Well, my name is Filippo Benedetti. I'm working at the Global Soil Partnership, coordinating the activities of the Global Soil Laboratory Network, Glozolan. Glozolan organized this session. And the aim of Glozolan is to group soil laboratories worldwide and work together on several activities. The harmonization of standards and protocols, organization of online trainings, activities on internal and external quality control like proficiency tests, for instance. And Glozolan is structured in regional and national networks that are called Resolam, so regional soil laboratory networks, and national soil laboratory networks. Glozolan, as you can see, is increasing a lot and is almost reaching 800 members from all over the world. You can see in the bottom right corner of the screen the different regional networks and how many members we have from each regional networks. We're organizing several online training sessions. All information are reported on the capacity development web page under Glozolan website. The page is under construction, but all the content is updated. So there you can find all the information about all the trainings organized by Glozolan. And its partners and its members. This is an example on how the web page looked like before the webinar took place. So for instance, you can see the short description of the webinar and the lecturer and the intro register. And after the training, after the implementation of the training, so in a couple of days, you will find all the material of today's meeting. So this means the presentation that has been given, the video recording of the training. So you can go to the training again if you want to check again what was given. This is a list of the webinars that have been implemented so far by Glozolan. In the right, you can see that we implemented as well some trainings on soil spectroscopy. While in the left side of the screen, you see all the other trainings that have been implemented so far in different languages. Many of them will take place soon. So you can see we implement one on soil phosphorus by Olsen, one training on health and safety. And the other training session will take place in English as well as in French and Arabic. Today's session is the webinar on saturated soil paste extract. And it is taking place, it is implemented in English. Still, please note that in 10 days, around 10 days, on the 21st of November, the same session will be implemented in Arabic. So if you are more familiar with Arabic, please feel free to join again the session on the 21st of November. The training session in Arabic will take place on that day. Upcoming webinars will be focused on the SOP for soil organic carbon by Wecklenbeck, the phosphorus, the elimination of soil phosphorus by Olsen, the preparation of soil samples for chemical and physical analysis, both in English and French. And another webinar on the soil electrical conductivity in water with a ratio of 1 to 5. All this information will be reported on our website. And we will inform all blue zone members about this information. So we will send information by mail to register. And so today's lecture is on saturated soil paste extract. And the lecturers of today are Marija Romic from the Faculty of Agriculture from Croatia, from Zagreb. Then we have Riam Zalan from the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research in Syria. And Mr. Mohamed Minal Alzubi from the Natural Resources Research Administration in Syria. We are very happy that we succeeded in organizing this training. And I want to thank once again the lecturers of today because this is the voluntary work and they cooperate together. You see they are from different parts of the world. They cooperate together to implement this training. It is very important because this measurement is one of the essential procedures implemented by laboratories. And also because the Global Soil Partnership is working a lot on soil salinity this year. As you may know, we implement a Global Symposium on Salt-Affected Soil in October. And the main topic of the World Soil Day 2021 will be health soil salinization to boost soil productivity. So this training is strongly linked with this training. And we are very happy that many people are attending today because the laboratories of course are playing a crucial role in intermining soil salinity for mapping and for decision making to promote sustainable soil management to correctly manage salt-affected soils. So without any further ado, I would like to give the floor to Maria to start the training. Again, I can't ask you to write all the questions in the chat and please specify to who you would like to address the question. We will try to answer the question throughout the presentation. Still, in the end of the presentation, we'll have enough time to answer the question. So if you want to raise questions directly to the lecturers, you will be able to do this at the end of the presentation. So Maria, yes, we can see your screen, but not the presentation. We see the folder. Can you unmute also? Yeah, OK, now we can unmute. OK, now we see the presentation. OK, just a sec. Can you see the presentation now? Yes, the moment is loading. Yes, perfect. Please go ahead. Thanks a lot once again. OK, thanks, Dan. So we can start. Yes, please. OK, thank you. So first of all, we are welcome everyone to the webinar that will present the standard operating procedure for saturated soil-paste extract published by Glossalon in 2021. I'm really so happy and excited to see so many colleagues that are interested in this issue. And the lecturers will provide today an insight on the procedure describing each step of the measurement from sample preparation to quality assurance and control. And participants will have the chance to raise questions and directly interact with the speakers in the last part of the session or the end of the presentation. And language of this session is English. Saturated soil-paste extracts has been for decades a routine method used in assessment of soil salinity. So many laboratories in countries faced with the problem of soil salinization and alkalization across the globe use this method. To be more precise, since 1954, the electrical conductivity of the saturated-paste extract has been the preferred index for the soil salinity. Based on this value, management plans and remediation strategies were developed and widely used. My name is Maria Romic and I'm a head of the analytical laboratory called Mellilab at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, which is accredited according to the International Standard, ICO 17.025. But a great deal of this training is prepared by Dr. Riham Zalathan and Dr. Mahal Al-Zubi from Syrian General Commission from Scientific Agricultural Research. And I greatly appreciate their contribution. The short video clip was produced in the Mellilab in Zagreb. Here is the short presentation of the institutions involved in this training. At the University of Zagreb, Mellilab is an environmental chemistry lab which carry out several water routine and specific chemical and physical analysis focused in general on soil-water relations. So you can see here the list of the analysis we are carried out. So physical analysis of chemical water and plant material and also some other cells as well. I would kindly ask Dr. Mahal Al-Zubi to present the laboratories in participating in this training from Syria. Please, Dr. Al-Zubi. Thank you, Mahal. Good morning, good evening, everybody. It's a pleasure to meet you in this session. My institute with me, I'm Dr. Riham, the General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research Administration of Natural Resources Research. In Syria, we have now 10 labs. Before the Syrian crisis, we have 14 labs. But the crisis destroyed, and the crisis were destroyed most of them. Now we rehabilitated most of them. We have three labs south of Syria, one north of Syria, two at the coast of Syria. And we have three at the middle of Syria. And we have one at the east in Syria. Most all of them interest in soil, physical analysis and chemical and water and plant and fertilizer analysis. The nine of these labs joined to the glosolan, I think since three years. We have one. We prepared the last one to join the glosolan. Now these 10 labs is very active. Now after crisis is very active. These labs produce services for farmers, for analysis the soils and water and fertilizers for farmers, and for research in our institute. Thank you, Maja, and I will move to you again. OK, thank you very much. So we will continue with the training outline. What we are going to do today is the training on the performance of the saturated soil paste extract method when we deal with the soil salinity problem. SOP, saturated paste, has been harmonized, as I already said, by glosolan participating laboratories and published by FAO in 2021. So here is the outline of the two days training session. We will start with the introduction, giving some general points on the soil salinity and consequences of the rising salts in soil, scope and field of application of the method, principles of this method. So the way to prepare sample and procedure is described. Which equipment, apparatus and material we used, then how to carry out the calculation. Some basic information on quality assurance and quality control will be given also, as well as health and safety issues. So we prepared a very short video to give time for a break to raise your questions or prepare for the discussion. And at the end, we will have some conclusions and the info of the further analysis and the discussion will be open. So starting with the soil salinity, we can say that one of the most serious and persistent problem over the history of the agriculture is so many countries of the dry regions of the world where human civilization have risen has been salinity. So worldwide, soil salinization and alkalization have been identified as major threats to the quality and availability of the land resources. According to FAO services, more than 800 million hectares of land are salt affected. It's about 6% of the world's total land area. And covering a range of soils