Thank you Pierre. So traditionally cryptography treats the problem of communication between two parties over a public channel and we assume there exists an adversary listening to this communication and we build schemes such that the adversary can get no information about the message transmitted. However now encryption is used in more complicated ways such as satisfying access policies or identity based encryption or attribute based encryption. In this work we focused on something that has been given much attention recently which is computations on encrypted data. The main idea is that it should be possible to publicly learn the property on a massive encrypted data set by only looking at encrypted data elements. So suppose you have a server that has stored a bunch of ciphertexts and we would like to allow the server without being able to decrypt to execute various computations like indexing or range queries or data clustering keyword search or general computations. What works to this notion are format preserving encryption, public key encryption with keyword search and others, but the notion that inspired our work, our line of work is order preserving encryption introduced in 2009 by Baldera, Chenette, Lee and O'Neill. In the order preserving encryption setting the message space, the plaintext space admits a partial ordering and the scheme is built in such a way that the encrypted ciphertexts admit the same partial order. So essentially the computation that the server can execute here is to compare the ciphertexts and they use something about the partial ordering of the messages. For these guys so that in order to get strong security guarantees from such schemes the ciphertext space has to be very sparse and actually it has to be so sparse that the schemes would be totally impractical. So they prove that either we get strong security guarantees like INDCPA security and the size of the ciphertext space is exponential in the size of the message space, therefore the scheme would be impractical and or they assume that the plaintext distributions have sufficiently high minentropy. So they consider this weaker security notion where the messages to be encrypted are sufficiently random. And inspired by this work we asked if there are properties or schemes with no such restrictions namely practical schemes but with strong security guarantees. So the first step to generalize this notion of property preserving encryption is to generalize the notion of a property. We define the property to be a function on K messages which outputs 0 or 1. Our property preserving encryption schemes contain the three usual algorithms set up encryption and encryption and a new algorithm called TEST which acts on case ciphertexts and outputs 0 or 1. As you might have guessed the testing algorithm should output the same value as the property we have decided at the beginning of our scheme namely if you apply the testing algorithm in case ciphertexts it should give you the property P on the corresponding K plaintexts. And this is the second generalization we considered here. So notice that in order of preserving encryption the testing algorithm was there. The testing algorithm there was the comparison of the ciphertexts so the test and the property P were the same however in our case we allowed the testing algorithm on the ciphertext to be something different. We just require that it outputs the same property and since we require that this algorithm is publicly computable we needed to use a symmetric key encryption because if we allowed someone to encrypt using a public key then he would be able to create a ciphertext for any message and for non-trivial properties he would be able to use the testing algorithm and extract too much information from a challenge ciphertext using the ciphertext he created. So we stick to the setting of symmetric key encryption and let's see our main goal, our strong security that I mentioned. This is a security notion we adapted from a paper by Belar the site Joquip and Rockaway. This was a work on symmetric key encryption and it was called left-to-right security. In this security game the challenger picks a side, uniformly random at BB either left or right and returns the encryption of either the left messages or the right messages. You will see how that works. First he gives the public parameters to the adversary and the adversary makes queries of that form, pairs of plaintexts. Depending on the BB the challenger returns the ciphertext of either the left or the right message and this continues for a polynomial number of steps. At the end of the game the adversary has either encryption of all the left messages or all the right messages and tries to guess the BB and break the scheme. Now since in property preserving encryption the adversary is allowed to learn the value of the property on any case subset of plaintexts we have to impose the following so-called equality pattern restriction. He says that if you pick any subset of game messages on the left sequence and you apply the property P on them it should give you the same result as if you apply the property on the same subset on the right sequence. If there is restriction where and true the adversary would be able to use the testing algorithm and break the scheme trivially. However the so this is our main goal to build practical schemes that satisfy this security notion. However the problem with this notion is that it has so many challenge pairs and we considered a simple security notion again it was introduced in the same work called find then guess security or in other works single challenge security which has only one challenge pair. So again the challenger picks a side B and now the adversary is allowed to make single message queries at first. The challenger responds with the ciphertext of the message and this continues for as long as the adversary wants. At only one point the adversary is allowed to make a challenge query that contains two messages and now depending on the bit B the challenger returns the correct ciphertext either the left or the right. After that the adversary makes another single message query phase and as before we have to impose a similar restriction on the left and the right sequence where the left