Hello everybody and welcome to video number 11 of the free online version of the Fusion Research Lecture. My name is Alf and we are in chapter 2 magnetic field configuration. And you might remember from last video where we talked about what is needed to build a tokamak and in this video, well in terms of the magnetic field I should probably add. And in this video we will talk about the Stellarator. So today's video is about the Stellarator and you remember probably or hopefully also from one of the very first videos that a Toroidal device for magnetic confinement needs a twisted magnetic field. So Toroidal devices need a twisted magnetic field. They require twisted magnetic field lines. Otherwise we will have no confinement and the plasma is lost immediately more or less. And a quantity to measure that was the rotational transform yota. So the rotational transform yota that was the quantity we introduced to describe to quantify the rotation of the twisted magnetic field lines. There are basically three methods to get the yota to get such a twist. There are three methods to get yota which was nicely summarized in an old paper by Mercier in 1964. The first method is a Toroidal current. The Toroidal current as in the tokamak where the Toroidal current IP then resides in a poloidal magnetic field which can be calculated as mu not the plasma current over 2 pi and then if we are at the outboard side 2 pi a the minor radius. In addition to the poloidal magnetic field you just added the Toroidal magnetic field from the strong field coils and together these make the twisted magnetic field line. Now method number two is a helical rotation so like in a screw for example a helical rotation of the magnetic axis of a device of the magnetic axis which corresponds basically to winding the torus. So you can say this is something like winding the torus around the magnetic axis as we will see and then a third method this is the rotation of the poloidal cross section along the toroidal coordinate along the toroidal coordinate and this is for example when you wind the coils this is achieved winding the coils. So three methods a Toroidal plasma current which is basically the tokamak and then two methods applying to the stellar configuration one is the helical rotation of the magnetic axis and the other one is the rotation of the poloidal cross section along the toroidal coordinate which is also achieved when you look at method two but here we talk then about winding the coils in method three. So let's first just look at method two so this is method two which is for obvious reasons called figure which an example for that is sorry the figure 8 stellerator and I say for obvious reasons because have a look at the picture on the right hand side where we have the top view of the stellerator this is a design this is from a paper from Lyman Spitzer from 1958 the father of the stellerator for example from this top view start here and then going around here this is a straight section and then here we have a curved section then here we have another straight section and then a curved section and on the right hand side this is a view from the site and you remember in one of the early videos lecture videos I showed you the photography of such a stellerator and that could fit on a table so these were like table top experiments. Now how do these experiments achieve a twisted magnetic field line now to understand that let's have a look at the magnetic field line so let's draw a cross section so this is supposed to be a polar cross section and let's duplicate that by some magic and let's do a bit more magic and duplicate that as well so easy to do that on a computer harder to do it on a classical blackboard trust me okay and now we have what they're supposed to be on the same high side maybe more like this yeah good okay so the first one on the left hand side this corresponds to cross section k so this is cross section k see the letters on the picture on the top right hand side and if we start mark the center at each of the cross sections and then at k we go to cross section L and we have a straight line so L this would be cross section L and this corresponds to one of the straight components or sections and then from L we go to cross section M and as you can see on the drawing this corresponds to an curved section so if you go down here to cross section M A to M this corresponds to a curved section a curved section then going from M to N you have another straight section so this is N and then finally going from N back to K we have another curved section something like this okay now how is the twist achieved so let's have a look at a magnetic field line starting for example here so this is just a continuation of this line so this is our first position now if we follow that line to the next cross section it will still be here since it is a straight cross section but if we would follow this further along then we would see that here we have the angle alpha so this corresponds to an angle which we call alpha and if we now follow this along further along and then since this is the curved cross section so basically going from L to M so if we would be here on the inner side with the field line the field line would be still on the inner side here meaning that it will end up somewhere like roughly here I guess so this will be number three and here we have still the angle alpha but if we would follow further along here we would also have the angle alpha meaning that in total we would have the angle to alpha now following the line further along the field line we end up here number four and then if we continue to measure the angle here this would correspond to the angle to alpha like on the cross section M and if we would follow the field line further along you would have to add another angle alpha so we would have three alpha and if we now going along the next curved section the intersection with of the magnetic field line in that polo cross section would probably be roughly here I guess this would be number five and then if we measure the angle this one would be three alpha and following it further along here we would have to add another angle alpha meaning that in total this would be four alpha so we would have an angle of a twist of four alpha after a full circumference meaning Yota would correspond to four alpha or if we write it in Yota bar which is just Yota over two pi we have four alpha over two pi and in writing it in terms of the safety factor this would then mean Qs just to be complete here is two pi over four alpha and the point is that with a twisted magnetic field line here we get a formation of flux surfaces so such a stellarator such a design results in the formation of closed flux surfaces with this simple design however it is a bit let's say rather large if you want to have large plasma cross sections and you need a lot of coils and these are hard to line properly so this design concept was abandoned relatively early now another method to achieve a helical rotation sorry to achieve a twisted magnetic field line by a helical rotation is this so-called heliac so this is also for method two which was the helical rotation of the magnetic axis so the heliac which is short for helical axis stellarator and in that stellarator we have a central conductor we have a central conductor or well or like a current loop on the picture on the right hand side taken from a paper from elin boozer from 1998 you can see the central conductor indicated by the green color then we have two royal field coils then we have two royal field coils like in a classical stellarator you know you need them two royal field coils and those follow the helical path they follow a helical path the two royal field coils are indicated by the blue color in the drawing and you can see how they sort of rotate around the central conductor following a helical path and then the resulting flux surfaces you can indicate it let me try to draw that indicated here these are flux surfaces you can see how they're basically rotate around the central conductor and an example for this experiment is the TJ2 stellarator being operated in and built in Madrid whoops the TJ2 stellarator Europe's second largest stellarator okay let's now talk about method 3 so let's talk about method 3 which are to use helical coils now you might remember that in a classical stellarator the classical stellarator oops stellarator we have the current in the helical coils flowing in alternating directions so in a classical stellarator in there we have helical coils with the current flowing in alternating directions right meaning that if we would look at the drawing on the bottom there are two coils indicated here so here the there's one coil with the current flowing more into the bottom direction and in the other one here we have another coil more flowing into the top direction and what we've drawn here is a linear or what the figure shows is a linear stellarator that equals one to one period linear stellarator and this or these coils they create a helical magnetic field component they create a helical magnetic field component bh and we use a small h for that and if you look at the drawing at the sketch you can see here we have the helical magnetic field component from one of the coils and here from the other coil and then in addition we have the strong toroid magnetic field from the toroid field coils capital BZ not so indicated in the drawing at the top we have here the strong toroid magnetic field by the toroid magnetic field coils ok now how to estimate the poloidal displacement after one period because in the end we want to estimate we want to get an estimation for Yoda for the twist so let's try to get an estimation on the poloidal displacement after one period so estimate the poloidal displacement after one period and to do that we will introduce the so-called field line equation first in 2d the field line equation just actually something very simple so if we draw the following coordinate system we have here y and then here x then we have a magnetic field line like this this is a magnetic field line and then going down here this is the component dx and here we have dy and the since we have a linear magnetic field here assumed the slope is given simply by dy over dx being equal to the magnetic field component into y direction and into x direction so this is by not be five sorry by and then in 3d you can write equivalently and then doing a small rearrangement but which would then read dx over bx is equal to dy over by is equal to dz over bz so this is based on the same drawing but just in 3d which I dare not to draw here for the better of this video I guess now this can be transformed or written in cylinder coordinates so in cylinder coordinates the field line equation basically reads R and then d theta over b theta being equal to dz over over bz this means we can now give or have an expression for the poloidal displacement after one period and that corresponds to R d theta over dz so this is the poloidal displacement after