In today's lecture series, rather starting from today's lecture series, what we are going to study about is a very fundamental, very important aspect of engineering analysis. Over the next several lectures, what we are going to understand about is about thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is a very fundamental subject, which plays a very significant role in understanding of engineering systems. And in this course that we are currently studying about that is on introduction to aerospace propulsion, thermodynamics is a very fundamental science that needs to be understood very carefully. It is very important that we understand some of the very fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, basically because thermodynamics forms the basis for understanding and also design and development of engineering systems. And in the kind of systems that we are going to study in this course that is related to aerospace propulsion, thermodynamics is the basic subject that needs to be understood thoroughly. So, let us take a look at what we are going to study or understand in this particular lecture. Now, this lecture is on very fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, we shall get introduced to basic aspects of thermodynamics. So, introduction to thermodynamics, its significance and some of the basic terminology that we are going to use in thermodynamics is what we shall cover in this course. So, if you take a look at what are the contents of this particular lecture, we shall first get introduced to basic thermodynamics. We shall understand the scope and method of thermodynamics. We shall define basic terms and concepts, some of the basic concepts that we shall be understanding and studying in this course will include system, surroundings, boundary and the universe. We shall then analyze the different types of systems that are in existence or that you can define for a particular system under investigation. We shall understand property of a system, what we mean by property of a particular system. We shall also understand the state of a system and about equilibrium of a system and its state. We shall also understand a very basic concept known as the state postulate, which helps us in defining the property of a system. We shall towards end of the lecture, we shall understand and explore a few basic terms like process, path and cycle for any particular system. Now, thermodynamics is a very old subject, probably as old as existence of mankind itself. The basic reason is that man has always wanted to convert heat, available heat into power and this has been an endeavor of mankind since time immemorial. So, thermodynamics as of today is defined as the science of energy and the basic reason for this is that thermodynamics as a word originates from two Greek words known as thermi and dynamics. Thermi which means heat in English and dynamics means power. So, basically this means that thermodynamics implies conversion of heat into power. So, this is a very basic requirement that man has always been endeavoring towards to convert heat into power and in a very efficient way. So, thermodynamics is a science which deals with this conversion of heat into power and that is why it is a very basic science in itself. For example, the particular course that we are currently undergoing deals with introduction to aerospace propulsion. So, propulsion basically means providing power to a particular vehicle. So, this power would involve conversion of one form of energy into another and that is what basically thermodynamic deals with. So, thermodynamics is basically a tool or a mechanism by which you can understand a system which is converting heat energy into power and therefore, thermodynamics in one sense encompasses all forms of heat conversion into power and what we shall try to understand over the next several lectures is that what are the different ways by which you can understand a particular system which is basically trying to convert one form of energy into another. So, thermodynamics basically helps us in providing an understanding of the nature and the degree of energy transformations. So, we would be able to at the towards the end of this lecture series on thermodynamics we shall be able to analyze a particular system which is basically trying to convert heat into power output and another a very important aspect of thermodynamics is that thermodynamic laws as we shall see little later are fundamental laws of nature. These are like the laws of Newton which are also considered to be fundamental laws of nature and therefore, it is very important that we understand the meaning and the implications of the different laws of thermodynamics. So, as we shall see later on there are four laws of thermodynamics that we shall study named zeroth law the first law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics and the third law of thermodynamics. So, these four laws of thermodynamics are very fundamental in nature and therefore, they are also considered to be fundamental laws of nature which has to be followed and cannot be violated. So, these thermodynamic laws cannot be violated and this is the basic reason why it is important that we understand the implications of thermodynamic laws because very often one comes across different systems which are being proposed by different people which can convert heat into power, but in some sense or the other they violate one of these thermodynamic laws and therefore, these systems are by themselves by their very design not feasible. And so, a thorough understanding of thermodynamic principles and its laws are important in our understanding of engineering systems and also to evaluate the feasibility of new concepts and designs. So, let us take a few examples of thermodynamic systems for example, if we would like to heat water in a kettle or we would like to burn some fuel in a combustion chamber of an aero engine to propel an aircraft or you would like to cool a room on a hot humid day or perhaps you would like to heat up your room on a cold winter night. So, these are examples of common occurrences in daily life. So, in all of them you would be interested in knowing what is the smallest amount of electricity or fuel that we be needed to carry out the above. Now, these are very simple examples there could be numerous other examples like for example, you are driving a car you are basically converting fuel which it could be petrol or diesel into power output for driving the car forward or you could be for example, preparing a particular dish in a pressure cooker. So, you are converting energy into a different form. So, you are basically dealing with conversions of energy day in and day out. Now, the very important example of a thermodynamic system is a human body. Now, our human bodies convert energy in some form into another form. So, the energy that we take in is the food that we take and this food is converted to energy in some other form which enables us to walk or run and do daily activities in a normal way. So, that the human body itself is a very complex thermodynamic system and we shall understand some of these aspects as we progress along these lecture series. Let us take a look at some more examples of thermodynamic systems.  What is the largest amount of energy that we can get out of these efforts? You would be very much interested in efficient conversion of fuel into power output that is one of the major goals of an engineer in a modern day because he would like to have his system as efficient as possible that converts the amount of available energy into work output in the most efficient way. So, thermodynamics is a science which allows us in answering many of these questions and in the current day scenario it is very important that we are able to design systems which are as efficient as possible. Thermodynamics is a basic science which helps us in converting fuel into power output and for that matter involving any other energy conversion it is important to understand the basic thermodynamic principles. So, let us move on further and understand some of the basic terminologies that we shall use throughout this course. Now, there are two different ways in which you can analyze a thermodynamic system. One of them is known as the macroscopic approach which is also referred to as the classical thermodynamics. So, the thermodynamic science or the approach which deals with a macroscopic sense of systems is referred to as the classical thermodynamics. So, the advantage of a macroscopic approach is that it does not require the knowledge of the molecular level of the system. You can analyze a system as a whole and you do not need to know the behavior of individual molecules in a system which can be quite complicated and so macroscopic approach does not require knowledge of the molecular level. So, macroscopic approach is an easier approach it is a more direct approach especially in the case of engineering systems where you would not really want to bother about the molecular level dynamics and you would like to analyze a system as a whole as a group of molecules rather than at their individual level and it is because of this reason that we are going to follow the classical approach or the macroscopic approach or classical thermodynamics in this course. The other approach on the other hand is the microscopic approach. So, microscopic approach involves understanding deeper understanding of the molecular level of a system and taking a look at the individual behavior of molecules. And therefore, as we are understanding the molecular level dynamics it is far more complicated and it extensively uses the kinetic theory of cases. So, this particular approach is also known as the statistical thermodynamics. So, as the name itself refers to statistical thermodynamics obviously will involve exhaustive use of statistical principles because you are understanding or trying to understand the system on a molecular level. So, we are not going to approach thermodynamics in a statistical sense we are going to take the macroscopic approach or the classical thermodynamics approach in this course. So, the other principle or the assumption that we are going to make is known as continuum. Continuum refers to the continuity within a system I will explain that shortly. Now, as we are all aware matter is made up of atoms which are widely spaced especially when it comes to the gaseous space. Now in classical thermodynamics we would want to disregard the atomic nature of a substance and view it as a continuous homogeneous matter with no holes or void that is it is a continuum. So, this is what I was mentioning little while earlier that in classical approach you do not want to look at the molecular level of a system, but you would like to look at the system as a whole. So, the continuum approach is what we shall be following. So, continuum idealization allows us to treat properties as point functions and to assume that the properties will vary continuously in space with no jump or discontinuities. So, what is a point function and its implications we shall understand a little later when we look at properties and systems. So, continuum approach is the approach that we are going to follow in this particular course because we are looking at the classical thermodynamics approach and not the statistical thermodynamics approach. Just let me explain what we mean by the continuum approach and with a small example. Now for example, if you look at oxygen as a particular gas that we are interested in, as you see here in this bounding box we have oxygen as the medium present there and as we know that in the gaseous phase there is a lot of random motion or Brownian motion of the molecules. And for oxygen which is at pressure of 1 atmospheres and 20 degree Celsius there are estimated to be 3 into 10 raise to 16 molecules per millimeter cube