Okay. So, today morning, I was humming a poem of Sir Edward Dyer. It was maybe around 8 o'clock or 9 o'clock. And that poem was, My Mind to be a Kingdom Is. It is one of my favorite poems.  Poem goes like this. My mind to me a kingdom is. Such present choice, Dereen, I find, that it excels all of the bliss that earth efforts or grows by kind. So much I want that most would have, yet still my mind forbids to crave. No princely pomp, no wealthy star, no force to win the victory, no willy wit to salv a sword, no shape to feed a loving eye. To none of these I yield as troll, for why, for why my mind doth serve for all, for why my mind doth serve for all. Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends, I, your host, Dr. Anirudh Dababbar, welcomes you to yet another session of Dot Talks webinar series. Like what we always do, today's topic is also very different and rather intriguing. Today we are going to enter into the complex world of mind. We are going to explore this relatively unknown world through the eyes of Sigmund Freud. If you could remember the talk that we had in the last week, the topic was what is man. And today we are going to talk about the mind and that too, through the eyes of Sigmund Freud. The new millennium happens to mark the centenary of the birth of psychoanalysis. The sole parent, Sigmund Freud, has been dead for over 60 years. Indeed, he was born before the American Civil War, relatively early in the reign of Queen Victoria. Yet his contribution to modern civilization has been so profound that his work has stayed in the center of attention. Whether to be praised or denigrated, that's up to all of you throughout the 20th century. The current anniversary may constitute a suitable opportunity to reappraise Freud's complex over from a scientific perspective. It should, however, be noted at the outset that Freud's impact on the Western civilization was not primal or scientific. It consisted of the moral influence of his writings on the upbringing of children, on sexual attitudes, on views concerning personality problems, and so on. One way to summarize his life's work is simply to state that he invented a new scientific discipline that has steadily grown for over 100 years and every part of the developed world, an intellectual and organizational feat of some magnitude. Freud's scientific writings, of course, if you could refer to his English translation, comprise 24 volumes and continue to be read, not only by professional psychoanalysts. In fact, so great has Freud's prestige has been in educated circles that even today, two to four generations after its original publication, his art is commonly equated with the conceptual world of psychoanalysis. Through the development of a novel observational method, Sigmund Freud made possible the collection of reliable data about man's inner life. The scientific hypothesis he formulated about this form, the initial version of psychoanalysis. Many of these first thoughts have had to be revised in the light of subsequent scientific findings about the operations of the central nervous system. But even these refuted propositions often had much heuristic value. Despite the passage of a whole century, many Freudian hypothesis have retained their scientific standing. Most important among these was Freud's realization that human thought is unusually unconscious. His understanding of the role of the automatic repetition of basic patterns of behavior, of the faithful consequences of early childhood emotional vicitudes in structuring enduring mental dispositions and of the distinction between two distinct modes of thinking are the most significant among his many contributions. Dear friends, to further this discussion and to put more light on the subject, we have a very special guest in psychology and counseling at St. Joseph University, Dimapur, Dr. Watenaro Longkume. Ma'am, I request to take a charge of the discussion. Thank you so much. We are waiting for interesting perspectives. Thank you. Thank you very much. Can you hear me? In my auditorium now? Very much, very much. Okay. Thank you. So thank you very much with a lot of passion. Sir, Dr. Aniruddha, the moment we started talking about this, coming for this talk, I could sense a lot of passion towards the subject and that itself has brought me to understand that this is not just a subject confined to only those who study but also to people from all walks of life, whether you are a psychology student or not. Having said that, thank you for the very interesting, you have already done a very good job. You know, you have done a half job for me in fact and thank you very much. Having said that, I would like to thank the organizing team and also the college, one of the most vibrant colleges that I have heard since I was away. I have been studying and working at Bangalore for about 10 years. And so, you know, returning back to Nagaland, this is just my two years of staying here in Dimapu. We're working in an environment such like this and very interesting. I get to see a lot of activities of Tetster College and I've always known that this is a very popular and happening college. And I'm very, very honored and very happy to be sharing this platform with young, vibrant, dynamic professors and also young students here. This is my pleasure and I thank God for the opportunity. I'm sure that when it comes to psychology, many people have a question, you know, we are always confronted with questions. When we say that, you know, I have done psychology and practicing or I teach, the first thing that comes to everyone's mind is, can you read my mind? And that's the first question we always being confronted with. On the other hand, when we talk about psychology, it is much more than just, you know, hypnotizing or just watching someone and predicting that I know this is what you think. This is not no mystic. This is no mystic endeavor. However, this is very scientific in nature. And this has a lot of lot of work that has gone in to come to a place where we understand that, you know, a human mind can be explored scientifically. When we talk about scientific, it also talks about measurable element. So it's very interesting and it's very intriguing at the same time that a human mind, the expanse of the mind can be measured. By scientific approach. And it has largely to do with the contribution given by Sigmund Freud, the person we're going to talk about. I have nothing big to discuss about this because I am nobody to talk about his work. But since I'm also a very ardent, fascinated student of psychology, I wish to bring this small concept. You know, something that can be easily discussed among the young students and also people who are not from psychology background. So to make it much, much simple, I just brought very three simple theories, which is quite complex. But I want to make it quite simple so that, you know, when this talk is over, you have at least three concepts understood when you leave. And at the same time, you should be able to apply. Let me remind you, the moment you hear about this topic, you will no longer think the same way you think about yourself or with people you talk to. Having said that, my first slide talks about, let me just give you a little gist of who this person we are talking about. I won't go much in detail who this person is. This itself is a huge research work you have to do to learn about this amazing man we are discussing. Sigmund Freud was born in the year 1956 and from Vienna, Austria. But he died in London. He was there around the time when Nazis were, you know, hugely overtaking the entire Europe and it was becoming even more difficult because he was born in a Jewish family. And so you can imagine the amount of fear and, you know, underground work they had to do when he developed this theory and a lot has gone around him that made him to introspect and explore much more about the unconscious and the internal world. He fled to London soon when Nazis began to occupy where he lived. And he's one of the most famous scholars ever, but he is not just known for a single discovery only. Instead, he's known for the development of an encompassing theory of mind developed over span of many decades. For the record, about five decades. And he was up for a Nobel Prize in medicine and literature, but he didn't get it in any of one of them. Now the reason why he was up for this medical, because he was a bio-neurologist by training and by profession. And he was a practicing doctor.  