one period so v theta over vz okay now how to further quantify that what to do with that equation again we have the same situation as previously the figure so meaning here is equals one a linear stellarator this is the current and the coils flowing in this direction and in the other anti-parallel to that then we have a residing magnetic field line like this usually in blue going down like this okay now if we start again with the equation which we just had which was our d theta over dz which is b theta over bz and then then b theta can be written capital b theta as the sum of the left of the contribution from the left coil and from the right coil meaning this corresponds then to minus b theta so small b theta over bz not plus bz so this is from the left coil or from the left part of the drawing so this one here this part where the bz component the small bz points into the same direction as the capital bz but b theta has a minus sign there because it points upwards and then from the right part of the coil so from this one from the right coil we get plus b theta over bz not minus bz because this points now in the in a different direction and then this can be brought in one nominate one denominator such that we have two b let me write that a bit more below and also indicate just here this was from the right coil such that we can write two b theta bz over bz not squared minus bz squared and then looking closely at the angle alpha which is defined alpha c here you can see it is the angle between small b theta and small b helical and if we make use of that definition and make in addition use of the trigonometric expression that two sine alpha times cosine alpha is the same as sine of two alpha then we can approximately write bh squared over bz not squared times sine of two times alpha c so alpha c roughly corresponds to the truth of the coils and why have you done this or what can we learn from that let's say so first of all looking at the equation we see one important point and that is that the twist of the magnetic field line follows the coil twist so the twist hardly readable the twist follows the coil twist because the very theta is positive right and very importantly there is only a moderate contribution per period to the twist there is only a moderate contribution a moderate contribution per period and obviously it is a maximum for alpha c equal to pi half which would be a bit hard to realize because then it means we have basically coils which not really wind around um um helically right there's only a moderate contribution per period because the term in front of the sign is small so we have the behelical squared over bz squared and you know that the two royal magnetic field component is the dominant magnetic field component so we have only a moderate contribution per period to the twist and that requires uh implies that we need a large number of periods to have a large yota so we need a large number of periods for a large yota bar and now you might wonder why do we want to have a large yota bar well for performance reason if you remember when we talked about the scaling laws which was a scaling law for the energy confinement time the energy confinement time was dependent on yota bar and larger yota bar meant we have or means that we have larger energy confinement time because as we will see in a few videos having a larger yota increases the stability of our device okay so having a large yota helps to get a better performance in general and this means stellarators need to have large or usually large aspect ratios large aspect ratio which unfortunately also makes them a bit expensive right now nowadays we do not have these this strict separation between the type of stellarators in an optimized stellarator optimized stellarator like for example w seven x we always have a helical magnetic axis and also coils like the classical stellarator so we have a combination of these two effects plus coils plus coils like classical stellarator okay so that's it in this video we talked about the stellarator and what is needed in the stellarator to achieve a rotational transform you might remember just as a reminder a rotational transform so a twisted magnetic field is mandatory to get a confined plasma at all there are in general three methods to get a yota so to get a twisted magnetic field line to royal current this is the tokamak and then two ways to get it in a stellarator a helical rotation of the magnetic axis and or a rotation of the pole loyal cross section along the toroidal coordinate i explained or tried to explain the figure eight stellarator and how the twist is achieved there then the heliac where tj2 was an example as shown as an example for that and then we talked about the classical stellarator and how to estimate the pole loyal displacement after one period and we might have learned that there is only a moderate only a small contribution of twist per period which means to have a large yota bar which we need for stability reasons we need a large number of periods and that means we need a large aspect ratio and in an optimized stellarator we always have a helical axis plus coils one around the torus so a combination of the two methods okay that's it hope to see you in the next video


While it's opening day of hockey day Minnesota in Bemidji draws near, ice professionals from the NHL have arrived in Bemidji to make sure the ice is a pro skating surface. Crew members have been busy over the past few days flooding the rink. To help with the process, Brandon Radicke who is the director of ice operations for the NHL's Pittsburgh Pirates or Pittsburgh Penguins I should say, was brought in to add a professional touch. Currently the rink is in the early stages of flooding and crews are developing the base. With their attention to the fine details, that's still to come. Once we get to a certain level we'll start building it to a true sheet that we can work with. Where small layers are built and we do find mists and we work with temperatures a little differently and you know depending what the temperatures outside we might actually have to heat the surface by putting heat through the bicoid stuff. So we'll fine tune it once we get to that but it's just building a base right now. The base is expected to be finished tomorrow with logos and images expected to be placed on the ice beginning in the afternoon. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


All right, a couple of a few people still trickling in. I am going to go ahead and get started with the opening spiel here. So hi again everybody. This is Larry Eames and welcome to the Help. I'm an accidental government document or government information library webinar series or help for short. This series is brought to you by the American Library Association's government documents roundtable and thank you all so much for coming. You should all be muted but in case you aren't, please mute your audio during the presentation by clicking on that audio icon next to your name. Turn it red. We encourage you to participate in the chat throughout the webinar and to leave questions in the Q&A. If you don't see your chat window, click on the chat icon now. It should be at the bottom of your screen and open it up that way. You can also drag the edge of the box to expand it. There are technical issues. Sam Hagar who has just dropped in the chat is on hand to help. Please feel free to chat with her or worst case scenario. Remember that the webinar is being recorded. We have plans for upcoming webinars in October. We'll be joined by Elizabeth Hayden to talk about the vital statistics system and if you have topic ideas or if you would like to present, go ahead and let me know. I'm going to go ahead and drop my email in the chat as well. You can see more of our webinars on our YouTube channel and if you are a YouTube user, go ahead and give us a follow over there. So without further ado, today's webinar is tips and tricks for new government documents librarians. Caitlin Tannis is the history and social sciences librarian and government documents librarian at the University of Delaware Library Museums and Press. Caitlin received her BA in history and anthropology from Susquehanna University in 2015. She has a MA in public history from New York University and an MLIS from Long Island University. Prior to arriving at the University of Delaware in 2019, Caitlin worked for Small Public Library in Northern New Jersey as the adult program coordinator. She was also the ships librarian for SUNY Maritime College. Everyone give Caitlin a warm welcome. Caitlin, I'm going to turn things over to you. Thank you so much, Larry. And hi, everyone. I'm really excited to be here. I'm going to just take a few seconds to just share my screen and pull up my own slides one moment while I toggle. All right. Hopefully everyone can see this. If not, please let me know. But I'm very excited to be here. When I was signing in earlier, I mentioned that this was actually a really big honor for me. I love the Help Women R series, which I will probably talk a little bit more about today since that did help me a lot, actually, within my first year being a government documents librarian. So this is really exciting for me. I'm really looking forward to having a conversation with you after my presentation. And I'm sure there are also people here on the line who have their own tips and tricks and their own helpful advice for new government documents librarians. So I'm really eager to hear from you as well. So hopefully if you have any advice or if anything that I say resonates with you, please chime in. I'd really like to learn myself from everyone who's on the call. So our agenda for today, I'm going to talk a little bit about my institution, of course, just to give you a little bit of a background of where I'm working and where I'm coming from. And then I'll go into a little bit more about the reflections and tips that I have for my first year as a government documents librarian and of what helped me. I'm going to talk a little bit about research questions and how I typically navigate them and what I had hoped that I had time for in the year, but just did not happen and what goals I have for the next year. So a little bit about me before I officially begin. I am history and social sciences librarian at the University of Delaware. I have been at UD for about two and a half years at this point. So I was hired in 2019 and I was originally hired for reference and instructional services, which is the department that I serve in and work in. So I work specifically with the history department, the political science and international relations department. So that's what I was hired initially and when I came in as, but since I've also taken on government documents, as well as the Biden School for Public Policy and Administration. And I also work with smaller programs like legal studies, which is a minor at UD and then the Center for Area and Global Studies. So a little bit about the University of Delaware. We're located in