defined as saline, saline, sodic and sodic. Furthermore, nearly 20% of 230 million hectares of irrigated land are salinized is a certain degree. Salinity refers to the accumulation of salts in soil and tends to be a problem in dry climates where natural levels of rainfall cannot leach salts out of the soil. We also associate the salinization with poor drainage in irrigated land. Irrigation may import salts into soil and then drainage is poor. Irrigation rises the water table, bringing salts into rhizosphere. These salts may come from parent material and rocks having an excess of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and other elements. Then irrigation with water rich in basic salts can lead toward the soil salinization. Topography may influence as well, such as the absence of slope or presence of basin shaped topography, followed by seawater intrusion that may bring salts into groundwater in the coastal areas and many other conditions may contribute as well. So why it is important to measure electrical conductivity and monitor its value. Salinization severely limits crop growth, reduces yields and causes plant stress. Therefore, soil salinity interpretation is essential to develop and apply sustainable agricultural management and suitable irrigation techniques in semi arid and arid environments. Salinity is, as a definition we can say then, that salinity is a soil condition characterized by a high concentration of soluble salts, generally defined as one in which the electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste extract in the root zone exceeds 4 decimals per meter and 25 Celsius degrees. So the soluble salts of greatest concern in salts are sulfates, bicarbonates, and chlorides of the basis of calcium, magnesium, and sodium. In saline soils, salts cause several problem conditions and I already mentioned before. Primarily, among these are osmotic effects. In a non-saline soil, about half of the water held at the field capacity is available to plants. In saline soil, as little as 10% may be available because of osmotic potential. Furthermore, specific aisles, mainly chlorine and sodium, may be taken up by plant shoots and accumulate in plant tissue to toxic levels. These are called ion-specific effects. Furthermore, nutrient imbalances in the plant can result from excess of some ions at the expense of others. For instance, high level of sodium can induce potassium or calcium deficiency, or high soil salt level inhibit population of some soil microorganism, while encouraging others, changing the biological nature of the soil. In certain cases, extremely high pH occurs as well. And now, what's the main purpose of applying this method? So I will repeat maybe some issues, but it is important to stress that soil saturated by sectoral electrical conductivity value is widely used measure of soluble salts to evaluate the salinity hazard of crop growth and the sodicity hazard to soil permeability. This is actually a simple and accurate manual method, but requires a trained technician to ensure the proper amount of water is added. The method requires a larger amount of soil sample compared to the other chemical soil analysis, and the procedure takes over 24 hours. It's a pretty long time. Soil texture is a parameter that greatly influences the performance of these soil testing methods and consequently also the result. We will discuss this problem later. Over a wide soil textural range, the saturation percentage is approximately twice the filled capacity, soil water potential, and is four times the permanent wilting point soil water potential for soils of loam to claim loam texture then can be different for the different soils and soils of different properties, especially on texture properties. So which were the starting points for this presentation? Then we established that this soil water ratio is used because it is the lowest reproducible ratio for which enough extract or analysis can be readily removed from the soil with common laboratory equipment such as pressure or vacuum. Then this ratio is often related in a predictable manner to the field soil water content, which is very important. Soil solution obtained at lower soil moisture conditions are more labor intensive and require special equipment. And finally, this extract is used in a series of chemical analysis, primarily to measure electrical conductivity and concentration of major solutes. So we come now to the scope and the field of application and saturated paste extract is defined as the standard method for determining the amount of salt in soil. The saturated paste is actually a particular mixture of soil and water. And when preparing a saturated paste and a graze extract is obtained, that's actually our goal to obtain this extract. The extract is used in a series of chemical analysis. I already said electrical conductivity, concentration of major solutes like sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and many others. Furthermore, saturated paste extract is used also to estimate other important parameters such as sodium absorption ratio, which also predicts the exchangeable sodium percentage. So we come now to the main goal of this SOP and also this presentation or this training, that the main aim of this SOP is preparing saturated soil paste for measuring electrical conductivity and soluble salt of the soil from a saturated paste extract. So further, up to now, my colleagues from Syria will take the floor and describe the procedures and all other details on the SOP. And I kindly ask Dr. Mahal Al-Zubi to continue the presentation. Thank you. Thank you, Amaja. Thank you. Again, I will talk about principles. There are three principles to prepare the saturated paste. The first is the time. You need to do this process within specific time, not exceeding 24 hours. The second makes it easier. Amaja, can you put the presentation mode, the full-screen mode so we can better see? Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Thanks. Yeah, the second make sure that you will use mechanical vacuum extractor so by using suitable tools, you can achieve this step. The third determine the EC electrical conductivity. It's an important step to measure the soil EC so you can determine the soil salinity. The EC expressed in DCCments meter per meter. Some countries expressed it in millimos. Yeah, millimos, but most countries now expressed it in DCCments. Make sure you choose a good kind of EC apparatus to achieve good results. For preparation of the saturated paste, how we can prepare saturated paste and what we need. Now, we need some equipments and materials, but you should divide this issue into two parts. The first for preparation, the saturated paste. We need equipments. We need materials like balance, double and accurate to 0.1 gram, baker's, sermic dishes, septuola and vacuum bomb. The second, we need for this process, we need to get a sort of extract from saturated paste by using some tools like filter paper. Make sure the number 42 or 45 and receiving you and the measuring cylinder. The equipments, we need these equipments. We need glass, we need the septuola and measuring cylinder and very important material that's filter papers. Make sure to be 42, 44. Also, the equipments, we need the vacuum bomb. A vacuum bomb, it's essential equipment to get a sort of extract. Also, flux, you need them to get the extract after the previous step, the vacuum process. For the more, don't forget the rupper, stopper in order to achieve a good vacuum process. Also, you need receiving the tube, receiving tube to collect the sort extract. So we need these apparatus within these equipments. This is very important in this process. As I mentioned, vacuum, mechanical vacuum and cobs for extractor and for receiving tube. Now, the third sample, when you receive the third samples, you should prepare these samples for analysis as the following. Firstly, collecting sample, when you collect the samples from the field either from farmer fields or research fields, you should write the sample data in small paper such the sides, the kind of sample, maybe soil sample, maybe water sample, the number of sample and the depth of this sample and the coordinates and the height of this land. We should write this information in a small piece of paper. And after that, drying the sample, after sending the sample to lab, dry them directly as air dried. Make sure to keep them away from the sunlight. After that, make sure you drain this and see that the soil sample through two millimeters safe and store them, store the samples into a bottle, maybe a glass bottle, paper, boxes, or plastic bottles. It's up to you. You can choose the best for you. Also, what we need now for these procedures, the styled water should have an EC 0.001 DCC means for this process and don't make sure the equipment is very clean and washed by the styled water and save the samples in a storey, glass box and don't forget to write the numbers. Don't forget to write the numbers of the samples in the bottles. And also, don't forget to put the small piece of paper into the bottles of samples to keep the information, to keep the data. And don't forget to record the soil information in the register or personal computer to save this data for the future works. Now, I will move to my colleague, Raham. Raham, are you ready? Yes, is my voice clear today? Very clear. Yes. You can finish your presentation and I will start to share my screen, Dr. Manav. Yeah, you can. You can't share your screen now. Yes. I just want to put it in the... Can you see it now? Yes, yes, we can see. Is it clear? Yes. Yeah, OK. Good morning, good evening, and good day, our collectives. It's a great chance that FAO and GSB give us this great platform to share experience and information with our collectives all over the world about soil science and lab working. I will start from the point that Dr. Manav has stopped in. After getting our soil samples in the lab, actually it's very important to get a DQ weight information about the soil sample we are working on. So for me, I prefer, for example, to get the results of the mechanical analysis before starting the procedure of