of volume. So, you can see that there are so many number of molecules in a very small volume of oxygen, but in spite of that as this illustration shows which is obviously highly exaggerated between the molecules of oxygen you can still see a lot of void or free space. But the good thing here is that in spite of the presence of these large gap between the molecules there are enough number of molecules within a very small volume to enable us to consider this as a continuum. And therefore, in classical thermodynamics we shall be dealing with systems which are in continuum. We shall not look at the rarified aspects of a system which is a different study on its own which is usually covered using statistical thermodynamics. So, continuum approach is yet another assumption that we are going to take in thermodynamics. Now, what we are going to do over the next several slides which we shall explore today is to understand some basic terms which we shall be using very continuously quite often in this course and in subsequent courses. So, it is very important for us to understand the basic meaning of these terms. Now, one such term that we shall use very frequently is a system. So, what do we mean by a system? So, system by definition is a quantity of matter which we have chosen for study. Now, since we are dealing with macroscopic approach it is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter on which we focus our attention. So, system is a quantity of matter in space which we have chosen for our study. For example, if we are trying to analyze an engine aircraft engine and to see the thermodynamics of an aircraft engine. So, we would like to choose the engine as the thermodynamic system because that is the quantity of matter in the space which we are interested in at a moment. So, we would like to choose that particular system which is the aircraft engine in this example as the system which is under consideration. Now, what is around the system is referred to as the surroundings and so surroundings is the matter which are in the immediate vicinity of the system and which have some amount of effect perceptible effect on the system. That is if the system we are considering let us say the aircraft engine for example, the air which is just in the vicinity of the aircraft engine is referred to as the surroundings and what separates the system from the surroundings is referred to as the boundary of the system. So, a boundary of a system demarcates or separates the system from its surroundings and there could be boundaries which are of different types as we shall see some examples little later that a boundary could be either fixed or it could be movable. You could also have boundaries which are real that is physical boundaries or you could also have an imaginary boundary depending upon the convenience of analysis. And the system the surroundings and the boundary put together constitute what is known as the universe. So, system refers to this matter in space which is of interest to us and which we are considering for our analysis. Surroundings is the environment or mass or region which surrounds a system which is in the immediate vicinity of the system and which has some perceptible effect on the system. Boundary is one which separates the system from its surroundings and universe is the system and its surroundings including the boundary put together is referred to as the universe. Now, let us look at an example here. What is shown here is a system which is demarcated by its boundary. So, what you see here indicated is the boundary of the system. So, this boundary separates the system from the surroundings. So, surroundings refer to that matter of space which is in the vicinity of the system and which has some perceptible effect on the system and boundary is the one which separates the system from its surroundings. Now, a system could be of different types depending upon the nature of the system itself. Now, depending upon what type of system it is it could be classified as a closed system. A closed system is one where there is no mass transferred, but there is an energy transfer that is possible. So, closed system is what is shown here in the example. What you see here is what we shall see this example very often in thermodynamics this is referred to as a piston and cylinder assembly. So, what is seen here bounded by these lines are the is the cylinder and what is seen here is the piston. So, a piston and cylinder assembly it is a system which we shall refer to very often in this course and as we shall see little later after several lectures is that this is very similar to what you see in automobile engines or automobile engines operating on either spark ignition system or compression ignition systems would have a piston and cylinder assembly. So, that is an example which we shall refer to very often because that is one of the common types of systems that we are familiar with which generate a power output. So, a closed system is one across the system boundaries of which there can be only energy transfer, but there cannot be any mass transfer across the system boundaries. An open system on the other hand is one across which there could be both mass transfer as well as energy transfer. So, open system involves the interaction of the system with its surroundings through mass as well as energy and an isolated system is one across the system boundaries of which there could be either no mass transfer as well as no energy transfer. So, an isolated system does not interact with its surroundings through mass or energy interactions. So, these are the different types of system that are possible closed system only mass transfer not allowed energy transfer is allowed in a closed system open system both mass as well as energy transfer is permissible and if a system has no mass or energy energy transfer such a system is known as an isolated system. Now, we shall look at some examples of systems which fall in either of these categories. Now, we shall take a look at those examples after we understand how do we choose a particular system. Now, we must choose a system for each and every problem that we are interested in. This is important because if you choose a system very carefully it will help us in obtaining as much information about the system as possible. So, it is very important that we choose a system which is appropriate for the particular problem that we are interested in. So, this means that choice of a system would be quite obvious in some cases, but in some cases obviously it will not be that clear in the beginning. So, a system must be chosen in case the system choice is not very obvious it must be chosen carefully depending upon what is the purpose of this particular thermodynamic analysis. And when we choose a system the boundaries of the system could be either real boundaries or physical boundaries or it could be imaginary boundaries. So, that again depends upon what is it that we are trying to analyze from a particular system. And the other aspect of boundaries is that you could have boundaries which are either stationary or fixed or you could have boundaries which are movable or which are in motion. So, you could have a system which could have a combination of these different properties that it could have a boundary which is fixed or it could have a boundary which is movable, it could have a real boundary or a physical boundary or it could have boundary which is imaginary in nature. So, we shall get more information on these aspects of a system as we take a look at some examples which will help us in explaining what these actually mean. Now, let us look at one example of a closed system which has a movable boundary. Now, what you see here is a closed system and it is a closed system because there can be only energy transfer across the system boundaries there is no mass transfer across the system boundaries. And therefore, it is a closed system and what you see here are fixed boundaries of the piston cylinder arrangement. Remember, I had mentioned about the piston cylinder example which we shall see very often. So, this is the same piston cylinder example we are coming across. So, this cylinder consists of a particular gas which has a particular mass of 2 kg's and let us say a volume of 1 meter cube. Now, the cylinder boundaries are fixed because they do not move. Now, if you were to add energy across the system boundaries remember a closed system it is possible to have energy interaction across the system boundaries. So, there is energy transfer because you are heating up the cylinder. So, there is an energy interaction across the system boundaries. Now, the piston on the other hand forms the movable boundary. So, as you add heat to the system it causes the gas to expand. So, as you can see here the mass of the gas still remains 2 kg's because there is no mass transfer across the system boundaries, but yes the volume of the gas increases because you are adding energy. So, as the volume of the gas increases the piston has moved to a new location. And therefore, this constitutes a moving boundary of the system and the cylinder walls form the fixed boundary of a system. Now, yet another example here. Here we have an example of a control volume which is basically an open system which has both real as well as imaginary boundaries. So, the example that is shown here is that of a nozzle. A nozzle is a section which is again very often used in engineering systems and is a system which is used for accelerating a flow in a subsonic Mach number flow.  So, in subsonic flows a nozzle which of the geometry which is shown here can lead to acceleration of the flow. So, in this nozzle the walls of the nozzle form the real boundaries indicated by these dark black lines form the real boundaries. And what about the inlet and exit of the nozzle? At the inlet and exit of the nozzle we can define imaginary boundaries. So, what you see here are the imaginary boundaries of the nozzle. So, these form the imaginary boundaries of the nozzle which bound the control volume. And the real boundaries are shown by these dark lines which are on the periphery of the nozzle. So, this is an example of an open system. An open system is also very usually referred to as control volume. A control volume with which has both real as well as imaginary boundaries. Now, let us look at an example which combines the previous example as well as this example in some sense because you have an open system here with a moving boundary. So, we had already seen an example of an open system which has real and imaginary boundaries. And here we have an example which has of an open system that is a control volume which has both fixed boundaries as well as a moving boundary. So, the cylinder volumes as I had mentioned earlier walls of the cylinder constitute the fixed boundary of the system. And the piston on this side constitutes the moving boundary. And this is a control volume that is an open system because there is mass transfer across the system boundaries in addition to energy transfer. So, this is an example of an open system which has a fixed boundary as well as a moving boundary. Yet another open system here this is an example of let us say a storage water heater which is used for heating water. And in this case we have water coming in which is cold water coming in one from one side of the control volume. And hot water which gets heated up inside the water heater comes out through another outlet. And now you can see that there is mass transfer across the system boundaries. There is also heat addition inside the system. And therefore, it qualifies to be called an open system or a control volume. And what bounds the control volume is referred to as the control surface. So, control surface acts as the boundary of a control volume. And so this is an example of a control volume an open system which has one