My name is Sam Baknin. I'm the author of Malignan's Self-Love, Narcissism Revisited and I'm also a professor of psychology. Like all the other videos or the long videos on my channel, this video is divided into parts. Each part has its themes, so these are thematic parts, and you can choose to watch one or more themes. You don't have to watch the whole thing. You don't have to watch the whole 90 minutes, you know? But on the other hand, it's equally unwise. To give up on the video after 10 minutes, as the vast majority of you do. You may wish to scroll back, scroll forward, rewind, etc. until you find a theme which suits you. A typical video has well over 20 themes and it's a pity to miss out on many of them. So I will start by apologizing in my interview with the clinical psychologist from Poland. I have made a concluding statement which had misled many of you. I said that splitting the primitive defense mechanism, the infantile defense mechanism of splitting, appears only in narcissistic personality disorder and in psychopathy. That is untrue. It of course also makes a prime appearance in borderline personality disorder. We can even say that borderline personality disorder is splitting writ large. The reason I did not mention borderline personality disorder in my comment is that I was trying to make an equation between self-styled empaths and other grandiose characters and narcissists. So I said that both of them engage the mechanism of splitting. But of course borderline is founded on splitting and people with borderline personality disorder split the world. They have dichotomous thinking and most importantly they split their intimate partner. So I encourage you to watch videos on borderline personality disorder which I have on this channel where I explain how splitting operates there. Today we are going to delve even deeper to the issue of shared fantasy. And I'm going to introduce you to many concepts, religious, technological, literary, etc. So it's going to be a very thrilling ride, a kind of Disney world of the narcissist shared fantasy. But I want to open with a quotation from Marcel Proust. Marcel Proust was a French Jewish, of course, author and he had written the longest novel ever, Remembrance of Things, past. It's about 3,000 pages. Every page is a masterpiece. It's an amazing novel. And he wrote there, it is the terrible deception of love that it begins by engaging us in play not with a woman of the external world, but with a doll fashioned in our brain. The only woman, moreover, that we have at our disposal. The only one we shall ever possess. That is an excellent insight into the narcissist shared fantasy and how here the narcissist idealizes you, transforms you into a toy, a doll, during the love-bombing and the grooming phase. Generally speaking, if you want to study psychology in depth and its totality, if you want to have a look at the human animal as a whole, as a Gestalt, all you need to do is read 3 authors, Robert Musil, M-U-S-I-L, Marcel Proust and of course Fyodor Dostoyevsky. All of psychology is in their books and nothing new had ever been discovered afterwards. As you've just seen, Marcel Proust had written about the narcissist's shared fantasy well over 100 years ago. A shared fantasy is an imaginary world and therefore it can be easily conceived as a type of paracosm. Have you heard of paracosm? P-A-R-A-C-O-S-M paracosm? Paracosm is an imaginary world but a very, very detailed one. Paracosms usually originate in child and the child invents this kingdom, this imaginary space, this galaxy far away, where gradually over a long period of time, sometimes years, the child develops this imaginary world, introduces characters, geographical and topological features, all kinds of habits and practices, social interactions and the thing grows and grows and grows. And the creator of the paracosm, remember it starts as a child, the creator has a very, very intimate, deeply felt relationship. It's a subjective universe. It's a universe in the creator's mind, of course. But it does have some connections to the real world because most of the imaginary characters, the behavioral conventions, they are borrowed from the real world.  The paracosm has its own geography, its own history, sometimes its own language. And within the paracosm, the child has imaginary friends. These are friends who come to the child's aid, help and assistance. They are everything the child is not. Yes, it rings a bell, doesn't it? It rings a bell because the false self is such an imaginary friend. The child creates the false self because the child is immersed in an environment of abuse and trauma. And trying to fend off the pain, trying to fend off the hurt and the fear and the anxiety that his environment creates with a dead mother, with a mother who is not good enough, not a safe base, trying to insulate himself from the pernicious and deleterious effects of not being loved unconditionally, not being accepted, being castigated as a bed and worthy object, exceedingly, excruciatingly, agonizing. And so the child invents an imaginary friend. That's the false self. And the false self has all the elements of God.  The false self knows everything, is capable of anything, or powerful, or knowing, omniscient, omnipotent. The false self is brilliant and perfect and good, utterly good, blemishless. The false self is an outcome of splitting, where the child puts everything that's good, everything that's strong, everything that's resilient and hopeful and protective and loving and caring into this imaginary friend. Gradually this imaginary friend comes to acquire the attributes of God. Indeed, we can conceive of the Kingdom of Heaven as a paracosm, with God, or Jesus, if you are Christian, as imaginary friends. The forthcoming Kingdom of Heaven is an imaginary world, invented by humanity at its infancy, when humanity was a child. And humanity needed an imaginary friend, because nature was brutish and nasty. There was famine, there were diseases, there were wars, I mean humanity needed a friend, badly. So they invented God, and then God had a child, his son, so to speak. So these two became imaginary friends. One could safely say that God and Jesus and other religious prophets and religion in general is humanity's false self. These imaginary characters, they are everything that humans wish they were and can never be. If you look at the narcissist's shared fantasy, it's very religious. I said before in many other videos that narcissism is a private religion. The false self is a Godhead, it's a divinity, it's a deity. And then there's a worshipper, an adherent, a single believer that's the narcissist. The narcissist worships the false self, and the narcissist makes humans sacrifice. He sacrifices his true self to the false self. There's a lot of religion in this. And the narcissist's shared fantasy involves you in a religious role. Listen well, you become a religious artifact within the narcissist's private religion. Because what is the narcissist's shared fantasy? It has a trinity. There's the father, the mother and the son, not holy ghost, but father, mother and son. The father is the false self. Mother is the intimate partner.  The false self is the father. And the narcissist is your son. He is your son. The false self provides paternal roles. Paternal roles of socialization, of protection, of provision, etc., etc. And you, you as a mother, you are supposed to provide unconditional love and acceptance and succor and support and to help the narcissist grow and to overcome crisis and challenges. It's a holy family. It's a holy trinity, exactly like the father, the son and the holy ghost. This is a trinity that is founded on a maternal, or shall we say, feminine principle. Now, the narcissist's shared fantasy is therefore a form of mysticism. It's a mystical experience. This is why the narcissist is seriously mortified when the shared fantasy disintegrates. And it's a mystical experience founded on femininity.  We find similar, we find other mystical schools which place femininity at the center. For example, the Kabbalah, which is a 13th century Jewish mystical school. The Kabbalah says that many of God's attributes, the attributes of God, the attributes of creation, they are feminine. Shachina is a feminine name for one of the attributes of God, Yetzirah, etc. Jung himself had used archetypes. Many of these archetypes were feminine archetypes. So we see the feminine at work. Narcissism is not only a mental health illness.  It's a disruption of the most fundamental rudimentary processes of identity formation, of socialization, of functioning, of ego and self-constellation. This is a very foundational profound, profound interruption and intervention in processes which are very, very primordial. Processes which are very, very akin to nature, natural processes. So while other mental health disorders have to do with internal objects, external objects, misbehavior, this, that. Narcissism is about interference with the core and the core is in some ways divine. The core is in many ways animalistic and in other ways natural. Narcissism permeates all these dimensions and the child on his way to becoming a narcissist reacts by coming up with a private religion. When he grows up, when he becomes an adult, you have a role in this religion.   That's why you have to be idealized. That's why the narcissist needs a snapshot of you because he needs to internalize you. He needs to convert you into an internal object. Having converted you into an internal object, you can interact with the other important internal object. The false self. So there's a family, a divine family, like the Olympian gods. There's you in the role of Hera. There is the false self in the role of Zeus and there's the narcissist in the role of Hercules. Intimate partner as a mother provides the narcissist with access to the feminine. It allows the narcissist to safely explore femininity in general and his femininity in particular. Now his femininity could be normative. So his male with feminine aspects. All men have feminine aspects, of course. Or it can be very pronounced. He could be a latent homosexual. Whatever the case may be, he needs access to his suppressed, repressed femininity, to his forbidden femininity. And you are providing this safely. He can explore his femininity through you because he had rendered you a sexless, genderless object, internal object in his mind. So he can explore his femininity without the threat of sex or sexuality. You see, you fulfill many crucial roles. You represent the feminine dimension or the feminine aspect of reality. You represent your integral part of a holy trinity, a religious experience. But ultimately the shared fantasy is always antisocial.  