Newark, Delaware. It is spelled the same way as Newark, New Jersey, but we are pronounced different. So it's Newark. It used to be two separate words at one point in time. It's located in Northern Delaware. It's about 40 minutes or so from Philadelphia and about about 20 minutes or so from the city of Wilmington. So we're pretty central at the top. We have a little over 23,000 students, and that ranges from undergraduate to graduate students. We also have a very strong professional and continuing studies program that happens in the state. So we have a lot of people who are coming back to school. And so it's really interesting because we always get a really wonderful mix of people at our institution. It's a common misconception that the University of Delaware is a state school. We actually are not. We are state assisted, but we're privately governed. So we are not the official state university of the state. And we also are Lansing and Space Grant University. So a little bit about the library. Our official name is the University of Delaware Library Museums and Press. We have about over 2 million print books and over 500,000 electronic titles. Of course, during the pandemic, that number shot up through the roof because of the nature of online learning, of course. We do have four branch libraries, the first three that you see on the screen. So the Education Resource Center, the Chemistry Library, and the Physics Library are all located on our Newark campus. But the last library is actually on a satellite campus in Lewis, Delaware, which is about an hour and a half or so from our campus. So it's a marine studies based section of our university. We also have four special collections and museum galleries on our campus. And they are connected with the library and run through the library. Our special collections, I do just want to take note, we have a very large collection of different government, public or special collections material that's related to government information. So a lot of our politicians in the state of Delaware are alumni of the university. So they typically like to donate their papers at the end of their political career, kind of halfway through their political career. So of course, we have the Biden papers. And we also have Tom Carper's government, I'm sorry, Governor papers as well. So we have quite a rich collection of government materials. So in terms of our government documents collection itself, we are a member of the Federal Depository Library Program, so FTLP. And we have been a member since 1897. So our 125th anniversary is coming up this next year. We also are a repository for state documents within the state of Delaware. So we have quite a lot of collections that are on microphone that are typically found at Delaware Public Archives that we have copies of them at our institution. We also work with the Patent Trademark Resource Center Program. So in terms of our physical collection and our government documents collection, we have our collections kind of spread out in a number of different locations. Our print collection is actually in our annex location, which is on campus, but it's just in a separate building. That decision to move our entire print collection was actually done by my predecessor. So it was one of the last decisions that he made before passing it on to me. We do have a microform that includes a lot of microfiche, as well as the microfilm. And we also have additional DVDs and CDs as well in our collection. That's located on the lower level of the library. And we also have quite a number of different maps that we've gotten through FTLP, as well as other government publications on the lower level, as well. And then, of course, the bulk of our collection is really our electronic documents, which we have cataloged in our catalog called DougCat Discovery. So of course, it's right now over 500,000 and counting because we do, of course, gets updated every couple of weeks. So that's just to give you a snapshot of kind of what I work with on a daily basis. But now let's get into kind of the actual meat of the program. And I'm going to keep checking my clock to make sure that I'm running on time. Okay, so government documents librarianship. So I, like I said, I was not hired as a government documents librarian. I came in with other responsibilities. But because of the pandemic, which I'm sure has happened at all of your institutions, we've had a number of retirements at the University of Delaware. And one of those retirements was our government documents librarian who have been working with this particular collection for over 30 years, if I'm remembering the number correctly. What was nice about having someone announce their retirement was that it gave us a chance to kind of think through, well, who, who should get this responsibility? What, where does it make sense essentially in our library? And because I was working with the political science and international relations department, I kind of basically named myself as the person who I think should have taken over government documents. And thankfully, my supervisors agreed with me. I didn't really have that much experience with government documents. I kind of knew how to stumble my way around research questions. But I did have practice in that previous year of trying to answer government documents related questions. So I was constantly in conversation with our government documents librarian at the time. So it felt like a logical choice to name me as this person and take over after the retirement. What was really nice was that we were able to actually have some training sessions before he officially left. So I definitely was very lucky because I did learn a lot and try and at least soak up as much as I could before John Stephenson was the previous government documents librarian before John Stephenson officially left our library and went into retirement. And thankfully, he still is a very active colleague of mine. So if I'm ever in a pinch, I can always email him and he'll actually answer my questions, which is really quite lovely. And I think it's, it's definitely a privilege that I still have access to someone who has that type of institutional knowledge. But the downside of becoming a government documents librarian in 2020 was of course the pandemic. So I was learning everything completely online. And I wasn't able to actually see our physical collection before it was moved over. So I'll talk a little bit more about that in a few moments. But the pandemic, of course, had a slew of different challenges that all of us experienced. But this kind of added a different layer when I was trying to learn a new collection when I couldn't actually be in the building with the collection. So that's a little bit about how I became a government documents librarian. So again, I've been in the position for about a year now. And so as I was reflecting and thinking a little bit more about what helped me over the course of the year, I've kind of have a number of things laid out on the side. So I'm going to go through and kind of elaborate on each one. So I apologize for all the wording on there, but I'll explain all of them in due time. So the first thing that was actually not something that I even realized that I had experience with, but what really helped me, my predecessor when we were in training, he said to me, I really think you're going to be great at this job because you already have an understanding of the structure of our government. You already have a historical understanding. You know where things live. That's going to give you a leg up when trying to answer these research questions that are going to come your way. And as I was thinking about it, he was absolutely right. I think knowing just the basic structure of how our government operates, knowing some of the departments and agencies, knowing when things are supposed to technically shuffle into other institutions and officially be a part of the National Archives, knowing what things are published is really, really helpful. So just having a basic knowledge of the structure of our government is already going to give you a leg up. And I wanted to especially emphasize that today because I think especially in new positions where you're kind of thrown into it and you're not quite sure what is involved, I think knowing that you have prior knowledge about this is really important. And that's something that you should remind yourself and kind of give yourself a little bit more confidence with that. And if you don't know everything that you think that you should know, that's totally okay. There's again, tons of different resources out there that you can basically up your knowledge and areas that you think that you need help with. And I've definitely done that this past year. The other thing that really, really helped me as a new government documents librarian was going through and answering old research questions. It was so vital for me to just have this hands-on practical experience of trying to navigate all of the government resources and figure out what is this person asking? Is this available? Where is it available? And I'll talk a little bit about how I usually go through research questions in just a second on the next slide. But going through and actually trying my hand at answering these research questions that came in previously and then seeing my predecessors' answers were really helpful. We work with the SpringShare system, so most of that was recorded in some way. We usually have a little section that where we put in what the question was. But also, again, I was very privileged in being able to actually talk to my predecessor and say, hey, I see you answered this question. This is how I answered it. Does this make sense? So I really encourage you, if you don't have access to those old research questions, maybe you can ask the reference librarians and see if anyone has ever encountered a research question that they have had to pass on to the government documents librarian. Just try and find some practical way that you could actually practice getting at this information. It really, really, it just wasn't valuable to me. And I think all of us as librarians are kind of used to not always necessarily knowing how to do something until we've actually physically do it. There's so many different subjects that I'm not an expert in, but I could definitely stumble my way through a research question and help someone. So I really encourage you to try that. The next thing that I did, and this took up a really big bulk of my first year, was that I inherited about four research guides from my predecessor. And this was actually between two different people. So we did have someone who used to be in the reference department, who also worked with government documents in addition to John Stevenson. So the two of them had created these very long and extensive research guides that had just a wealth of information. But I thought they were a little bit hard to navigate just as someone who is more of a visual person. There