and the right sequence here is the one that consists of the single messages, the left challenge message and the single messages after the challenge pair and the right sequence accordingly. So initially in our work we tried to prove using a hybrid argument that these two notions were equivalent that's what these guys did in the standard symmetric key notion and if we could do that we would be able to get left or right security by only proving FTG security. However we discovered surprisingly that this is not possible for property preserving encryption. The intuition behind that is that in the left or right security game it might be the case that the left sequence is not reachable from the right sequence using only one step changes, one message changes and this depends on the property at hand. So in this case we say that the two sequences here have the same equality pattern but they belong to different reachability classes. Other way to see this is that the FTG security notion says that two sequences are indistinguishable when they differ only in one message, this one the challenge message here. Therefore although they have the same equality pattern and the same reachability class while left or right security says something stronger that all sequences with the same equality pattern are indistinguishable. And this is the main result of our work that in property preserving encryption the left or right security is strictly stronger than finding a security and by generalizing the notion of finding a security by allowing more challenge pairs, constant number of challenge pairs, we discovered that there exists an entire hierarchy of strictly stronger notions of security. In the following slides I will present the proof of the first theorem, the separation result between FTG and left or right. As usual we assume there exists an FTG secure scheme pi and we construct a new scheme pi star which is FTG secure but not left or right secure. To do that the first step is to define the message space and the property p that is to be tested. So our message space consists of the integers modulo a prime p and we know that the set of quadratic residues, the squares modulo p can be defined and the set of quadratic non residues, the remaining elements. And from number theory we know the following fact that if a number is the product of two other numbers in z p star then this number is a square if and only if both factors are in q r or both factors are in q n r. We are going to use this fact in the following slides in the proof. So the property that our scheme preserves, the scheme pi, is similar to this theorem. It takes two messages x and y and outputs one if and only if their product is quadratic residues. And as I told you we assume that pi is FTG secure on this property p. Now we have to create a new scheme pi star such as that it is FTG secure but not left or right secure. To do that we define the setup algorithm, it calls the setup of the original scheme and samples a random bit t from 0 or 1, uniformly at random. I will be referring to this bit as the one time pad. You will see in a second why. The encryption algorithm calls the encryption of the original scheme and outputs the cipher text c t and every time it is called it samples a random bit b. If b equals 0 it outputs the cipher text, the value of the bit b and the one time pad t. Otherwise it outputs the cipher text, the bit b and the one time pad masked with the sign of the message to be encrypted where the sign is this function similar to the legendary symbol which tells you whether the message is a quadratic residue or not. So essentially the one time pad here masks the sign of the message. Now let's see why this scheme is FTG secure. As usual we have to build an attacker for pi using an attacker on pi star. The FTG security game is shown here. We have a single message squeeze, a challenge pair and then again single message squeeze. And according to our quality pattern restriction for the property at hand, for the property for quadratic residuality, it should be true that if you apply the property on a single message and the left challenge message it should give you the same value as the right side. Now let's see what this means for our attacker and this specific property. In case one where the signs of the challenge messages are the same we can have single messages because if this is for example a quadratic residue you get the same result for the product in both sides. However in case two where you have a quadratic residue on one side and a quadratic non-residue on the other side, if we had a single message here and let's say this was a quadratic residue, the product would give you one on one side and zero on the other side according to the theorem I showed you. Therefore in this case no single message queries are allowed by our assumed attacker. So to build the simulator for the pi scheme here is on the encryption of pi star in combat form. Something on the case the simulator acts differently. So in the first case where the challenge messages have the same size our simulator picks the one time pad himself and simulates the game perfectly by answering all single message queries. He can do that because he knows their sign and the challenge query as well. Again he knows the sign of the message that is encrypted. He doesn't know which message is encrypted here, the left or the right, but since the sign is the same for both left and right he's okay. And for the second case where the signs of the two messages are different the simulator responds to the only one query with CT and two uniformly random bits. And since the attacker has seen only this ciphertext these are uniformly distributed. Because as I told you in case two he gets no ciphertext from single message queries. Therefore pi star is FTG secure. Now to conclude the proof we have to give an attack for the left or right security and the attack is obvious. In one side we can query for all quadratic residues and in the other side for only quadratic non residues. This is a valid attack because if you pair any two in one side you get a QR and in the left side as well. If you multiply a quadratic non residue with another non residue you get a square quadratic residue. And it's