The narcissist rejects adulthood and the narcissist is paranoid. He involves you in a shared psychosis. It's we against the world. If you put all these things together, the religious aspect or pseudo or quasi religious aspect of narcissism in the shared fantasy.  If you put all these together, what you get is a cult. It's simply a cult setting. Shared psychosis is a paracosmic cult which brings us back to paracosm. Remember that paracosm is an imaginary kingdom, imaginary world, imaginary space, imaginary galaxy invented by a child. The concept was first described on, believe it or not, the BBC. There was a researcher who was interviewed on the BBC, Robert Sylvie. And then there was another guy called Stephen McKith. And finally, the psychologist who gave paracosm its weight in scholarly literature was David Cohen, British psychologist. Paracosm, the word itself was coined by Ben Vincent and he was just one of the participants in Sylvie's study. Sylvie conducted a study in 1976 of children who inhabit imaginary spaces with imaginary friends. The psychiatrist Delmont Morrison and Shirley Morrison, they enlarged the concept of paracosm. They came up with something called paracosmic fantasy, which if you read their work is actually a shared fantasy. They published a book called Memories of Loss and Dreams of Perfection. And they described people who went through trauma, people who went through the loss of a loved one or some tragedy in childhood, or maybe had been abused in childhood, people who had experienced childhood trauma. And they said that one of the major compensatory mechanisms that these people come up with, they invented an imaginary world, a paracosmic fantasy. And they retreat to this fantasy whenever they're stressed, whenever they're anxious, or whenever they seek love, care and intimacy. For such people, paracosms are ways of processing and understanding loss, pain, hurt, trauma and possibly abuse. In literature, we find this, it's very common. If you read Peter Pan by James Barry, Peter Pan openly says, I don't want to grow up, Wendy, let's run away to an imaginary kingdom. Ultimately, we discover it's not so imaginary, but it sounds like an imaginary place. Let's run away there and live there ever after, genderless and sexless. Peter Pan is the originator, originator of the first narcissistic shared fantasy, at least in public. I said a dinosaur, Emily Bronte. All of them wrote about paracosms and all these paracosms followed some major calamity or catastrophe. Denison and Bronte describe paracosms which followed the death of a loved one. James Barry described a paracosm which followed the refusal to grow up, and I will elaborate on this issue a bit later. It's important to understand that for the narcissist, the need to grow up is traumatic. It's painful, it's threatening and he retreats to his paracosm, which is this shared fantasy with you. This is the false self to protect him, you to love him. The child developmental psychologist Marjorie Taylor studied imaginary friends and then later on she discovered the concept of paracosm and she was very happy because imaginary friends usually inhabit paracosms. The false self, think about the concept of the false self, the false self would have been inefficacious, would have been useless, had it not been integrated with elements, vestiges and figments of reality. These figments of reality are among others, you. The false self needs to interact with people, needs to interact with people in order to extract from them narcissistic supply, support, love, caring, imaginary or real. The false self is an interface between reality and the narcissist fantasy, later shared with you. So the false self is an imaginary friend and it is the role of imaginary friends in paracosms to isolate the child, to protect the child, to prevent the child from suffering. They are the shock absorbers, they are the lightning bolts, they don't allow harm to come to the child.  Adam Gopnik wrote an essay called Bumping into Mr. Ravioli. And in this essay he describes a conversation he had with his sister. His sister is a child psychologist. He was talking to her, he was very worried because his daughter was three years old and she had an imaginary friend. And he went to his sister who was a child psychologist and said, is it bad, is it good, what's happening? It's, I'm very worried because she, my daughter who is three years old is much more invested in her imaginary friend than in reality or in us. And he was, I mean she introduced him to Taylor's ideas about imaginary friends within paracosms.  The child, I'm about to drink. The child uses the paracosm as a bridge to reality. Similarly, the narcissist uses the false self in the shared fantasy as a bridge to reality, the reality of you. Michelle Ruth Bernstein, she studied creativity. And she also, I don't know why all of them do this but she also discussed her worries about her daughter. She defended an imaginary world. And her daughter inhabited this world, resided in this world mentally for well over a decade, shining, giving up on reality. And, and Ruth Bernstein was, was very worried. In 2014 she wrote a book called Inventing Imaginary Worlds from Childhood Play to Adult Creativity. And she suggested that fantasy and paracosms are critical in the process of creativity. The ability to imagine another world and then to retreat to that world and to create from within it, from within the imagination, from within the shared fantasy. Many narcissists would tell you that they're very afraid to lose their narcissism. They're very afraid to be cured and healed whenever that would become possible. They feel strongly that their narcissism is intimately connected with their ability to create. Narcissism as the diagnostic and statistical manual makes very clear.  It's simply fantasy out of control. It's fantasy on steroids. That is narcissism. But what is fantasy? Fantasy is creativity. The shared fantasy is very creative. It's like a movie. It has a script. You have a role. It's like a theater production.  You're on stage playing the narcissist's mother or the narcissist's adulator, admirer or the narcissist's playmate. But there's a role for you. It's all a production. Like Shakespeare said, it's a stage and we are all on it. So the narcissists create shared fantasy and Paracosm and the false self, which is a father, God figure. These are all, in effect, creative efforts. And it is pretty stunning and amazing that a child age four can come up with this kind of imaginary world and imaginary friends. This is to the credit of narcissists. And if you look at the narcissists, the elements of the narcissist's shared fantasy, as I said, it's like holy trinity. It's like a religion. But they also reflect elements in the narcissist's life and in the narcissist's inner composition, inner makeup. You have the father figure, which in the shared fantasy, the narcissist plays the father figure.  And within the shared fantasy, especially during the love-bombing and grooming phase, the narcissist plays the guru father figure.  The mother figure loves unconditionally. She is accepting. She is, you know, soft. She is feminine and so on and so forth. The narcissist plays this as well. This becomes a genius child. So he starts by playing or play acting the false self in the grooming phase. He's a father. He's a guru. He's disciplinarian. He's stern. He's strong. He's a rock. But then when you have entered the shared fantasy, he kind of appropriates your role. He becomes a child, emotional, petulant, infuriating, endearing, cute, unbearably adorable hateful. He's a child. In short, feminine. These are characteristic traits of femininity in a stereotyped gender or manner. And some, some scholars believe therefore that the ability to create imaginary worlds and imaginary friends, the ability to engage in shared fantasy as a mode of relating to the world as an interface with the real world. Many scholars believe it has to do with creativity and also high intelligence. Cleckley himself in 1942, Cleckley wrote Mask of Sanity, Cleckley suggested a strong connection between giftedness and psychopathy. He speculated that perhaps most psychopaths have a very high IQ, a highly intelligent and perhaps even highly emotional and psychopathy is a reaction formation. It's kind of a massive attempt to destroy hypersensitivity, hyperemotionality, because it's very painful. So, Cleckley was among the first to speculate on this. And there was a Michigan University study, Ruth Bernstein aforementioned, and she discovered that many fellows of the MacArthur program, geniuses, yes, many of them had paracosms as children, and they engage in a practice called world play. In other words, they created imaginary world. Actually, geniuses who qualified for the MacArthur stipend, they were twice as likely to have engaged in childhood world play in the construction of paracosms. They were also significantly more likely to recognize aspects of fantasy, shared fantasy, world play and paracosm in adult professional world. So, paracosms, imaginary friends, imaginary world and the narcissist's shared fantasy, they're indicators of a high level of creativity and possibly a high level of intelligence. And in the international handbook on giftedness, the same Ruth Bernstein wrote about paracosm play in childhood as an indicator of creative potential. And she said it may supplement objective measures of intellectual giftedness, as well as subjective measures of superior technical talent. And so, I also refer you to the book Children, Childhood and Cultural Heritage, written by Christine Alexander. She said that paracosms and imaginary world have to do with writing. It's an attempt by children to create self-efficacy and agency to kind of become their own autonomous independent entity able to act upon the world. This would explain, of course, why children who become narcissists developed these imaginary worlds and imaginary friends as a response to abuse and trauma. Because they need to feel that they have an agency. They need to feel that they can act upon the world, not only the other way around. So, this is about paracosms. The initial stage of establishing a shared fantasy is idealization. And I connect idealization, of course, to self-gaslighting, as I mentioned in my previous videos.  