was a lot of information on there. It was a little bit overwhelming. So I decided that I wanted to create new research guides for our government information. So I've actually whittled it down to two. So I have a government information and congressional publications guide. And then I also have a government legal information guide. So those are the two that I've been able to condense down a little bit. Oh, I'm sorry. So I have a census guide. So I have three. But going through those research guides, first of all, my predecessor was highlighting specific collections, highlighting specific things that were important at the University of Delaware for what we specifically had and were collecting. And they were highlighting where things were and also how the helpful tips and tricks that we like to provide for researchers. So me going through those research guides were really, really important because I was able to see what my predecessor had previously done without having a physical conversation with them. Right. I was able to go through and basically kind of follow the logic of why they included specific resources where I was able to cut out some things that I'm like, you know what? I really don't think that that's important information. One of the research guides had basically all of the links to every single department and agency that was at the that was in the government. And I felt like that was a little bit unnecessary for, you know, the age of search engines that we that we essentially live in right now. So going through those guides and really cleaning them up helped me a lot to understand the types of questions that I usually get and the types of things that we have at the University. The other thing that you're already doing is attending webinars. I attended so many I went back into the very vast archive of the help series and I watched a ton of them. And I would start actually had started doing this when I took on the political science department, just to make sure that I was up to date with how government information was was being presented. So and I really was interested in hearing other experts in the field. So I really encourage you to go back through those webinar series. I know that time is is very limited, but kind of strategically pick the ones that are are going to help you the most. Likewise, when I was asked a research question, I would actually go back through the webinar series and see if there was a particular one that would help me answer a particular research question. So it took me a little bit longer to of course step back to that person. But I felt like I was trying to properly educate myself to better answer that research question. I think in the long run and expanded my knowledge a lot on other areas that I probably wouldn't have encountered if I had just tried to kind of stumble my way through the research question. And of course, if you're an FDLP member, but also just a government, there's a whole bunch of webinars through info that are free that you can sign up for. I frequently also pass them on to my colleagues who might have to kind of be the gatekeeper to some of the government information questions. So before it comes to me, it might be asked of them. So at least I can get a little bit of a head start for our patrons and our researchers. So there's a ton out there. I don't really spend that much time talking about the FDLP program in this presentation. I can of course talk a little bit more about it in the Q&A portion of this. But especially with some of the things that we're expected to do in FDLP, like making sure our collection is up to date, every single year, the FDLP Academy FDLP webinars were really, really helpful for kind of those process questions of how do I navigate the system, this FDLP system. So the last two points, I'm going to very quickly go over. So first of all, this is something that I did when I actually started my job at the University of Delaware. I reached out to other government documents librarians in the area or who had jobs that I knew were similar to me just based on job descriptions and just based on their subject listings that they had on their research guides profile pages. So I actually reached out to a number of government documents librarians, including our regional librarian who works at the University of Maryland. So I reached out to her as well, just kind of talk with them and to ask them questions about what did you wish you had known before you had started in your government documents position? What are the things that have really helped you over the course of your career? And that kind of helped me figure out what skills I needed to build and what really I was lacking in my knowledge base. So I encourage you to have those conversations. Honestly, I was never told no. I was never turned down. So I think everyone in our profession is very helpful and willing to help someone who's a little bit younger in their career or younger in a particular position. So I really encourage you to try and make connections. And they're also really just important if you have questions or need a colleague for future publications or presentations. That's nice to network a little bit. I also was really fortunate that I had signed up for the Rusa History Section Mentorship Program, kind of right as I was starting my government documents position. And I was really lucky to actually be partnered with someone who was a history librarian as well as the government documents librarian. It just happened to be one of those nice lucky things that kind of fell into my lap. But that was really very important to me to have a mentor of some sort. So I could ask her questions about how, again, she's navigated being a government documents librarian. So that was really helpful. So if there's ever a mentor program, it might be worth it to see who you might be partnered with. You never know how much they might be able to help you. And then lastly, I'm an organizational person, of course. So I kind of wrote down important events and important dates that I kind of needed to wrap my head around. Especially for FDLP, there were a lot of dates and deadlines that kind of come up special events like Constitution Day that I really was not that aware of before I took on this role. So I kind of made a calendar. I went through my Google Calendar. And I wrote down all of these important events and dates that I should be aware of. And then maybe I should proactively start creating programming for them or doing something to engage a little bit. So that was a lot for this particular slide. So I hope you're still with me. Now I'm going to talk a little bit about research questions.  But there are some helpful tips that I was given to kind of navigate these really kind of difficult-seeming research questions when I first was introduced into this role. So the first thing that my predecessor told me, and that which I think is absolutely true, is that it can be really helpful if someone comes at you and they are looking for a particular report or if they're looking for something to locate and identify what department or agency is this coming from. Because once you identify that particular department or agency, then that helps you figure out what SUDOC number it is, so that then you could go and track down that SUDOC number and see what publications are available or see where we'll keep the publication from there. You can figure out where records are being passed on to. You can figure out specific reports that are being produced by those specific departments and agencies. So that, I think, is the first step in a lot of government information-related questions. Sometimes you already know that information, so you have a little bit of a leg up. Most of the time, no one's going to tell you the SUDOC number, so you're going to have to go and track that down. And so having the department or agency is very helpful. Titles can be very, very tricky, especially when they're in catalogs, because most of the time the actual titles are these long five-line titles. So it can be a little bit difficult to track down what you're looking for. So I would encourage you to try, the sounds kind of funky, but to kind of try and think in the way of government publications. And all of them have these kind of like long, wordy titles. It can sometimes be helpful to be a little bit too wordy in your search to track down particular titles. And that's definitely true if you don't have some of this additional information, like the SUDOC number or if you don't really know, if you're just kind of browsing through because you're interested in a topic like forestry. So it can be helpful to add a little bit more words to that. I also say this because How Do You Trust has a really wonderful collection of government documents, but most of them are untitled or uncataloged. And like literally the title is like uncataloged. And then they have like numbers one through a thousand. So if you don't look at the metadata a little bit closely, more closely, you don't actually know what publication this is. And that's because a lot of institutions, when they would get the print, they would get these little paper slivers of publications and then they would bind them together. And oftentimes those bound titles do not actually have a title. So especially in How Do You Trust, it's a little bit difficult to track down where, what you're looking at essentially. So that's why I kind of throw a little bit caution to the wind about titles. And then of course, reaching out to the government documents community has been really, really important to me in my role this past year. I've reached out a number of times to just double check that I'm not, I'm answering the question as fully as I can. Also, I really want to emphasize reaching out to other people because a lot of different institutions have done really amazing work or have collected specific government publications or government information collections that you might not know about. So for example, I was looking for this particular publication that was related to chemistry and chemical engineering. And it was not in the usual place that I would have probably looked. It was not in our catalog. It was a little bit tricky to track down. And it turns out that this one university in California had actually digitized most of those publications. And we were able to do an interlibrary loan to get that particular report. And I would never, ever have known that unless I had posted on the government documents listserv because some retired government documents librarians that I remember doing a digitization project. With that particular report, we probably have it. So use them as a resource. The other things that I have listed on the screen are just some databases and resources. I realize that not everyone has had access to all of these paid subscriptions, but I do just want to mention some of the ones that we have at the University of Delaware that I, of course, use quite frequently. So there's the ones on the