inlet and one exit. So, it is obviously possible that there are control volumes or control systems which have multiple inlet and multiple outlets. And so many of these examples we shall see as we analyze different engineering systems especially an aircraft engine that is an engineering system which is of interest to us in this course. We shall understand the working of such engineering systems through thermodynamic analysis which will require us to use many of these concepts of defining the system its boundaries and its surroundings. Now moving on we shall now understand what is meant by a property of a system. Now if we were to define a particular system we have now understood how we can define a particular system. Each engineering system requires to be defined in terms of its boundaries and its surroundings. And now how do you characterize this particular system? So, a property refers to any particular characteristic of a system. Now there are different ways in which you can define a property. So, a property is any characteristic that defines a particular system. The property could be temperature of the system, it could be pressure, it could be density or mass and so on. And therefore, this these are properties which characterize a particular system. Now the defined properties could either be intensive property or it could be an extensive property. Now the property could be intensive if the particular property is independent of mass. For example, temperature or pressure these are properties which do not depend upon the mass or size of the system. And therefore, they are referred to as intensive properties. Now extensive properties on the other hand are those properties which depend upon the mass or size of the system. Some examples of extensive properties or mass itself obviously depends upon the size of the system. Volume of a system is again an extensive property because it depends upon the mass or size of the system. Momentum associated with a particular system again depends upon the mass. And therefore, that is also classified as an extensive property. Now there are properties which extensive properties taken per unit mass are also referred to as specific properties. For example, volume which is an extensive property taken per unit mass is referred to as specific volume. Energy for example, is again an extensive property. Energy per unit mass is referred to as specific energy that is again a specific property. So, these are extensive properties per unit mass referred to as specific quantities or specific parameters. Now let us take a look at an example which will help us in explaining what are intensive and extensive properties. So, what is shown here in this example is a system which has different properties which have been defined here in terms of its mass, volume, temperature, pressure, density etcetera. Now if we were to split the system exactly into half like what is shown here on the right hand side. So, we have a splitter which splits the system exactly into half. Now let us look at what happens to the different properties of the system. Now there are certain properties of this system which would now change and there are certain properties which will remain the same. Now those properties which change are the mass and volume. So, as you split the system into half the mass of the systems become half and volume also becomes half. But if you look at temperature, pressure or density these do not change even if you have split the system into half. So, these are referred to as intensive properties because they are independent of the size or mass of the system. Whereas, mass or volume are extensive properties because as you split the system into different portions the mass or volume of the system also changes. So, this is an example of a system which has been defined in terms of both intensive as well as extensive properties. Now very often you would have to define a system by using some of these properties. In fact you will need a certain set of properties as we shall see little later that are required to completely define the condition of the system. Now a set of properties which define the condition of a particular system at a particular instant of time is referred to as state of a system. Now a state of a system gives complete description about what is the condition of that particular system at an instant of time. Now at a given state all the properties of the system would have fixed states or fixed values that is if you have defined a state of a system with a certain properties these properties will remain fixed for that particular state. Now if one or more of these properties change then this operation is known as change of state. So, any operation which involves change of one or more properties of a system is referred to as change of state of the system. And let us look at an example which will help us in understanding this. Now here we have the piston cylinder example again. On the left hand side we have the system which has a mass of about 3 kgs let us say temperature of 25 degree Celsius volume of 2 meter cube. Now this defines the state of this particular system at particular instant of time. Now if one or more of these properties were to be changed then that defines yet another state of the system. So, on the right hand side what we can see is that the mass of the system is fixed because it is a closed system so mass does not change. And in this example let us say the temperature is also fixed but because of piston has moved away from its initial state the volume has changed. Now because the volume has changed the system has now moved on to a new state. So, this right hand side shows the system at a different state than what it was previously. So, this is an example of a system the same system which is existing in two different states by virtue of change of one of its properties that was the volume in this particular example. Now in thermodynamics when we analyze different systems and what the state of the system is etcetera we would be dealing with equilibrium states and equilibrium is implying that the state of the system is in a particular balance. So, basically the word equilibrium implies a state of balance. And for a system to be in a state of balance it is essential that there are no unbalanced potentials or driving forces within the system. So, for an equilibrium state the system does not experience any change when it is isolated from its surroundings. So, a system that is in complete equilibrium will not undergo any change when it is isolated from the surroundings. Now in thermodynamics we shall be dealing with different types of equilibrium. A system could be in mechanical equilibrium, it could be in thermal equilibrium, chemical equilibrium or and or phase equilibrium. So, in thermodynamics we could be dealing with different forms of equilibrium. A system could be in thermal equilibrium, a system could be in mechanical equilibrium, it could be in phase equilibrium or chemical equilibrium. Now a system is referred to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if all these conditions are satisfied and unless all the conditions of equilibrium in terms of mechanical, thermal, chemical or phase are not satisfied a system is not said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium. Now a system which is in thermodynamic equilibrium does not deliver any useful work. Now this may come as a surprise basically because you would expect that if a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium well it should perform very efficiently. Well that necessarily does not happen because when a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium as we have seen earlier that there are no more driving forces or driving potentials. So in the absence of any driving potentials or driving forces there is no possibility of generation of work output. So this will become the statement will be more clear as we understand more concepts like work and heat transfer of a system we shall be able to appreciate this point better as we understand work and heat transfer little later in further lectures. Now let us look at what are the types of equilibrium I mentioned that there are four different types of equilibrium that are possible thermal equilibrium a system is said to be in thermal equilibrium if the temperature of the system is the same throughout the system and on the other hand a system is said to be in mechanical equilibrium if the pressure is the same throughout the system that is if the pressure within the system is the same everywhere it is said to be in mechanical equilibrium. And if the chemical composition does not change with time that is there are no chemical reactions taking place then it is referred to be in chemical equilibrium. And if the system consists of different phases let us say a solid phase and a gaseous phase when the mass of each of these phases reaches an equilibrium level then it is referred to be in phase equilibrium that is for multi phase systems wherein you have different phases of the same system either liquid gas or solid gas or all the three phases together if the mass of each of these phase remains constant or it reaches an equilibrium level it is said to have been in phase equilibrium. So a system which has all these different types of equilibrium conditions satisfied is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium. Now let us look at one example of a system which is in initially not in equilibrium and then it has become come to an equilibrium state. So the example shown here is that of a system which was initially having different temperatures in different parts of the system you can see that the system has different temperatures ranging from 20 degree Celsius to 40 degree Celsius and that keeps changing across the system. Now for the system to be in thermal equilibrium the temperature has to be the same throughout the system. So after the system reaches thermal equilibrium the temperatures as you can see here are the same it is 30 degree Celsius everywhere. Now in this example which is shown it is just shown that the system is in thermal equilibrium. So this does not mean that the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium. For this system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium in addition to the temperature being same everywhere it also has to satisfy the conditions for mechanical equilibrium which means the same pressure throughout the system or chemical equilibrium which means no chemical reactions occurring as well as phase equilibrium that is the if the system constitutes different phases all the phases should be in equilibrium. So this particular example which is shown is that of a system which is in thermal equilibrium. So in thermodynamics we shall be always dealing with equilibrium states of a system and which means that it need not be essentially in thermodynamic equilibrium but it could be in one of the different forms of equilibrium it could be either in thermal equilibrium or in mechanical equilibrium and so on. And if you recall I had mentioned little earlier that we need a certain number of properties to define the state of a particular system. So how do we know what number of properties are needed to define a particular state. Now it is not required that we define all the properties of a particular system. If you define certain properties of a system certain number of properties that itself will define the state of a system in in totality. So it is necessary for us to know what is the minimum number of properties that you would need to define a particular state of a system. Now this is explained by what is known as the state postulate. Now state postulate states that you can define completely define rather the state of a simple compressible system by specifying two independent and intensive properties. Now we have a new term