You can see that his exploration is quite uncanny. And at the same time, something, if you and I have to code it, we might say that he was quite weird out of the norms. As a medical student, he dissected about hundreds of eels in an unsuccessful attempt to locate their reproductive system. He promoted cocaine as a medical drug, but it turned out to be a dangerous and addictive idea. A few years later, he founded the groundbreaking theory called the psychoanalysis, which is a landmark study, 1900 book with the interpretation of dreams. Despite his success, he was often very unhappy. And in course of his very recursive research that he was undertaking, he had often coded himself saying that the chief patient I'm always preoccupied with is myself. So you can imagine in the course of the work that he does, he was also parallelly exploring the mind of his own. And that is when the eureka moment of discovering the unconscious part of himself has come to play and hence the birth of psychodynamic theory. Perhaps because of his frustrations, he achieved a lot of insights into the source of the human unhappiness. He also proposed that we are all driven by pleasure principle, which inclines towards easy physical and emotional rewards and away from the treasury and disciplines. Now, he was almost universally acclaimed figure as a profoundly intellectual figure, and he was also object of considerable dislike as well. He was not only not a nice man in many ways. You can always imagine when he talks about the theories and he was very stubborn as a person. And he was also a person who brings a lot of weird discoveries among his colleagues, and he defended that till he get an answer. He was deeply ambitious for the cause of promoting psychoanalysis, for the cause of presenting his views and defending it. And he was also disliked very often and hated for his views. As Nazis were growing, he was identified as a Jew who was destroying the image of the Christianity. And he was criticized by many of his theory. To some extent, there was some chute to it because many of his theories were quite controversial in nature. And it was quite difficult for people after him, that is neo-Freudians, to accept certain theories that he had proposed. However, neo-Freudians such as Carl Rogers, Alfred Adler and the likes had also based their foundation on psycho-dynamic theory. Coming down to understanding, I was just looking for one thing. So, lots of Freud's work has been replaced with modern research based approaches. And his work is important for its historical contributions and revolutionary nature of what he proposed. So this revolutionary suggestion that each mental activity takes place outside of our conscious thoughts and awareness, that unconscious motivation and not just the conscious ones influence our thoughts, feelings and personality. Now, bear in mind that this person was not talking about something which is visible, tangible and measurable from a human perspective. But this man was talking about something which is not seen, something which is not talked about and something which is not discovered. Having said that, he spoke clearly about three interesting theories and models. And I will be discussing the first one that is the topographical model which he talks about ego and superego. But largely, let's talk about the unconscious part. Now, if you can see the figure over there, the unconscious mind which has a metaphorical representation of a huge iceberg. Now, this iceberg metaphor is a very good representation of our mind in itself. Now, the tip of an iceberg which he clearly identifies as the conscious side of us, which means if you're sitting here with me today and you're listening to me, that is received by your conscious awareness. That is your senses, the present senses of what I'm speaking to you is enabling you to capture that information. And if I ask you what did I speak in the past few seconds, maybe you should be able to tell me because you were consciously aware at that point in time. But the second layer which he talks about is the subconscious layer. Subconscious layer is retrievable. It can be received, it can be tracked backward and yet only with the help of therapy or only with the help of, you know, recalling, taking time to recall. And in science, we call it as short-term memory. Whereas the unconscious which Freud is very popularly known to talk about is the massive rock that makes us of who we are. So, for instance, when you listen to me, you know, every time I talk, you can hear that my voice intonation tends to rise up and also move down. You can see that my hand movement, you can also see my body language and my facial expression, which I am not aware about.  And I have no idea what made my personality when I express something, I do this way. Now, he said that this unconscious part of the mind that once immediate gratification for primitive urges, for example, the hunger and the thirst, most of this. Let me just, if you go to the next slide, can the person who is using this, can you move to the next slide? Yes, psychic model, try it, the next one please. Great. This talks about the ego and superego and we are hosting three parts of this in our unconscious mind. The ego is the one which covers the large massive rock, the large massive eyes. That is our subconscious, the ego is the one which is on the top, which is on the tip of the iceberg. And the superego is the one which I was talking about, the subconscious. Now, moving to the next slide please. There are always a conflict with one another, especially there is a conflict between the it and the superego. And ego is the one which is in the middle that is your conscious awareness. And there is the fight or the conversation that keeps going between the it and the superego. Remember, it is your unconscious which is not retrievable and the superego is the one which is in your subconscious which can be easily retrievable. Now, there are many, it is true that these internal conflicts creates a lot of anxiety. It produces anxiety and our desire to reduce it, that shape who we are. And according to Freud, the first unconscious emerges in the it. Now, this part of the mind needs immediate gratification, which is very primitive in nature. For example, your primitive urges like your hunger, your thirst and also your urge for survival. Including aggression, including death and life. There are so many other concepts within it, which is not part of my talk today. However, that all comes under primitive urges. Now, the it is driven by the pleasure principle or the instinctive drive to seek pleasure and avoid pain. So, this it one things right now. If I'm hungry, I want it now itself. So, over time and with parents influence, the infant develops the second influence of the unconscious that is the superego. Now, Freud described the superego as part of the mind that access the conscious and the moral compass. Like the ability to feel pride in our accomplishments, but also guilt about our shortcomings. Now, let me tell you what is the superego about? Superego are those parental voices, are those social voices or those voices that came from the teachers or from the moral principles, from the rights and wrongs that we were taught about, the ethics, the morality. All these comes under the superego. That is all good kind of information. Now, just imagine, there is the it side of you who is hungry, who wants things now and the superego who says no, that is wrong.  Now, there is an urge that comes in you and the ego is that is the conscious side of you, that is the now, the aware side of you, which makes, which communicates between these two, the ego, the it and the superego, and this communication is mediated, intermediated by the ego and enables you to respond.  Now, the it and the superego, battle it out in the unconscious realm, like devil and angel, on someone's shoulder until eventually a new unconscious emerges to bring peace, the ego or the self. Most of the time, we understand we always use the word ego as someone who is egoistic with pride, but the ego, which we are talking about here is the actual self, that is you. The rational part of a person as seen by others. Now, the ego is driven by the reality principle, attempting to satisfy the needs of the it, by balancing internal urges with behavior that finds the middle path of its primal desires and superego's judgment and guilt. These three aspects of a personality are also interacting within a person to influence his or her personality. Now, let's take for example, it might say, might just yell and say, I'm hungry, I need to eat right now, but superego might yell back and say, you can't, we're in the middle of a class right now. Now, the ego will middle in between and will offer a compromise and they say, drink some water, just stick around, just hang on, drink some water or chew a stick of a gum and just will go after the class is done. So, according to Freud, the power struggle can also lead to unhealthy behaviors, which he terms as neurosis. It is a tendency to experience negative emotions. Now, according to Freud, all of us, all of us have a certain amount of neurosis and all our behaviors, the way we behave, the way we talk, has a lot to do with our neurotic tendency to perform, like for example, your nervousness or for example, your feeling to rectify things at the moment. All this neurosis, that is the anxiety, which is not seen, tends to drive to enable you to perform and also to behave. It is a tendency to experience negative emotions. For example, an overpowered id might lead to impulsivity, while underpowered id might lead someone to deny it, deny it to their needs. So, if your id is very much overpowered, you might turn out to be a very impulsive person who wants to react immediately. Whereas a person who has a very weak id or the id has less power, then they likely that you might deny what you want and you may not be able to voice it. So, small imbalances can lead to infamous Freudian slip. Now, Freudian slip is a very popular word and we use a lot of these concepts a lot today, slip of tongue.  