So, idealization is self-gaslighting because it's false. It's also grandiose. It aggrandizes you. There's a process of co-idealization by idealizing your intimate partner. You're idealizing yourself. And this is a process of self-gaslighting because it divorces you gradually from reality. But as distinct from the narcissist, as distinct from the narcissist, you can give up this imaginary world. You can give up even on your imaginary friend, which is the idealized narcissist who had been grooming you and bumping you. You can give up on any of this. It's painful. It's hurtful. It's an anguish. It's agonizing. But you can give up on it because you're healthy. Essentially, you're healthy. The narcissist cannot give up on his imaginary world, on his paracosm, on his kingdom of heaven, on his shared fantasy, and on your role within these imaginary worlds. As the false self protects him, you have the role of loving. And no human being, even a narcissist, even a psychopath, can survive without being loved at all, 100% by no one. People need to be loved regardless of their mental illnesses. So the false self is the protector, the father figure, the godlike figure. Your role is to provide love and care and empathy and femininity and softness and acceptance and warmth. And the narcissist cannot give up on either of you. He cannot give up on the shared fantasy because shared fantasy is the imaginary world within which both of you exist. The false self and the internal object that represents you. Both of them are internal objects. Both of them are within the mind of the narcissist. And to ask the narcissist to give up on his shared fantasy is exactly like asking the narcissist to give up on his mind and on reality. That's his reality. That's his mind. He can't give up on it. And so the narcissist will sacrifice his life literally to defend his shared fantasy. To defend elements in the false self like grandiosity or superiority. And to defend elements in you which cater to the narcissist's regulatory emotional needs. And he will fight to death. That's why narcissists engage in behaviors like erotomanic stalking or hoovering. These attempts to resuscitate and revive shared fantasy. And this is why narcissists move seamlessly and immediately from one shared fantasy to another. Because in the absence of a shared fantasy there's no narcissist. The little that does exist. The figment of imagination and fantasy that substitutes for a person, for a human being. Even these are under threat if the shared fantasy disintegrates and nothing replaces it. The narcissist needs to subsist and exist continuously within shared fantasy. If the narcissist is exposed to reality it's like a vampire. He shrivels and dies and burns brightly. The narcissist cannot be exposed to sunlight. He needs to inhabit the dark recesses of his mind within the confines, the walls, the fortress of a shared fantasy. And this has a lot to do with the narcissist refusal to grow up. Remember I mentioned Peter Pan. The narcissist refuses to grow up and he is severely penalized for this. I'll come to it in a minute. The shared fantasy is an oasis. It's a sanctuary. It's a shelter within which the narcissist can survive and only within the shared fantasy. Narcissists cannot survive in reality only inside the shared fantasy. In this sense the narcissist shares a lot in common, has a lot in common with autistic spectrum disorder patients. When we come across someone who refuses to grow up, someone who rejects adult chores, roles, skills and responsibilities, someone who assumes a mantle of a petulant and infuriating child, someone who would not invest or commit in any undertaking or relationship. When we come across someone like that, our reflexive reaction is revulsion coupled with disrespectful contempt. If the narcissist were to show himself the way he is, you know, if he were not to fake and to lie through the shared fantasy, if he were not to present to the world a somewhat acceptable facade, somewhat acceptable front via the shared fantasy, if he were just there, if his narcissist were just there, raw, unedited, uncensored, he wouldn't last. Because we really react very badly to people who refuse to grow up. Women, when they're confronted with someone who refuses to grow up, they feel deceived. They feel fooled and they respond this way to Peter Pan types.   But not only, they lose all respect and they feel very angry and deceived. And men, men abscond with the poor Aeternus women and with his property, both material and intellectual. Men ostracize the Peter Pan. They subject him to a toxic mix of ritualized aggression and a seedless derision. If he is rich or famous or powerful, they await his downfall with glee or they precipitate it maliciously and enviously. And these reactive behavior patterns are ancient and in big part, they are biological. The stunted personal growth and arrested development of the eternal adolescent, they threaten the survival of the species. They threaten the survival of the species first and foremost, because they inhibit procreation and child rearing, for example. So if you refuse to grow up, you're very likely to become a father. The Puera Aeternus is also essentially a free rider.  He's a parasite. His conspicuous absenteeism, often cloaked in self-justifying ideology. It undermines the survival and the welfare of the many by wasting scarce resources and potentials and by shirking the proportionate sharing of the communal burden. Refusing to grow up, therefore, is an antisocial act. It elicits the same attitudes and responses reserved to egregious criminal behavior. So, narcissists put up a facade. They put on an act. They lie, confabulate and prevaricate. And the way they do this, the procedure, that's a shared fantasy. Within this shared fantasy, the narcissist couldn't pretend that he's normal, that he's an adult. Here, he's with a woman. Here, he has a family. Here, he has a job. That's a shared fantasy. Only the narcissist knows that he has no intention to actually become an adult, actually assume commitment, actually invest, actually go in the long run, go for it in the long run. Other people are very frequently misled by the narcissist, and more particularly by the narcissist's shared fantasy. Shared fantasy is a shield. It's a defense. It's a fortress. It's a protection. It's a firewall against people coming to know the narcissist, against seeing the narcissist for what he is. Because if you see the narcissist for what he is, no makeup, no disguises, no camouflage, no pretensions, no fantasies, you are very likely to harm the narcissist. Narcissists provoke extreme aggression, extreme emotion, negative emotionality, extreme envy, extreme hatred, everything extreme. People hate narcissists vehemently, viscerally, uncontrollably. There's an impulse, irresistible impulse, to pounce on the narcissist and to destroy him.  You want to mold the narcissist, you want to break every bone in his body. The narcissist needs to defend against this. They need to make sure you never see their true faces. And they use you. One of your roles as a mother figure is to shield the narcissist.  This is virtual signaling. They're using you for virtual signaling. You see, I'm normal.  You see, a woman agrees to live with you. You see, I'm in a couple. You see, nothing's wrong with me. You see, I'm not a narcissist in effect. That's not a fantasy, that's reality, the narcissist says about his shared fantasy. But why would the narcissist, once inside the shared fantasy, why would the narcissist, some narcissist, choose to renounce sex and the pleasures of intimacy and succour with a partner? We just said that the narcissist needs you to fulfill the role of a mother, to love him, to support him, to accept him, and also to signal to outsiders that everything is okay, that everything is normal as should be, that the shared fantasy is not a fantasy, that it's real, and that the narcissist had been vetted and found out to be totally, totally okay and normal and virtuous. That's one of your major roles, virtual signaling to the outside. The narcissist uses you as a cover. It's a cover-up. Okay, but once you are in the shared fantasy, trapped with the narcissist, within the confines and the walls and the perimeter of this gated community, of this compound, of some have been London compound, or some have been Wagner compound. Once you're inside, why suddenly many narcissists give up on you? They don't want your intimacy. They don't want your company. They don't want your succour, your support.  They don't want you to bother them. You had become an annoyance and a nuisance. This is especially true with cerebral narcissists. Why is that? And why does the narcissist transform such predilections of proclivities and decisions into an ideology of superiority akin to a religious tenet? You see, the cerebral narcissist converts, transforms his sexlessness, his celibacy, self-imposed celibacy. He transforms it into a virtue, into an ideology, into a religion. It elevates him. His celibacy elevates him. His abstinence renders him supreme and superior. So he converts it into a kind of faith, article of faith. So there's two questions here. Why not benefit from your presence? Why not make use of your body, for example? Even if it is only auto-erotic and only to masturbate, to masturbate with, why not masturbate with your body? Why not keep distance from it? Why throw away everything you have to offer, which includes love, caring, support, succour, empathy? Why throw this away?  There are two pathways, developmental pathways, two etiologies, two cerebral narcissists. One is when there is overwhelming efficacy in extracting narcissistic supply via intellectual pyrotechnics. That's a very, very politically correct way of saying when the narcissist is truly astoundingly gifted, the narcissist is a genius. But at the same time, he's very ugly. Hans Christian Andersen comes to mind. So a narcissist like that who has nothing to offer bodily, Hans Christian Andersen was a homosexual in a day and age where homosexuality was a crime.  