here simple compressible system basically a simple compressible system refers to a system wherein there are no effects of gravity electrical magnetic fields or surface tension effects that is a system wherein there are no effects of electrical forces or magnetic forces gravity effects or surface tension effects is referred to as a simple compressible system. So according to the state postulate for such a system which is basically a simple compressible system it is possible to completely define such a system by specifying just two properties which are independent and which are intensive. So we have already seen what are intensive properties intensive properties are those properties which do not depend upon the mass or size of a system and independent properties are those in which you can change one of those properties without affecting the other that means that each of these properties are independent or mutually exclusive. So according to state postulate you can define the state of a system completely by just defining two properties which are independent and which are intensive. Now let us explain this point further by an example. Now the example that is shown in the slide is that of nitrogen which is again housed within a piston cylinder assembly and we can see that the state of nitrogen for example can be fixed by two independent intensive properties as per the state postulate. Now here we have defined the state of nitrogen by defining it by its temperature and specific volume. So both of these are independent properties and these are also intensive properties which means that it is sufficient for us to define the state of nitrogen by these two properties. But on the other hand instead of specific volume you had decided to define it by temperature and pressure then it is not basically defining the state of nitrogen because temperature and pressure are not independent that is you cannot vary the temperature by keeping the pressure constant and so on. So temperature and pressure depend on each other and it is therefore not possible to completely define the state of a system by just defining temperature and pressure. So you need two properties which are independent as well as those properties which are intensive to be able to completely define the state of a system. So state postulate helps us in identifying number of properties which will be required to completely define or specify the state of a system. Now let us now proceed further and define or understand a few more terms which we shall be very often referring to one such term is known as process. Now we have seen that system which is in a particular state can move to another state if one or more of its properties change. So a process is referring to any change or that a system undergoes process basically refers to any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another. And so the series of states through which the system would pass during such a process is referred to as path of this particular process. And if the system returns to its initial state at the end of the process then that is referred to as a cycle. A cycle is referring to a process which wherein the initial and the final states are identical. So process refers to change of a system from one equilibrium state to another and as the system progresses from one equilibrium state to another it could be through a series of different states. And so these series of states through which the process has taken place is referred to as the path of the process. And if the initial state and the final state happens to be identical it is referred to as a cycle. And let us take some examples which will help us in understanding what a process is and a path and a cycle. Now we shall take a look at the classical example of the piston cylinder assembly which we have seen throughout this lecture and in future lectures as well. Now what is shown here is an example of a property change from state 1 to state 2. Now what is shown here is that a system which has been plotted from change of state from state 1 to state 2. So this change of state has taken place through this green line which is shown here and which you can see that there are so many intermediate states or steps in between state 1 to state 2. So this is referred to as the process path. Now to explain this further let us look at this piston cylinder assembly example. Now the piston was initially at state 1 which is shown by this dotted line here. So the initial state has a certain specific volume and a certain pressure P 1. As the piston is moving into the cylinder or as the system is compressed the pressure rises because it is a compression process the pressure will increase from state 1 to state 2 and in the process the specific volume reduces or changes. So the new state which is referred to here as the final state is marked by 2 has a new specific volume V 2 and new pressure P 2. So this is an example of change of state from state 1 to state 2 through a process which has been indicated by a process path. Now if the same example we had the process which is coming back to its initial state then this is referred to as a cycle. For example if this piston cylinder assembly was initially at station 1 after the whole process it has come back that is after an expansion that is reduction in volume increase in volume and reduction in pressure and then further it is compressed back to its initial state this is referred to as a cycle that is the initial state and the final state are identical. So depending upon the type of process we can usually classify the processes as different types and usually as we shall see little later in during a process we allow one of these properties to remain constant and a process in which the temperature is constant or is held constant is referred to as an isothermal process a process in which the pressure is constant is known as an isobaric process a process during which the volume is constant is called an isochoric process process during which a property known as entropy is constant is called an isentropic process and a process during with yet another property enthalpy which is constant is called an isentropic process. So I have indicated question marks here against entropy and enthalpy because at this moment you would probably be wondering what entropy and enthalpy are we shall understand about these terms in very much detail during later lectures. So process during which a particular property is held constant is classified as a different proper process on its own. So that brings us to the end of this lecture. So let us quickly recap what we had gone through to during this lecture we had understood several basic thermodynamic concepts like the system surroundings boundary and the universe we had also understood what are different types of system that are possible like an open system or a closed system we had understood what is meant by property of a system that is how do you characterize a particular system and then we had also looked at what is meant by state of a system and what are equilibrium states of a particular system. Then we also understood what are the minimum number of properties that are needed to define the state of a system that is known as a state postulate towards the end of the lecture we also looked at what is meant by process path and cycle. In the next lecture what we shall look at we shall understand what are meant by quasi static processes we shall understand the concept of energy and its different forms we shall understand what is meant by internal energy and different types of internal energies. Then we shall also look at a combination property known as enthalpy and towards the end of the next lecture we shall also undergo introduction to the zeroth law of thermodynamics and temperature as an outcome of the zeroth law of thermodynamics. So these are aspects which we shall be covering in the next lecture.


Hi friends, welcome back to my channel and welcome if you're new here. My name is Jen. I am a certified weight loss and nutrition coach and I'm on the WW or the Weight Watchers blue plan. It's Monday. It's a no makeup on natural Monday, but I am here with three amazing WW calorie friendly meal prep ideas for you. So if you're excited for meal prep, give this video a big huge thumbs up. And if you're new or you haven't yet subscribed, I would love to have you here. Hit the subscribe button and click the bell right next to it. So you never miss a single video. I do a meal prep every single Monday. Check out the description box down below for nutrition coaching. I offer personalized to you macros and calories. Highly highly recommend taking advantage of that. And if you want to talk with me directly, I have one on one coaching as well. Links discounts to everything I shared with you in today's video, as well as all of my other favorite things. And of course my Facebook group and amazing community that would love to have you join us are all down in the description box. So let's jump into three amazing WW calorie friendly meal prep ideas for breakfast this week. I'm making a Meyer lemon pancakes or in my case, lemon pancakes. I was not able to find Meyer lemons anywhere, but we're just going to substitute with regular lemons. So let me show you what's in our recipe first. You're going to need some eggs, almond extract, poppy seeds, honey, a couple of fresh lemon, salt, baking powder, baking soda, all purpose flour, non fat Greek yogurt and almond milk. So to get started on our pancakes, I'm going to add one and a half cups of all purpose flour, half of a teaspoon of baking soda. This is a teaspoon, two teaspoons of baking powder, half of a teaspoon of salt. And I went ahead and zested both of my lemons. I feel like you can never have too much fresh lemon flavor. And then we're going to just give that a quick stir to combine together all of those dry ingredients into a smaller bowl. I'm adding one cup of almond milk, one half of a cup of non fat Greek yogurt, half of a teaspoon of almond extract, two tablespoons of honey. I'm going to do one egg and one egg white. And we need one quarter cup of lemon juice total. So I'm going to go ahead and juice my two lemons. They're pretty small. So that should give me about a quarter of a cup. Stir that together until fully mixed. We're going to add the wet mixture to the dry mixture. And then we want to stir it just until it's combined. Just make sure that you do not over mix. Lastly, we're going to fold in two tablespoons of poppy seeds. So for the pancakes, I have a griddle style of pan. And I'm going to spray it with some nonstick cooking spray. Here is our pancake batter. It looks so good. We want about 18 pancakes total. Again, if we don't get 18, we can figure out exactly how many pancakes we can have for the points. So I'm going to go ahead and scoop out my batter. I'm going to do four pancakes at a time just to make sure that they don't overlap each other a whole lot. So I went ahead and flipped my pancakes. So once these are done, I have a plate here. I'm just going to transfer them onto the plate and we will keep making pancakes. See how many we wind up with. We'll be able to figure out our points based on the number of pancakes that we have in the end. So here are my pancakes. I did end up getting 18 pancakes total. These look absolutely incredible. So what I'm going to do is make up the Meyer lemon yogurt sauce that we use in place of syrup with our pancakes. And then we'll go over the points and calories. So for the yogurt sauce, you're going to need a pretty small bowl. We're going to add one full cup of nonfat Greek yogurt. I'm going to add in a couple tablespoons of lemon juice. I did use all of the juice of those two lemons in the pancakes and I don't have a third lemon. I would recommend fresh lemon juice if you have that option. And then we're going to add a couple of additional tablespoons of honey and then stir that together. And again, this is just going to take the place of syrup. And what's great about this sauce is not only is it going to really enhance the lemon flavor of the pancakes, you're also going to get in a good amount of protein from the Greek yogurt that you don't get with a traditional syrup. So stir that together until fully mixed. There is what the yogurt sauce looks like. Now we'll go ahead and go over points and calories. So again, our pancakes made 18 pancakes total. Each pancake individually is two points on all plans and 59 calories. That does include the yogurt sauce. So that's pretty amazing. So you'll divide this as well into 18 servings. What I generally do is I'll weigh this out on a food scale, not the bowl, the actual sauce, divide that by 18. And that's how many grams of sauce per pancake. So my plan is to have one or two pancakes every day with a side of fruit and some additional protein, whether that be bacon or sausage, just any type of protein to pair with the pancakes. And then again, I'll just top my pancakes with one 18th of the lemon sauce. This looks so good, you guys. Two points per pancake is incredible. For my lunches this week, I'm making apple cheddar turkey burgers or apple cheese turkey burgers. So let me show you what's in our recipe.  