Now, that's a slip of tongue. Now according to Freud, this is not a slip that just happened out of nowhere. It did happen because there is some anxiety that is within you and that you have no control over. When you are confronted with, when you're confronted with provoking anxiety, provoking situation, that is when you start to show this anxiety through slip of tongue. Now, for example, you say, I'm glad you are here.  So that according to him is how you during this mistaken words that you use, which you didn't mean that you often use it. When larger melons occur, people try to handle the building anxiety with defense mechanisms. Like unconscious, which sometimes unhealthy behaviors intended to reduce anxiety and protect ourselves from the discomfort. Now, it's very interesting how he built the theory. Like for example, your unconscious anxiety that you are not comfortable with and your ego on the other hand is trying to protect you from being ashamed, from being confronted, from being confronted by those realities. And so the reality in order to tackle with your reality, your ego enables you to bypass something, bypass the situation by building a defense mechanism, which is also sometimes unconscious. But it is unconscious because you have practiced over a period of time. Either you have modeled it. That is, you saw your parents doing it.  Because this mechanism, this defense mechanism, you can please move this slide. This defense mechanism will enable you to confront your emotional provoking situation by handling the situation without much embarrassment or without much guilt. Some of these mechanisms are kind of healthy, like sublimation. Sublimation is one of the defense mechanism and it is considered as one of the healthiest one because it is helping you to redirect socially unacceptable desires into a much more socially appropriate behaviors. For example, you have aggression. You have an aggressive desire. So in order to handle that, your defense mechanism may help you to involve you into a martial art class. So in martial art or in boxing or in wrestling, your aggression is socially acceptable and it is okay to show aggression in those platforms. So those unconscious aggression and anger which you have can sometimes be sidelined, can be sublimed into a much more socially acceptable behavior. Others such as denial or refusing to accepting unpleasant events as real can lead to distortion of problematic reality. There is also one more ego defense mechanism that many of us use that is denial.  Like for example, let me just quote you an example, a mother losing a daughter or losing a child.  And what she might do is she will leave all the baby stuff untouched as if the child is still alive. She may iron the clothes, she may keep all the dolls, she may keep the room intact as it is, as if the child is coming back. That is known as a denial because when you're denying that the reality has happened, it sorts of pacifies that anxiety that you are facing. And that is also some part of the defense mechanism that many of us use a lot of times. Other defense mechanism like displacement, move to the next slide, there is the displacement there. So displacement is a tactic, is a tactic that we use to transfer our desires or our undesirable impulses onto a substitute person or an object. Most likely someone who is not to be heard in us. So for example, a student scolded by a teacher in the class may just shout at a junior or just slam the door or maybe just go home and just scream at your brother for just using your video game or something like that. So displacement is also most of the time in workplace. If you can see the picture over there, a person has been fired from the job at the office. And coming to, can you move on to the next one? Reaction formation is, reaction formation is a person displaying a fear that is exactly opposite of an impulse. Now this is also, need an answer for using this. It is like, for example, you are uncomfortable with a certain emotion and so you tend to show this on the other person.   But because you are worried that the person may reject you, you are also anxious that people may come to know that you like the person.  So sometimes we do that. The next one, regression. This can, sorry, repression. Please bear in mind that repression and suppression are two different words. We often use the words suppression many a times. Please bear in mind that these two, repression and suppression does the same action, but one is consciously and the other one is unconsciously. Now, repression is what we, what Freud meant by the large mass of iceberg, which is below, much, much below the sea level. And the suppression is perhaps the one which is in the surface, almost on the surface level. Now, suppression is, for example, you're very, very angry.  So hold on. And that's when you start to count one to 10. You are kind of pushing, pushing that uncomfortable anxiety into your subconscious level. It doesn't mean that you forgot at all. Whereas repression is a kind of an uncomfortable emotion, but it is so, so uncomfortable and anxiety provoking emotion so much so that it goes into the carpet. It is swapped into the carpet in your unconscious and you deny that it exists. This happens to many a times people who underwent traumatic experience like rape, like abuse and also accidents that something like this has happened. And only in course of time, remember Freud said that all this unconscious that you have no control over. Oftentimes it resurfaces in your behavior and it dictates your personality a lot of times. And largely this has to do with your repressed emotions. The next one, please. Regression is, it is a function, a form of a retreat. You're going back to your childhood stage, enabling a person to psychologically go back in time to a period when the person felt much safer. This is an example of, you know, when we go back to our childhood stage. So for example, a small kid, a small kid going down to, for example, a baby, a doll is broken. And naturally what does it, how could a child show his anxiety or frustration? She will cry without any reservation. She will just express.  Because your adult ego controls you that this is not an appropriate place. But regression is those people who use this without much restriction. We tend to retreat back.  You are just throwing fandom publicly. And this is kind of the method of coping mechanism that you learn. And the frightening situation that you have, you have faced, you cannot control it and you tend to use regression. That is crying, sulking or eating a lot or sleeping a lot. That is how a child usually uses their most uncomfortable emotions. The next one, please. Projection is, as we all know how a projector is used, I have my materials here in my laptop. And when I use a projector, it is shown on the other wall. It's something like that. So this is a characteristics or a desire that which is unacceptable, which is unique. For example, I don't like a behavior about myself. And now I'm trying to point out at someone that you know what?  You know what? You are a person who does not respect people. So if these are the emotions that I don't like about myself, I tend to show these on the other person and name call them or label them. The last one is rationalization. The classic example that I can think of is the fox and the sour grapes. So you have attended, you have attended something and you could not achieve it. You have done something, you could not do it. And so what you do is you start to rationalize, explain your failure, explain your attendance and explain something that was not acceptable for you into something much more logical. Something much more acceptable for yourself and for others. So all these defense mechanisms, in a way, sometimes we are not, we may not agree that this is fine for us. And this mechanism sometimes we depend on many factors such as the behaviors which we have seen or modeled, as I told you. And for us, the past that we have experienced, we often use this because of the unresolved conflict. Now, coming down to the next slide, this is the most important, you know, stages of development of a personality. And this was, the other theories that he spoke about was kind of acceptable and kind of welcomed by his, you know, paternity. But the moment he showed this intersectional development of infant developing into adult personality, that was when there was a huge backlash. And the five stages of personality development he talked about is the first one is the oral stage. And this oral stage quite believed that individual may shift through each of these stages, the five stages he believed that we go through each of these stages. And in this particular order, and in order to develop a healthy and adult personality, the shift in zones. Now, he says that each of these stages, we go through, there are some erogenous zone. Erogenous zone means there is a zone which satisfies our pleasure, which gives us pleasure, which satisfies our ego, basically. And during the development, we are driven by libido or the energy. Libido is what we, in our current context, we discuss it as a sexual energy. But in his sexual energy, it is not necessarily to about sexual intercourse information, but this is about your psychic energy, that is your libido, which enables you to generate for survival instinct. So the energy drives the urges by the aid of each stages, which leads to push back from the super ego, and also result in conflict and resulting, it moves us through the development of stages. But importantly, the person does not devote the conflict.  