successful because with very high probability the attacker will get a ciphertext where B equals zero, he will get the one time pati and using another ciphertext where B equals one he can deduce the sign of the messages and check whether it's on the right side or the left side. And that concludes the proof of our main theory. For the hierarchy we follow a similar way. We assume there exists an FTG and secure scheme pi where n is a constant integer and we construct a scheme pi star with the required properties. I won't go into the details of that proof. The two cases are similar. We have a case one where single messages are allowed but all signs are the same and case two where only challenge queries are allowed and all signs in each pair are different. However, notice here that our simulator in this case has to output ciphertexts for both quadratic residues and quadratic non residues and therefore the extension from the previous reduction is not that trivial but the main ideas are similar. So in this case we use an n time pad to encode information about sign and in case one we simulate the game perfectly and in case two we output suitable random integers. We have correct simulation until n challenge queries and if we allow n plus one challenge queries we get a break with constant probability. There are other security notions as well that we consider but I will not go into them and I will not switch to the constructions of the schemes. So for unary properties there is a trivial generic construction. Just include the property p in the ciphertext. For binary properties there is a generic construction as well using predicate encryption. However, to get left or right security it requires very strong security guarantees from the predicate encryption scheme which are not known to exist for non-trivial properties. Therefore in our paper we presented an explicit construction for testing orthogonality. And finally for tenary properties and above it is still an open problem. I will go through our explicit construction quite quick. So our scheme works in a bilinear groups of composite order where the order is product of two prime numbers and therefore we get two subgroups g0 and g1 where if we assume that these are the generators then this independence property is satisfied. If you pair an element of the first subgroup to an element of the second subgroup you get one. The property as I told you the property that our construction preserves is the orthogonality of n dimensional vectors. These are the messages of our scheme and it outputs zero if and only if their inner product is zero. Let's see how our construction works. To create the secret key we pick two generators g0 and g1 of the respective subgroups and m plus 1 exponents such that v square is equal to the sum of the squares of t. For the encryption of a message we just pick two random exponents and output this huge cipher text. Notice that the components of the message are only exponents in the first subgroup while the components of the secret key are used as exponents in the second subgroup.  If you do the math from the first pairing you get e of g1 comma g1 to the r plus v square while from the product of the n remaining pairings you get e of g0 g0 to something that has the inner product of the two messages in the exponent and e of g1 comma g1 to the r prime to the sum of the t's. Therefore according to the way we picked our secret key these two parts are equal and our testing algorithm can compare this term with this term and it uses whether the two messages are orthogonal by not knowing any secret information just by executing pairings. I will conclude the talk with the new directions for property preserving encryption which are numerous as you can see. There are many interesting properties like ternary properties, arithmetic progressions or geometric states and we suggest using lattices since pairings seem suitable only for binary properties. And there are many applications for property preserving encryption like privatizing popular algorithms such as clustering or data classification. Finally final direction is to generalize the properties to functions so the properties output only 0 or 1 and instead of that we can have a function that outputs a specific value and then we would get powerful public computations on encrypted data. And that's all. Thank you. So we have time for a quick question. Yes? Thank you. In your separation result you assume the existence of a scheme that's secure with respect to a particular property, right? Yes. The reason I'm asking is because you require some amount of computation on ciphertext on one hand. On the other hand this notion cannot be secure for a public encryption and the third thing is for schemes that allow computation of interesting functions on ciphertext you can prove that symmetric and public are equivalent. The might it's plausible that you can combine these three in order to show that you actually cannot have a secure property preserving for interesting properties or for smooth enough properties or whatever which if that's true that would render the separation result mute because it just says that the property you assume exist cannot exist in a secure scheme. So my question is whether you looked at trying to prove that certain properties cannot have it seems plausible that you can show that is essentially what I'm saying that certain properties that interesting enough properties cannot have a secure encryption scheme associated with them. Well so what's the question the exact question if we looked into that? Yeah I mean do you know anything about showing our main focus properties have or don't have secure encryption associated with them? No we didn't look all properties but our main focus was to show that there is no general way to go from one notion to the other that there exists some properties That's only under the assumption that specific properties do have encryption, secure encryption scheme. I mean in order to prove the separation we had to assume that an FTG secure scheme existed. So that property yeah you looked at properties that are sort of efficiently testable because this property wasn't efficiently testable right or this property the orthogonality property the quadratic residual property that you had it is official oh sorry that was okay maybe I just looked at the wrong thing it only used pairings and multiplications oh okay I want to know whether we're any closer given your results to practical order preserving encryption. Can you repeat the question including here? Given your results are we any closer to a practical order preserving encryption OPE? Not yet no thank you so one quick question for your separation did you need quadratic residuality or could you have just done it with normal encryption and have the property to be the last bit like the last bits are the same? Yes we didn't need it we just needed a property that had the same that works the same way as quadratic residuality. Just any encryptions yeah we just wanted to have a to show a concrete property. Any other question? No so let's Yanis again and hold the speaker of this session.