I'm going to either do a wedge of laughing cow for one point or a slice of the Velveeta for one point. You're going to need a pound of 99% lean ground turkey, Dijon mustard, maple syrup. I'm using the Lakonto maple syrup. This is the only not full sugar syrup that I really like. It's made with monk fruit, so it's a nice sugar alternative. And in my opinion, this tastes just as good as a regular syrup. It's so delicious. I just ordered the huge bottle off of the Lakonto website. I will link it down below for you. I do have 15% off at Lakonto. You're also going to need one apple, some green onions, buns of your choice. I always go with the Walmart buns.  And then, of course, some salt and pepper. The first thing I'm going to do is slice up some green onions. And then I'm actually going to shred up this apple with a cheese grater. We want our apple nice and shredded. But to put the turkey burgers together, I went ahead and added my one pound of ground turkey to a good size bowl, a medium bowl. I'm going to add in the diced up green onions, the shredded apple, two teaspoons of Dijon mustard, some salt and pepper, and a couple tablespoons of water. I'm going to mix the turkey burger mixture all together before dividing it out into four equal sized patties. I add my turkey burgers to a pan with the nonstick cooking spray. I have them over medium heat. And I'm just going to let them cook in brown. And in the meantime, we're going to make the condiment for our burgers. So for the sauce or the condiment on our burgers, we are able to avoid any other condiment with points, ketchup, mayo by putting this on there. And this is a maple Dijon mustard. It sounds amazing. So first I'm going to add two tablespoons of Dijon mustard and then one tablespoon of my very favorite syrup from Lakonto. I will link Lakonto down below with 20% off for you guys. Hands down. This is the best no sugar syrup in the world. I'm obsessed with it. And then we're going to stir that together. And that's our maple Dijon spread that will go on our turkey burgers. The turkey burgers are just about done. Once they're done, I'll pull them off the stove here. We'll go over the points and calories for the burger with the bun, with the cheese, and all the information on this week's lunch prep. So the burgers are done. We have our really good sauce. And then again, I'm going to be having mine on the three smart point Walmart hamburger bun. So what I'm going to do is give you points and calories just for the burger.  So for just the burger and of course the mustard sauce that we made, it is zero points on blue and purple. It is a zero point lunch as it sits. And I can tell you how delicious these burgers smell. And if you're on the green plant, it's only one point for the burger. And again, that is without the bun and without the cheese. And that is 145 calories. I'm actually going to have one of these for lunch. That's how delicious these smell for a snack this week. I'm making a nutty granola bites. I haven't been craving something sweet, but healthy. I'm really focusing in August and getting away from a lot of processed foods and just really eating more whole food. So I thought that I would make my own little snack or sweet treat with showing houses all the time and being on the road a lot. It's nice to have a healthy snack on hand. So let me show you what's in our recipe. First, you're going to need some walnuts. I picked up mine from Imperfect Foods. I love Imperfect Foods. It's so affordable. It helps prevent food waste.  No minimum order. So you can go ahead and grab your $20, have it delivered to your doorstep and enjoy Imperfect Foods. You guys know how much I love them. Some sliced almonds, peanut butter, cinnamon. I have Lily's chocolate chips, rolled oats, and some salt. Our nutty granola bites are super, super easy to put together. I did want to point out that I forgot to let you know that you will need a half of a cup of syrup. I'm using my same Lakonto. Again, this is linked down below with 20% off. So we're going to combine everything into a medium-sized bowl, starting with one and a half cups of rolled oats, a pinch of salt, some cinnamon. I'm going to put in a good amount. You guys already know I love cinnamon. 300 of the Lily's chocolate chips. Yes, I counted those out. Three quarters of a cup of sliced almonds. Three quarters of a cup of chopped walnuts. And I'm quickly going to stir these dry ingredients together before I add in the maple syrup and the peanut butter. One half of a cup of the Lakonto maple syrup and three-quarter cup of peanut butter. Now you can use PB2. You would want to make it into peanut butter. You need the peanut butter consistency to help bind these together. So you would want to go ahead and mix the PB2 with water, however you prepare it. I am just going to use regular peanut butter. I'm okay with the calories and points and the healthy fat that comes in traditional peanut butter. But that is an option for you if you want to lower the points and calories. And I think I'm going to go ahead and go in with my hands and mix this all together. Now that I have this mixed together, I have a spoon here and I'm going to roll my mixture into 36 little granola bites. So here are the neti granola bites. These are actually really, really good size. I was able to get 36 total. So they are three points per ball on the blue and green plan and only two on purple because you don't have to count for the one and a half cups of rolled oats. They're 79 calories a piece. You could throw one or two of these in a little baggie in your purse, your desk drawer, and it would be a really good healthy snack with the walnuts, the peanut butter, the rolled oats. It's just a well rounded snack. I'm going to pop these in the storage container, store them in the refrigerator, and this will be my snack for the week. Thank you for joining me on another weekly WW meal prep. I hope you are as excited about these three recipes as I am. I did have that turkey burger for lunch today and it was fantastic. Absolutely flavorful and delicious. The little bites are really good and I can't wait to dig into those pancakes tomorrow morning for breakfast. All of the recipes that I shared with you today are on my recipe website. I will link that at the top of the description box along with links, discounts to everything I shared with you today, my favorite things, my Facebook group, and of course nutrition coaching. So check out the description box before you go. If you enjoyed this meal prep, don't forget to give it a big thumbs up. It really helps out my channel and of course, I appreciate it. And if you're new or you haven't yet subscribed, we'd love to have you join us. Don't forget to subscribe and ring the bell next to it so you don't miss an upload. Thank you so much for watching. Happy Monday friends and I'll see you in the next one. Bye.


Good to have you all back for another episode of Think Tech-A-Wise Human Humane Architecture, which happens to be our 228th one. And we're broadcasting live again from three different parts of the world with you, DeSoto, and your Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. Welcome back. How do you do? Nice to be here. Good to have you back. We got you back from your little town last week, exactly. And from his Long Beach, California, we have Ron Lindgren back. Hi, Ron. Hello. And I'm grateful to see DeSoto back. His affability and knowledge is the glue that holds this program together. That's nice to see you. Absolutely. And me, wouldn't you wish so, still back in Munich, Germany, near Munich, Germany? And so if we can get the first slide up, please. We're still operating under various scenarios that Jay reminds us with multiple talks and presentations that are intertwined, which is first and foremost COVID and climate change. But we also have civility on the rise, which we will talk about. And this is the last volume of our sequence of happenings for reasons that are actually wet happenings for reasons. And one very recent one happens to be a wave. We're not only having the Omicron COVID wave ahead of us, but we also had a more natural wave. That was a tsunami. That was from an underground volcano near Tonga that had some pretty serious impact there. And also we thought would have a serious impact up to us in Hawaii, which luckily didn't happen to that degree. And DeSoto went back to the place we've been talking about quite a bit, which is your Halikolani, Ron, and something we already sort of assessed. You were able to take a picture and impression from inside because you took a couple of friends to the Halikolani a couple of days ago. And maybe, again, we commented on that, but maybe one last strike on what we see here. Well, let me just also just say to this, since I took the picture, this is the Halikolani has always been situated on a seawall. It never had a beach in front of it or not for very many years. But unfortunately now with increased water levels in the sea, we now see that the ocean is encroaching onto the hotels of Waikiki. So this is their stopgap measure to try to keep out high waves at the Halikolani in which they've put up a plywood wall. They've banked sandbags against it. They've put a strip of astroturf across the top and then they've planted Napaqa and a small beach vine which is called Pa'u'ohi'iaka to hopefully grow over that mound, make it less unattractive looking for everybody inside the Halikolani and also provide this very stopgap measure that looks like they're trying to keep the Mississippi from overflowing in the middle of the North American continent. Since you're just sharing with us Hawaiian terms, please help us out with, because we also have an underground volcano in Hawaii. Which the name is? Lohi'i, and Lohi'i fortunately is not gonna blow up the way the volcano near in the nation of Tonga did for a variety of reasons. First of all, it's way farther deeper in the ocean still. But the amazing thing, as you said, Martin, is that this eruption and the resulting underwater landslide created as a tsunami that went all around the Pacific and it killed two people on the coast of Peru. It affected Japan, it affected Australia, it affected California, which Ron will tell us about. And the sound of the explosion of the volcano was heard all the way in Alaska, which is astonishing. And as we said, there was some damage here, but in California, in some of the harbors and marinas, there was really noticeable wave action and it's astonishing to think how far that wave traveled. Yeah, and all these events would take this sort of pretty desperate thing away in no time, right? But they're building up. Unfortunately, yes. On the west coast, the 50 foot tsunami waves that the Tongan islands themselves experienced became three foot waves along the California coast. There was some minor flooding damage, but the biggest danger was the fact that the oceans were so royal, even from thousands of miles away on the Pacific coast, that there were strange currents and cross currents made that made it very dangerous to swim or to surf off the beaches in California because the water was moving around in waves that was very unfamiliar to those who play in the water every day. Yeah, and why events like that, you could maybe call moods of nature and everyone is moody at times, so nature can be. But moving to the next slide, we also make nature angry. And why we make nature angry is because we aren't as smart as nature is. And that shows where the systems we invent because nature systems are as smart as you can get it. This symbolizes that what we create as systems isn't nearly as smart.  