You can see on the first one, I have written the stages and the second is the age on which these particular erogenous zones are fixed. And also the focus of the libido or the erogenous zone, these are the parts of our body where Freud believes that these energies are stayed. The next one is the major developmental changes that we make in those particular age groups. And also the last one according to him is, if you finish the third stage, the third column, very clearly. For example, if this is the stage when a baby is supposed to be crawling. Now, in this crawling stage, if the child passes the stage successfully, he or she will develop into a much healthier personality. But if the person does not pass the stage successfully, then he or she might end up with a conflict. And that can also drive and huge, have a huge impact on the personality. Now, coming down to the first one, that is the oral stage, which is from zero to one years of age. It lasts from birth to about one year of age and in this stage, pleasure is felt on the mouth.  The conflict of this age arises when the infant is weaning and moves from milk formula to solid food. So they need to let go of the oral pleasures and renew them in order to adapt them to the reality of the adult's work. Now, this process is stressful to the infant, but they adapt with time. However, if this process does not go smoothly, the result will be oral fixation, which could be seen in adult behavior, such as someone who is a train smoker, someone who is, you know, who does drinking, overeating, or, you know, having behaviors like male fighting, biting, anything you do with your mouth. So Freud identifies that someone, especially during your anxiety-provoking situation, when you are involved in this behavior, he believes that, hypothetically, he believes that perhaps your oral stage hasn't been smoothly passed on and you are fixated in oral stage. The second one is anal stage, which lasts from one year to three years of age. And in this stage, the conflict focuses on a desire to pee and defecate. Well, and the reality of the puppy training.  So Freud believes that this is the time when the parents train the child, train the child and speak to them that if you want to pee, let us know, if you want to go to poop, let us know. And there is a lot of struggle when a child, sometimes with his bowl system or with his bladder system, it wants to just pee. It just wants to just poop. But because, now remember, this is when the super ego comes to the place. Super ego is when the parents come and say that, no, you have defecation. You have pee without warning. So this is the struggle that a child goes through during this puppy training. And Freud believed that parents will push through heart when the child, when the parent is too strict on the child at this particular age, especially too early, it could later cause an individual become very obsessed with needless and organization. And today what we call as OCD, obsessive convulsive disorder. This has a connection of how a person with needness, perfection and also very particular about organizing is considered as a person who is fixated on anal stage perhaps. Or it can also be a person if a parent is not very well involved or sometimes when a parent is extremely strict and the child was not able to learn well, he may turn up to be a lead to adult messiness and also carelessness sometimes. The third one is the phallic stage, which is one of the most controversial theory. And this is the theory where, you know, he received a lot of backlash because of the concepts that he had used here to identify our personality. Now, it lasts from three to six years of age when Freud believed that children become aware of the physical differences between boys and girls. And as a result, they begin to feel the desire for the opposite sex. Remember, this erogenous zone is the genitalia. And the child starts to become aware of the body, aware of the genitals. And he starts to observe even the genitals of the parents, that is the one who stays with him all the time. There is a concept of Edibus complex and Electro complex.   And she wants to have it. But, and that's when she starts to project this on the mother and she starts to take the mother because the mother gets to sleep with the father who has what she wants. On the other hand, the boy develops Edibus complex, which is the boy develops a feeling, an erroneous feeling towards the mother and towards the mother. And he has a jealousy towards the father because he sees his father sleeping next to the mother. And so this concept is quite controversial and people were not ready to accept that this is so obnoxious and this is so absurd to even think of a child having a feeling, sexual feeling towards one's parents. And according to him, this is the time when we become conscious of our, our genitalia. And that is when, you know, a boy or a girl identifies that I'm a female or I'm a male. And hence the parents we tend to, we tend to model the parent to be identified with, for example, I'm a girl. And as I realize that I do not have what I want, I may start to identify with the same sex parents that is my mom. And I start to model my mom. Now this conflict is resolved when the child realizes that aligning with the same parent in direction and brings closer to the opposite. And a failure to shift this alignment would lead to jealousy, overambition and also attention seeking in adult behavior. So from there forth believe that children reach a relatively stable period called as latency stage. Now latency stage is also called as the silent period, latent period. It doesn't have an erogenous soul where the urges are very quiet at this time. Now if you look at the age there, 6 to 12, that is the time when the child is going to school and his schoolwork, he has, he's starting to develop friendship with his friends, outside people. So he has no, no much contact whatsoever with his, with his caregiver anymore. And so this is the time when, when his socializing happens, he starts to forget that this anxiety, he starts to forget this anxiety part and that's when he develops his social relation. He's able to develop in ways focusing on the schools and hobbies and friends and however things are thrown into disorder again when the child hits puberty and enters the genital stage. Now genital stage is where there is a sexual awakening, that is the pre-awakening, but instead of being focused on a parent, it's now redirected to a socially acceptable partners.  It is redirected to, there is one very interesting point that he made here that oftentimes according to Freud once again, oftentimes our redirection to getting attracted to an opposite sex is often again unconsciously driven by our attraction to our opposite sex parent and therefore when you look for a woman, when you look for a man, you tend to look for someone or you tend to get attracted to someone who has a very similar characteristics of the parent that you have envied in the past very unconsciously and a failure to manage these desires into adulthood could lead to impotence and unsatisfying relationship. Now at this point, you might have a lot of questions like why did Freud draw a lot of focus on sex or what about children who have single parent or what about gay people who are not even attracted to opposite sex. Now these are all good questions and it helps us to understand why Freud's theory, everything that is the ego and superego to the five stages of development of a personality and also the defense mechanism of how the adult personality has come into not only relying, all these developments don't only really align with our modern understanding of the brain and the behavior, having said that Freud's theory of the mind has profoundly influenced in the field of psychology and the idea of the unconscious mind or that our adult self could be influenced by the past trauma and the past experiences, the painful memories the idea that our childhood experiences could shape our personality and behavior at all. This is all part of the extensive legacy Freud has created and we all cannot deny that this theory is extremely fascinating and it only opens our brain to explore different parts of how we understand a person. Yes, it only pays way to help us explore and understand us as a person and not simply deny and pass it off as next to nothing. There are two interesting quotes that I like about it, one of my favorites unexpressed emotions will never die, they are just buried alive and will come forth later in a new way. And the next one, from error to error one discovers the entire truth. Thank you very much, I hope this journey of exploring Freud's theory has enabled us to rediscover and make us more alive than ever. Thank you. Thank you, thank you Dr. Vati Naru, the purpose has been served. I remember how I was behind you to pursue you to talk