So he had nothing to offer, physiologically, physically, body-wise. And he had a brilliant mind, of course. So this kind of narcissists automatically would become cerebral because it doesn't have many opportunities, but it comes to the alternative, sex. The second trajectory, however, is much more complex. It's avoidance. Avoidance in the wake of repeated failures in relationships. Sex invariably leads to the formation of a shared fantasy with every narcissist, somatic, cerebral, even covert. Narcissists create shared fantasies. And very often the gateway to the shared fantasy is the intimacy experience in sex. So in narcissists, and in many other men, by the way, sex leads to intimacy, not the other way. So sex invariably leads to the formation of a shared fantasy, which results also invariably, ineluctably, to betrayal, to cheating by the disgruntled partner and to life-threatening modification. Whenever the narcissist has sex with a woman, whenever he falls in love, so-called in love with her, infatuated with her, whenever he chooses her as a potential source of supply, which he calls intimate partner, whenever he does this, it ends badly. It ends in cheating. It ends in betrayal. It ends in breakup. It ends in heartbreak. It ends in life-threatening modification. And so at some point, even narcissists who are somatic to start with, let alone narcissists who are mostly cerebral, dominantly cerebral, all narcissists at some point choose cerebral narcissism because it's a strategic outcome of pain or hurt aversion. They're averse to pain, averse to conflict. You will discover, have a look around you, make a survey and you will see that all the narcissists are almost exclusively cerebral. Somatic narcissists are young in the 20s, 30s, 40s, maybe 50s. Gradually, all of them become cerebral. All of them become cerebral because of the cumulative modification, hurt and pain, over multiple failed shared fantasies. Every few years, every few decades, the cerebral narcissists tries again to become somatic. And such attempts are based on mistaken counterfactual beliefs that he or she or the world had changed or that he had finally found the right partner. And so he boldly ventures forth. And then he rediscovers long forgotten facts and lessons, one that his body is far inferior to his mind if he is a cerebral. As a tool for extracting supply, he better use his mind than his intellect because his body is unattractive. And he also discovers that sex leads inexorably to failure, betrayal, cheating, modification. Why?  He's a child, not a man. He cannot meet a woman's emotional needs. He cannot meet a woman's physical and sexual needs. He's a child. And he's a child who is not even in reality, but in a fantasy, all of his making. The narcissist gradually discovers, as he grows older, that the paracosm, the imaginary world, the imaginary friend that he had created when he was a child, when he was a kid, had taken over like in a horror story by Stephen King. There's no way out. He's in the dome. You know, he can't escape. And this monstrous golem has come alive, like Frankenstein's monster. Dr. Frankenstein's monster. It's come alive. And it had devoured him and his ability to be with other people, people, not only women. The shared fantasy is a principle that is applied to all the narcissist's relationships. So the paracosm principle, the imaginary world principle, the imaginary friend principle, they're applied to women in a romantic shared fantasy. They're applied to colleagues and business partners in a business shared fantasy. But it's shared fantasy. It's a fantasy. On first encounter with reality, it unravels and disintegrates. There's nothing there, exactly as there's nothing inside the narcissist. There's nothing outside the narcissist. It's all a sham. It's all figments of the narcissist's fibrile imagination, childish imagination. The narcissist refuses to grow up, possibly, because he cannot grow up. Reminded of what he chose to withdraw in the first place so many years, so many decades ago, the cerebral narcissist then reverts to his dominant mode as a cerebral. And again, he avoids sex and intimacy. And this implies that in some respects, narcissism is a choice. And in many ways, it is. I can prove to you that narcissism is a choice, by the way. And I can prove to you even that all aspects of narcissism are choices. The narcissist chooses to be a narcissist. And many, many narcissists are proud of this choice. They are emotionally invested, affected in this choice. Here's the proof. When the narcissist ends up in prison, and many do, is gone. The narcissist is gone. All aspects of narcissism vanish. The abrasiveness, the contempt, the defiance, the grandiosity, the arrogance, the haughtiness, everything is gone. The narcissist evaporates. The minute he crosses the threshold of a prison, the narcissist never mind how malignant, never mind how grandiose, never mind how vociferous and victorious, and I don't know what, defiant, impulsive, is gone. Not a trace of the narcissist is left.  And the fact that the narcissist can affect this transformation within minutes, outside the gates, he is still the obnoxious SOB that we all know.  He is substituted for by a delightful person, a person we would all have loved to marry or to do business with or to socialize with. What happened to the narcissist? The narcissist leaves his narcissism outside the gate. Inside prison, if he were to continue to be a narcissist, it would have been a very short-lived career, trust you me. And this ability to self-transform is a choice, it's a decision, and it's a fact that the narcissist reverts to his narcissism, having left jail, even on furlough. It's proof that narcissism is a choice and that it is a self-efficacious reaction to incentives. It's incentive-driven behavior. When you have the right incentives to not be a narcissist, you are not a narcissist. You are not even a hint of a narcissist. You're not a shadow of a hint of a narcissist. Trust you me from personal experience. If you're in prison, try anything narcissistic. You're very dead. So, in reality, the narcissist is an important infantile loser with zero self-efficacy. And deep inside, he knows it. His avoidance of all true commitment and investment are because of that. He dreads yet another proof of disability and failure. If he commits, if he invests, he will inevitably fail. He knows that. His only expertise, the only thing he's good at, is failing. And don't start telling me about all kinds of narcissists who made it and are successful and the pillars of the community and the presidents of the United States. Narcissists enjoy short-term successes. It is the end game that matters where their self-destructiveness takes over. And many of you ask me, well, shared fantasies and so on. I could have played along. I could have fitted into the shared fantasies. I could have enacted my role in this theater play, in this movie. Did I contribute to the breakup? Did I contribute to the dysfunction of the relationship with the narcissist? Well, listen, undoubtedly you did. Whenever two people who are profoundly mismatched, people who are fundamentally incompatible, when two such people insist on having a relationship, let alone when this relationship is not realistic but it's a dream, it's a story, it's a piece of fiction, it's a fantasy, a shared fantasy. These people generate a dynamic which leads inexorably to the dissolution of the realism. Both of you create this dynamic. Both of you want to undermine the shared fantasy because you don't feel good with each other. Why did you choose the narcissists in the first place?  You don't want that because it's a big part of you that is normal, that is healthy, that is self-loving and self-caring and self-nutrient.  And this part realized that the narcissist is bad for you. The narcissist is collaborating with a part of you which is detrimental to your longevity or good life or well-being or welfare. So the healthy part protected you. The mismatch between you and the narcissist is that you had a healthy part, the narcissist does not. The narcissist has no healthy part. It's a scorched earth soul, it's nothing there. Only ruins piled upon ruins. And so the narcissist, like the living dead, interacting with the zombie part of you. And your healthy part was trying to save you and this is the source of the mismatch and the incompatibility. It is natural, common and healthy to seek to undermine a sick relationship. To seek to free yourself, to pursue self-actualization and happiness. That's not sabotage. That's salvage. That's self-saving. You should be proud that you had undermined this relationship, that you had brought it to an end. You should be proud of yourself. This should be the foundation of your healing from the trauma that you had endured.


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The simplest experiments that I love, that would be a simple calorimeter physics or chemistry lab. You can measure the specific heat of a compound, you can measure maybe there how the density changes. We might be able to measure the heat of vaporization, determine the phase space with a thermometer or something. Simple thermodynamic properties. We're going to get those right, at least within the experimental certainty, at the cost of not having any insight whatsoever in the molecular detail. We won't get a structure over from that. But if we want the structure, maybe we should use x-ray crystallography. Well, x-ray has other problems. You don't get x, y and z coordinates from the x-ray. You get structure factors, reciprocal space patterns. Remember the DNA pattern from the 1950s, right? And now that turned into DNA. It was not trivial. You need a model to interpret that into a structure. The second problem is that if you're interested in proteins at room temperature, well, this is a structure at 100 Kelvin. What says that they are the same? They're certainly not moving the same way. So you get, in theory, an unprecedented detail here, but there are other approximations that might or might not be severe. And there is certainly some modeling involved to get to those structures. NMR. I know I've been knocking NMR a little bit when I said that it's not my method of choice for determining structures today. That does not mean that it's bad, though. It's a fantastic method to study interactions and dynamics in proteins. The problem is that you get that by identifying resonance peaks and then assigning them. That makes structure determination extremely complicated, in particular for large proteins. And we can get dynamics, so maybe exchange of deuterium with hydrogen or so. But again, it's a non-trivial amount of information. I certainly don't get a full resolution of the entire protein and atomic detail. On the other hand, in contrast to x-ray, here I am at room temperature in water solution, and that's definitely something worth using. So you might start to see a pattern here that these methods have different strengths. So does cryo-EM. I'm biased. I love cryo-EM. We use it all the time. In contrast to x-ray, I don't need to turn my protein into a crystal. That's awesome. On the other hand, here I might occasionally get too much data. I need to look at hundreds of thousands of images. I need to average them. I need to classify them. I need to use computers to derive a model for a three-dimensional electron density and then model my protein structure x, y, z coordinates into that density. So that's quite a bit of modeling, too. The point here is not that any of these methods is better than molecular dynamic simulations. They're also not worse. They provide different types of information, and we want to use all of them for what they're best at, but avoid using them for things they're not good at. And in particular, if you compare multiple methods, either these or molecular simulations with one of these, you will be able to tell more about your system and you will be able to avoid falling in traps because you had one method that led you astray.