I was scrubbing it like crazy, but it's so deeply into the silicone there that it's an interior bathroom. But what else you see that filthy water isn't how I usually take a bath. This is water that magically or miraculously was rising up my bathtub. And so this is a bad water happening for reason in systems that we create in buildings where we get the water deeply into the building and then the water gets us into trouble.  So there was another water incident, right, in that your project. Next slide to quickly share with you how this ended. And so when I will be back in Honolulu, this is our prestigious studio that we're broadcasting from because the Waikiki Grant is easy breezy and the price of that is that the only place where we just got our daily or weekly advice that we should retract to a place where it's quiet. So my only quiet place is this one here and don't get too excited that I'm sitting on the toilet bowl when I'm doing the show, but I'm sitting in front of the green screen that you see to the very left. And so it looks way less flamboyant than the bathrooms in Yorahali Kalani, Ron, that you were sharing with us show courting at the top right. So next slide, trying to find the cause for what was making the filthy water rise up was that the array of all trades who you see at the very left was trying to have his power drill and his snake and to get it out of there. He wasn't successful, it wasn't his fault but his equipment wasn't strong enough. The guy on the right is the third plumber that was finally able to get it out. But in that process, next slide, the house plumber was the second one in the attempt broke a pipe. And so all of a sudden the hula people, which is almost prestigious famous bar at the second or first floor was coming up and saying it's raining down there. So that was the next event. So here are the guys cutting into the drywall and trying to fix the problem. Next slide. And it looks messy and it looks old, but in fact, one of our owners of several units in the building was once been persuaded by someone on the board that I'm a renter, so I'm not part of the board, but the owners are but he told me who wanted to take them over into a very opportunistic job to replace all the water pipes, but they are out of solid copper. And so there is no need to do that. That's the best you can get. So they were trying to fix the problem here and you also see how much wasted space. I mean, I could basically hide in there and no one ever finds me because it's that big. Next slide. And the final step was that this gentleman was sent and that was at the time where we're doing a comparisons with both Portugal and related Brazil. And this is Andre, who I met, who was from there and had some very interesting discussions about similarities and differences between there and our culture. But back to materiality, Ron, this to the right sheetrock is one of the monopolist basically products in the field of the material of drywall. And excuse my words, I always tell the emerging generation, I think it's more shiprock than sheet rocks because there's nothing that rocks about gypsum what drywall is and you more than me experienced how dangerous it can be for your health because it's gypsum and when gypsum gets wet, it basically molds and mold is bad for you. So there's no doubt that it doesn't have the elegance of what your Halicvalani hotel rooms used to be and it will never have, but also given your express feelings, Ron, about how they look these days, I would say you better take me up on my offer without expiration dates to come and take a break from your disasters and relax for a couple of weeks or however long you wanna stay, again, no expiration on duration either and crash with me in my humble abode of the Waikiki grant either when I'm not there or when I'm there on the second mattress that's available because I say a next slide. Okay, why do I talk about the best of both worlds?  You know, $750 a night for a typical Halicvalani room went by a lot of meals at the Halicvalani. I know DeSoto and his friends really enjoyed their recent visit there and the meal and the service, I would hope that they're still upholding the quality of that. Yes, they are. Yeah, it is much to be sought for to use a dispelling bed and a Halicvalani restaurant. It's the best of both worlds. Thanks for the opportunity. Well, because you could then walk through the comments area that we complimented the management of Halicvalani that it stayed majorly unchanged although thanks to your two additional pictures at the bottom, which, you know, we don't have the too cool situation on the left which is so adage in its best way as we keep calling you and Bill Chapman calls you the best postmodern architect that he knows and that we know and we know someone had really been sidetracked to the dark side as Mr. Ricardo Bofill who passed away these days. But also we wanna keep the management encouraged to stay in keeping everything authentic because what we talked about last time that you just saw something where it didn't happen which is switching out this, you know original painting that we talked about quite a bit. So here's the image to the talk from last week and I think we dwelled enough on that so I think we could probably move on. So yes, Ron, you will at night you will crash in the YTT grant. At days you will enjoy your majorly unchanged and hopefully continuously unchanged common grounds of your holy Kalani. Okay, that was then and now is now but what's next, next slide. And that's the one that Michael couldn't wait to show. So what in the world is that? Well, you tell us that's your baby, that's Primitiva. And that's something that's created by you and your students at the University of Hawaii in which we will see the dreamed of future of this Primitiva III and its spiral and how the water is used there because we just saw how water is potentially damaging if it's in pipes and other things like you just happened to have in your bathroom at the Waikiki Grant built in the 1960s. But Primitiva III is supposed to be an open space which water flows on the outside. There's a water curtain and then on the inside we've also got on the exterior this circulating circular sort of a sluice way or I can't remember the term I want but in any case and then there's also a place where you can shower because everybody in our fantasy world just lives openly and freely out in the outdoors even without clothes. Yeah, true paradise. And again, it's another way of zoning the elements why Genie Gang was trying to rebrand the Waikiki bathroom in her new Howard Youth Tower as the cool thing as the wet zone as we excessively talked when water just goes wild inside of a building there's nothing cool about it. It's nothing but trouble, right? So we keep the water where the water happens on the outside and then we have a green zone that likes water the excess water and they do together basically shelter and shed the dry zone which is the inhabitable zone and gets us to the next slide because this shows the systems how they all work together a little bit more here in this diagram going to the next slide which is again, we talked about the free threads for mankind and the third one is civility. So while the 10 most richest people in the world have become twice as rich through the pandemic and I'm not in any kind of follower of conspiracy theories but maybe they didn't mind this happen so I'm not accusing Mr. Bezos making us stay at home and sending and always ordering parcels and then making him happy, right? So who knows? But I'm not spreading conspiracy theories. This is not the time to do various, there is enough out there but at the same time, the people at the other end of the food chain got even worse off so that's where we need to start and that way we can't afford to build buildings in pretty expensive way we've been doing. So here is another approach you just build a mast that probably less campers from Great Pacific, Rocky Mountain precasts out there but from there on, Tarzan and Jane like as they're demonstrating here maybe you can build your building with more sweat equity. And next slide, using also local and regional materials and while the Great Fry Otto and Larry Medlin who we had on several shows were using steel which we need to import as Larry pointed out, it's still a lot less to import than heavy beams. It's just a couple of rolls with cables on but here we have a substitute for steel and what is that guys? You got excited about it. So that's basalt rebar and basalt rebar as you point out in the text that's on the screen has the advantage of, first of all it's made from basalt which is lava and we have an abundance of lava particularly on the island of Hawaii which is producing lava all the time but also basalt doesn't rust and rebar getting rusty inside concrete or inside cement block is a terrible problem once you have to deal with it not only to try to fix it but also potentially leading to catastrophic failure which is what happened to the Champlain Tower South condo in Florida last year which with the resulting significant death toll. So if you can eliminate that that's a major thing to consider and go for. Yeah and then next slide that's how it would look like and once again, this is not an elephant leg as we could call all the existing and current attempts to build tall on the island which come around as clumsy and as gravity-based while this one is inspired by the Great Fry Auto and Larry Midland and consultants as a predominantly tensile system only the mass is compression but everything else is basically tensile so a way more tropical system more Tarzan and Janie who swing at the rope through the jungle and don't trample with big elephant legs. So on the next slide we will see here how that would look like if all these primitives then start to thrive and to grow and we would get one just in between us to Soto you would look down at it from up the foothills of Diamond Head when you're home and I would look up at it from the Waikiki Grant which you see here at the very bottom right and unless you move into it unless you move into it I will of course, I will have to and I will want to and I know one who wants to also because he dreams about it which we'll hear at the very end of the show here and that person also doesn't have a primitiva in his yards of the Hali Kalani which we see at the very left because the common areas of there are paradisal enough already but you might need to get something in your front yard in your Hali Kalani front yard Ron and this is what we see on the next slide which the articles from the store advertiser you send us to Soto so you guys both tell us about this what might be in the future for the front yard of the Hali Kalani well as we just mentioned at the very beginning