conducting the saturated waste because it's going to give me a great idea and DQ weight information about what kind of soil samples I'm working on. So for example, if you can see the table on this slide, you can see how the soil samples may differ according to soil type. And according to soil depth without the same soil profile, if you can see from the table on the left that the group of the very fine soil particles can differ from 33% to 50% with the depth of 75 centimeters and then have that sharp decline till 7%, only 7% at the 100 centimeters. So it's very important to get an DQ weight information because that's going to help me first to know what kind of soil I'm working on. So what is the soil mass that I need to work on? For example, with soils with high clay content, I may rise it from 200 grams till 400 grams. It will be more a DQ weight and more beneficial. And the more high the soil has, the more water it might take to get the saturation condition. So it's going to help me to know what to do and how to do. Of course, it's very important to give me an idea about the precision of my results. If I am going to conduct the further analysis, if we can see from the same table on the right how different the soil properties with the difference of the particle size groups, for example, from CEC to magnesium, calcium, whatever I want to measure, it will differ according to the soil sample type, as well as the soil sample. So it's very important to know what kind of soil samples I'm working on. Here is an ideal example about different types of soil-based saturation based of different soils. We can see that my differ in appearance, in color, in shape. So if you are dealing with some kind of soil types in your lab and you will see different pictures in this training, it's OK. It might differ according to the soil type, to the soil content of organic matter, as we can see from the pictures on the left and on the right. And the content of sand, the content of clay, so it's OK. If you just keep working, do as much as you can, because with practice, with beating the situation, you will have that sense and that feeling of the procedure itself. And so you can judge your work by time more accurate and in an excellent way. So after we make sure that we have all the equipment, because as Professor mentioned at the first of this presentation, that it's a time-consuming procedure. So make sure that you have all the equipment you need. You will not need anything in the further steps. Start with the precise balance weight to have 200 grams of your soil sample and air dried, homogenized, saved by 2 millimeters, and then transfer the soil sample to something or some equipment to work in to conduct the soil saturated best. And we prefer the ceramic dishes or we can use the pictures of 500 millimeters. The most important point here, to use some equipment with that wide open, so you can stir and mix easily and then you can transfer the saturated best to the extractor system easily and with nothing remaining in the dish itself. So it would be more accurate. In this stage, I prefer to write down all the notes I might need in the further calculations. For example, I prefer to weight the empty dish, the dish with the dry sample, as well as the dish with the saturated best. It can help me in the further calculation I may need. So an extra information, it's better than the missing data because it may cost me to repeat the whole procedure and it's really difficult and time consuming and effort consuming, actually. To start the procedure, after transferring the soil sample to the ceramic dish, for example, we will start to add the dionized or the distal water, as we mentioned, with the materials we need. At this point, I prefer to start the additions with small portions of water from the edges towards the center. We should then pour the distal water on the top of the soil, start from the edges and start to mix the small portions of water with a part of the soil gradually stirring and mixing, continues in this case until all the dried soil is moistened. After that, you can keep mixing for a while. I prefer this, actually, because we cannot give the chance to the added water to enter in the pores between the soil particles and the soil aggregates, which is the main purpose and the main principle of this procedure, actually. You can use that for this, as we mentioned before, the glass stirrer. Good morning, Lestriko. Good morning, Lestriko. Good morning, Lestriko. Good morning, Lestriko. Good morning, Lestriko. Keep mixing until all the dried soil is moistened. Here, there is a famous question, when to start, when to stop adding the water? Actually, there are special and main characteristics of the IDL-saturated soil paste. You can see from the big shot that it's a shiny surface. It's a metallic cluster. It reflects light easily, so you can see that shiny, smooth and fine surface. It flows slightly if you tip the container. And if you draw a line in the middle of the soil paste, it cannot fill up or merge again if you only gently tip the edges of the dish. And we can see pictures in the previous, in the further slides for these characteristics. So I'm going to move for this, because we did it. After that, it's perfect, but we didn't finish yet. So we need to allow that paste to stand for a while, at least for two to three hours. And then we have to recheck the criteria of saturation. Actually, it's from a practical note. If you conduct this procedure for several times, you can notice that it may differ with soil type. For example, you may have to recheck samples of high clay of content, while you may not add any water or soil for soils with coarse texture, actually. And I also noticed from my work that may differ with the temperature of the lab from seasons in hot summers or in dry winter, for example. In hot summers, you may add some water after two to three hours, because if you didn't cover the dish, you might lose some of it by evaporation. So it's very important to recheck the criteria of the saturation of the base after a while, and then you can leave it to the next day. Allow the best to stand for at least 24 hours, at least, but not exceeding that time. It's at minimum four hours and at maximum 24 hours. After that, we can bliss our saturated paste in the cap and move it to the mechanical extractor to connect the syrinx with the connection tube and moving to the next stage. Here I wanna take some notes from our work in the lab, actually, as Dr. Malham mentioned, that we have several sizes for bookmark funnels. You can use whatever you have in your lab, but if you have all the sizes available, I prefer to choose the bigger size or the linear size because it's gonna give me a wider space, a bigger space to separate my saturated base. So it's gonna make the extraction process more easier and I can consume less time to get the soil extract. After that, I need to choose the right size of the filter paper, adding the filter paper. We use the filter paper as a barrier to prevent the soil particles from moving toward the soil extract because I wanna clear soil extract to work in the further analysis. So I'm gonna add the filter paper. It's very important to motorize the edges. Why I motorize the edges? Because of two reasons. First, in soils with high clay content, I may have, as we mentioned, a very big mess of soil to get only a small amount of soil extract. So I don't need to lose any portion of it because the filter paper may absorb a little bit as well as I want to motorize the edges. So I can ensure that the complete sealing on the edges so no possibility for any soil particles to move toward the soil extract. It's very important actually. And then I will connect the whole system, connect it with the extractor system. After that, I'm gonna go to transfer my saturated vests to the Bokner funnel. I have an ideal saturated vests after reaching it the next day. I should make sure that it's very ideal and if I want to adjust it or I need to mix it again, so it's gonna give me something so similar to the picture we can see in number one. And then I'll move it to the Bokner funnel. I separate the soil based on the filter paper. That's why we need, as we said before, a good size of the Bokner funnel. The base should cover the bottom of the cup completely at the depth of least 1.3 centimeters. And then I'm gonna move to connect the flask with the extractor system and start the operation. After starting the operation, we can see the soil extract as it drops in the flask. And the most important question here, when to stop? Do I need to stop after getting enough amount of the soil extract or I should finish the whole process till the last drop of soil extract? Actually, I prefer to obtain the as much amount as possible because it would be a more accurate and more homogenized, more representative to the soil sample on work and then. We can adjust the end of this process by the appearance of the soil based after extraction. We can see that it started to get drier because we are extracting the moisture from it. And after a while, it may form some kind of cracks on the surface. After that period, I can switch off the system and get my soil extract. After getting the soil extract and save it in proper containers, maybe polyethylene containers, I can go to the further analysis which the aim and the point of conducting a saturation soil base. Why do I want to do such a procedure? Because I want this a soil extract that as similar as to the one exist within the root system in the soil profile. So I can do several analysis actually. It's a great chance to first make the electrical conductivity by using the electrical conductivity meter. I can also by immersing the block of pH meter directly in the saturated base, I can take the Bay-Osh value. I also can calculate the total dissolved salts in my soil samples, the TDS, the soil ratio. I also can use it as the professor mentioned before for measuring several monovalent and devalent in my soil samples. And we can see from the picture how clear the soil extract that I can get from this procedure. This is the properties and the characteristics of the