on this very, very important topic very intriguing, very important and well it has often seen that Freud has been misunderstood by most of the people. Now of course there are so many questions but I have not seen a single question in the chat box but I have my own question, if you could try to answer it I would be really glad. First of all thank you for your enlightening talk and my question would be based on my own readings. I have been a student of psychology, of course I have not studied psychology but I have been a student of psychology since so many years and my question is that see one of the largest criticism of this psychoanalytic theory is that it places far more or so much of emphasis on childhood. Basically childhood, the entire hypothesis of Mr. Freud revolves around childhood. If you remove that childhood the entire theory collapses. So see since it is revolving around the childhood now here the criticism is the Freud's theory is that the childhood experiences the influences other behavior but at the same time the modern psychologist and psychiatrist fraternity believe that and disbelieve have leveled a criticism against Freud's theory that development is not only confined to the childhood, experience is only confined to the childhood but rather it's a lifelong process. So how are you going to deal with this criticism which is normally being leveled by the psychologist fraternity against Mr. Freud? Thank you. That's a very interesting question. I think you have already answered the question when you asked to me already because your question itself stems from the fact that you also believe that development largely our development of a personality has largely to do with our childhood experience. I, yes with all the theories with all the difficulties and the controversies that his theories have sparked on psychology as a whole but we cannot deny because Neil Freud and such as Carl, not Carl Rogers who is that, Erickson. Erickson had also continued to talk about the stages of development and also there are other theories which has talked about child development first and they have predicted this child development into your adult personality. Now let's take for example, we cannot predict the fruit, we cannot predict a tree branches or the health of a tree without having to understand the root or without having to understand the health of the base of the tree. Now childhood development, our personality development has a huge rest on our childhood development. Now one thing I like about Freud's theory is that he speaks very strongly about our unconscious mind and whether we accept or whether we believe it or not, if you really explore from this area a large part of a personality does have an influence starting from how you speak to starting from how you even think there is a lot of dictating element which has been created in our mind that is a template of our experience what we call it as core belief, what we call it as a core belief or a template that we have because this template does not just come out of nowhere, it comes from our experience and so all this development that they talk about cannot bypass childhood development and yes, there are other theories which came up to that like behavioral theory, like cognitive theory and so all these theories that came after this and there is the psychosocial theory which came after saying that not all developments rests on your past experience but it has a large portion of it has to do with your social relationship and the people you meet after or your cognitive reframing of your experiences now when I'm also a very ardent believer in cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral sciences and at the same time we cannot deny the fact that especially when it comes to therapy especially when it comes to psychodynamic analysis we cannot help but move back to how their childhood was, how their family of origin was or understanding the origin of the personality who he or she appears to me today okay thank you so much so what you are trying to say is that that Sigmund Freud tried to rationalize my behavior as an adult so my question would be if Freud's theory rationalizes my behavior as an adult then what would rationalize child's behavior? okay you think child's behavior would be rationalized? because that is what right that is when the behavior sciences, that is when the behavior comes in and the environmental science comes in but what Freud talks about is that if you look at the stages he talks about from zero to the first stage where is that slide? yeah if you look at the table over there he talks about a child's erogenous, the child's stage of zero to one year old that is when you were born and that's when you start developing as a human person and that itself he talks about how a person develops it's not about there is the unconscious part of it I clearly understand when you say how would Freud explain a child from zero to one going back to the genesis of the person so the theory starts from here where he talks about once a child is born once a child is born he comes with a clear slate and the moment he starts and the moment he starts interacting the moment he starts because the child comes with a clear stage with only his instincts there is only his instincts other than that there is nothing so from zero to one that's when his instincts are working and from one to three that is when the ego starts to develop and I think most of the time development of a personality is spoken based on the ego based on the ego okay okay thank you thank you so much there may be many more questions from my side I will say to myself but there are two questions which are coming there are two questions which are coming from the audience the first question has been asked by Mr. Mosa S. Santam so Mr. Santam asks you can you divulge into personality traits of a child with that of his parents hereditary traits that we see similar with his or her child you are saying on this okay yes absolutely why not personality traits personality traits of a child surely because that is the that is the theory of hereditary hereditary theory and yes that is the theory of hereditary personality sorry I don't know what's wrong with me again Freudian slip come here there is an anxiety coming up yeah so I don't know if you're asking in terms of Freud but if you're asking in terms of personality development yes there is a theory which speaks clearly that is the personality trait theory which says that you and I do have traits that we have inherited from our parents that is very biological and at the same time there is a lot to do with our environmental factor which is called as modeling modeling the parents behavior and their personality that makes our personality trait solid as much as our parents we look at okay thank you next question has been asked by Dr. Ranjan Kumar Behera and his question is what according to you the need of Freud's psychology in today's context what according to you the need of Freud's psychology in today's context Dr. Behera yeah thank you sir you are here good to know that you are here and you are listening according to me because I'm a psychotherapist I'm a practicing psychotherapist it's like Freud's theory is the basic foundation to how I understand a person it starts from observing a person's behavior starting from the body language to the tone of the voice to the cognitive made up which has large I believe which has largely to do with the unconscious mind that the person is not aware about in psychodynamic counseling and therapy we always look at the conflicts the anxiety provoking words the anxiety provoking conflicts of the mind which is in the cognitive frame and also in the words for example a person might say that I like sitting in your class but the body language might say something else for me understanding a person identifying those behavioral aspects something which I can measure from a very observation from my observation it has largely to do with what Freud's psychology has enabled me in today's context okay hello yes I can hear you okay thank you thank you now there's a third question which is asked by Avi Vedi and hello ask question Freud's theory sounds very interesting however his theory failed to explain why it comes to gender neutrality for instance when we take the case of women and LGBTQIA could you comment very interesting question rather interesting however this theory failed to explain when it comes to gender neutrality for instance absolutely absolutely because the question itself questions his theory absolutely because if you look at the psychosexual development he hasn't spoken about he hasn't spoken about this population but if you look at the adult fixation example he spoke about if one does not fully develop or successfully pass this genital age genital stage then the person is very likely to develop sexual dysfunction but he hasn't talked about gender identity in here because when you talk about LGBTQIA plus you're also talking about gender identity here so in this particular theory he talked about only your sexual identity hello yes yes yes very much okay so he only talked about only when a person does not develop or completely successfully complete this stage then the person might be sexually