Thanks for checking this video out. Your mountaintop news video is coming up in just a minute.  Why isn't your ad here? Call me. With the recent news of a Poc County man who was struck by lightning, weather forecasters are bringing awareness and recommendations on how to avoid this rare, life-threatening occurrence. I had the privilege to speak with Pete Jajarian, a senior forecaster from the National Weather Service in Jackson, who says when thunder roars, go indoors. Of course, if you are indoors, you're in a much safer place during a storm, but Jajarian says that you still want to avoid electronics such as corded telephones, computers, or other electrical equipment. But in this uncommon occurrence, a Poc County man was struck by lightning as he suffered burns on his body and was taken to the Cincinnati Medical Center to receive treatment. At first, the family was afraid he wouldn't survive the lightning strike as the damage was severe, but in their latest post to social media, he is now recovering and they are asking for continued prayers. Although the chance of being struck by lightning is quite low, it can still happen to anyone during a storm. For more information on how to stay safe during a storm or any bad weather situation, visit the National Weather Service website. Reporting for Mountain Top News, I'm Jeremy Justice.


Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Welcome to the Zero Emissions Solution Conference. Now we will begin the panel on Southeast Asia. The formal title is ASEAN's Green Future, Further Faster Together. I think that we should add another word to further and faster. And that important word is cheaper. ASEAN can decarbonize together cheaper because there are considerable economies of scale involved. For example, when it is not a good idea for every country to be self-sufficient in renewable energy because of the intermittent nature of solar power and wind power. So a regional national electric grid will provide reliability by connecting all the national networks. For example, the hydropower of Laos could be mobilized in Cambodia if it were a rainy day in Cambodia for that particular period. Similarly, a high-speed electric train system could repeat much of the travel by plane within the region. For example, from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur, from Kuala Lumpur to Bangkok, Bangkok to Nampan, Bangkok to Ventean. Those would certainly be much greener than the use of airplanes which are more unlikely to be electric in the near future. Of course, in the long run, we may be able to fuel airplanes with green hydrogen but the technology is not here yet. So the ASEAN Green Future Project started earlier this year involving a group of ASEAN country teams from ASEAN countries. Today we have five of the teams to present their work on this project to date. The first speaker is Professor Alin Halima-Tusa who is the head of environmental economics at the University of Indonesia in Jakarta. Ibu Alin, good morning. Are you ready to go? Yes. Okay. Then let's start. Okay. Thank you, Professor Wing for your kind introduction. Good day all. It's a pleasure for me representing Indonesia team and share my thoughts about the progress of Indonesia's climate agenda and how we can move further to achieve a more ambitious climate target. Next, please. So this is the outline of my presentation. I would like to talk about climate exposure in Indonesia, current status of emission and what has been done in Indonesia mostly in terms of planning. Next is about the recent trends reflecting higher national interest to achieve more ambitious climate target and how we can gain multiple benefits from pursuing stronger climate action. Lastly, I would like to give some highlights on key recommendation for Indonesia as well as for cooperation among ASEAN countries. Next, please. So Indonesia is an archipelagic country and quite vulnerable to climate change. We are also exposed to climate related disaster such as droughts, floods and landslides. With poverty rate more than 10% and poor people mostly work in agricultural and fishery sectors, the societal impact of climate change can be considered as significant. With large population and large scale of economy, Indonesia become the world top five emitter and land sectors and energy in this case are two most important sectors for emission reduction. Indonesia aims to escape from middle income trapped by 2045. We want to achieve at least five or 6% of GDP growth per year and income per capita of 23,000 USD for more than 300 million people. So without proper mitigation measures, Indonesia could contribute significantly to climate change and global warming. Next, please. So land use become the first driver of emission followed by energy. But in the near future, energy sector will exceed the contribution of land sectors. However, land use sectors is important because it has important role as the carbon sink. The government planning to reduce emission has been stated in several documents. The first one is in 2011. We want to reduce emission 26% from the business as usual level by 2020. And this plan has been updated by the Indonesia's NDC to reduce emission by 29% from the business as usual level by 2030. The current national medium development plan or RPGMN is considered as green development planning because for this