bottom half of the slides. So congressional serial set, which is through Redex, I use quite frequently, although it is a bit of a clunky interface. So it's a little bit annoying, but the congressional serial set is in the process of being digitized. I think it's actually coming out this week, if I remember the date correctly. So there's another way of at least getting to that content elsewhere through Govenpo and other locations. Howdy trust I mentioned, Law Library of Congress has a plethora of digitized government documents content. They have such a lovely collection. And so I really encourage you to take a look. They also have constitutions and treaties from First Nations. So again, really just a wonderful collection that I don't think that many people know about. There is a webinar on the Law Library of Congress that I would encourage you to watch because I found out all the great information from them. I use hide online quite frequently. And Perquest Congressional is really the place that I actually go to quickly track down SUDOC numbers. There's of course other places that you can go to look up that information. But Perquest Congressional kind of is just a very quick interface that I've been able to navigate a little bit more easily. It's also really great if you're looking for particular testimonies or hearings. I've been able to look up particular witnesses related to different committees through this database. And I was able to track down that information a little bit more quickly than in other areas. And we also have access to SUNY and WASPLA, which are really great for Supreme Court hearings. But of course those are two kind of more legal, next to SUNY isn't a legal database, but it has a lot of legal case work and information. But I mentioned that the both of them, because they do have a really rich legislative history section, which a lot of my public policy students usually have to do some sort of legislative history within a number of their classes every single year. So those are some of the resources that I point them to. And of course, given FOA, I think I don't really need to explain it, but it's such a rich place to go and access a whole bunch of different information. It's really wonderful. And I'm happy to answer more specific questions about any of those in the Q&A portion. So I've been telling you a lot of tips, but I also want to recognize that there are definitely some challenges this year. And there are some things that I, as I reflect back on this first year, that I had wished I had made more time for, that I wish I had maybe known about. So first of all, I wish I had made more time to read more founding publications and fundamental textbooks on government information. I really felt like I just, I didn't make the time for that. And I wish that I did. I think having, again, as I mentioned before, having kind of a grounding and an understanding of the government publication world and government information world would have, I think served me in a better capacity and maybe having a little bit more of an authoritative voice telling me some of the history of this and some tips and tricks. That's something that is still, still on my to-do list to kind of broaden my horizon a little bit and hopefully become a better government documents librarian. I also really wish that I had the opportunity to go through the physical collection before it was moved. And I can still go to the annex location, but there kind of needs to be some finangling essentially for me to actually go to the annex location because it is of course locked. And there's only one person who actually works there. But as I mentioned earlier, my predecessor did move our physical location offsite. So I don't have a physical government publication section in the library anymore. You can see the picture on the screen is actually what it used to look like in their shelves are now empty. We're getting in the process of actually shifting our collection a bit. So that's why we had to move them offsite. So just I'm a visual person. So being able to actually physically see what we have, see what makes our collection unique, what it really, really helped me. That's what I did with my other subject areas. And I definitely would like to make more time, which kind of segues into my last point here. All of us are so, so busy. All of us are wearing five million different hats. And I really wish that I had done a better job of blocking off time on my calendar to actually sit and take more than an hour to watch a webinar, but sit through and kind of work through some of these resources that I would have liked to have gone through. I'm very protective of my time that I spend at home. So I'm happy to do some work once I get home, but I do want to make sure that I'm maintaining a work-life balance. So to me, it's not always realistic to come home and to read a textbook at night when I need a break from engaging with work every day. So blocking off that time in your calendar, I really encourage you to do that if you can. And just make sure that you're giving yourself space to learn.  So that's what I have been doing consistently. So at least I do make some space for some additional professional development and learning. So some of my goals going forward. So I just wanted to articulate some of what I'm thinking about and hopes that maybe that might encourage you to create some goals as you go forward in this role. So first of all, we have a very large microform collection. We have both microfilm and microfiche. And I don't know anything about it. I'm going to be very honest. There's really not that much information. There's not that much information that my predecessor passed down. So my goal for this upcoming year is to take some time and actually assess the microform collection. Part of it, of course, is just for space. We have all of these filing cabinets that are filled with microfiche. And they're very rarely used. So I would like to go through and kind of assess what we have in our collection and potentially make some decisions about weeding. We also have our 125th anniversary coming up. So I actually am going to be partnering with our special collections department to make a mini exhibition. We want to pull in information kind of larger government information across the state for our 125th anniversary. So I'm going to be planning that. And I'm very excited about this because I think it will give me an additional opportunity to learn about some of the really unique things that we have in our collection. That's unique to the University of Delaware and the state of Delaware. The other thing that I want to do, which I haven't done, so I encourage you to reach out to other government documents librarians or government information librarians, but I actually haven't reached out to any of the specific FDLP libraries in my state. So again, I just want to make sure that I'm networking with my colleagues that are in my vicinity. Delaware is quite small, as I'm sure you know. So this is kind of a way for me to just connect and make sure that we're supporting each other in our work. I'm also very concerned about kind of the national collection and the state collection of government documents. So I would like to have a little bit more of a conversation with them about what are you collecting? Is it the same as us? Is it different? How could we maybe collaborate in the future? Again, I think it's really important to make those connections across different institutions. And just as a side note, I've also reached out to our legislative librarian that's housed in our state department. So I've been talking to him too, and it's nice because he again has that background on the state level that has been helping me to kind of inform the decisions and the documents that we have on a federal level. And I also would really love to offer workshops. Right now we have no government information workshops, and I think it's a need that might be better fulfilled once I have a handle, a little bit more of a handle on this role and what we have. So I'm only going to talk for another five minutes or so because I wanted to leave about 15 minutes or so for kind of conversation and questions. So this is my last slide. So some FYIs and some takeaways. I want to be very, very forthcoming with you that I think imposter syndrome is still alive and rampant in me, especially when it comes to this position. Frankly, when I was asked to this webinar, I was like, huh, do I have the knowledge to actually share with a group of first year government documents librarians about this? I still have doubts about my knowledge. I still don't think it's the way that it should or at the par of the level that it should be at, but you know, I'm working on it. And I think that's kind of a lesson for all of us that we're all kind of a work in progress. You shouldn't expect to know everything right away. So give yourself a little bit of grace, give yourself a little bit of leeway and knowing your limits and then working on those limits. So I do want to make sure that you're fully aware that I definitely still feel like I am not officially a government documents librarian that I'm still kind of struggling through how do I navigate this world? How do I navigate these collections? I'm still trying my best. The other thing that I do want to mention is to trust your instincts. We're all trained librarians. We all have skills and expertise that we're coming. So you know more than you think that you do. There have been many times that I've been you researching a government documents research question or government information research question and I'm like, this is totally wrong. I'm missing something. I'm definitely not doing something correctly. And that at the time, I still had my predecessor here. So I was able to ask specific help and advice on that particular question. And it turns out that I was totally fine. I was doing it correctly. So trust your instincts. Trust that you know the library and what you're doing and kind of that you know how to follow the breadcrumbs, so to speak. I think that's, again, a really good reminder for all of us that we have some idea of what we're doing. It's okay. You know more than you think. And of course, as I've said many, many times, try to attend as many webinars, especially the help webinars. As you can, they did not tell me to say this. I just am a really big fan of the help webinar series. It's helped, again, helped me a lot in this role. And if you can't attend them, get the recordings, sign up anyway. There are many recordings that I have kind of in my back burner for one of those Fridays that I have some time to take. So that is my presentation. I have my email apps. I'll keep that slide up there for a second. But I really would love to hear from you. Are there any other tips that you found over the course of your first year that you think everyone should know about? I would love to know because like I said, I'm still learning. But I'm very excited to hear from you and