immature or mentally unhealthy that's what this adult fixation in this particular fixation he talked about but if you're asking my opinion if you're asking my opinion about LGBTQ we cannot always rely I don't know what Freud would say but I would also like to go back to understanding the unconscious now exploring the unconscious part correct me if I'm wrong and this I solely take responsibility of my opinion of saying what I understand about LGBTQ most of these sexual identity or gender identity that a person in the adult stage recognizes about himself or herself also stems a lot from their past traumatic experience this is once again from my leading and my experience sorry from my opinion so a lot has to do with identifying themselves through some traumatic experience for example the underwent abuse or for example they were never accepted from the opposite sex or they never got enough love or attention from the parent of the same sex so remember in the theory he talks about when you are fixated when you are not given enough attention then you are most likely to develop attention seeking or most likely to develop relationship issues in building even a relationship now identifying yourself as the other sex identifying yourself can also be answered by different phenomena different entities such as the social observation there are other theories which can also talk about from the behavioral perspective from observation perspective and from psychosocial development perspective okay thank you thank you so much okay there is one more question from Mr. Supong Tonsulomchar and he is asking Dr. Vati thank you for the exposition to you what would be Freud's exposition on cultural determination yes Freud's exposition on cultural determinism okay from my understanding he hasn't delved much into cultural determinism but of course if you look at his work a lot has been questioned about an upbringing about an upbringing so when I talk about upbringing I'm also talk about culture which has a lot to do with the upbringing now remember in my first slide I spoke about how his environment how the situation around him his relationship with people his family relationship itself was something that was disturbing him and hence he was only exploring the vast area of his unconscious that's when he start to meet himself by exploring that area now remember that his work has only talked mostly on this area but he hasn't talked much on the cultural determinism maybe I may not have come across this word but if you wanted to link these two I believe that when he spoke about family environment when he speaks about a child's environment where he or she grew up and that experiences has largely to do with my with my current behavior I think he was also tending at this cultural determinism in some sense I don't know if I've answered your question okay thank you thank you Dr. Wathinaru for your answers is there any other question please today is an opportunity please ask any any damn question connected with psychology okay Nisha has Freud also offered personality disorders has Freud offered personality disorders yes he spoke about the first case that he worked with was with a woman called Anna that was his first case that's when he started to discover about the unconscious mind and it was a case of a hysteria initially in the beginning before all these personality disorders came into being or the clinical disorders came into being all those most of the disorders that is being aligned to women and also aligned to hysteria remember he was a medical doctor who was a clinical practitioner so most of his cases he dealt with was in line with neurological conditions now in one of these neurological conditions that he was dealing with was another person his colleague Joseph Joseph with whom he was working under he has worked using the unconscious pattern of the person Anna O interestingly this is very much in line with what we understand what we understand paranoid personality disorder but he hasn't coined these words what we understand personality disorders such as OCD or paranoid personality disorder none of these has been coined from his site but absolutely he has also spoken about personality personality oh sorry you're talking about split personality okay okay that is the first one alright and you're talking about split personality um you please go back and read interesting concept on object relation and he has talked interesting about interesting concept about splitting there is a concept called a splitting that he speaks about which will invariably help you to identify understand this split personality disorder that he talked about yeah I have seen Emily Rose I know you would I know what you're talking about I don't know what Freud might say but going by how he understands our unconscious repressed emotion and repressed anxiety often comes out into sorry Misha has also asked about Emily Rose correct correct I was just I was just taking a look at that yeah how would he express how would he express on Emily Rose yeah I don't know you are getting too much into detail I don't know how to put this but if Freud was there I'm sure he would have gone back to look at for those who for those who are asking these questions remember Freud has used something called as free association free association is one of the therapeutic technique that he used when he speaks with the client and that's when he starts to associate those random emotions and words the client spoke and if Emily Rose if Emily Rose would be Freud's client today I'm sure that he would have taken her to the couch and would have allowed her to just speak and must have used free association to connect all those missing dots of how those her schizophrenia episodes have developed okay thank you is there any other question yeah please go ahead what current movement or say feminism or say what the tendency towards four generations feminist movement can you see that Freud's can I please request the participant to kindly type your question because your audio is not very clear to me it's breaking yes it is better to type thank you sir Sukum you can type your question okay meanwhile you type his question I just want to ask you something about fetishism when you read about Freud and while he was developing a theory he spoke a lot about the fetishism aspect also and when we speak about a sexual fetishism of course you know the roots can be found according to Sigmund Freud in the childhood experiences but now as a psychotherapist right you may come across you know a married couple or people okay who are either blessed to have fetishism or either suffering from fetishism right you can take it positively you can take it negatively also right for fetishism for one person maybe a curse and for the other person it may be a blessing right so question is has Sigmund Freud has attempted to deal with this duality of experiences of the people especially in the married couple when the fetish aspects are mismatched what is your take on it okay my take on it I I haven't explored this part of I mean I haven't thought about this part of it but there was a very interesting concept that during one of my training on dream interpretation there was something that came very strongly in this is especially when it comes to sexual development we often think as I already claimed in the beginning the sexual energy or the sexual libido we discuss in those in the concept here has less to do with the sexual the biological sexual part of it but it has to do with your sexual energy which is your unconscious energy now coming down to your question when there is a mismatch in the energy of the couple I don't know how to put this across I'm not ready to respond to this I have my own opinion but I don't know if this is something that I'm ready to respond right now okay okay thank you Supong typing your question okay anyway if there are no questions then allow me to thank our speakers on behalf of all of us ma'am thank you so much for your time and also my gratitude to you because you have shown your inclination to take up this very complex topic because understanding Sigmund Freud is not at all easy it has been said that the most misunderstood people in this world are two that is one is Friedrich Nietzsche and the second is Sigmund Freud right but you have attempted to decipher Sigmund Freud to all of us for that thank you thank you so much other questions I'll take those questions and I'll email you okay I believe you would like to answer them thank you so much and yes have a great evening of your head we'll meet again with another session with another speaker thank you so much thank you so much