identical saturated soil base. We can see that it's the shiny surface. It's a glisten and reflects light easily. It flows slightly. If we can see that the thin line was drawn in the middle of the saturated base, if I tip it or shake it gently, it will fill up again or merged. And it slides freely and cleanly from the spatula. Of course, unless if my soil samples have a high play, a contact. After finishing, I should make some calculation, actually. Saturated base give me the chance to do several calculation and several measurements as we mentioned before. One of the most important things that I can conduct by using the saturated base is calculating the moisture content, which indicates the amount of water needed to saturate 100 gram of my soil. The saturation are usually referred to by millimeter 100 gram or gram by 100 gram, which we must indicate it. That's why we mentioned that we need to take several notes on weights previously by taking the weight of the dish with a dry soil and the dish with the saturated soil. I can measure how much water I'm consumed to conduct the saturated base. I can go to calculate all these measurements. And there are also another way that I can use by measuring the water before adding to the saturated base. That's why we said that I might need a cylinder. So I can measure it this way or that way. It's the same. The most important that I get the accurate number of the consumed amount of water to conduct the saturated base. After that, I can apply the situation. It's very simple, very important to calculate the saturation. I just need the weight of water added to the gram and the weight of the soil to be a gram multiplied by 100. Actually, if I want to calculate the saturation of a soil sample by using another methods, it may take from me two to three days in the lab. And it won't be accurate as much as this. So we emphased or induced our collectors to take as much information and results from one method. So it will be a saving time and efforts and money. Also, we can use the different units to refer to the electrical conductivity, which is the main purpose of conducting the saturated base as we see from the table. In the below, we can go from two several units. Actually, as Mr. Tukerman had mentioned, we can use several minutes. Some of us prefer to use the disassembly meter, which is highly and very common to use to refer the electrical conductivity of a soil. But I can still make several conversions between units according to why I'm conducting this procedure and what do I want to do with the results and the number. For health and safety, actually, the most important thing, and I like it very much in the all SOVs GSB conducted, that they refer to the health and safety of the procedure and the materials we used in this procedure. Actually, in general, no significant hazards associated with this procedure. But we prefer that the lab workers use the protection elements which are very entirely required from lab coat to cloths to glasses, it's preferred. Even it's only soil and distilled water, but we prefer that our workers still keep protected as much as possible because actually several new studies have mentioned the possibility of getting infected because of the direct, the humans can contact with the soil. This soil may be a come from bloated areas from fields irrigated with fertilizers, with the gray water, with sewage water. For example, so we need to be more careful. It's better to wear the gloves, the lab coats and the glasses to eliminate the risks as much as possible. For quality assurance, quality control. Actually, first of all, there are the basics of the lab work. For example, you should make as precise as possible while waiting the soil samples. We need to make sure that we are using the right, deionized or distilled water. We need to recheck its payout and EC before using it because it's a great factor that may change the whole result. And we need to make sure that we are using the reference materials for adjusting our equipment. A bird is like the electrical conductivity meter and the B.S. meter. And we need also to make sure what a temperature we are working with. We can easily distinguish the temperature of our lab from the screen of this apparatus because as we mentioned that electrical conductivity, for example, may increase at approximately a 1.9 percent for every increase of a degree in the temperature of the lab condition. So we need to make sure that we are working as accurate as possible. And if we see some numbers of electrical conductivity and researches and references, they commonly use the reference temperature, which is known as 25 degrees centigrade, unless that we need to mention the temperature we worked on. We wanted to share with you some of the common mistakes we usually see in the labs while trying to train a new lab focus on conducting this process because if you wanted to make some soil extract, soil solution, it's very easy compared with this procedure. For example, this is a very common mistake after two hours and maybe after 24 hours, you cannot find this amount of water on the surface of the soil base, which is a great mistake. So what may I do if I face some kind of this mistakes? For example, it's not preferred. It should be not faced after a while of working. We may add some extra soil to adjust the base to structure. But as we mentioned before, we need to wait the added soil is again so we can measure the whole mass of soil we used. And we also may leave it for an extra time to give it time to settle down, to rest and to give me the accurate grid, maybe concentration of quotients and whatever I want to measure with it. We can see also that why we say we need to start from the edges to the center because we don't want to see this kind of mistakes on the left. For example, the slapped edges, the bloated edges because I'm going to lose an amount of the soil on that edges. So I can't go to a complete transfer to the soil base to the Buccaneur funnel. It's not preferred and I'm gonna lose some of my soil samples.  Another mistake that's forgetting the record of consumed amount of water or forgetting some necessary weight as we mentioned before. We need to be very careful because we don't want to repeat this procedure once more. Also we can see from the picture on the top, the very thick structure. We may find this kind of conditions after two to three hours. That's why we need to recheck the criteria of saturation. In the picture, in the bottom, we can see a very small amount of soil. So if I'm gonna do this kind of procedure, I want to make sure that I'm doing it as much accurate as possible. So I don't have to repeat it again. But if I use only too small amount of soil, it won't be enough to obtain and decuate soil extract to work with and to conduct all the analysis that I wanted after that. So I should make sure of applying the procedure as precise as possible. This is a very common mistake actually because that's why we said we need to choose the right size of the filter paper, the type of the filter paper. As Dr. Manhattan mentioned, it should be 42 or 45, 45 years. We need to make sure that we place it in a proper way so we can cover all the holes of the backnut funnel. As we said that we use it as a barrier to prevent soil from going down to the soil extract. So it's a very common mistake and the result will be like this. It's not a clear extract. So in this way, we need to repeat the filtration process and it will consume a time. It's very cost because I'm gonna need an extra paper for the filtration paper. So I don't need to get at this point. I just make sure that I use the right type. I place it in a proper position and then I'm gonna get a clear extract. We are going to show a small video about the whole process that can conclude all the steps we talked about. So enjoy it and we are going to finish the training after this with Dr. Manhattan. Yes, Dr. Manhattan, the conclusion is yours. I cannot continue presenting it. Dr. Manhattan, you are muted. Yeah, okay. But we conclude now. The saturation extracts, the traditional used methods it's known in the world. By this method, we get extract. This extract, you can determine many, it's like EC, cations and anions and you can measure the SAR and ESP. The soil extract that helps identify what is happening in the soil. It's a good tool for determining what nutrients are soluble in the soil solution, including a high sodium or salt level. It's also very effective in the device solubility of calcium and it can be great importance in helping understanding what nutrients are soluble in the soil, leading to better recommendations. However, this technique is non-specific, which means that it's enabled to distinguish between different types of ions. And EC testing is a reliable way to access how salts are affecting the plant grout. The EC of soil or water is influenced by the concentration and composition of dissolved salts. So a high EC value indicates a high salinity level. What we can determine by this method, we determine EC method, soluble ion concentration of soil water, extracts, TDS and TDI. And thank you for your interest. Thank you for your attending this training. Thank you for your time. Now I will move to my colleague, Philip Bo, to go on a question and discussion. Thanks a lot, Mahal. Thanks, Riham. Thanks, Maya. Thanks for three guest speakers of today. Again, is a really nice example of how this network can connect experts from different labs, from different countries, but also from different regions and cooperate together to share their knowledge to the other peers. So thanks you once again for your availability. And a special thanks also to the colleagues at Zagreb University for making the video that you just showed and just saw. We will edit this video a little bit and we will make it available online very soon. Once again, the presentation of today, as well as the video recording of this training will be published on the Gluson website very soon. And now we have some time to answer the questions. I can ask participants to write the questions in the chat or to raise your hand. We can give you the floor. This