What's the word y'all welcome back to Kenny for real where I would say like 98.2% of the things we do around here is talk About basketball and basketball related topics and before you get to clickety-clack it in the comments and down below You're absolutely right the Deremoree news and the Houston Rockets news came out I went to my closet and changed shirts to the one Houston Rockets shirt that I own We have to coordinate these things. You know, I was gonna go above and beyond you see my Chris Paul shirt here Jersey I was gonna switch that out and put the one Chris Paul jersey that is with the Houston Rockets But then I realized that nobody cares literally nobody cares You know this door right here is closed 99% of the time in these videos And if I wouldn't have just pointed it out right here, none of y'all would have realized it was open today Nobody cares about the set pieces on this channel. So I mean you care about the outfits But not the set piece so I didn't change that and that would have been too much effort anyway But yes, I did I did change my shirt to relate to today's topics So be sure to leave a like on the video and subscribe if you knew I just pitched to you why you should subscribe a we talk about basketball and B I coordinate my outfits That's it. That's all that's all you really need to know subscribe So this is how the timetable went for me today I woke up this morning and I was like, you know what? I'm gonna make a Kenny for real video where I talk about the ratings of sports because basketball Since the return of the bubble was down like 50% the Stanley Cup was down like 60% Baseball is down for everybody's down and I was gonna talk about why I think that might be the case all the determining factors and Open up a dialogue to y'all I thought that was gonna be a fire video But right before I was going to record that video some news broke Shams put out his first piece about free agency Talking about this player opting in this player opting out Anthony Davis is staying Which is something that we all knew a lot of people mentioned to me on Twitter like look Anthony Davis is staying We know that I'm just I was just I thought y'all understood that the Anthony Davis Chicago Bulls thing was it was it it was a joke y'all Nobody leaves a franchise that struggles to build around them go to a championship team and then go back to another franchise That was struggling to build around you he was gonna stay so that's not news, but Shams put out that Talking about teams willing to spend money all that I was like, okay We got to talk about that it's topical and then before I hit record on that video That's when the dear of more news came out and I was like, okay That goes at the top all those other two videos can wait and we have to talk about it We have to talk about it. First of all, I put this on the table as many of y'all may know if you watch the main channel I am a fan of Daryl Moore's work. We have followed each other on Twitter. We've had a few DMs conversations So I am a fan of Daryl Moore, but I'm gonna look at this objectively outside of that I'm gonna give him praise. I'm gonna talk about the things he did wrong or things like that everything I saw so far today And that's the reason why I gave you the timetable because I'm sure there will be more news to come out about all Of this after this video is posted. It's just the nature of the business But from what I've just read it was 100% on Daryl Moore And if that is the true case congratulations there more because you because you get to do what you want now I mean if if GMing wasn't your plan anymore, you could go do what you want I read they say you want to spend more time with his kids Everybody wants to spend more time this kid. So we took the initiative. He did that congratulations there more But if Daryl if you're watching this I don't think it's I don't think it's a high possibility But if you're watching this I would love to talk not about this not necessarily about this and your next adventures But like just talk about the time when you were at the Houston Rockets, bro It's a lot of things a lot of things happen in those I Don't remember it 14 years. I don't really know Hit me up. Hit me up. You trying to have a conversation So if you did not know Daryl Moore's team would since he came with the Houston Rockets They are the second highest win percentage in the NBA behind the Spurs Like I'm just giving you the resume of you did not know and that's something I just found out after you got fired just by a bleach report update or something And then I saw something on Reddit two weeks ago That was like since the James Harden trade since Daryl Moore put off the James Harden trade all 29 of the teams in the NBA have missed the playoffs at least once and the only team that hasn't missed a playoff since the James Harden trade has been James Harden in the Houston Rockets. That is an insane insane statistic The one one of the reasons why I was I am a big fan of Daryl Moore Is that he's always trying to be innovative and pushing the envelope when it comes to things He's hit on some he's missed on us the analytics thing. He was the driving force behind analytics and basketball and Every team uses analytics today I mean maybe not to the Houston Rockets where they completely got rid of the two-pointer like the mid-range jump shot But every team uses analytics at this point every player that I've talked to that we mentioned analytics They they have agreed that they have an analytics team or people that tell you things analytically and that was mostly started by Daryl Moore So he hit on that one. The small ball thing is the one that missed I Understand the idea behind it and I'm glad he even attempted it But we saw that it just didn't work out especially we have players like Anthony Davis yokas These are these are great great bigs and PJ Tucker's greatest PJ Tucker is defensively. He cannot hold Anthony Davis in a seven game series It's just a fact they may get game one by that's a fact So again, I admire people that are trying to push the envelope and try to change things that have been traditional for so so long So that's another reason why I'm a fan of that He's hit some he's hit and miss on some trades a James Harden trade is one of the best trades and he hits your basketball It is you traded it for a superstar player without really giving up anything of significance Sure, you gave up some stuff, but how much of that stuff trend translated to wins Exactly exactly so you get a superstar player and I just mentioned how they have not missed the playoff since you made that trade But you also have ones you look back on you like I bet they wish they had that one back the Russell Westbrook for Chris Paul trade I I just think that Chris Paul and James Harden work better together on court On court than Russell Westbrook and James Harden did and especially we consider that you gave up pics as well But one thing that we talked about I think that was even on yesterday's video or two days ago We talked about the use of rockets continuously being contenders and how in an interview from a few years ago Daryl Maury has said that if I do not help James Harden get a championship in his tenure in MBA or my tenure as the general manager Then we failed him And we failed him and I am a firm believer and I don't want to live in a world of ifs and hypotheticals and things like that But if Chris Paul doesn't go down with an injury against the Warriors I do believe that they beat that Warriors team they go to the championship But who knows what happens there because LeBron has a good pretty good track record in the finals four of them I don't know how that series goes, but a championship appearance is always better than not a championship appearance. So cool This is very interesting. I've been seeing a lot of Rockets fans Call out the the owner Tillman, you know for all the things he's done in the past and and this one being on top of it But if it is true that is 100% Daryl Maury, I don't know if I can blame Tillman I'm not said Tillman has not been good. Don't don't get me wrong. He has not been good But the reason why I could be till man and Tillman pushing Daryl Maury to that point It's just yesterday. There was a report that came out that said the Houston Rockets were in the middle of interviews They were in the middle of interviews because you do not remember they they don't have a coach either right now So they were a middle of interviews and then the next day Daryl Maury steps down which could be in a predicament We're like Daryl Maury interviewed somebody that he absolutely loved because if I am a general manager And I am building a team and I see somebody that I think could be the the one for my team and my owner tells me no I don't know if I want to be there anymore So of course we don't know anything as of right now as I'm recording this video But I'm sure they will come to the light one day I'm sure it'll come to the light one day now The real question is what's next for the Houston Rockets right because with their Maury You know the statement that I said we was like if we do not get James Harden a championship I have failed him. He had did everything in his power. He was doing a KLT for a Q video You feel me he was trading all of his assets and that right now if you look at that roster They don't have any young assets Chris Clemens is a short king and I like him But he's the youngest player on the team, but he doesn't he's not he's not an asset They don't have any picks really like none You know they did all of that every trade that they did was trying to get James Harden a championship So right now the Houston Rockets is living in a world with no young assets They live in a world with no future drafts draft stock and they're living a world with two max players and both of them are getting up They're in age Russell Westbrook and James Harden are both still very very good NBA players But they're also getting up there in age and what we saw this season is that they don't work very well The reason why they are more he had to trade click a Pella is to open up the game for Russell Westbrook And guess what after he did that Russell Westbrook had a significant jump in his productivity Once he didn't have a person in the paint, you know, so they're more tried to do with things But I don't what is next for the Houston Rockets, right? What is this new general manager who I think they just promoted somebody? I don't think there's hiring anybody. Thank you to everybody that sent my resume in for them because I appreciate you Even though I'm not looking for the job, especially not the job of a former friend That's just kind of weird not a former friend, but a job from a friend. You know, it's just a little bit weird So what's next for you to Rockets? Those trades you know the trades that we talked about here on this channel the Ben Simmons for James Harden I don't know I don't know I guess it depends on what Tillman believes and then his new front office believes The ceiling of this current team is because again, they are capped out No draft stock capital no young assets to get and flip There's either two things either we ride and die with it right now what we do or you hit the reset button You hit the reset button and the only way you hit the reset button is you trade James hard because he is the guy on your team Of course with the most value we're talking about a player that has been in MVP conversations for the half half a decade now and Hasn't I got worse? You know So I think that this offseason we talked about in yesterday's video Look at that. I'm just talking about everything in yesterday's video how this offseason could be so so significant I didn't see this coming but this offseason could be really really significant. They may have this board meeting when they're like man We tried it with Mori ball. We tried it with with all the things that he liked We didn't get to that promised land and The only way the only way we do that is if we hit a reset because there is a there is a ceiling on the team that they have now This team is most likely not winning a championship. It's not if you look at the top contenders out West What are they like for? maybe five So there's a ceiling on this current structure of the team and the only way to get out of that is to trade Your best player because I mean I saw another rumor where the Knicks were interested in Russell Westbrook But even like Russell West which probably not giving you anything of significance if you trade him away like anything That's gonna help you right now So you're gonna have to trade him away probably or maybe just keep his contract His contract is huge and he's having trouble staying completely healthy this season and in the past couple that James Harden is like of course the the golden piece of free agency right now the gold and piece of trades depending on how things go depending on how things go By the end of the day, I think as the NBA