planning, Indonesia has put climate disaster and environmental issues as national priorities. Later on, the Ministry of National Development Planning also launched LCI document which elaborates strategies to achieve low-carbon development in Indonesia. Next. An evaluation has been made by Climate Action Tractor regarding Indonesia's commitment on climate target and action. They rated Indonesia's emission as highly insufficient and too far to meet the Paris Agreement target. Another problem of course related to financing needs. We still need funding triple from what has been allocated today to achieve NDC's target. There has been an initiative from the financial service regulator to implement sustainable financing since 2014. However, due to some problems such as shallow financial market and unfamiliarity of financial institution to green sectors, this made the financing from the private sectors is not optimal yet. Therefore, the role of international finance is important to overcome the financing problem. Next. Based on the assessment on the climate target, climate action implementation and also the current trend of global climate target, Indonesia has initiated to pursue more ambitious climate target. First, just several months ago, Indonesia launched long-term strategies on low-carbon and climate resilience that set emission reduction target by 2050. The target is much more aggressive than what has been stated in the NDC. The LTS-LCCR also mentioned about the intention of Indonesia to achieve net zero emission by 2060 or sooner. Second, the National Development Planning Agency has prepared four scenarios of NZT or net zero emission that two scenarios are faster than 2060. Although this is just initial assessment and not a legal binding document, it could be a good sign of the possibility that Indonesia could achieve net zero emission faster than 2060. The third one, a new regulation of carbon tax just launched starting on April 2022, carbon tax with a cap will be imposed to coal-fired power plant with the rate of 2.1 USD per ton CO2. And the last one, I think we need to appreciate some local initiative. Some region already implemented ecological fiscal transfer, which incentivize local government to improve their environmental performance and rewarded through fiscal transfer. So we can see from this diagram in the LTS-LCCR, there are three scenarios. The first one, C-POS is the scenario of business as usual or if we extrapolate NDC until 2050. We can see that the emission trajectory will be higher over time and we cannot see the trend of emission reduction. What we want to achieve is the scenario of LCCP with the result of much lower net emission by 2050 and hopefully become net zero by 2060 or sooner. We can see here that the role of energy sectors, the black one, is very important. However, we cannot achieve net zero emission without the role of forestry sectors and also land use that function as the carbon sink and make the net zero possible. Next, please. So ongoing discussion regarding pursuing stronger climate targets is whether we can achieve higher GDP and absorb employment. In the LCCI document, the document presents that we can achieve multiple economic benefits from low-carbon development. The most optimistic scenario shows that the growth rate is the highest compared to other scenarios and generate a minimum unemployment rate. Next, please. So this report provides several recommendations. At the regional level, we see that Indonesia has this strategic position. In 2022, Indonesia will hold G20 presidency and in the following year, we will hold ASEAN presidency. With this role, Indonesia can initiate and take leadership among ASEAN countries in several issues. The recommendation for collaboration among ASEAN countries are not limited to climate action but also incorporate broader environmental issues. Two more minutes. Okay, thank you for arguing. First, to set more ambitious emission reduction target and ensuring every ASEAN countries has net zero emission plan that includes facing our coal target. Second one, to adopt sustainable fisheries management. Third one, mainstreaming circular economy. Fourth, enhancing global value chain for green transportation and other green sectors. And the last one is to continue effort to implement ASEAN for a bridge to expand multilateral electricity trading in the region and build a stronger capacity to absorb renewable energy. Aline, I was wrong. You have four more minutes. Sorry. I was wrong. One last slide. Okay. And at the national level, Indonesia should publicly declare more ambitious climate target followed by sound and coherent policies. Some critical points are the facing out coal program, ensuring just transition, mobilizing domestic and international financing to solve the climate financing gap. The last one is technology adoption and market development, which needs regional and international collaboration. Thank you for your kind attention. Thank you, Profing. I will give back to you. Thank you, Professor Aline. That was a very good presentation. That's now that we have a good start, I would like to remind members of the audience that when you have questions, please put them in the Q and A box at the bottom of the right hand side. And during the questions I answered time, I will read your question from that box and ask the speakers to answer. Our next speaker is Dr. Pesaf Kio of the Center of Sustainable Development at the Asian Vision Institute in Nampan. Professor Dr. Kio, the floor is yours. Okay, thank you, Professor Wing. Could I see on the screen? Sorry, could you see? Let me try to see on the screen again. Thank you. And once again, thank you for the floor, Professor Wing. And thank you, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen. It's my great pleasure to give the presentation on the report from Cambodia on Cambodia Pass towards the colonization by 2050. You may want to move closer to the mic. Okay, yep. It's a collaboration between the Asian Vision Institute, which is the Cambodia based think tank in collaboration with the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and also Climate Work Australia, as Ari mentioned with the projects here. And so this presentation, for this report, I will