of the show we have a situation where not only the ocean level is rising but sand is going away and this is a potential catastrophe for Waikiki so in a stop gap measure to attempt to slow that down there is this proposal to install all these groins in front of the hotels of Waikiki to hopefully build up sand where in some cases it has washed away almost completely and as we said earlier this is a stop gap measure this may or may not work and one of the terrible things about trying to control sand as we talked about trying to control water it doesn't always work so just putting up a wall and hoping that will stop sand from moving does not always work the way you want it to because the dynamics of sand motion is very complicated are very complicated and not easily controlled Yeah, when we just had the G20 summit and some of these island cultures basically are the first one to experience that you just can't hide from it see what a level rise is just getting at you it's just a question of when and not if and we know that there's a lot of research going on Mr. Fletcher, Chip Fletcher who was the keynote speaker on the on the holiday event of Fink Tech Kauai together with my colleague Wendy Maguro and a bunch of other ones are doing their very best to do the best they can and to prevent it but we want to throw out with Primitiva 3 another alternative which is based on the you know admitting that maybe you just can't stop nature that you made so angry so maybe you have to make up with nature and befriend nature and just you know also accept nature in its extended moods that we caused and that gets us to the next slide and what happens then? Well, if you're living in Primitiva 3 what happens is that if the air wants to blow through there at over 100 miles an hour you simply retreat into the central core of the building and let the wind blow through and that really is one of the only things you can do in the face of a very severe storm like a hurricane and so rather than trying to put up barriers to the wind to keep it out and failing as often happens as you can see after hurricanes and tornadoes you instead go with it and live with it and let it do what it needs to do without trying to keep it out or prevent it. Yeah and that you can't win this is what you see that little image in the center there is where the building all the glass got blown out and even if then cold says oh then we got to make glass stronger that means you got to produce more glass you got to put out more carbon you make nature even more angry so that's a vicious cycle that you can't win, right? And what you just perfectly described DeSoto we know from sailors at the very bottom right illustrating that if there's a storm coming it doesn't make sense to put another layer of tar on the sail, but the only thing that saves you is taking the sail down and that's what Primitiva does as it has horizontal and vertical porosity through its netting floors it doesn't give the hurricane a surface to hit right and that way, you know also it can be constructed in a much lighter way so that's what we want to throw out and with the last slide, please up if you want to know about this you got to visit something that a fellow tropic here Bundit Kinnistakan who we added to the poster I hope you don't mind, Bundit because again, you finally agreed to join and not just exhibit tropic here Rockwood and my humble doings in this area but also add you so looking much forward to that you want to be done and you have to be done one of these days and hopefully you will all join and some of us already, you know dreaming about this one, right? Yeah, I might say that recently of course I've joined with everyone else in sort of this lockdown lock off situation where you're pretty much stuck at home and then to have the home itself damaged by the water so badly I could start feeling sort of sorry for myself but at night my psyche somehow is self-protective and I so appreciate my REM sleep because I'm having dreams, quite happy dreams that help to take off some of the staying of how somehow someday just aren't so good to get through and last night I suddenly realized that I was outdoors in very dense greenery water was pouring on me I realized I was actually taking a shower I was in the nude outdoors there was a kind of a moat an arc of water to my left to my right people were walking up and down a ramp not looking at me I looked down at myself no, I was naked but I wasn't embarrassed and then it suddenly struck me aha, I'm actually living in primitiva and let me tell you viewers that would be a fine way to live awesome, let's all so now we just need to make that dream reality that would be equally easy, right? but it starts with dreaming okay, so let that be the perfect concluding comment and see you all back for a more human-jumain architecture we said we want to take a look at current practices on the island in the next couple of shows and assess them and share our thoughts about it so until then, please stay healthy first of all and happy and have equally wet tropical dreams that keep you dry, bye bye


Why is everyone so obsessed with the price of Bitcoin? How can I convince my friends who see it as an investment that it's so much more than that? Well, there's really two ways of looking at this, LZJ. One is, in many cases, because the fear of missing out and the excitement that's created around bubbles, people only really notice Bitcoin and they only really talk about Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, honestly, when the price is doing some kind of rally, and then the news is full of stories of people either getting rich or getting wrecked, and that attracts attention, and that attention leads more people to it. So for many people, the first experience they have is as an investment asset, is a price-based focus. Now, my goal and my role has always been to say, OK, no matter how you got into this, no matter what you came for, I have a story to tell you which is about why this matters a lot more than as an investment, as a personal investment choice, why this is a very important tool for freedom and personal empowerment, for open and free societies, open and free borders, an open world where everyone can participate in financial activity, why it's such an important tool for freedom, and why it's so important, not just for the developed world, but even more so the other six billion, the people who don't have access to these banking facilities and financial assets. So speaking of the other six billion, one other perspective you have to have is for many people who live in desperate financial conditions where they feel trapped, where they don't have too many options, where they don't have the option to invest in different assets, where they don't have access to international markets, where they don't have access to a way of saving for the future in a currency that's not going to just collapse under inflation or where they don't have access to foreign currency and they can't move money in and out of their country. For many of these people, price matters because price represents their own financial freedom. And so that's another very interesting perspective. But don't worry about whether your friends can be convinced or not. I would suggest you focus on your own learning, your own educational path, and they'll figure it out eventually or not. And that's okay too. Bitcoin is in for everyone and not everyone needs it. You often hear these talking heads on TV, especially the kind of rich investment bankers, people like the heads of the big investment banks and they said nobody needs Bitcoin. And what they're really saying is I don't need Bitcoin and of course they don't. They're at the top of the pyramid of the modern financial world and from their perspective, everything looks rosy up there. They're not at the bottom. And so why would you want a system that removes the pyramid structure if you're at the top of the pyramid? You don't see any reason why that's necessary. Of course you don't. Yeah, focus on education, focus on learning. You follow the path that works for you, get the enrichment that comes from knowledge and learning and doing something interesting, meeting new people, talking about things that are more important than money. The most important thing to remember is that there is no poorer person than a person who only has money. Thank you.


Listen. I like to consider myself an open-minded person. Somebody who likes to go against the norm. There's a line though for me and it's like kind of like this. It's kind of like a line like this. It's a thin line. Can we make that a little bit thinner? It's like that. Like like a very thin fine line where um something's too much for me personally. Fire haircutting is one of those things that is too much for me to handle. My mind doesn't want to go there. It doesn't want it to be a thing but I'm not gonna lie when I say I've been curious about it. Ever since I watched it I think in a reaction video? Yes. There was a reaction video I did about fire haircutting and ever since then I have been interested in it. It's finally come to the point where I want to give it a try. I want to do it. I am opening myself up. I'm going past that fine line of what is too much for me and I'm going to do it. I'm going to give it a try. I'm going to try out this. I'm going to do this and I'm going to try and have an open mind for today's video. I'm going to be a believer today and just try it. So I will be doing fire haircutting. Oh my good friend Miss Many Queen. I know she's been here a lot. I know it's kind of annoying like she's not a real person but like I don't know she's my friend and like I hope you can find love in your heart for her because she's going to be here a lot. We're going to use the same one I've been using for the last few videos because she is ready to just be gone now. I have a few more stucked up in the closet. A few more mannequins ready to go but Miss Many Queen that I've been using in the last few videos is ready to just have her hair cremated and maybe that's what's going to happen today or maybe she's going to get a fabulous haircut and she will live on and she will thrive but I'm thinking probably not. But first hold the frig on.  I am giving away five glitteratis that is right five of my beautiful lover glitteratis. Put it in your hair before you style it. It'll make it smooth it'll make it shiny it'll have your style lasting you all day through humidity through everything I swear. But anyways giving away five of these to you guys because I freaking love you and I love you and I love you.  And the giveaway will close on June 27th and I will be announcing the winner on my Instagram story so check that out on that day to see if you want one of the five bottles of glitterati. Thank you so much for watching that and let's get this freaking video started. Let's do it. So believe it or not I don't know much about how to actually go about cutting hair with fire. No that is not taught in school that is not taught anywhere how to do that so I decided I could do research on my own or I could do research with you and I thought maybe doing research with you would be more fun so let's do some research. So there is this video by ASLS and it's called women try fire haircuts and maybe we can learn a thing or two here before we start but basically I'm I want to split up Miss Maddie Quinn's hair down the middle do a fire haircut on one side and do a regular haircut on the other side and compare both and see what happens. That's my concept. All right let's watch the video. Those are that's a blowtorch. Dude they're so brave. I'd be a little scared if I were them. Why are they volunteering for this? But Brad open mind I think open mind with knives not with fire. Somebody probably lit their hair on fire and realized maybe that's not a good idea and there's somebody else was like yo we should use a knife and somebody was like yeah that's a great idea. So no I don't exactly believe the ancients use fire to cut their hair. I'm sorry I'm gonna say that's a probably a no for me. Guys I am not a historian so don't come for me if that's incorrect but just a thought. Just a thought. There's a legend. There's also medicine for lice shampoo for lice. You can go the fire route or I don't know you could get the medicine for it but you know I didn't go to medical school so I'm not a doctor and I could be wrong. Once again I could be wrong. Okay there's honestly like nobody in the world that doesn't have split ends. Okay I don't care how healthy your hair is you got split ends. The only time you should be concerned about your split ends is when there's a lot of them and it's horrendous and it's frizzy and disgusting because of them otherwise everybody has split ends. Okay so she wants a haircut at her shoulders. Okay I could get into that. Stop that again. I am not sure heat seals keratin so if you didn't already know your hair is made out of keratin which is a protein found in skin. I'm not sure that you can put fire on keratin and it somehow seals it.   