fans the other 29 teams I don't know Houston fans. Of course, how do you feel? But the other 29 teams are like, yeah More chaos more chaos in the NBA more chaos in the NBA and of course, I mean, I'm gonna wrap this up very soon I can't go this whole video and talking about there more and talking about the Houston Rocks I'll talk about his comments towards at the beginning of the season. I know he made a tweet basically On the situation of Hong Kong and China I'm not an expert on what's going on over there in these different countries But obviously the Chinese government did not and did not like that so much so that they banned the viewing of the NBA in China and China is a pretty big market for the NBA and it all started from a dear morey tweet And they just lifted that ban game six in the playoffs game five in a playoffs they had just lifted that ban that ban and Obviously the NBA missed out on viewers They missed out on some money and things like that and I'm sure that may have had some type of play if it was again If it wasn't true that it's 100% dear morey's calling I'm happy. I don't know. I don't know what dear morey next thing is and the article said that he wants to spend more time With his children, which is a great thing But he doesn't take me as a type that'll just chill. I Bet I bet the Sacramento Kings are kicking themselves Because again dear more has consistently been one of the top five general managers in the league as far as Building a team that can make the playoffs and make some noise in the playoffs And the Kings already hired their guys if they knew this dear more stuff was common They would have just left that vacancy open and call dear morey three minutes after release. Hello, Darryl We missed the playoffs for over a decade Please save us and there are more is a type of guy to be able to do that like that to make the playoffs like that So I don't know what his next adventure is. I don't know but Darryl if you're watching this I would love to talk about it. I would love to talk about it.  All right. I appreciate everybody Um, let me know what you think about of course all the topics and the other things I talked about the the top of the show about the ratings and and all the free agency stuff Those will be in future videos. Maybe tomorrow the day after trust. Love y'all. Peace


So welcome back after the brief tea break. So before we begin our tutorial session, let me solve just one problem, the ladder problem, the simplest problem using another approach which is typically done in textbooks. I will just take 5 minutes and then we will get on with our tutorial session. This is theta angle, say this is O the origin AB, this is weight W, this is force P. This problem can also be alternatively solved using another approach and another approach is as follows. We can say that with respect to a fixed coordinate system, it is very important to have a fixed coordinate system which is at the origin here intersection of these two sides. We can say that the y coordinate of point A is equal to 2L or this is L by 2, L by 2 is equal to L sin theta is the y coordinate. Now note that this is our y axis and this is our x axis. We can also say that x coordinate of point B is equal to L cos theta. Now this implies that delta yA is equal to L cos theta theta and delta xB is equal to minus L sin theta delta theta. Now note one thing that unlike the geometrical approach that we had used earlier, we do not need to take care of the directions up, down, sideways and so on. It just depends on the coordinate system that you are using. Think here the coordinate system here is y is up, x is to the right. So when you say delta yA, delta yA and delta theta. Now how is delta theta defined? It is defined like this. If you increase theta then this is what will happen. Now think about it that if delta theta is positive then what happens delta yA is L cos delta theta is also positive. As a result what we see is that delta yA go upwards and this is precisely what we will see from here that if delta theta is positive delta yA automatically becomes positive. What about delta xB? Now delta xB think about it. If delta theta is positive then this point moves inwards and as a result delta xB becomes minus L sin theta delta theta which is negative so that negative sin is automatically taken care of. We do not have to worry about what is positive, what is negative and then using principle of virtual work what we can say is that the w y is upwards is positive so w downwards is negative so minus w delta yA p negative because it is on the other side of x minus p delta xB is equal to 0 or in other words what we will get is that that minus w L w yA by 2 because this is at the center the load is at the center so it will be L cos theta by 2 delta theta this is minus this is also minus so we will get plus p L sin theta delta theta is equal to 0 and so we immediately get our answer that we had obtained early because this is true for any arbitrary delta theta. So this was another alternative method which is typically also done in the text books so I just wanted to mention that but I still like to go by the geometrical method which I had discussed in the morning because that gives a very very good feel for the problem whereas this becomes very mechanical and if you are not careful enough to choose the origin at a fixed point then the answer that you may get would be complete garbage but ultimately depends on what you are comfortable with and both are equally fine so long as you do them appropriately. So with this much of a preamble let us move on to tutorial problems a very very simple problem okay it will like not take more than 5 minutes okay we will discuss this problem I will give 5 minutes for you the 2 bar link is shown is supported by a pin okay this is a pin connection and a bracket connection at B and D determine the force P okay so this force P is applied upwards force E which is 100 pounds is applied downwards 150 pounds is applied downwards so what we are asked is that I determine the force P required to maintain equilibrium of the linkage very simple problem the overall virtual displacement is very easy what we are asked to find out is what is this force required to keep this system in equilibrium okay very simple problem think about it we will take 5 minutes to solve this problem any questions please direct I will be happy to answer via chat okay I can see that many centers have solved this problem so what we realize is this that this particular triangle okay you can clearly have a mechanism like this look at this look at this cylinder here okay this what can happen you have 2 members which are connected by a pin joint okay and add the collar okay this member is unable again connected by a pin joint now what can happen is this okay how do we give the virtual displacement to this structure look at member ABC suppose ABC and EDFC were not connected to each other okay then this clearly becomes a mechanism why a mechanism because free rotation for member ABC is possible about joint B if these 2 are not connected so what we do is that let us give us that rotation delta theta okay what possible mechanism that can happen but now note one thing we can do that but because these 2 are connected with each other what will happen is that this joint will open up if you give it a virtual rotation of delta theta so what we do is that this joint open up why how will it open up that this point BC C will move exactly downwards okay C will move exactly downwards okay and point A will move exactly upwards okay because it has to move perpendicular to the line joining A and B okay this is the line joining A and B we are rotating this about point A so this will move exactly upwards so this will go up this will go down and if we do not provide any moment to this member then the joint will open up like this so what we do that this delta C will be given by how much okay delta C will be given by this rotation multiplied by this distance rotation multiplied by 8 inches now what do we do this point moved by that much amount so the same displacement that comes here should be provided to this entire mechanism that this rod has to completely translate down by how much amount by this amount that is delta E delta F should be equal to delta C all of them move parallel to each other and this is the ultimate resulting virtual displacement which is completely compatible why because there is no virtual work done at point B in this mechanism there will no virtual work done at this joint there will be no virtual done at the collar why because we are not providing any displacements at this point only virtual work will be done by this and this and this and how do we get a relation between what should this delta theta and what should be this delta A and what should this delta E B the relation is straight forward that delta A because this is 16 this is 8 if this distance if this displacement is delta C delta A will only be twice of that distance and delta E and delta F okay if you look here they all of them are together so delta A will be 2 times delta C and all these displacements are equal to delta C so put everything in the principle of virtual work according to our virtual displacement this point okay moved up but the force applied is down so the virtual work done is minus so minus P delta A what about the other loads this is 100 into delta E plus 150 into delta F both are in the same direction now we substitute the relation between them that delta A is equal to 2 times delta C whereas delta E is equal to delta C and both delta F is equal to delta C put everything together we immediately see that P is equal to 125 pounds so the entire trick was in just recognizing that this undergoes some rotation this undergoes pure translation and to prevent this linkage from opening up we need to make sure that this relation is satisfied that delta A should be equal to 2 times delta C once we satisfy that we are done if you try solving this problem is in Newton's law also not a big deal but you have to draw two free body diagrams but in this case just this one recognition you immediately know okay what the answer should be for the P to maintain this body in equilibrium now let us move on to this second problem okay what do we have is that we have a mix of linkages okay so these are called as something like Nuremberg scissors so this is a demonstration that I have taken from demonstration.wolffrom.com and what you will see here is that this particular mechanism I can decrease the number of scissors okay increase the number of scissors okay and then we can change whatever size here is but ultimately what we want to do is we can extend the scissors like this or we can reduce the scissors like this so this precisely is the mechanism that I am showing here okay so AB, BG, GD, DE okay so we have members AB and BC and CD and DE and similarly we have members AH and HC and CF okay and FE okay so we have all these members they are connected okay to a hinge support here and they are all connected to each other by points note that this BC, BG is one complete member, HC is one complete member, CF is one complete member and GD is one complete member okay so these are not two force members now this are supported by at another place by another set of by another hinge or roller hinge or pin connection at point E now to this mechanism we are applying a load of P here we are applying a load of 2P here and force Q in the horizontal direction at point D and what we are asked to find out can we find out what is the horizontal reaction okay we have here in the question I have asked to find out what is the complete reaction but for the time being can we find out what is the horizontal reaction at point E that comes from the applications of these forces okay note one thing that this problem can be more easily solved okay using the coordinate approach if we put a at point A a coordinate axis in the x direction coordinate axis in the y direction and then write down appropriate y coordinate for HG x coordinate for D and release this support convert it into a roller and a horizontal reaction at E and correspondingly the x coordinate of point E then we do appropriate differentiations find out that if this angle changes okay think about it this is a one degree of freedom problem that if this angle theta changes by a small angle okay delta theta which means that this entire angle changes by a small value of delta theta then that change is reflected everywhere okay so it is a one degree of freedom system so if you put a coordinate system here and here in the x and y direction write the appropriate coordinates we can solve this problem quite easily and this is one particular example where we can see the beauty of principle of virtual world I can have 50 hundred linkages like this if you try solving this problem using Newton's laws moment balance force balance the number of free bodies that will be involved will be phenomenal whereas in this case