focus on the start with the interaction to Cambodia and the Cambodia Climate Response and Outlook Program house gas emissions as well as the potential for decolonization by 2050 and potential benefit and potential risk that Cambodia do not take. And this one is also if Cambodia do not take and it also have inpatient for the regional as regional level as well. And so please allow me to introduce you to Cambodia. It's one of South Asia countries. They have we have a border with Vietnam to the right to the east and border with love and Thailand and the Gulf of Thailand. And the population of Cambodia is more than 15 million people. The land size 181,035 kilometers square. And for the economies, we made Cambodia made a good progress annually ground and average 8% from 1998 to 2018. So we the economy have grown from 244 per capita to 1,721 US dollar per capita in 2021. And it's contracted the economy contract due to the impact of the COVID-19 in 2019 and 2020. And it is expected to increase in 2021. And the and the share of the economy largely depends on the agriculture, service industry and service sector share a lot of portion followed by industry and agriculture. And for Cambodia, despite the fact that Cambodia was one of the least developing country, Cambodia have been actively participated in international negotiations in the United Nations Framework Convention Framework on Climate Change based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. And Cambodia joined the UN FCC in 1995 and a protocol in 2002 and also signed the Paris Agreement in 2016 when they also sent the first national communications, second national communication and third national communication being prepared and also submitted the national determined contribution in 2020. And Cambodia also also preparing long term strategy for decriminalization by the mid century as well. And also decided for this international participation, Cambodia have also built institutions for climate response and mainstream climate change mitigation into national policy, a sub national policy, sub national development plan as well. And we also have a public investment. And Cambodia have also piloted a number of projects on the development mechanism. And we also have Cambodia project climate change plan and green growth development plan and green growth roadmap and other plans that are being in place. So allow me to go to the outlook for Cambodia, even climate change mitigation is voluntary as the same to other least developing countries, but Cambodia have actively participated in all the greenhouse gas mitigations. And so in early 1990 greenhouse gas mitigation for Cambodia was relatively low at about 42 megatons and it has increased triple over the two days, more than two decades. And look at the data on the 2016 when it conducted for the national determined contributions, the forest and land use change share around 61% while agriculture was around 16.9% and the energy was 12%. And so the forest and land use change agriculture share like proportions. And it is expected that by 2030, the energy will overtake agriculture sector with the increased consumption of energy consumption for manufacturing, commercials and residential buildings, transportation, and for many other energy based sectors. So with this, without the with the usual it is expected Cambodia will produce around 155 megatons. But with the intervention under the national determined contributions, it is expected it will reduce 42% of greenhouse gas emissions. And of course, the forest and land use largely responsible is the key sectors in Cambodia for greenhouse gas emissions. So the intervention would focus on forest and then you change. And of course, even the energy is take only about 20% but it's still a large and it also require a lot of attention and Cambodian government have and work with the international donor by the sector to induce different scheme for green for the energy renewable energy renewable energy for energy sectors and all as well as other sectors to mitigate greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. And if you look at this, this is the estimate by the one of the researchers. So once again, this research is based on literature review produced by the government commitment. And and also by the independent researcher with the estimate this researcher do the estimate for the 2030 with basically a usual and also potential mitigation actions. And at the same time, it also proposed for the potential mitigation potential by 2050. So with the estimate, in forest, land use remain the largest sector up until 2050, even though the share of energy sector will likely and with the interventions for the potential mitigation potential, it can reduce up to 72%. So 72.5% if action is not yet. And so what are the potential actions? As I already mentioned, forest and land use is one of the key sectors that meet greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. So the using historical forest loss and maintaining 60% of the power based on the sustainable forest management and rehabilitation would have a lot as the forest can play a role for as a carbon sink. And also it will use its emission of the carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. And for energy sector can also increase the shares of renewable energy into the energy mix and electrifying and use and improving energy efficiencies. These are just some of the proposals and they are also detailed activity that can be applied. And for agriculture, sustainable agricultural practice and land management by all adjacent plants, construction for maintenance, capture and replacement for the technology are some of the intervention that could be used. And same goes to the IPPU, natural process, the carbon capture and storage from cement production and shifting from fossil fuels and improving energy efficiency and production process would have. And for waste, we usually talk about the use, reduce recycle, but we can also have the idea of these things. We choose an IPPU as well, which would likely reduce the amount of waste being discharged into the landfills. And we can also introduce landfills, methane capture and oxidation and promotion of circular economies and improvement of