answer your questions if you happen. I just want to say thank you so much, Caitlin, for presenting on this. I'm also like a relatively new government documents librarian and a lot of what you said resonated with my experience and things that I've done. And we definitely did not ask you to share your love of the webinar series. But since you have, I'm going to go ahead and drop it on the link to our YouTube channel. We have a couple of questions in the chat, one or two in the Q&A. So I'm going to go to Jeff's question in chat first. How do you access or transfer the physical documents in the annex collection when they're needed? Oh, that's a great question. So we have an annex request form that our users are expected to fill out. And so that includes the public, of course, where we are, I don't think I mentioned this, we are open to the public. So I have done my best to try and get people to actually look at our research guides beforehand so that they're aware that they have to request this material in advance. So it's just a simpler request form. As long as it comes in before 1pm, they can get the information in the physical material that day. We're really close. It's like a five minute drive. So we actually have a truck that goes back and forth so that when that form gets submitted, it gets sent to our annex worker, Peggy, and then Peggy gets all the material on her little forklift, just really cool. And then she puts it in the truck and sends it over. If you get it to us after 1pm, then you have to get it the next day. But it's a physical truck moving situation. And then they're free to use it wherever in the library. They just can't check any of the material out. Oh, interesting. Okay, thank you. Yeah. And Brooke also asks, do you have any book recommendations? I assume for kind of learning more about how to do this kind of a role. Yes, I do. And I'm going to just kind of finagle off screen so that I can grab my list and then type into my Google Drive government. While I am doing that, is there another question so I can pull that and I can pop that into the chat? Ah, sure. So I'll turn to the Q&A and Kimberly says, great to hear from you. I also became a GovDocs librarian in 2019 rather spontaneously. I was wondering if you have a specific technical services person or persons working on the back end of GovDocs, acquisitions, processing, and cataloging. And if so, could you describe that relationship? In our program, the GovDocs coordinator in tech services has been in that position for 15 plus years and there's a lot of institutional memory, but she's not at all involved in public facing activities. Yes, yes. Thank you for that question. Yes, so that actually is my experience as well. So we do have our acquisitions department. We have two people who are cataloging our government material. One of them just retired. So unfortunately, we lost his institutional memory, but the other person has been doing this for, I think, 20 years. So they also, they don't really have any understanding of the public in those questions, but I find them really valuable. I have found them really valuable to talk to you because they see more of the physical material than I do because they're ones that are actually handling it every day and then because everything is in our annex location, they just automatically send it off to annex. So I really very rarely see the print publications that come through, but they've been extremely helpful to establish, again, that our current collection development or previous collection development practices are things that are a miss that are sections that I maybe I forgot to order one year. They're really amazing and they have a really fantastic memory for making sure that I'm on the right track and checking me a little bit. I do try and have a meeting. I had one meeting with them last year, so I'm going to try and continue that practice just so that they tell me if there's anything I miss or if anything has changed in that process. Did I answer that question fully? Yeah, I think it's kind of about that relationship and I think that that has been, yeah, it's great to have those relationships even within the library. And I, yes, and Kimberly has also affirmed that that was a good answer. I actually have a follow-up question of my own. Something that you mentioned when you were talking about the annex program that you have is that patrons are free to use the collection anywhere in the library but can't check things out. Is your GovDocs collection entirely in library use only? And maybe if you could talk a little bit about how that works, because I know in our collection, some isn't various institution to institution. Yeah, thank you. So it's honestly, it depends on the publication. I would say majority of our collection is only in-house, particularly the census data is definitely not allowed to be taken out. So we actually have little barcodes and security stickers on it so that if anyone tried to leave with the publication, it goes off and they'll be alerted. But we are pretty upfront about once the annex material is officially transferred over to that person, we're very upfront with our policies of this can only be read here. You're free, of course, to make scans and photocopies at will, but unfortunately, you can't check them out. I mean, also part of the issue with some of our publications not being checked out or whether it can be checked out is because since we are open to the public, we specifically have a public borrower card that you have to pay into that card. So not everyone has done that, so technically they would not be able to actually check out that material. So personally, you know, to make sure that we're not kind of alienating people or forcing them to have to pay for that public borrower card. I think it's a little bit better to keep it in-house. But we've never really had a problem of having people run away with our government documents, so we do have that security system, but they are, of course, free to use it anywhere in the library that they feel comfortable with. Right on. Thank you. Sorry, by the way, I did put two Amazon links to two books that I really liked in the chat. I can also, if anyone emails me, I have a couple additional ones that are a little bit more specific to print publications as well. Awesome. Thank you so much.  So we have a question from Anna. Let me... Oh, I think I maybe I sent it to the person panelist. I'm sorry. I did that earlier with the links to our YouTube and my own email, so don't worry about it. But while you're kind of maybe resending those, we have a question from Jack. Right now, our library is suffering from large turnover and loss of student positions during the COVID period. Do you know of any particular training modules that can be adapted for training you, GovDocs, student assistants? Oh, that's a really great question for student assistants specifically. I mean, honestly, I think some of... I think that, and again, I'm not saying this just because I'm here, but the help webinars are very accessible. And honestly, I think we just went through a program of training student assistants and they, I think they can handle a little bit more than we give them credit for. So I think that would really be my first stop and recommendation. I see that Linda just put in another link in the chat. Anything that has fundamental information, I know Ben's guide is very kid focused, but it also might be kind of a fun way that college students might be able to get into the information and just at least be a little bit more accessible. In terms of actual programs besides the webinar, I don't know of any off the top of my head, so I encourage if anyone else has any ideas, but I don't know of any that are specific to students. I know of some that are specific to first year government documents librarians, but it might be a little bit more than what you're looking for. So I'm sorry, I don't have a better answer for that. No, I think that's a great answer. And seeing that link from Linda, I think that speaks to the comment that you were making earlier about the community around GovDocs and how we all have links for each other in that way as well. So I'm going to vamp for a moment, let some other questions maybe come in, let some people type. Because I did mistype my email earlier, so thank you again, Caitlyn, for being here to talk about this. And for everyone, if there are topics that you want to see or if you want to recommend someone, I know I was, we were able to ask Caitlyn because she was recommended as a person who would have this kind of knowledge. So I'm going to drop my email in the chat again and you should feel free to shoot me or Linda an email with the suggestion that you might have. And since I'll just ask one more of my own questions, as you're kind of talking about going through those research questions, was there one where you kind of had a moment you're like, Oh, wait, no, I've got this, like, I know what I'm doing. I went, whether that was one where you were going through the that backlog, that back catalog of research questions, or whether that was one that you got live from somebody where you had that moment of, Oh, I know what I'm doing, like I've got this job. Yeah, that's a great question. So there, there was a gentleman who had gotten in touch with me about a very, very specific citation that he found on a book that like wasn't even being published anymore. And he was like, I'm trying to track down this citation. I unfortunately don't remember what it was, it was officially for but, but it basically was like a Google book that he found this like, vague citation to a hearing that he was interested in. And I, I don't even know how actually how I did it. But I was able to go into one of our databases, professional or per quest congressional, and I was, you know, able to actually track down the hearing I was able to figure out exactly what it was. I'm just from this very terrible citation that actually wasn't the correct citation. And that was kind of it was a very valid moment for me. Because I had, I was like, Oh man, this is I'm not going to be able to do this. Like this is impossible. And I find I actually was able to track down the document. And I felt very good about myself. It was a life affirming, life affirming research question. And I did it all by myself, which I also think that, you know, give yourself a pat on the back when you get it. Yeah, absolutely. That's a great story. Thank you. Well, I am not seeing any additional questions, but I did want to say thank you again for, for joining us and for presenting on your experience as a first year government documents librarian. That was super enlightening for me. I know I made a couple of notes of things that I want to check out myself. And there's a lot more things coming into the chat. And for all of our webinar participants, thank you all so much for joining us on this fine one day. Thank you for having me. Thank you, everyone. Best of luck. Let me know if you have questions.