it will be quite easy to do this problem okay so it will be a matter of like just like four or five lines okay why don't we solve this problem for around between five and ten minutes and then we will get back so let's get to the solution of the problem quite a few of centers gave the appropriate answer so what we did first release the support keep this roller here but the so what we did is that this was a pin connection or a hinge connection we replace this with a roller and a corresponding horizontal force now what do we do we put a coordinate axis at x and y this is only one degree of freedom system because if you provide a virtual displacement from theta to delta theta it changes uniformly everywhere so what we can do is that we can say what is the coordinate of point P it will be minus a sin theta with respect to this fixed coordinate system coordinate of point G again will be equal to minus a sin theta whereas the x coordinate of point D why I am interested in x coordinate because I need to find out that upon giving a small virtual rotation here okay changing this angle how much does the point move in the horizontal direction I don't care about a vertical direction why because this force will not do any work against the vertical direction so I am only interested is what in what the horizontal displacement is in this direction so we write down it is 1 2 3 4 5 5 a cos theta is the horizontal coordinate of point D now if this is yp delta yp is how much minus a cos theta delta theta let us pause to think about it what is happening here if delta theta is positive then what happens delta theta increases this point will move down even much even more so this quantity is what this quantity is become negative and clearly as expected positive displacement upward displacement is positive according to the sin convention downward displacement is negative so that negative is automatically taken care of here similarly delta yg same thing will happen if you increase this angle this point will go down and that is what is reflected in the negative sign here xd is 5 a cos theta so if you do delta xd it will become minus phi a sin theta delta theta now why this negative here if you increase this angle think about it this entire this point D will shift inwards what is our positive convention in this direction everything is positive in this direction everything is negative so that negative value is telling us that with increasing delta theta delta theta being positive this thing has a value that is negative which displacement is in the horizontal direction now we apply principle of virtual work what do we do this p downwards so according to sign convention minus p into delta yp g downwards minus 2p into delta yg okay and ultimately q is positive okay because it is in the same direction as x so q into delta xd and then without worrying about it is left or right we just put this value in with all the signs intact okay everything all the signs should be intact put it here and then we solve this we immediately get what is fex okay and one thing which I forgot to mention that xe what is xe xe is 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 cos theta so delta xe is equal to minus 6 a sin theta delta theta again when delta theta increases this point e tends to move inwards that is why this negative sign and the virtual work now is done by this this this and this force fex by our sin convention okay it is acting in this direction outward direction so we take it as positive I forgot to mention that here so it should be plus fex into delta xe write down all the equations here okay this is come here this comes here this is known this is known this is known we can solve for it because this is true for arbitrary delta theta and from that we get fex is this value which most of us have obtained okay so let us move on to this problem what do we have here okay little bit tricky not too difficult problem we have a mass which is lowered or raised okay by 4 identical links 1 2 and 3 and 4 on the other side so this mass has a dimension which is coming out of the plane so 2 is what we can see and 2 exact identical or on the other side okay so what we can do is that we can replace this mass by m by 2 and just consider only the front the front portion that we can see and what we are asked is that that the elevation of this mass is controlled by this hydraulic cylinders which are attached like this okay all the dimensions are given to you so what is asked is that that in this particular configuration when this length is B okay what should be the compression in each of the cylinders so how much force should the cylinders provide for the system to be in equilibrium okay so this is the problem so do that with principle of virtual work you can also do that with Newton's laws then these are two force members you have to solve everything but you will see that this particular problem is much more elegantly solved using principle of virtual work once you realize what the geometry is what the displacements what the angles are it is a matter of just three lines and you will get the answer okay so any questions about this problem or the previous problem please feel free to direct to me we will take 10 more minutes okay and then we will come back to this problem so we get back to the problem this solution is one of the older solutions that I had written it is not the most optimal but the point here is this okay first we have to figure out the full geometry okay many many colleges many centers have already solved it so this is B this is B so these two angles will be the same alpha so because some of all the angles is 180 degrees we immediately find out that alpha is equal to pi by 2 minus theta by 2 now note one thing that to raise or lower this mass what you have to do in this case the virtual displacement is provided in such a way that this mass is actually lowered okay and because of that what happens this hydraulic cylinder is replaced by the corresponding force that it is being that it is applying f of h now when we lower so once we remove the hydraulic cylinder note one thing that this entire assembly becomes a mechanism you remove this hydraulic cylinder you remove this hydraulic cylinder okay by symmetry okay we are again exploiting the symmetry because this assembly is symmetric we are saying that if the force in this is fh this also has to be fh so we are using only one half part of this okay that is one thing to note otherwise the number of unknowns present in the system are quite a bit okay but the only reason why we are using is is that there is a symmetry also about the central axis so we look only at one part now think about it when we release this hydraulic cylinder this assembly this entire mechanism this entire thing becomes a mechanism and as a result we can push it down and we keep that in mind while providing the virtual displacement we provide the virtual displacement the same as is there in this mechanism how do you what happens is that this point D moves to D prime okay if this angle is theta this angle is theta if the rotation in this is delta theta then again the rotation in this also has to be delta theta now note that this is a fixed point E and if the rotation in this case is delta theta which in this case is in the anticlockwise is in the clockwise direction then what we need to find out that what is the displacement of this point B along this direction okay what is the displacement of point B along the direction of the hydraulic cylinder why because only that component of the displacement does any work now we recall what we had done that we want to find out that what is in that along this direction how does it move so what do we do we draw this line and drop a perpendicular from point E okay where about which we are rotating this rod be draw a perpendicular like this drop it here so this distance is nothing but B sin alpha okay this is B sin alpha but what was alpha alpha was pi by 2 minus theta by 2 so this virtual displacement along this will be nothing but B sin alpha okay into delta theta but since alpha is equal to pi by 2 minus theta 2 that B sin alpha become B cos theta by 2 so immediately what do we say that the displacement along this direction is nothing but B cos theta by 2 into delta theta so now we know that what is the virtual displacement along this we also want to know what is the virtual displacement for this mass so it is very simple there are two ways of doing this one is we just write down the y coordinate for this so what is the y coordinate for this with respect to this fixed axis the y coordinate B B theta so for point D y D is equal to 2 B sin theta as a result delta y D is also equal to 2 B cos theta delta theta since we are decreasing the delta theta this becomes negative and why delta y D actually comes down so we can do it this way but delta y D is equal to 2 B cos delta theta downwards for the virtual displacement that we had provided so now we have delta y which is 2 cos theta B delta theta we have delta or the displacement virtual displacement along the hydraulic cylinder which is B cos theta by 2 delta theta put everything together use principle of virtual work you will see that force in the hydraulic cylinder will be W cos theta into cos theta by 2 okay so this problem becomes so much more simple when you use it solve it using principle of virtual work it will not be that difficult if you use Newton's Newton's laws also principles of equilibrium but then you have to draw multiple free body diagrams and do the balance whereas here you get the answer in one shot so there is one question from 1331 that the concept that we have used for E p is not convincing okay so let us see if I can convince them so as far as this is concerned this is a triangle okay E B so let us look only at this portion okay only at the portion which is below this this is the force in the hydraulic cylinder F H this angle is theta this angle is alpha this angle is alpha so what I had said is that that the displacement okay we have line E B and for line E B we are giving a virtual rotation okay along the direction in the clockwise direction now what we know clearly is that this point B if I draw it separately here because of this rotation it will have a displacement which is approximately perpendicular okay so this angle is 90 degrees this is the line of action of force so this data is equal to B times delta theta now what we want to know that this angle was alpha okay so this will be 90-alpha and this will be equal to alpha so what do we have here so we have here we can write it in a different way that if I magnify this portion you will see that this is this is delta which is B which is equal to B times delta theta and this length will be nothing but delta into sin alpha which will be equal to then the displacement along this line will be nothing but equal to B delta theta sin alpha or equivalently it is equal to B sin alpha delta theta but just note one thing what is this B sin alpha this B sin alpha is nothing but if this is B B sin alpha is essentially this distance and what this is telling you is that that if you had a rigid body like this then any point along this line okay if you have a big rigid body like this to which we are giving a small rotation in the clockwise direction then any point along this line will have a displacement in this direction only given by B sin alpha delta theta so if this is this geometry is not clear just draw it again you will see that there are two ways of doing this first it is to recognize that if the rotation for this E B happens about point E then the relative displacement will be perpendicular to the original line and then draw the angles and then find out that what is the corresponding component along this direction of FH that we want or the other way is that we know what is the line of action of this force so from point E drop a perpendicular here and this distance multiplied by delta theta you will see that it is also exactly equal to what is the displacement of this point along this direction so both are equivalent ways of doing it whatever you find convenient just think about it and it will become clear you have to just draw the appropriate figures and then interpret that accordingly so if that is clear then kindly send a chat message will have one last query before we move on to the next problem so this is a matter of geometry okay so if you are not comfortable in case right now it's just a matter of sitting down drawing the figures if you just stare at it for half an hour everything will become perfectly clear so it's just how much you stare at it okay I am almost sure that most of you know all these things but in case things are not clear or for example that there is some ambiguity the slides are there just stare at them just if you stare at them for half an hour everything will become clear the idea is that when you remove some support if you remove some hydraulic reaction the assembly becomes a