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here today I bring you another destiny 2 video and today I bring you this guide and how you can get another secret piece of a loot from the first Forge the Rondo Forge upon the EDZ but before we go any further guys if you do enjoy the video I would like to show you support you can by hitting that like button and if you are new around here and enjoy daily destiny 2 videos Be sure to subscribe Okay, so yesterday I showcased a guide on how you can get a secret emblem via doing a sequence of things i.e shooting symbols in a certain order or standing in certain spots in the volandor forge You had to do this with the Forge machine gun the hammerhead Now most of us knew there was more to this than just this emblem Which by the way if you haven't got yet and missed a video you'll find that video linked within the video description Today I will show you this guide on getting a second emblem from this forge Now before we get into that people massive shout out to the lcg ninja for letting me know about this information And allowing me to use his footage links to his social medias can be found linked within the video description guys Okay, so to do this like their method in getting the emblem I covered yesterday You need a certain weapon for today's guide the forge sniper rifle is that weapon you need Now this sniper rifle is the one rewarded for the main quest steps in completing the nests gofan and forge You guys know that quest which takes absolutely ages to complete Which eventually hands you this forge sniper rifle now I have posted a full guide on how you get this forge sniper rifle along with unlocking the gofan and forge Unnecess which I will also link in the video description if you guys do need to check that out and do that before doing this That is fine Okay, so to get this emblem simply make sure you have the sniper rifle equipped gold valley a flag to get full ammo And then make your way into the edz volandoor forge Once in here kill all the enemies don't actually start the forge just kill all the enemies in the area You don't actually have to start the forge and go into a forge activity just seem to be in this area So once in here follow exactly what my power does on the screen now Following the exact steps of what symbols he stands on and the order in which he shoots the certain symbols To be honest if you watch yesterday's video the sequence is to unlock in that emblem yesterday were pretty damn long Today's emblem is hidden behind a cold which literally takes seven shots So relatively quick and easy people So just follow the steps my pal takes do has he does and you will be rewarded the secret emblem And on that note guys We have come to the end of the video if you enjoyed it Leave a like really helps out if you're new around here and enjoy daily destiny two videos Be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video upload turn notifications on by hitting that bell But and again, thanks for stopping by and hopefully I will see you on that next one


Welcome to the weather forecast for the week beginning Wednesday, June 21st, 2023. This is Chief Meteorologist John Innsworth for Longmont Public Media. Trying another outside cast here, there aren't going to be trash trucks today. Behind me is the Cherrywood Observatory. On the lunar front, we have a first quarter moon coming around on Monday, the 26th. So something beautiful to look at in the evening sky again. The sun is very active now and the side facing the earth. A lot of sunspot activity going on right now. The first day of summer was today at 8.58am mountain time. So welcome to the official summer. Now meteorological summer starts June 1st. This is astronomical summer. Did you look at drought? From last week to this week, we've had even more drought relief. We are somewhere around 83% or 87% drought free. Looking nationally, things are a little bit better over much of the nation, except maybe the Pacific Northwest. Things got a little drier, but this is a lot better than a year ago. Taking a look at smoke. I have noticed there are some haze out there, I can see it right now. And some of that is the Canadian smoke kind of filtering back down. But some of it is also one that's in Northern Arizona and some smoke is coming up from the Southwest because most of the flow just recently has become very strongly Southwest. Let's see why in just a minute. Let's take a look at our snowpack animation. It's kind of funny and maybe I'll do it one more week like I said last week would be this week the last one, but the thing about it is we aren't normally often at zero snow now, or at least nothing measurable or appreciable. So just having an above average amount here gives us 1,062% snowpack. That's funny. Ridiculous number we can get next week and then end that. Now that's because it still has remained cool and there's been a tremendous amount of water. That's how we got all this drought relief and it's hitting the western slopes and higher elevations and everything. So you see lots of two to three inch amounts even in this belt through the Palmer Divide and out on the plains, there's five inches in many spots. So just so much rain. And yes, we had a couple of days where it was 90 or near 90 and very warm, didn't matter. It barely changed the hydrology at all. Taking a look at our severe weather climatology map and we're in the fourth week of June. This is the peak month climatologically. It begins to move up and out on the plains. The probabilities do and they start to drop right around the long month at that peak dot right there. To make that point, we're Wednesday and severe weather is definitely the topic of the day. We have an enhanced area with a slight sliver, almost too small to care about, becoming a marginal up in the higher mountains by an enhanced region which is a three on a scale of one to five in chances of severe weather events. And it's everything. We have a chance of tornadoes, so we're along Denver to almost four columns as a two percent chance of tornado within 25 miles of you this day, five percent in this brownish area here. Looking at hail, we have a 30 percent chance of large damaging hail. Right down I-25, all the communities and just almost into Ustis Park, if you can zoom in. I have another tool where I can zoom in on that. So the weather service even made what's called a special mesoscale discussion, a couple of them, concerning the best chance of tornadoes. So it goes right down to Ustis Park, down below Greeley, here's Boulder, so it's just about into Longmont. And Longmont's just a little bit further down here. And the whole region still could get something, but just north of Longmont's where the tornado threat goes up. They made another mesoscale discussion that includes Ustis Boulder, down to Kesselot, Colorado Springs, four two-inch plus diameter hail. So let's take a look for a moment, if we go to Thursday, let's take a look at what the current radar has. And the current radar has the first storms initiating up here near Frasier, so it's still pretty far west of Boulder. This track is towards Loveland. If I click on this, you'll see this is going to evolve quickly and become more, I just want to do it. But here's Longmont here. We should see things really get going here. Oh, that's why. It's got the drawing tool on. I don't want the drawing tool. Okay, so we can go there and see the lightning is starting to fire. Yeah, and this cell, if it doesn't change into something different, is going to get to Loveland around 4.30 to 5 o'clock. You can see another surge here from thunderstorms that fired earlier. There's a lot of activity going here. This stuff is kind of back-building. We have things up here on Grover. So it's just the beginning. I won't be on the air for that. Take a look at your weather apps to stay safe there. For Thursday, we might have a similar situation, almost all the same ingredients are going to be in effect. So we have a slight risk now, but again, they didn't change that to an enhanced risk until after 11 o'clock this morning. So we'll see what happens tomorrow morning. They have painted a 2% chance of a tornado along I-25 and up to Estes and Red Further Lakes and like that. And 15% chance right now of a large damaging hail for Thursday. For Friday, the severe risk doesn't go too far away, but right now we should be in the convective chance, just normal garden variety every day thunderstorms. We get the surface forecast map for Wednesday. Heavy rains are possible, inch to 2 inch amounts with thunderstorms and the severe threat for tornadoes hail and damaging winds exist. For Thursday, it moves up to the north of us with a heavy rain. Going up into the northern Rockies. For the next 10 days, I still think the ensemble of the GFS has been nuts for months. The temperatures are totally wrong. Our normal high temperatures go from 84 to 87. Normal nighttime temperatures over the next 10 days, 54 to 56. You can see the Wednesday, Thursday storm signals pretty strong. We get very dry for a couple of days. And then afternoon thunderstorm chances return. So this is a water vaporized satellite image from earlier this morning on Wednesday. And then just before I went on air here, here's the thunderstorms beginning to fire. You can see they have a lot of moisture in them, so they get coated very green. So the features they're doing this is this big trough off the west coast. We have strong flow coming up from the southwest aloft. We have ridges to our east. And these little ripples that barely show up in the models are what are kicking off the storms. So we had the storms to our east already, and then this one's kicking the stuff off the west. It hasn't quite arrived. Maximum daytime heating, we're just about four o'clock right now, is happening. So as that comes over the warm, very humid air, we should get the storms. And