Now for those of you that don't know me, the way I actually got into traditional Chinese medicine or classical Chinese medicine was essentially through illness of my own. So I've struggled with digestive problems since I was a kid. It's something that runs in the maternal side of my family and it's something that kind of evades diagnosis like a Crohn's disease or an IBS, although what the last Western physician I saw diagnosed me as was IBS, Irritable Bowel Syndrome. But in this video, I want to share my experience finding a good Chinese medicine doctor who knew what they were doing because I'd seen to this day about 15 and there's only three that had gotten me results that made me know that Chinese medicine actually works. So it's obviously not that simple to find a great practitioner. Hey guys, I'm Alex Hine, author of the book Master of the Day, Current Doctoral Student in Traditional or Classical Chinese Medicine. Now, I've also included here a free download on how to add 10 years to your life with traditional Chinese medicine. It's the first link in the description box there below. It's going to give you this one page printout, this cheat sheet, for exactly what I recommend a few practices are that you do. So those are in the description box there below the first link. Now my first opinion in regard to how do you find a great practitioner is purely based on reputation. I mean, for me, I decided to stay in the US because the schools in China really are not very good, but you're learning the methodological quality, the quality of the education. I've had multiple friends go there who actually regretted going to China and my original options were to go back to China, which was super cheap because I spoke and I read Chinese or just to stay into the US or find a better school in the US. And for me, the school that I chose is what I personally believe to be the best in the world for what I want to learn. But ultimately, the school where they were educated, what languages they speak really means nothing because one would think that you need to find someone from the mainland, from China or from Taiwan to know the real Chinese medicine. But it's just not true because anyone trained in Chinese medicine now has learned the modernized TCM, which is like a watered down 1950s cookbook of recipes, which is why so often modern TCM doesn't work. So you really have to find a person with that direct experience, the clinical experience, some kind of lineage of teaching from a teacher or practitioner or someone that is hungry to they themselves become the best because they were frustrated with the results they got at the start. So it's really important to go off of personal recommendations. As the person, did they get someone you know results? How does that person that's referring you speak about the person? What is the reputation of that person in the community you're in? Do they have glowing reviews on the internet? You know, all of these things are so crucial to finding a Chinese medicine practitioner because even though our education is standardized on some levels, the quality control, in my opinion, is very poor. In terms of you go to a bad MD, MD, and they will still get you results that may may not be in your best interest in the long run and your well being, but you know you're going to get results. I cannot confidently say that about most people in my field. The second thing I would say, and again, this is my personal opinion, this is not the, you know, the profession's opinion is does the person really practice Chinese medicine? Because what you very often see is a person who does acupuncture and then they throw in the classic Western cocktail of like a multivitamin vitamin C, fish oil, turmeric, these very generic substitutions and advice. And it's not that there's anything wrong with that or that that's not Chinese medicine. But this to me suggests that the person may not really know how to use herbs properly. And so that brings me to my third point is how well does the person know herbal formulas? Because this is a very difficult skill set to learn and it requires a lot of training. And it's not easy to know what formulas to give and how to modify them based on the patient and a huge percentage of modern practitioners don't know herbal formulas. Therefore, that's why they will give vitamin C, fish oil, you know, very generic things you could give to everyone, which probably have a very marginal benefit or maybe negligible. So the ability to do great good is probably very low. The ability to do great harm is probably very low. It's a safe bet, but it's probably not going to dramatically change the course of a patient's illness because it's very generic. It's not specified. And traditional Chinese medical formulas are like surgical precision. They're like sniper bullets when properly prescribed and the results they get. So for me, there were only three practitioners out of almost 15 I'd seen that maybe realized that, whoa, like this actually works and works crazy. Well, can work crazy fast as in 10 minutes after getting acupuncture or two days after getting herbs, even for a chronic illness. And that's kind of scary because it was only two or three people out of 15 that I saw that could get those results. So that is my own personal opinion on if you're looking for a practitioner, look for results, look for referrals, look for how well they know herbal formulas and they're not just dishing out generic advice. And then essentially it's like any field. The best usually are the best because they've done the hard work to become the best and the people around them that know their character well can often provide a lot of insights into that person and how good they are. So again, don't forget I've included a free download there below on how to add 10 years to your life with traditional or classical Chinese medicine. You can also check out my last two videos right here and right here.


Let's start with a recap of Spirit Science Season 1. We began by first looking at thoughts and telepathy, chakras as well as different types of energy. We looked at some strange phenomenon that suggested humanity is far older than the mainstream world believes, and opened up the conversation of sacred geometry. This led us through some talks about dimensions and the various wavelengths associated with the spectrum of reality, and how to navigate these realms through spiritual practices like meditation and astral projection. Then in Episodes 11 and 12 we looked at how humanity is undergoing a form of evolution, going through a big change in how we exist fundamentally, and are passing through a very important phase in the evolution of our species. The big idea was that 13,000 years ago we fell in consciousness and became disconnected from our soul, and ever since then humanity has been on a journey of remembering who it is, and are today still coming to understand what it means to be a child of God and embody the light of something called Christ Consciousness.


Hey, what's up guys? It's coach Ben from soccer entrepreneur in today's video I'm gonna be addressing a question that I've been getting From a lot of trainers and I'm surprised I haven't made a video about this yet But the question that I've been getting is how long should my sessions be and How should I structure and put together a program? So I'm gonna give you my example of how I used to do it and how I do it now And I'm also gonna show you examples of how other people do it and really before I get started talking everything comes down to to you and how you want to train players and whatever you find that's most effective because Everyone out there is different some people like having really long sessions some people don't and I'm gonna show you how I do it, which I feel like is a very efficient way And when I first started the way I did my sessions were not efficient at all and I'll kind of dig into that So I'm gonna kind of address the question now And I want you to ask yourself a couple questions though and if you're training players privately or in groups I Look at it very differently if you're training or just one-on-one session, you're just working with one player So depending on the age of that player you have to figure out what is the mental capacity That player that you're training are they going to be able to be with you for longer than an hour? if so, you know, how long do you want to train and I never ever tell anyone that they have to base their price on How long they're training players because when you do that Everyone's gonna look at you as you know by the hour or how much do you train or charge per session?  Do you want to train 90 minutes? Do you want to train an hour? Do you want to train 45 minutes? Do you want to do 30-minute sessions? I know a lot of people out there that do 30-minute group sessions And this is something that I know you can pull off in your academy if you have the right type of programs set up so Let's kind of think forward now. What? Do you want to do so with your program? Do you want to provide skills training? You know finishing training. I have to figure out, you know Where you're at with what type of program you want to offer and there's a million programs that you could offer You could just offer Foot skills programs you could just do conditioning programs. I mean it really doesn't matter What the program is but the program has to be good and has to benefit the players and Then you can start to figure out how long each session should be so the way I like to do it Is very opposite how I did it when I first started when I started I did 90-minute sessions And if you think about the the amount of time during the day when you can train players Especially during the school year the longer the session you have the less players you can train Because even if you have a lighted facility, you're not going to be able to train as many players so for example if I started my training after school at four o'clock if I Have three kids. I'm training privately and they're all 90-minute sessions I'm going to be working an hour and a half an hour and a half and an hour and a half And so that's going to total four and a half hours of training when I could you know work the same amount of training and Try to work with Four or four players and then maybe an extra 30 minute session So that's what comes down to how effective you are with your time But if you want to do hour and a half sessions, that's what I did at the beginning that worked Very well for me, but I realized that we could start to shorten the amount of our sessions and Have more intense sessions and that's the thing that I realized that club soccer kind of struggles with is they have an hour and a half or two hour sessions But if you sit there and you watch a club session, even some of the top clubs You'll see this that the entire time players aren't moving. They're not with the ball There's a lot of dead time. There's a lot of time where they're getting water. They're warm up is 15 20 minutes And I think that a lot of those sessions The the time could be way more efficient. It could be maximized much better And when you're training players privately, this is something you have to really think about because you could take on a lot more players if Your sessions are shorter and your sessions could be a much more effective. You can get better results if they're shorter Where there's more going on within the session rather than giving longer breaks having a super long warm-up I mean, I could think of a lot of things that waste time throughout the session That you could you know, just minimize a lot of that and have a shorter session This way the player actually gets better results and that's what I found once I started to test Different time amounts, especially with different types of players. I realized that The sweet spot for me was having sessions for 50 minutes So five zero fifty minutes and the reason why I did that is because I want to start all my sessions on the hour and end All my sessions on the hour and this gives me a 10-minute cushion To child with the player or the parents after the session so I can address any questions that they have I don't feel like I'm rushed because 10 minutes is a long time to to child with parents about any anything that comes up And that's not going to cut into my next session and knowing that that also gives me a couple minutes to prepare And move around cones or do whatever I need to to get ready for the next session That's that very next hour. This way you can look at every single hour that you train as a session And we've tested things with clinics and I'm not going to talk too much about