waste water treatment and processing facility. So, and these are the intervention that could be implemented in various components of sectors. And actually, and also they are a subsector in that. And so what are the potential benefits with a range of interventions and also the consideration for decarbonization by 2050 or 2060, depending on the situation that we estimate for 2050, it will enable and continue transformation towards a sustainable, resilient and clean and green society through the protection of the forest and as well as a cleaner renewable energy which reduce the air pollution. And with that, a range of intervention for greenhouse gas mitigation, it also provides whole benefit for economy, environment and society and will have achieved various targets of sustainable development as well. If you look at the economic sector, you can look at the interim of employment in forest sector, employment in agrothalism sector or the local livelihood will depend on what on forest resources. Or we can talk about the transition of employment from the refuel energy to renewable energies, or honeybee forest production, product, for example, honeybee collection and production, they are all the benefit that we can all way get from the transition towards more cleaner and greener economy. And for environment, there are huge benefit from forest ecosystem services. If you look at in term of water, water treatment, we look at on the pollination and also if you look at renewable energies, it cleaner airs for and reduce pollution. And also for social and culture, it's eco therapy, people need forest more, need more nature, they need to need to stay close to the forest to nature when the lifetime in the urban area is being they are being affected by the lifetime in the urban areas. So these are the benefit that you can name it, they are huge and a wiring of benefit that can be calculated from a range of sectors. And also we there's an opportunity for financial and technical support and technology transfer as well from the international development partners and as well as the private sectors. And for the potential risk, if Cambodia do not prepare well and of course then Cambodia will be the opportunity to adapt or be inundated with the trend for social asset and face demand, a pressure from international market as well as a major economy including the European Union, China, the United States of America, India, and others are looking to work more to commit to decarbonization by 2050 or 2016. And Cambodia for next year, Cambodia is the chairman of ASEAN, it's also a good opportunity for Cambodia to highlight, to focus, to commit more into work, to bring, to collaborate with other countries as I mentioned by a previous presenter to discuss about ASEAN decarbonization by the mid-century. So that's pretty much the end of my presentation. Thank you very much for your attention. Thank you. Thank you Dr. Kieu.  So let's come to the third. Before I introduce the next speaker, I'd like to tell the audience that SDSN has just posted a web link in the chat box that would take you to some of the reports that have been prepared for this project. So look at and the other thing is if you have questions, please write them down in the Q&A box at the bottom of the right hand side. Our third speaker is Professor Popet Koffee-Lawong, the Dean of the School of Economics at National Law University. Welcome Popet. So let's begin. Thank you so much Professor Wu for introduction. Good morning, good afternoon, good evening everyone. It is my great honor to give the presentation of decarbonization in law, the option and challenge on behalf of the law team. As the Cambodia team already mentioned, the law is next to near the Cambodia. It is very beautiful, small Southeast Asian country with only 7 million population. Before the COVID pandemic, the economic growth is relative high. It's allowed 7 percent per year but unfortunately due to the impact of the COVID-19, economic growth is suffering a lot. Law aim to escape from LDC and to the sustainable development growth, reducing the poverty and protecting environment and reducing the CO2 admission is also the main key priority of the law government. In order to do that, law have the national strategy on climate change, climate change action plan and clinical strategy and law also submit the NDC to the UN in 2015. As you see that the CO2 admission in law have been increasing quite significantly since 2000 and the most, the highlight share is this form the transportation park and if you look at the consumption, energy consumption, this is also increased quite high and to cope with this, the energy supply in law is also increased, this is mainly from the hydropower and coal and another. For the electricity balance, the law is the net export electricity to our neighboring country as to we export electricity we generate from the hydropower plan to the Thailand and Cambodia and we also plan to sell electricity to Vietnam in the near future. For the Lee Dawson CO2 admission plan in Laos, we have six activities that the plan that government setting up one is to implement the forestry strategy second is linear energy development strategy and the third is implement of the rural electrification program and fourth is the transportation program and then the large scale hydroelectric city and the last one is about the implement climate change action program that is the plan to of the law government want to reduce the CO2 admission. Now when we look at the current compare the plan to to reality what we can achieve if in the sixth sector sixth plan only the implementation of rural electrification program can achieve we can achieve 90% of the household can access to electricity in another sector we still facing the quite challenge could not achieve well okay. Now the law government use the simulation model from UNEP DTU to simulating the impact of the the scenario reduce the data from many sources we can see that in the baseline scenario the business are the usual and second scenario is unconditional mitigation scenario it means that the law government using their own budget and existing support from the developing developed country and the last scenario is the conditional mitigation