is really a unique opportunity that you have three experts on the topic here for you to really answer your questions. I see there are some inputs from the chat that have been already answered by the trainers. Sam is asking for the reference. This SOP, this training is based on the SOP that have been harmonized by Gluson. This is available online, this document. And within the document, the last part is about, you can see all the reference. I'm just copying now, pasting the link in the chat. So if you open the document, you will see, maybe I can show you a little bit. Let me share my screen. I can show you the document. You can download it for free, of course. This is the SOP. Hope you can see my screen. Yeah, this is the standard operating procedures that is available online in English and Arabic. We are working in translating it in the other languages as well. As you can see, all the procedures, all the steps of the procedures are reported here. The introduction as well, all the field application. It is clearly, all the instruments are clearly listed here. Some notes on the ten-sept as well. How to prepare the samples, the procedures, the calculation. And all the reference are here. So you can refer to this document if you have further questions on the references. I just put the link in the chat. There are some other questions. I will kind of ask Maya Mahalo to answer them in the chat. How about saline, sodic soils? Where filtration is shocked with disparate play? How to determine lateral conductivity of such specialized soils? These questions from Shabir. If you would like to ask a special question to someone in particular, otherwise, Manal, Riam, or Maya, you can unmute. Maybe Maya, you want to start? I would prefer the Riham answer. I can say, but any Riham, can you say your experience when disparate play is in question? Yes, professor. That's why when we were talking about soil samples and information, we need to know about it. It's very important because in saline and sodic soils, we may need a higher soil amount to get only a small portion or a small amount of soil extract and would be a difficult, actually, procedure to be done. That's why in this type of soils, I may prefer to use the soil extract, but I need to make further studies for the region and the soil type I'm dealing with. For example, some new researchers that try to use an antiquated soil samples to find some kind of a line of relationship between the EC, for example, from a saturated base and the EC from a soil extract, one to five or one to ten. I can work maybe for an antiquated number of soil samples, try to find some kind of a equation or a line of relationship, and then I can apply the soil extract method and convert my numbers. But as we mentioned before, it's a difficult procedure in these soil types, in these soil conditions. The only thing that I can do is to make a larger amount of soil as a saturated base, and it may take to one hour to get the soil extract in this condition. Thanks, Friama. I don't know if Maya wants to add something to this. Maybe it's also important to make an additional filtration of the extract before using for the other analysis. It may not be important, so important for the EC determination, but for the determination of other ions, maybe it's maybe important. I found also one more question interesting. Can I assess dissolved organic matter content with this method from the extract? Of course, you can use, if you get a clear extract, you can use it for as many analyses that you want or can do in your lab. So there's no limit for that. But it's a particular method is focused or devoted to soil salinity assessment. I cannot follow all these questions, so I would like to thank you. We get the question, that's the question is, can we determine the organic matter in these methods? The answer, no, we cannot do that. We cannot do that. We can do, we can determine the organic matter, organic carbon by other ways, by potassium dichromates, midotes. I think that's the answer. I see there are two ends up from participants. Depends of the instruments you have available in your lab. So if you have instruments, instrumental techniques available, then you can use any of them. If you look, there is a question also about the importance of leaving the saturated base setting for several hours. As we mentioned, at minimum, it's four hours. And at maximum, it's 24 hours. The recent researches preferred to leave it for at least 16 hours. So we can give an energy wait time to monovalent and devalent to move from the soil, the soil particulate surface to where the soil extract. And so I can make an accurate estimation of their content and consideration in the soil extract. It's very important to give that enough time so I can get accurate measurements. If I take the soil extract very early, I may have some numbers, but it won't be as accurate as the perfect and the real situation of the soil sample I'm working on. Thanks. Thanks, Riam. I would now like to give the floor to the people. I will raise their hand. I see this is Frank Mabagala. Can you unmute? So if you want to raise a question. Frank Mabagala. Hello. Hello, sir. Where are you from? I'm Frank Mabagala from Tanzania. I'm here with you. Actually, I had a question, but it has already been asked it. So I congratulate you for this presentation. And I encourage you to continue supporting us in different ways. You are welcome. Thank you. Thanks a lot. Thanks. Thank you. Therefore, I will give the floor to Abu Bakari. He has a hands up. Can you unmute yourself, Abu? Yes. Good morning. Good morning. Evening everyone, wherever you may be. Riam, thanks for your nice presentation. Thank you. Yes. I just have a small. It's a teamwork, actually. Yes. Okay. Okay. I want to make a clarification with regards to the ions being measured in the saturated paste extract. That is your, your calcium, iron, sodium, iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the others. They are, they are just soluble salts and therefore cannot replace exchangeable capions. This source is liquid precipitates in solution and they are not. They are easily precipitates after evaporation and they cannot replace minerals in exchangeable, or they call it as exchangeable ions. Therefore, measurement of this cannot replace ammonium acetate, let's say ammonium acetate, exchangeable, which are minerals. So that is the clarification. Thank you. Actually, I didn't hear you very clear and fillable. Repeat the question, please. I said, I said, yes, I said, we are talking about in one part of the slide, I saw minerals. These minerals can be measured. Yes. Yes. Yes. But those are not minerals. They are only soluble salts. The ions are not minerals. They are soluble salts. The minerals are exchangeable cations. Those are the exchange sites. So those we measured cannot replace as minerals. They are only salts. Thank you. Yes, as we mentioned in the principles of this process, it's mainly done because of the EC and the main aims of this procedure. But as an added value, I can also estimate the concentration of monovalent and devalent, which the cushions and anions. That's the ones you mentioned, right? Yes. Yeah. Okay. I can use the same sort extract because if you remember from the very early slides at this training presentation, we mentioned that conducting a saturated soil base, you are trying to reincarnate the saturation condition that actually happened within the soil profile around the root system. Yes. We are trying to get as real as possible the same conditions and concentration of this monovalent and devalent within that effective area. Of course, you can conduct all the other methods in your lab and maybe, as we mentioned, maybe give you more accurate concentrations. But if you are going to do this laboratory time effort consuming versus and you can get a good estimation of this concentration, you can conduct it then. And as we mentioned, as I mentioned, for the situation of sodic soils, a lot of us as researchers try to find out some comparison between methods and try to choose within from them, which is more suitable to the region or the soil type you are working on. There is not only one method for all soil types, also all soil conditions. You need to judge what to choose according to the conditions you are working on, but it's a very common, a very accurate method that you need to try it in your lab and try to find some relationships between the numbers you got from this method and the numbers you got from other methods and try to find out which is more accurate and which is used in your previous research. Thank you. But what happens is, no, thank you too, but what happens is once you use the saturated piece extract, once you use it, then you can even compare to ammonium acetate extract and wokathions because you are dealing with different species. Actually, it's a different kind of analysis. By using the ammonium acetate, it's a different principle. It's not an water extract, it's not a water extract. You are here adding some extract questions, you are trying to replace caution with another. It's another thing to talk about. So it's according to what you are trying to do, to what you are trying to study, you need to choose the best method. Yes. Okay, thank you. Thanks for your answer. I just wrote down a few more questions from the chat. I will try to read them. They're asking, can we use positive pressure extraction method instead of vacuum extraction for obtaining the past extract? How both methods do or could affect extract volume? I think Maya already answered a little bit on this, but maybe you can go further in details with that about positive pressure extraction method instead of the vacuum one. Oh, yes. Yes, it's possible. I think it's possible to use any methods by which you can get the extract, the equipment you have available. Okay, so there is no problem in that. Another question was about sandy soils, so they say in sandy soil, saturated paste, usually water floats at surface, confusing if the paste is oversaturated. But this is not the case. So how to confirm the surface of sandy soil is ready for extraction. Yes, we should