mechanism and you want to provide virtual displacement to that assembly in such a way that the way the mechanism will deform that should be your virtual displacement and then you also don't want to change the length of any members neither do you want to open up any link okay and when you satisfy all these criteria you can move individual members and then deform and then give appropriate virtual displacement virtual angles in such a way that the criteria about no length no member should change its length any joints you don't open them if you satisfy that then you have your virtual displacement where the only work is done by the given forces and the force that you are interested in finding out so the idea is in recognizing that this becomes a mechanism and then figuring out how will that mechanism deform okay we will move on to this for this problem is a bit involved okay but I leave it to you for your own thinking when you go back not really involved but but it requires some time so what we do now is we look at this mechanism so the claw of a remote action actuator develops a clamping for C as a result of the tension P in the control rod so what we are doing is that that this is an assembly where in this configuration you try to pull on this rod P and when you try to pull on this rod P what will happen is that this will try to clamp in and if you keep some if you keep some material here for example then this will try to clamp in on that material and that material in turn will exert reaction C C symmetrically on the two jaws and what you are asked to find out that for for under the application of this force P what will be the clamping force at the jaws and all the assembly is given to you okay so think about this problem okay you can use some coordinate systems and so on or you can visualize this appropriately and get the answer okay it is it requires some thinking but not that much we will take ten minutes for this and after that we will discuss this problem if you have any questions about this problem or any other problems please send a request on chat and we can see if we can discuss there or we can discuss after after the end of ten minutes okay so I can see that many centers have solved a problem properly there is one simple way to solve this problem so what we do is that we know that the virtual work should be equal to 0 so what is this we give the virtual displacement okay I have not done a figure here but look at this top jaw okay if we pull on this okay what happens if you pull on this one okay suppose we put a virtual displacement to this entire assembly that let this be pushed outwards okay let this be pushed outwards or let this be put push inverse whatever it does not matter so if you take this push it inverse by little way little bit what happens this angle has to change as a result this will rotate and when this rotate to maintain all the compatibility at all the joints this member also has to rotate now if this member rotate this upper jaw by an angle delta theta then you will immediately see that this delta E okay this point E which is connected here will also move up okay by an amount how much C plus D delta theta whereas this jaw will move by an amount B times delta theta so what does that mean that would mean that delta A which is the vertical displacement here is equal to B divided by D plus C okay so B divided by D plus C why because this will be B delta theta this vertical displacement will be C plus D delta theta and so you take the ratio and what you will see is that delta A will be equal to B by D plus C into delta E so we have a relation that we want to find out what is the virtual work done by this force and this force so we need to find out what is delta A and that is what we get here so delta A we get in terms of delta E but now this is not enough why because ultimately the work done at this force P will be P times delta C what is delta C is how much this distance change by that will be this the change in this length that will be delta C so P times delta C will be the work done here so we need to actually express delta E which is this vertical virtual displacement in terms of the horizontal virtual displacement delta C to do that we recognize that point B can slide only upwards okay this can slide only sideways so this is very much like the ladder problem that this can only go upwards this can only go sideways so what we know is that that E square plus C square is equal to length of this link so we can use calculus and say that delta this is 0 because the length of the link should not change so 2 E delta E is equal to minus 2 C delta C or we then get a relation between delta E and delta C so now we know delta A in terms of delta E we know delta E in terms of delta C so what is the virtual work virtual work done will be 2 C into delta A plus P into delta C okay 2 C into delta A plus P into delta C substitute everything here okay because delta A is now expressible in terms of delta C since it is true for any arbitrary delta C you will see that compression will come out to be P by 2 into E D plus C divided by BC simple geometry okay so are there any questions on the chat about this so it seems that this problem is pretty clear to everyone now this problem okay is somewhat interesting problem so what we have is that we have an assembly what is reused to crush stones for example crush rocks now how is this assembly there we have one member two member three member four member they are pinned here and they are connected by hinge support at the top point now what is the mechanism that there is a hydraulic assembly which is pushing against this members what is the pressure okay P1 is 100 MPa here P2 is equal to 60 MPa here the diameters of the pistons here are given as 100 millimeters this angle is 30 degrees now what happens is that that when you apply this force this will try to extend okay this angle 30 will tend to decrease and as a result it will increase exert some force here may be horizontal and vertical both okay it is not clear immediately so it can exert a vertical and horizontal force here because of those forces this AB we will try to go down this angle 10 will tend to decrease and this point C will tend to I am not singing it will it will tend to crush the rock okay so ultimately what do we want is that that there will be some force F that will be exerted here we replace this rock with that force F and we want to provide virtual displacements to this to this structure in such a way that the only work is done by the moment here delta D by the moment here delta E because these forces are known we only want the horizontal displacement here and here because these forces are known and what is a what is a displacement here why because we have replaced this rock and so in the absence of rock this is a mechanism and the way this mechanism will deform is the same way we want to give small virtual displacements and then use principle of virtual work where the work will be done here and here some should be 0 and that will give us force on the rock so we will take just 5 minutes then we will briefly discuss the solution now this problem just a little bit tricky not too much just think about it okay if you have your full screen put on okay I want to make some hand gestures I did not know I could make them but apparently I can so look at the top assembly FDE it will form one triangle like this and a bottom triangle like this if you give this assembly a virtual rotation okay a virtual displacement how by changing this angle okay just a bit if you change the angle just a bit what happens this point B will move down okay this point D this point B will move down okay how much amount you can calculate that because we have enough problems we can easily figure out how much distance it will move down by okay now what happens what will happen to point D and E when you put a virtual displacement point D and E both come inside in the horizontal direction okay both vertical and horizontal directions will be present but because this force is horizontal we only care about what is the horizontal displacement of D and E so what happens is that you have this rhombus okay if the point B goes down point D and E they come in and they also go down we worry only about the horizontal displacement of D and E but now what happens if point B goes down point B is common to AB and BC also so we cannot do that we cannot provide a virtual displacement where only point E moves down because then there will be a gap between these two assembly so how do we clear that gap we clear that gap by also providing a virtual displacement in such a way that for the bottom assembly point B also moves down okay point B also moves down how much does it moves down by that how much distance this point B moves down from the top assembly is the same distance this bottom point B should move down by but then what happens just note our ladder problem that for the virtual work for the virtual work problem we had done previously if this point is free to move horizontally then this top point B will not only move downwards but it will also move sideways just look at the figure we had previously for the problem where there was a piston here that the point B will not only move down it will also move sideways then what happens then we can match the vertical displacement of point B coming from the top assembly and a vertical displacement of point B coming from the bottom assembly but the horizontal gap still remains and to take care of that horizontal gap what should we do now is that we should take this entire assembly okay and rotate it rigidly about point F okay the entire assembly rigid about point F how much does it rotate by by an amount so as to clear this gap but as a result what happens initially point D and point E both by symmetry had the same horizontal displacement but now because of this rotation you will see that one point D has more displacement other point D has less displacement and as a result the virtual work components that come from here will not have the same virtual displacements and they will differ you look at this figure okay when you go back you look at in leisure okay all the entire solution is given to you but if you use the coordinate system put a coordinate system here put this theta delta theta you will never realize that this rigid body rotation should also be present in order to make sure that there are no internal gaps and when you put that you will see that the virtual work equation will look like this and the p which is the force that is exerted at the rock will be equal to F1 plus F2 where F1 is the force exerted by one hydraulic cylinder F2 is the force exerted by the hydrolyzed cylinder tan theta tan alpha are all given this is theta this bottom is alpha okay plus F1 minus F2 by 4 and this term this rigid body rotation that is required for the virtual displacement becomes only important when F1 is not equal to F2 otherwise you will not even see this but when F1 is not equal to F2 that will contribute and the virtual displacement will be 3 components the top one has an angle change like this the bottom one has an angle change like this and a sliding and to match that gap this entire assembly should rotate and get fixed here okay these 3 components of virtual displacement when you put them together you will see a final assembly which looks like this green line okay and from that okay stare at this if you already have not figured it out you will see that this work will be done this work will be done and ultimately this point see also moves sideways so the unknown force here will also do work and all these 3 together will do some work and we get the final answer now a disclaimer here that this problem is much easier solved using Newton's law but this problem is given precisely to show that what possible virtual displacement can be present in the system if you want to solve a particular problem using this method so it is a very clear demonstration that how different geometry changes in a mechanism can happen when we remove this thing these are the mechanism kind of geometry changes that happen and how to incorporate them all together in order to visualize that in the absence of this what particular mechanism does this collapse to and then use that particular mechanistic collapse to find out what are the virtual displacements at various points use principle of virtual work to get our appropriate answers okay so I hope that in the lecture okay I have convert the beauty and power of virtual work at least to some extent to most of you okay if you still have some concerns to still have some confusions okay you can write to me on the chat you can write to me on Moodle okay and we will see if we can answer those questions and can answer those doubts okay so the entire next week we are going to do dynamics we will do kinetics kinematics of particles kinetics kinematics of rigid bodies okay and hopefully have a lot of fun doing that okay so have a good day.