clinics right now But we've done things where they're an hour clinic or two hour clinics or 90 minute clinics And I'm a big believer that if players can get the same result faster Then you need to do that because if you're having a longer drawn-out session That's not in my opinion. That's not really going to be the thing that's going to be that helpful for the players They're already kind of experiencing that with whatever team they play. They're having longer sessions And I would rather train someone and have them in a shorter session and get better results to maximize the time This way they feel like they're getting Pretty much a non-stop workout for 50 minutes And that's how we like to structure things everyone's different though But I want you to start to think about that Coming up with your academy with how you want to structure your time because if you look at everything at the end of the Day time is the most important asset that you're going to have with your business And if you don't have enough time to take on more players Then you probably need to restructure the way that you think about how long your sessions are So that's it for today guys if you enjoyed the video click the thumbs up button Let me know if you have any questions. So shoot me a comment below this video Let me know any questions you have if you want my personal email address Just go to start your soccer academy at gmail.com Below this video in the description. I have all the resources That are kind of already set up. So if you want to join my newsletter, it's free. I send Pretty much one to two newsletters per week that are going to give you more valuable tips on how to start your academy And if you want to check out my book, it's called the startup soccer academy This is a book that's been read by a few hundred trainers now It's going to show you from a to z how to set up your academy the right way The way that I didn't know how to do at the beginning, but now once I kind of cracked the code and I figured out how to do this I wanted to create a book. That's a great resource. We also have our soccer academy mastermind Where I work with four coaches per year on a monthly basis And I also have the one-on-one business retreat for trainers to fly down or to drive down to San Antonio, Texas To meet with me personally if you're interested in that you can check out all the links below this video and I'll see you next time


Evaluation of pellet quality is a necessary component of any feed manufacturing quality assurance program. During pelleting, individual ingredients or mixed feeds are agglomerated and shaped using steam, which provides heat and moisture and pressure created between a pellet dye and two or three rolls depending on pellet mill design. In the United States, broilers consume approximately 50 million metric tons of feed each year, which represent between 60 and 70% of the total production costs. Since feed is typically intended to be fed as a sole source of nutrients, it is critical to ensure good physical and nutritional feed quality at the feeder level to make sure that birds receive all the essential nutrients in every single bite. Pellet and crumble quality is the capacity of pellets and crumbles to withstand repeated handling after they are extruded from the pellet mill until they reach the feeders without excessive breakage or generation of fines.  For example, including 15% wheat or a pellet binder, increasing conditioning temperature, reducing particle size or using thicker dyes increase pellet quality. Other factors which are at times overlooked is fat addition in the mixer and pellet production rate. Higher fat addition and higher throughput can reduce pellet quality due to lower friction generation and lower compaction of the pellets inside the dye holes. Good quality pellets will reduce feed wastage, dustiness, selective feeding and nutritional segregation. Additional benefits from pelleting include reduction in the bacterial load, which depends on conditioning temperature and retention time, as well as better animal performance and feed efficiency. Most pellet quality tests can be classified as either abrasion or impact tests and used to quantify the ability of pellets to withstand contact stresses such as the free fall into a finished feed bin or erosive stresses during conveyance using a screw conveyor or drag chain. Pellet quality is usually expressed as the pellet durability index and measured by using a tumbling can device also often called the Kansas State Tumble Test, which is popular in the United States as it imitates the conveyance mechanisms used in the United States feed mills. The Holmen pellet tester is used in Europe and other regions of the world where pneumatic transportation is popular. Pellet durability should be tested immediately after cooling by collecting a representative sample of approximately 1 kilogram or 2.5 pounds when the temperature of the pellets is within plus or minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit or 5 degrees Celsius. Once the sample has been collected, samples must be sent to the quality control lab. Pellet samples must be sieved on the appropriate sieve to remove all fines following the recommendations of the American Society for Testing and Materials Standard and weigh 500 grams of sieved pellets. Place the sieved pellets in the tumbling can device and tumble the sample for 10 minutes. It is important to use a consistent starting weight to conduct a repeatable analysis changing the weight of whole pellets at the beginning of the test significantly change the PDI results. After tumbling, remove the sample. Siv the sample using the same sieve used at the beginning of the test and weigh the whole pellets after tumbling. Calculate the percent of the whole pellet by dividing the weight of the pellets after tumbling by the weight of the pellets before tumbling and then multiplying it by 100. The standard method is often modified to represent a company's manufacturing and delivery processes by adding items to the tumbling can device. Modifications can be done adding hex nuts to stimulate downstream bulk handling. The Holman durability method uses air to create abrasion of the pellets similar to pneumatic conveyed systems. The sample collection and fines removal is identical to the tumbling can methodology. However, only 100 grams of sieved pellets are needed. Place the sieved pellets into the testing chamber. Run the sample with forced air for 30, 60, 90 or 120 seconds. You need to select a time cycle that mimics best your handling and transportation systems so you can predict better the feed quality at the feeder level. After the time is up, remove the sample from the testing chamber and weigh the remaining sample. Each feed mill should use a method that imitates handling equipment at the feed mill and type in condition of the delivery equipment in order to predict pellet quality at feeder level. At the farm, it is important to take multiple samples to evaluate nutritional and physical segregation across feed lines. Pelleting is an expensive process, but the additional expense in pelleting is typically compensated by enhanced animal performance.


Oh dude, you should come to study groups with us in the library Tuesday nights. Yeah, sure.


Hey guys so going off of the comments of what you guys talked about in my Supernatural Merry Christmas review you guys were talking about how Supernatural is coming back and then just this interview with Capsule New Zealand there's that one little tidbit that Jensen Ackles talks about is how the last two episodes the first one episode 19 is the season finale and then episode 20 is the series finale there's two things to take away from this the first being you realize how much Jensen lowers his voice when he talks as Dean how much brooding he does in comparison to his actual voice it surprises me every time how actually soft of a voice he has considering how much he has to do this when he's talking as Dean so the other part though is this concept this idea that the storyline of the season is going to end on the 19th episode and the show is going in on the 20th episode part of me is kind of torn about that because one that's actually a good idea to have an episode purely dedicated to the ending of the show the ending of the series however I kind of worry that it might be nothing more than just a complete fan service sploosh just reference reference reference this person this person this person and that's kind of okay but in terms of a show like this I I don't want a ride down nostalgia lane unless it's done with a meaningful purpose if you want a really good example of how a show could end well the actual last episode of scrub Zach Braff kind of meeting with all the friends the meeting with his colleagues who are still there they are talking about where they're going to be going in their future because everyone's going off in different directions but then there's the ending where he just sees this presentation of what the future will hold for his family his himself his friends and it's all to Peter Gabriel oh my god it makes me cry still watching it I have never been impacted so much by the ending of a show in a long time I literally didn't get that goddamn ending out of my head for months so I'm hoping if they do something in a similar sort of cinematics retelling a homage recapture the moment sort of means of how the show will end I hope they do it respectfully and they do it in this kind of sense rather than just complete fan service for the sake of fan service but then for the idea that the 19th episode being the season finale has not shot yet they only shot what one or two days of it and they have had effectively since March five months to think about how they should end it they have no excuse now if it's sure that they've probably set themselves up in a way that certain things cannot be changed I just really hope that it's not a season 14 finale where you just shoehorn the deus ex machina into the last 10 minutes you start the episode right and you continue that and you build it you use what you have established and you end it on a proper means on a narrative structure means don't fuck it up I could say it's not that hard but really at this point I'm just begging for something that isn't shit I'm just begging for something that's well written I'm begging for something that makes sense in terms of how the finality of the show's biggest villain being god is defeated replaced humbled I just don't want it to be bad and they've had so long to work on both this episode and the supposed series finale episode they don't have an excuse you don't get a chance like this to really think about your script to rewrite your faults to see hey maybe that's kind of stupid but the other thing too is now that they've gone back to work and they've started doing the post on the other five episodes that they already shot do not expect the next episode to be groundbreaking just because we've had this massive period of time in terms of us not watching a supernatural episode this was supposed to be just another one in the cog so it's not going to be like oh my god supernatural is back everything's great again I'm expecting a decent maybe even mediocre unless this actually has something to do with the finale it's going to be absolutely hysterical if we start the next episode with a goddamn filler episode however if I'm correct we finished with that one with the pool game it's been so long now I actually can't even remember what the last episode of supernatural was I have been wrong there but those are my thoughts on this interview if you guys want to check it out I'm gonna leave a link to the official interview in the description below I'm making sure to put that link in the description because version that I watched first was actually a re-upload I didn't even realize it how petty are you to re-upload an interview from a different channel like this is garbage that people did with machinima episodes back in the early days of YouTube so I can't believe that it hasn't been striked because that's that's garbage watch the original interview support the original channel and otherwise I'll see you guys next time thanks for watching the video my name is Nitz and you might remember me from the animated cult classic tv show undergrads it's been a while but I'm happy to say the click is finally getting back together in an all-new movie thanks to a successful Kickstarter campaign but we are still asking for your support to see any and all updates about the upcoming undergrads movie be sure to check out and like the bring back undergrads facebook page and with any luck we'll see you guys soon