make sure about this point because there is differences between the sandy soils but I think it's very important to use this saturated paste in this way. Not the extract, it's 1.5. Yeah, I actually also want to add something about the soils with coarse texture, because from the soil physical point, the water we are adding to the soil samples, we are trying to help to enter the soil porous, as we mentioned the porous and the spaces between the soil particles and the soil aggregates. As we all know as soil scientists that these porous or this space in coarse and sandy soils is a small in compare with the clay soils. That's maybe we need to be very accurate dealing with this type of soil because only less amount of water should be added and I need to mix as possible as I can and recheck the soil sample as we mentioned before and to add only small portions of water. So to get an adequate soil extract, I may need to use a bigger amount or a bigger mass of soil sample to get an enough soil extract to be more accurate, more precise in the added portions of distilled water. It's only a small space that I'm dealing with. So it's as we mentioned that after time, after repeating this procedure in the lab for 100 times or maybe 4,000 times, you will have that inner feeling and that sense when to stop what to add and what to do. That's why it's very a, as Professor mentioned in the first, that it's simple, yet it needed to be trained on conducting this kind of procedure. So after a while, you will find some solutions to your soil types according to the conditions you are dealing with, but in sandy soils and coarse soils you should be very coffee because only small amount of water needed to be added. Thanks, Riam, for your clarification. I would like to invite, to reiterate the invitation from Maya to all colleagues to please share the experience from your lab. So in case you face particular problems or you find out different ways to take all the problems of, for instance, coarse texture, please share your experience. I see an answer from Mosia Memon. Mosia, can you unmute yourself so we can hear your question? Yes, thank you. Good morning. I have a question to the last presenter, Madam, about the soil aspects, I'm working with the salinity and sodicity field. So I've actually fastened the problem in the sodic soils while the preparing saturated extract. It was really very difficult to find the feed condition as we prepare the saturated extract and the final position as it must be shined and the water on the top become as shiny and luster, but in the sodic soils, we did not find it in the last few samples. So please, could you tell what mistakes we did there or any other chemistry behind this? I'm not sure. I got the whole question. I'm going to answer the part I got. As we mentioned, when we are dealing with the salinity and sodic soils, we have a special case. As you know that the salinity will cause a differentiation and changes in the soil profile. For example, it increases the dispersion ability of the soil. That's why Professor Maria mentioned that you need maybe sometimes to be the filtration process. It will consume more than one hour because the water will be difficult. There is great difficulty in removing the added water from the saturated base. It will consume more time according to other soil types. If you didn't find the same characteristics we were talking about before, it may be a perfect saturated soil base. It may correlate to the soil type you are working on. We mentioned that it's the ideal condition. It's the optimum condition. What can I say? You may find something different. We show in this training it's not necessarily wrong. It may relate to the condition of the soil type. But you need to be fully the orders of the SOB and try to let other experts from your lab to recheck the procedure. As I think you are a researcher. You can send us pictures and we are very glad to help you in this. I may have your email address. Yes, for sure. I will share it in the chat. I invite you to share your email address in the chat. I may ask. I have a next question. There is any procedure that we can conduct this test in the field live rather than having the sample in the laboratory. We can prepare the saturated base there in the field manually. Actually, as we mentioned, we are trying to re-incarnate the field situation. For me, at least, it's difficult to conduct this procedure at the field. It's a lab procedure. We are actually trying to escape from the field working to the lab. It's easier, at least not under the hot sun. It's more easy to conduct it in the lab. You can measure other measurements that were included in this procedure, like the EC or the B. By using these apparatus, especially for these measurements, the electrical conductivity meter, the field one or the B. The field one as well. The field one, as we mentioned, you can get an extra addition or add values by measuring the quotient we mentioned. It will be better for you. Yes, you are right. We will accurately find the good result in the laboratory. We are also working to teach the communities as well. The local communities, the practitioners, we call farmers. We work with them to realize I work with them on the soil profile.  I'm looking for a condition that we can perform. We can try, it's not scientifically proved or anything else, but we can compare the things. I got your idea because we are also dealing with farmers, we want to benefit them and give them as much information as we can to make the scientific issues more close to the field application. I prefer to give them some extra information and to teach them how to measure the soil moisture by field, by the soil texture, because if you remember in the beginning of this training we said that this saturated base is equal to the saturation of the conditions of the soil profile. So you can give them information about how to measure the moisture content by field, maybe at the field and after that give them an additional information. It's really hard to teach them this procedure because it won't be that important and compare with the other information. They may need to apply their agricultural services. Because we all are working inside the field as well in the universities and then with the farmers and directly we actually all are working for benefiting the farmers, the communities. So if we could do I will share you with this idea that how can we deal the things at the field lively with the farmers. Yes, you are so welcome to send me, I send you my email and as well as I have those information about the measurement by field for the soil moisture and we can share this information with you. It's very important to transport our results to the farmers. So please if you feel comfortable with that share your email address in the chat so if they want to contact you for any questions, they may be able to do that. I'm having a look at the chat to see if there are any more questions. There is a question suggesting from the participant that we do a factor between the saturated base and the 1.5 and my answer we try to do that in Syria but we cannot succeed in this point because it's not accurate. We compare between them but it's not accurate. It's up to us here in our labs I don't know the other labs what the situation. I know that there are many attempts to make a correlation between 1.5 and saturated base but I also tried this in a trial maybe some 15 years ago but we couldn't find any relation so we gave up we regularly measure both values so saturated base and extracting get from the soil based ratio 1.5 I would like just to go to the question of here. Thank you for your question. I have a simple question. Have you established any correlation among soil EC texture and soil organic matter? So that's the question of the basically soil, soil size characteristics so it's very difficult to make relations because each of these soil properties are different and cannot get in any relation if you have not an additional input such as saline water irrigation or something different so there's no way to make and establish and fix correlation between or among these two soil properties so in my opinion maybe the Hamon-Mahal case contributed here Actually conducting such a kind of relationship will need a huge amount a massive number of soil samples so we can get a very accurate relationship between two but it's only a different from one region to another it's maybe could be applied for a specific region or a specific research but we can do a common relation that we can say this is a relation between a soil EC and soil texture or soil organic matter you need to contact such kind of relations especially for your research for your region and soil quality so this is a very different use of soil samples that's why if you notice that EC from saturated base is more accurate and higher than the EC we may get from the extract 1 to 5 or 1 to 10 if you go back to the classification of soil salinity you will find that the upper limit of soil salinity which we refer to high level of soil salinity up to 16 decimals per meter while it's only 6 for the soil extract 1.5 1 to 5 so I prefer to use saturated base as much as possible although it's an effort and time consuming but it's more accurate if you couldn't you can make the relationship we were talking about to your study area to your research but you can say that it's a common relationship that available for all situations and origins thanks a lot we encourage again participants to raise your hands if you're writing the chat if you want to share your experience if you have any other question to the guest speakers for today I want to encourage our colleagues to join us in the Arabic session on 21 we also want to mention because it's a related issue to join us on the training session of the electrical conductivity discuss these informations and their topics may be more deep and in detail let me write in the chat the link to register to both events so we will now put in the chat the link to register to the Arabic training the training on saturated soil base that would be implemented in Arabic that would be 21 of November