there are the storms in the models going crazy about 7 o'clock tonight. Looking at Thursday, same thing, low gets a little bit closer. We still have little ripples coming over. These change from model one to model one, so it's kind of, you know, put a lot of money on any one run. But the fact that these little ripples are coming up and through, they will kick off the storms. There are the Thursday storms. After that things dry out. There's our Sunday ridge, and that's why the rain chances vanish. So let's put this in motion and take a look at this big trough, low wobbling towards us. You can see the little ripples traveling overhead. There goes the last of it on Friday into Saturday, and then the ridge dries us out and makes the air sink and suppresses convection. Nothing really changes until we get to Tuesday, Wednesday next week. We have another ripple going by, but there is a lot of moisture. We'll see that in just a second. So there are the surface temperatures. Do you have a little front that is pushing backwards? And then the thunderstorms each afternoon, there are some down there. Leave pools of cold air. As the trough goes by we see it get another little cool front pushed down on the beginning of the week. We have a ridge aloft with cool air below and we're not going to get storms. Then we begin to warm up a little bit above normal next week. Not much. We're very close to normal for the most part into Wednesday next week and beyond. Let's take a look at the upper air moisture. The total perceptible water is very high, way above normal for Wednesday and Thursday. You can see the dry air, the browns flood in over the weekend. So say goodbye to storms there. A little bit of moisture comes back by Monday. Eastern plains, it stays kind of further out on the eastern plains of dry air again Tuesday into Wednesday until a little bit more comes in with another low. And then later next week we are dry. Let's look at the surface moisture. This is what fuels the storms from the ground. Really helping in the 50s here are really high. Very unusually high. There's even some 60s in the actual data. And then over the weekend, really dry air dropping into the 40 dew point area and eventually 20s start pushing in and there they go. So really suppressing storms until later next week where there's some 30s kind of trying to come back with some 40s. It's just nothing for a while as rich of an environment for storms as what we have right now. So there's our storms for Wednesday and the rain overnight. Storms for Thursday and rain later and then we dry out quickly as the low passes at the surface and things just stay really quiet into Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, stuff passing us over to the north. There's a nice low going through but no moisture for it to work with. So over the next two days we should see some really healthy rain out of the storms. This is random where they fire for the most part and so it's about an inch to two inches can be expected in some places. Everything's wet, everything's saturated so that will lead to local flooding. The next five days inch and a half inch and a quarter amounts around the front range here up down at 9.25 or the next 10 days some serious water out here, a little more water in the eastern plains and the western slopes get a break. So I'm calling for 80s and then a cool down on Thursday with really good chances of storms in the afternoon and evening and we go back to really seasonably normal 85-87 dropping to 81 on Sunday with that cool front as the trough passes and then 80s completely typical standard late June weather, small chance of an afternoon thunderstorm. So check out Lionel Montliter and Broomfield leader for local news and weather updates. For these severe weather events though you need to be using apps like StormShield or another weather bug is a good one, those are all cross-platform so just keep the alert sign, keep your notifications turned on your devices and be alert to what's happening to your west and southwest. This has been Chief Neerald just John Ensworth, this time very importantly keep looking up.


For the last little while we're doing the difference of squares just factoring the difference of squares which is Factoring any two things subtracted from each other, right? So if we have If you have one thing minus another thing we can straight up factor this It's just the square of the first minus the square of the second all of the times the square of the first What's the square of the second or vice versa, right? Plus or minus can be switched around That's just straight up factoring and factoring. It's just a way for us It's just a tool that we have to be able to solve equations and equations are basically models or Questions that we have right? So if you want to turn this into a question an equation, right? All we do is say this minus this equals something else for right now. We're just gonna say equals zero, right? So as soon as we have this right now, this becomes a question in mathematics, right? This line is or a statement in mathematics. This line is another thing equals zero, right? Now if we go back to solving our equations or how to mess around with the equal sign which is series 3a, right? What we can do is just grab the pink box and move it over to the other side, right? So what we have now This becomes either a question or a statement for us, right? This becomes the green box equals the pink box, right? And boxes in mathematics in that the way we're gonna use this symbol right now is the box means you could put anything in there, right? It could be a gigantic function function or it could be just a simple variable like x squared that box the same thing It could be a gigantic function or it could be a variable or a number same here. You could put a number here as well so in this case When we start talking about things like this in general As soon as I hit this point with most of my students for me anyway This was this was a huge aha moment for me where The difference of squares kicking it into factoring the difference of squares kicking it into Equations solving for equations for me made me realize that Overdoing is trying to see if something equals another thing or when this equals this or making a statement saying that this Equals this at a certain point, right? So for example initially we one of the first questions we did was x squared minus four, right? The first things that we did was just x squared minus four. We factored out, right? So what we're gonna do now is just turn this into an equation and go equals zero So if you're gonna factor this just because So we've got x minus two times x plus two is equal to zero and we set each one equal to zero So it's just gonna be right So we got x minus two is equal to zero and x plus two is equal to zero and all you do just grab this bring it over Grab that bring it over, right? So all we're gonna have is just x equals two and x equals negative two So that's gonna be your answer to this question. Okay now we're talking about we're talking about the quadratic equations, right? And x squared is a quadratic equation. It's a this thing is a parabola, right now What happens? Let's move the negative four over and take a look at what happens and another way that you can solve for this and it gives you a You know it gives you a certain understanding of and what we're gonna do is graph this as well It gives you a certain understanding of You know what what it is that we're actually doing and it changes the formula a little bit It changes the equation a little bit So all we're gonna do is just move the four over and just see see what what solution that gives us So let's do that same question, but moving the four over. So what's gonna happen is Now when it comes to solving equations We already talked about this and there's two ways that you can solve for this One way is grabbing a four bring it over and it turns it into x squared minus four equals zero And we just did that one. So what you could do is just factor that right? So you factor it out and you get you know your x equals two and x equals negative two, right? The other way you can solve for this is all you need to do is do the opposite Of what is being done to it, right? So if this is square you take the square root of both sides Right the square root of x square is just going to be x x is equal to the square root of four is Most people will say, you know, if you ask anyone what the square root of four is they're going to say it's two Right, but that's only half the answer. The square root of anything is plus or minus So square root of four is going to be plus or minus two So there's actually two answers to this the reason for that is Two times two gives you four and negative two times negative two gives you four, right? And we talked about this in series to it. So the answer to this is plus and minus two So x equals positive two and x equals negative two and that's the same answer that we got when we did the factoring version of this, right? Now this when we set this question up when we had x squared is equal to four Graphically this has this has uh, you know, you have to visualize it. This has a certain meaning Okay, now let's graph this just to explain what it is exactly that we're doing here