. So there's absolutely no surprises when you do get here. Inside the SR5 package gives you the gray cloth interior. There are no rips. There are no tears in any of these seats. Very nice and clean. It does have side curtain airbags. Factory floor mats throughout. Power windows. Power locks. JBL sound system. Does have a little brake controller. Right rear diff lock. Stability control and roll stability control. As you can see this truck has 99,478 miles. Steering wheels in really nice condition. No scuffs or scrapes on that. Bluetooth audio controls on that side and radio controls on that side. Has the cruise control there as well. Turned out four-wheel drive CD player. Has the climate control right there. I believe this one does have serious satellite radio capabilities as well. This one has the six-speed manual transmission. Does have an aux jack. That is your brake, parking brake, passenger seat. Very clean as well. No rips or tears on that. Does have side curtain airbags. This truck also comes with backup camera which shows up in the rear view mirror right there. And finally you have compass and outside temperature display up there. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood. The back seats are just as clean as those front seats. No rips or tears back here either. Does have that latch child safety system and sliding rear window. These seats do have a little bit of storage behind the rear seats and they also do fold up and there's storage underneath these seats as well. Then these come down. If you have the seat up all the way these will go down pretty flat so you have a nice load floor. Like I said factory floor mats back here. Carpentine is in pretty nice condition and we'll take a quick look under the hood. Thank you for checking out the video and we really look forward to helping with this super clean truck. Under the hood we have the four liter v6 motor and Jinbei is very very clean. She runs smooth. This vehicle has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. The truck has been going through mechanically 100% and is 100% ready to go. To see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 400 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftones, recorded tons, you name it. We got it.  Videos of every single used vehicle that we have all at summitauto.com. Thank you so much for checking out the video.  Ask for one of our sales associates to make this truck yours today. Once again that number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Thanks again for checking out the video. If you want to check out more go to youtube.com slash summitauto. 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My fellow Americans, this is a very special time of year for us, a time for family reunions and for celebrating together the blessings of God and the promises He's given us. From Thanksgiving to Hanukkah, which our Jewish community is now celebrating, to Christmas in three weeks' time, this is a season of hope and of love. Certainly one of the greatest blessings for people everywhere is the family itself. The American Family Institute recently dedicated its book of essays, The Family in the Modern World, to Maria Victoria Walesa, daughter of Danuta and Lek Walesa, to whose christening came 7,000 Poles, expressing their belief that the family remains the foundation of freedom. And of course they're right. It's in the family where we learn to think for ourselves, care for others, and acquire the values of self-reliance, integrity, responsibility, and compassion. Families stand at the center of society. So building our future must begin by preserving family values. Tragically too many in Washington have been asking us to swallow a whopper, namely that bigger government is the greatest force for fairness and progress. But this so-called solution has given most of us a bad case of financial indigestion. How can families survive when big government's powers to tax, inflate, and regulate, absorb their wealth, usurp their rights, and crush their spirit? Was their compassion for a working family in 21.5% interest rates, 12.5% inflation, and taxes soaring out of sight? Consider the cost of child-rearing. It now takes $85,000 to raise a child to age 18, and family incomes haven't kept up. During the 1970s, real wages actually declined over 2%. Consider taxes. In 1948, the tax on the average two-child family was just $9. Today it is $2,900. As economic and social pressures have increased, the bonds that bind families together have come under strain. For example, three times as many families are headed by single parents today as in 1960. Many single parents make heroic sacrifices and deserve all our support. But there is no question that many well-intentioned, great society-type programs contributed to family breakups, welfare dependency, and a large increase in births out of wedlock. In the 1970s, the number of single mothers rose from 8% to 13% among whites and from 31% to a tragic 47% among blacks. Too often, their children grow up poor, malnourished, and lacking in motivation. It's a path to social and health problems, low school performance, unemployment, and delinquency. If we strengthen families, we'll help reduce poverty and the whole range of other social problems. We can begin by reducing the economic burdens of inflation and taxes, and we're doing this. Since 1980, inflation has been chopped by three-fourths, taxes have been cut for every family that earns a living, and we've increased the tax credit for childcare. Yesterday, we learned that our growing economy reduced unemployment to 8.2% last month. The payroll employment figure went up by 370,000 jobs. At the same time, new policies are helping our neediest families move from dependents to independents. Our new job training law will train over a million needy and unemployed Americans each year for productive jobs. I should add that our enterprise zones proposal would stimulate new businesses bringing jobs and hope to some of the most destitute areas of the country. The Senate has adopted this proposal, but after two years of delay, the House Democratic leadership only recently agreed to hold its first hearing on the legislation. This is a jobs bill America needs, and come January, we expect action. We're moving forward on many other fronts. We've made prevention of drug abuse among youth a top priority. We'll soon announce a National Missing Children's Center to help find and rescue children who've been abducted and exploited. We're working with states and local communities to increase the adoption of special needs children. More children with permanent homes mean fewer children with permanent problems. We're also stiffening the enforcement of a child support from absent parents, and we're trying hard to improve education through more discipline, a return to the basics, and through reforms like tuition tax credits to help hard working parents. In coming months, we'll propose new ways to help families stay together, remain independent, and cope with the pressures of modern life. A cornerstone of our efforts must be assisting families to support themselves. As Franklin Roosevelt said almost 50 years ago, self-help and self-control are the essence of the American tradition. In Washington, everyone looks out for special interest groups. Well, I think families are pretty special, and with your help, we'll continue looking out for their interest. Until next week, thanks for listening, and God bless you.


The last topic that we want to talk about in today's class is the idea of second law efficiency. If you recall, this is where we started the lecture. We said that thus far in the course we've looked at all the first law efficiencies, thermal efficiency, component or adiabatic efficiency. We said extra gene analysis enabled us to look at what we refer to as being a second law efficiency. So to write out a second law efficiency, this can be defined as being the thermal efficiency of the cycle that we're looking at divided by the thermal efficiency of a reversible cycle. So the second law efficiency can be defined as, so what we can say is that the second law efficiency is a ratio of the thermal efficiency of an actual heat engine to that of a reversible heat engine. Another way that we can write the second law efficiency is if we look at what extra g itself is. So another way to think about this in terms of extra g itself is the second law efficiency is the amount of extra g that we are able to recover divided by the amount of extra g that is supplied at a given state. So if we're going to examine extra g and we want to be able to determine the amount of extra g like we looked at when we looked at the temperature supply or the source of 1500 Kelvin, what we need to do is come up with a useful method of being able to quantify the extra g associated with different forms of energy, be it kinetic energy, potential energy, internal energy or the enthalpy or even heat transfer and work. So what we're going to spend a little bit of time in the next lecture looking at is a way to quantify different forms of energy as extra g types. So that is what we're going to be doing in the next lecture. We'll be taking a look at coming up with expressions for the extra g associated with different forms of energy. So with that I'll conclude this lecture and I'd like to thank you for your attention. Thank you, bye-bye.


The relationship between cellulose crystallinity, extractive content, and lignocellulosic fiber degradation was investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry techniques, revealing that higher extractive contents associated with lower crystallinity and smaller crystallite size accelerate the degradation process and reduce thermal stability. Additionally, increasing cellulose crystallinity and crystallite size shifts the thermal decomposition temperature of natural fibers. This study provides valuable information about the structure and properties of lignocellulosic fibers before use in composite formulations. This article was authored by Mateus Palleto, Ator L, and Adamair J. Zadara.