while the one on electrical conductivity and that will take place on December 14 so I will put the link to register both of them to the chat so participants I will encourage you to register to both events if there are any more questions there are some questions again on the transfer function to relate electrical conductivity in saturated soil base there are several researches about this correction factor between these two values but as we mentioned it's only a bailed for specific regions so if you find some other soil scientists who work on the same soil type with the same conditions I think it's good to use that factor but I prefer to recheck it I don't know if there are any more questions from participants you can write in the chat or raise your hand I have a question from Mayzamer Redze the question about the solid salinity the plant is experienced compared to SSP I don't know if some of you want to answer on this but again I think we are all people from the labs here there is someone working in the field with the plant I couldn't find the question what was the question Mayzamer Redze I have a question in the meantime while you are reading the question I will give the floor to Sani Biliya I see he has his hands up Sani can you unmute Sani Biliya I have another question in the chat from Uzbekistan they are asking if you can approximately estimate the cost of one cell sample Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya Sani Biliya So if you go on soil analysis here, you can have a look to the standard operating procedures that goes on harmonize so far, they're organized into topics. So if you click on soil chemical analysis, you can find for instance here electrical conductivity. And from here you can download the text of the SAP. So the one on the base that I'm showing you, the one that was based for this training as well. And once here we collect some information on this topic as well. So the sustainability of the methods, so the risk for human health, for the disposal of the reagents, and the technology that is required that is low for absolute pace, as we know. But also we collect information on the time that is available that is needed, sorry, to perform this analysis. So it's about half working day. We collect information from all over the world to estimate the global median price of the analysis. So normally customers pay this analysis for dollars. This is the price for the customers. It's not the price, the cost of the instruments and the reagent involved in the analysis. It's just the price, the global median price. Of course, this price can change from country to country, from region to region. And this is the cost for customers, not the actual cost for the lab. I want also to show you, for instance, how these SOPs will look like soon, because we are working on training videos, and we will make one for absolute pace as well. So for instance, this is the page on SOPs on carbon measurement. And if you see here on organic carbon, we have an SOP on working back methods. And you can even click here on the video. If you are interested, for instance, in the titration method, you can click link and you will see there is a training here. The same video will be made for the SOP on saturated paste. So you can see here, you'll find a video with all the procedures reported. You can select the language you prefer for the subtitles, you can have in French, English, Spanish, Arabic and so on. And you can follow the video very nicely and very clearly. The same will be made soon for the SOP on saturated paste extract. So please consult the Glozolan website. All the information are reported there. We will update the website in order to upload all the material, our training SOPs and meetings there. Now we see an end up from Kalle Mulla-Kobar. Hello, sir. My question is from saturated soil. Sir, why we prepare saturated paste? Sir, can you repeat the question? Yes, sir, I have a question from saturated soil, sir. Sir, why we prepare saturated paste, soil saturated paste? Why we prepare soil saturated paste? The aim of the procedure? No, he said why? Why we do that? The aim of the procedure determines the salinity, you see other cat toys animals, I think that's the answer. What about you, Riham? Yes, as we said in the beginning of this presentation and the professor Maria make it clear that we are trying to conduct a saturated paste to bring the same conditions, the system routes facing and living from field to lab to get as much information about the conditions of the field and measure it in the lab. So it's just a reincarnation about the saturation condition of the soil profile by using a sample within the lab. So it says something to predict something more as much as accurate to understand the conditions of the field. So you can measure EC, Biashe, old cautions and anions. It's very beneficial. Abu Dhu, do you have another question? Yeah. Yeah, I think he asked a question that why do we have to prepare a saturated paste? And the objective of that is to mimic the water content of the root zone or the rhizosphere. Because if you do one each to five, there is dilution effect. You dilute your soluble soil. The values you get may be smaller than what is actually in the root zone. So we try to mimic the root zone soil content. What is actually there? That is why we prepared a paste. That's right, indeed. And that's why we said that the values you got from this method would be higher than the same values you obtained from the soil extract by using one to five for one to 10. Yeah, that's correct. Thanks. Thanks for the Abu Dhu for raising this point. Is there any other question? From the chart, you can write in the chart. You can raise your hand. You can give the floor. We're really interested in knowing more about how the procedure is implemented in your lab, in your region, in your country, if there are differences of the procedures, if you adapt them to the soil type you're facing with. There is a question. Do you compare between the two midodes between the extracts and the saturated pasties? Will you do that? Do you always do that in the past? There is differences between the two midodes. Yeah, actually, if you save the serbinant, you're going to find plenty of references which tried this also before in different regions of the world. And I got some of them. There was a reference, for example, that gave that line of relations between these two values, with the values of factor between the EC from the saturated base and the soil extract. But as we said, it's something so special and so specific to the region you are working and to your area of study. So I prefer to not use a fixed factor from references. Do your own factors, which is more suitable and more accurate to your area of study, to your study area you are working on. Repeat the process. It's very easy. You can take the measurements for EC from the saturated base, try with the same soil samples with soil extract, for example, one to five, and try to put these numbers together and find the relationship between these two values. It's better for you and it's more accurate. Yes, there's, I think, a question in the chat. There was a question that said that, why BH is not determined by this middle? No, we determined BH by this middle. This is the answer. We determined BH, EC, and cactus, and anions. And I mentioned the other elements in this result, saturated paste. Actually, Dr. Menhol, it should be, I refer to that during describing the procedure, that we can measure the BH by immersing the BH approach directly into the saturated base, not in the extract we obtained of the instruction. It's very important. Not in the extract. Yes, that's right. Directly to the saturated base. That's right. I see there's another hand up from Sani. Sani, can you mute this yourself? Sani Dilya? I'm sorry. Let's see if this time is available. Sani? Hello, good afternoon, sir. Hello. Good afternoon, how are you, sir? Fine, thanks. Well, I have a question. My question was like this. What is an accurate ratio for measuring EC in both alkaline and alkaline soil and the acidic soil? Repeat, please. An accurate procedure. What is the ratio? What is the standard ratio for measuring and acidic soil? Do you get the question? Yeah, I think he was asking about the classification of the values we obtained from this result. There are references for the classes. Then I mean the actual ratio. What is the standard ratio? The standard ratio between water and soil or what? What you said? Ratio between soil and water or what? Ratio, at what ratio can we measure the EC? That is electrical conductivity in an alkaline soil. There's no rate, yeah. The ratio of soil and water. If you mean the extract, 1 to 5, that's 1 soil to 5 water, if you mean that, this point? Yes, yes, yes, that's what I mean. But I mean the alkaline soil. An alkaline, that's the same for extract. 1 gram soil to 5 milliliter water, that water, if you mean about extract. OK, you mean 1 ratio of 5. Do you mean 1 ratio of 5? We should measure the 1 ratio, that is mean, like 10 gram of soil and 50 milliliter of water. That is 1 ratio, 1 to 5. Yeah. Is that what you mean? OK, is that what you mean, sir? Yeah, we should divide it between two milliliter. This is the first of all the saturated best. We have no ratio between them. As Dr. Raham mentioned, there is a middle for the prepared saturated best, but the other for extract. For extract, we need soil and water, distilled water, 10 gram soil, 250 milliliter for with distilled water. This is the ratio between them and the differences between the two middles. But the results not accurate between them. There's differences in the results. Up to the region, to the person, there's differences between the two middles. There are two different methods. One is saturated soil paste, that is one discussing today. And another one is electrical conductivity 1 to 5 that will be presented on 14 of December. So, Sani, I will invite you to rejoin the next webinar on that on electrical conductivity and where we can more investigate more and discuss more about different soil types and different ratio that can be adopted. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. I will write in the chat some reference both to the trainings and to the materials. So, you can find in the chat now the link to... You can also put a reference on the browsing generator.  Once again, you want to say something? Please unmute. Yes, Riham, I saw that the saturated paste was prepared in a porcelain bowl. Please, were you able to transfer everything? How were you able to transfer everything to the patina front of? Mr. Riham, where are you? Riham. Maybe she... Because of the connection. It's a problem the connection and the internment, I think that... Yeah, we can wait a few seconds to come back. Yeah, she tried that now to come back. Yeah. I don't know if Maya has an answer on that. Yes, you are muted, Maya. We are muted, we cannot hear you. Maya, you are muted. Okay, I'm muted. I'm sorry, I didn't hear your question. Can you repeat it, please? Yes, I said that I saw Riham prepared the saturated paste in a porcelain bowl. How was she able to transfer every term into the patina funnel? How? Was the paste transferred to the patina funnel? I'm not sure. The extraction is done in a vacuum pump.  Yeah, we use vacuum pump. Yes, but it was prepared in the bowl. The mixture, the paste was prepared in the bowl. So how was it transferred to the patina funnel? Making sure that nothing was left in the bowl. Philip, I don't know whether you get it. Imagine. Maybe you can write in the chat and we'll wait for Riham to come back. You can write in the chat so we are clearly... We do that by hand. By hand to transfer the paste by hand. So it's your hand to serve by hand. Yeah, by hand, but not mechanical by hand. Okay, by hand. Okay, thank you. Thank you. Is there any other question? No, no, please. Thank you. Thanks. Sani, you have another question? Sani Bilya, you have another question or no? I see. Wasn't a mistake. Take sure is a like and applause so you want to raise your question. Right. Sorry. This is due to the concern raised by the previous speaker. We are saying the mixing of the soil starts off in a porcelain bowl, but then it is transferred. But it's not important that everything is transferred now from the porcelain bowl to the bakna funnel. The most important thing is that has equilibrium been established. Once the equilibrium has been established in the soil, even if something is left, you know, slightly in the bowl, it doesn't matter because the equilibrium has been reached between the salt paste and the like. So the vacuum filtration will still proceed without any bias. Thank you, I think. Thank you, thank you. I agree. That is, yes. That is nice explanation. Very nice explanation. Thank you. Thanks, thanks. Take sure. Thank you. Is there any more question? I'm on the chat from the participants. Please let us know. Otherwise, I will invite you once again for the people from the who speak Arabic to join the session on the 21st of November, we will have the same training of today just in Arabic. While on the 14th of December, we will have a training session on electrical conductivity. So strongly linked with this training, you can invite you to join the session as well. How the training session has been implemented and an organization for the network, you can find this link that I put in the chat for the information, the link to register and non-material of this training and all the other trainings will be uploaded there. So I really encourage you to check this website. And if there is no more question here, I don't know if Riam Saxeni reconnected, because I would like to thank her as well. I apologize, because she's out of electricity now in this area because she has no net. So please share our thank to her. I connect with her by mobile. OK, I would like to thank once again Mahal Prihan and Maya for their kind organization of today's training for your kind of ability to give these trainings, to answer the questions. I invite the participants to contact them. They wrote the email address in the chat. Thank you once again. And I look forward to meet you all in the next training of the Glossalon Network. And as you know, we have many topics ahead. We will have the training on organic carbon via work claim back next week. Then we have Holzen method for available phosphorus. We will have the training on electrical conductivity. So please check our website. All the information will be displayed there. Thank you once again. And Evana, is there a nice day or evening, depending where you are? And thank you once again for your participation. Thanks again, Maya, Mahal. Thank you. Thank you, thank you, thank you, Philippu. Thank you, Philippu. Thank you, Mahal, for the hard work. Thank you for all. Thank you. Bye-bye. Selam Aleykum. Bye-leykum, Selam. Thank you all and I'll see you.


The Mount Sinai Health Hackathon is designed to provide a novel forum to foster experimental team science training. Utilizing a social network analysis survey, we study the impact of the Mount Sinai Health Hackathon on the nature of collaborative relationships of hackathon participants. After the event, the number of links between participants from different disciplines increased and network density overall increased, suggesting a more interconnected network with greater interdisciplinary communication. This social network approach may be a useful addition to the evaluation strategies for team science education initiatives. This article was authored by Leila Fatter, Janice Gabralov, and Faye Bradley.


Hello everyone, how are you today? This is Marc. I'm doing just great. Thanks for asking.  Would you like milk with your coffee? He would jog only during the weekends when he was young. I would like to visit Tibet one day. She would get to the airport sometime. They wouldn't go to school after the shooting. Even my little nephew would understand this. In this lesson, as you can see, we're going to look at wood, so stay tuned. I've decided to talk about the modal verb wood, pronounced like the material, wood. And it's the past of will, as you can imagine. We use it for the second and the third conditional, and let me remind you that if you want to watch a lesson on the conditionals, you may click here. Now, contract it. It would be apostrophe D. Do not confuse it with head. Pay attention to that. And wouldn't, would plus not. Then the base, the basic sentence would be subject plus would plus the base of the verb. So let's look at when do we use would. First, for polite requests, preferences and questions. Like my example, would you like milk with your coffee? Would you like? This is very much used in English. Another example, would you like to go out with me tonight? And in this case, we have another verb after like, so we need to add to. Do not forget that. Now, the second usage or situation. For repeated actions in the past. So when something happened repeatedly in the past, do not confuse it with used to. If you want to watch a lesson on this part of grammar, you may click here. He would jog only during the weekends when he was young. So an action repeatedly in the past. Number three, to express desire or intent. For example, I'd like to visit Tibet one day, maybe. Number four, used in stories to talk about the thoughts that somebody is having about the future. For example, she would get to the airport sometime. So this is a thought she had about her future. She would get to the airport sometime. Now, this fifth situation where we find would, if used with not, to talk about something that happened in the past, it means that whoever we are referring to was unwilling or refused to do something. It's better the example to understand it. They wouldn't go to school after the shooting. So the children after they heard the shooting, they wouldn't go to school. Now, this is attached to the second conditional. Let's look at the sixth situation where we find would, to indicate certainty in particular circumstances. For example, even my little nephew would understand this would. Now, let's recap. In this lesson, we looked at the modal verb would. Would is the past of the verb will. We use it with the second conditional and the third conditional. Don't forget would have for the third conditional. I've listed six situations where we can use would. The most common ones are habitual actions in the past and polite requests and offers. That's it for today. If you like my lesson, please share it and subscribe to my channel so that next week you'll get a new lesson. I have to thank you so much for all your comments and all your suggestions and maybe what I would ask you this time is to write your own example using would with one situation or another. Having said that, thank you very much for watching and see you next week with a new lesson. Have a great day. Bye bye.


Now Brigadier General Felix O'Hunyeyere retired says the varied acts of insurgency, kidnapping, banditry and other heinous acts have continued to pose substantive threats to the nation and worry to the military. The general stated these are the forum held in his honor by his kinsmen in Ilu-Titrun, Okitububa local government area of Undostate, following his retirement from the military after 36 years of service. The issue of insecurity is very basic in the nation. This started from the North East, 2014, thereabouts, and we saw what Boko Haram did to destroy the entire North East, even up to the North Central. But thank God the emphasis has risen to the occasion and this devilish impact has been largely mitigated. Boko Haram has been defeated technically, even though, like other terrorist organizations, they still remain very resilient. They are adapting, but I can show you, the emphasis is called an equip to take them out in due course. From the North West to the bandits, kidnappers, and other criminals, the emphasis has responded. And in due course, I am sure we are going to stem the tide completely and successfully eradicate the mayor of these bandits. You said that everywhere he has gone, including where he has gone, where he has schooled here, he has always left a mark. A mark is a man of fitness, a man of excellence, which he has demonstrated everywhere he has gone, even in the military.