Take it or leave it. I am really coming for them and I'm so sorry. Listen do you live your extra life but I just have to point out some obvious things that I'm seeing. Killpool's vibe I really do. She asked for a shoulder length haircut. It's literally not shoulder length but what do I know? Okay so they're washing her hair. I will do this on my mannequin. Okay okay so now they're deep conditioning their hair so even if the fire haircut did make a difference you wouldn't be able to know if it was the deep conditioner or the fire haircut and I think that's the point because I'm guessing the fire haircut doesn't work and you need to mask it up with a deep conditioner. Alright okay so this is what I'm gonna do. I'm gonna stop the video here. I'm gonna go and wash the mannequin in deep conditionette and then I will be coming back and following whatever they do next to her hair. Hopefully I don't light my house in flames because I just moved here and I think I'm ready. So we have this mannequin here. Hey girl and I just split her down the middle and you know what we're gonna do today is label one side as fire and the other side we're gonna just label it as R for regular. Let's draw a line in the middle just to make sure we keep track of which side is which. Fire. Regular because you're just a regular old girl. So to do this of course I have a blow torch. These are used as a kitchen accessory for creme brulee so perfect. I have fuel for it. I also have some water just in case things get a little bit due out of hand. She is conditioned and shampooed heavily and you know the regular supplies. Some hair cutting scissors um oh one more hold on one more. Perfect all right let's keep watching the video and see what is next. Kind of excited kind of worried for my safety but also kind of not. All right let's do it. Time for fire. There is a fire extinguisher and a bucket of water next to them just in case her hair goes up in flames. I do actually also have a wet towel just in case. They are so hold up okay I'm gonna do this in a second but first my opinion because I love sharing my opinion today and love it always. The hair is wet. It's soaking wet.  All right let's give it a try. I don't actually know how to use this. Seems awfully dangerous. No idea what I'm doing. Okay so we're going to take this first section here and we're going to burn her hair off. This is exhilarating. Sorry it smells terrible. Her hair looks burnt. I guess I don't know the real technique on how to do this I guess. I think that I'm going to go and get a maybe not this torch. Actually you know what I am going to use this torch. I'm going to learn how to use it. A little intermission. A lot of different things. Such as hair cutting. Perfect. I don't think the right girl to be teaching you right now. All right sorry about that intermission. I think I'm ready now. Okay I got it to work. Let's continue our fire haircut. So I think this piece looks nice. We're trying to get rid of like the fuzziness. I think nobody's really telling me what the goal is but I'll just do a little bit more.  I'm not using this anymore. I'm just going to use a regular lighter. I don't know how to use it and I'm over it. So I'll be right back. This is more my style anyways. All right we got a lighter and let's give it a fire haircut. All right let's start up here. I'm just going to name for these little frizzy bits. Okay I'm not going to lie. This is fun. I mean I feel like most people like playing up fire. So it's kind of like um like obvious. You have to really make sure this hair is wrapped tight or else you're going to burn a lot of hair off here.  I'm really trying okay so don't come to me if you think I'm not trying. I actually genuinely think this would be cool if it works.  So maybe that'll go away once we blow-dry it but let's work around the head. Do this in sections and burn the hair. It doesn't smell that bad so that's good. Let's worry about that. Um I think it's fun so I'll give them that. I don't know if there's any rhyme or reason to like how they're sectioning out the hair. How much hair they're doing per section but it did it looked to me like they were just going in and lighting the hair on fire. Why don't we just do a little recap here. That makes one of us. Mine looks like it's burning more than theirs. Also like I don't know how he's doing that thing when he goes like this. Like that's not working for me. I'm scared and I'm not even the one getting it done. Stop. Stop. No stop. I'm not doing that. I'm sorry. Maybe I'll try. Okay let me finish this. Sorry I'm busy getting ready for dead ends over here. Please let me be. Can a boy just do his fire haircut in peace once in a while? Honestly do I notice a difference yet? Um no. I'm gonna do that thing they just did but I don't want to use that much fire because like I don't really exactly trust myself so why don't we just run across and just try and get rid of like I don't know just the excess um frizziness going on here. I feel like it looks smooth to me like oddly smooth and like there's no flyaways so kind of getting into this. Like is this gonna work or is this just gonna flop? Okay I think that's sufficient enough. It looks good. I think it looks nice. I don't know. Let's see what happens with theirs. They did a deep finishing treatment. Oh my gosh I feel so soft. Remember when she wanted her hair down to up to her shoulders? Yo am I the only one who can see those fiery split ends? Like it looks like her hair was burnt. I'm sorry but I can see it even in this close-up they're showing. Okay I I you guys know how I feel about that but I I don't want to end it there. I think we can go one step further and give her a real hair cut with fire and then we'll blow dry both sides and see what the deal is but I want to actually cut her hair with fire. So we have this one. This video is called California Hairstyles Sets Client's Hair on Fire to Get Resplendent and this is my inside edition. So oh my no no no no no I don't know if I can do this. This is scary. Yo if this was actual science everybody would be doing it. If we could bond keratin back together with fire everybody would be doing it. Okay so I'm gonna do it. I'm gonna cut the other side with scissors so that's it. I'm gonna blow dry this real quick and then we're gonna do it. Okay so the hair is now blow dried on this side and I'm really genuinely giving this a fair chance. I need to see the other side blow dried too at the same time um so we'll do that after this but I do see like just a lot of shorter hair coming off of her long hair. I mean I I feel like it looks a lot worse like concerningly. It's like there's so many little hairs but I don't know we're gonna see what the other side looks like once they're both dry and compare because maybe it already was like that but I don't know.  So I saw he in the video he like put a comb in the hair and then just like started burning it wherever he wanted the comb to land.  I have a towel down guys so oh my god it smells so bad I don't know if I can do this.  Okay I can't do much more of this this is really gross this is really really gross. I mean do you see what's happening here? I I mean like I don't want to die and I want to burn my house down and this is actually really scary to do not even me being a dramatic like this is honestly just scary and I don't want to set my alarms off my house I don't want to burn everything to the ground and for the sake of a youtube video so that is that clearly it looks disgusting oh it feels so bad it feels so crusty okay yeah we're gonna we're done with the fire for today so last test let me just blow dry both sides the exact same way all I did was just um run the blow dryer over this and very lightly use a flat brush to blow dry that way get very natural dry and not manipulate it too much with a round brush just to really test out what that fire did for her hair let me quickly blow dry the other side the exact same way and let's test out what's the deal here all right let's do it all right so there we have it both sides are blow dried I blow dried them the exact same way I did not put any product in her hair besides the conditioner everything's exactly the same except this side we use fire to cut so let's do it up close inspection both of us let's both do the same time out again this side was the regular side and this side is the um fire side so get there so that is that let's see based on feel I don't feel anything different at all okay something on the ends though I don't know if it was probably because of that last thing I did that had I feel fried to death I'm not really judging that because I want to go I want to really judge on like the kind of split entry when the other salon was doing because that's what I'm more interested because clearly guys please just don't literally chop your hair with fire maybe the split end thing let's let's let's really go in here um and look closer I I don't know if I really see a huge difference but I'm like looking at the surface don't see really any difference I am also not a professional at fire haircuting so it's possible that I didn't do completely correct and the other people did but I see basically the same amount of split ends and flyways but you be the judge that is the close-up you guys saw it so that's a good thing I mean at least it wasn't exactly bad for the hair but I don't think it particularly did anything special fire fryer brad is here I don't know why this hat is crooked but I came to the conclusion that uh first of all I don't know I I never took a class on on fire haircuting but I don't believe there is real experts in it I don't know if you happen to be a fan of fire haircuting that is cool I don't think it does any harm if it's done the way it was done in the first video the second video I think terrible idea I'm gonna be honest my recommendation would be to not do fire haircuts just because I see no benefit and I only see potential hazard potential risk doing that but that's your thing go for it I don't want to say anything rude about it because clearly some people really like it and that's awesome and we're all entitled to our opinion so fire haircuts gonna be a no for me so case closed on that one I will not be doing any more fire haircuts on anybody especially real human beings um but interesting concept and I'm glad I gave it a try today always try new things you know that's what life's about so don't forget to enter my giveaway for glitter body if you guys would like to win one follow x mono follow brah mono nyc on instagram and twitter and thank you guys so much for watching today don't forget to live your extra life and I will see you all next time peace