scenario that's mean that we get more support from developing country and from the least how we see that if we don't do nothing surely that CO2 emission is increased significantly and if even though the existing condition unconditional mitigation scenario the law can reduce CO2 emission in compared to the baseline 2020 but if the the last one the conditional scenario that means that get more support from the developing country the CO2 emission might go to zero in 2050 that however is this the similar simulation model is displayed on many assumption and parameter and to estimate that in fact now we have number of challenging that we need to address for the the challenge in implementation of NBC as the department of the climate change from the ministry of natural resource and environment is in charge in the coordinating this however they have number of challenging including lack of coordination and capacity and financing is also the challenge and they also facing the problem with the data accuracy and aviability that that that is quite a challenge and for the list the key list for financing and investment for the the key grow opportunity for our economical and reducing CO2 emission is the hydro power electric city the law government follow the model of build operate and transfer therefore they have number of the foreign direct investment come to invest in this sector in law however we facing some risk of the climate change the rainfall have been declining which leads you to lower level of electric city generation that is is also the quite challenging the list in in in this sector another list for the delay as the I mentioned before that we have the finance and human capital aviability are also the list to achieve in the target in addition the market incentive and tune to involve private and consumer to reduce the CO2 emission are not in place until now we don't have tax subsidized financial incentive to reducing the CO2 emission yet and in addition as I mentioned before we are facing the budget deficit and the quite dead burden and I have the key recommendation that form our study the law have committed to agenda of the UNFCCC to reduce CO2 emission this is the priority of the law government however we facing many many challenges and the key recommendation for overcome that challenges are to improve institutional mechanism for monitoring and reporting NBC implementation to standard the government structure and institutional environment is it and the next is improved capacity on government and staff in national level and regional provincial level is also very key important key and to improve the data accuracy availability and transparency also very important when the is the key and also the finance to support the funding and finance for NBC implementation the last one is the coordination between the donor also more effectively this is also very important for for laws that that is my end of my presentation thank you so much you are my is new professor i i'm sorry that we in the third world are used to being voiceless but i'll try to make up for it in this session thank you for your very last slide which really show the range of cultural diversity here in Southeast Asia now we will come to the presenter from Malaysia professor Liang Yunyong of the Jeffrey Secks Center on Sustainable Development at Sunway University in Kuala Lumpur professor Liang the floor is yours thank you professor Wu good morning good afternoon and good evening ladies and gentlemen teen Malaysia which has 10 members completed the options for decarbonizing Malaysia report in June five months have come to pass and thinking has evolved today's sharing lays out the current state of thinking and the questions that require further consideration we hope to receive your feedback and guidance teen Malaysia has researched eight sectors in the ASEAN Green Future project at the Jeffrey Secks Center on Sustainable Development at Sunway University we will discuss three topics today green energy sustainable agriculture and blue carbon ecosystems number one green energy in september this year at the unveiling of the 12th Malaysia plan prime minister Ismail Sabri announced Malaysia's commitment to become carbon neutral as early as 2050 to substantially decarbonize the Malaysian economy the power sector has a crucial role to play in Malaysia natural gas and coal contribute to more than 80 percent of the power generation mix the government targets renewable energy to constitute 31 percent of installed power generation capacity in 2035 and 40 percent in 2035 note that these numbers are installed capacity there is a crucial difference between installed capacity and electricity generation for intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and biomass because they are not constantly available the ratio between these two numbers is called the capacity factor and it is less than one solar hydro biomass and biogas offer a greener energy future but are unlikely to be enough to completely decarbonize the grid in the near term by 2030 around 1250 gigawatts of whole power plants worldwide that are currently in operation or under construction could not only still be in service but could also still have a remaining lifetime of at least 20 years since Malaysia and many developing South East Asian countries remain heavily reliant on coal and natural gas as fuel sources we need to think about stepping stones to cross the great decarbonization river ammonia does not emit carbon dioxide when burned and is a viable alternative fuel in thermal power generation coal firing green ammonia at commercial coal fired plants can reduce carbon emissions and mitigate their risk of becoming stranded assets before their average life span of almost 50 years is up therefore green ammonia can be part of Malaysia's move to reach net zero carbon emissions it may not be the final answer and it does not need to be it is something in the right direction that on the one hand buys time and on the other develops determined action in the right direction in February this year Japan's largest power generation company Jera signed an MOU with Petronas to use renewable energy to produce green ammonia which would which would be used in an experiment of mixing coal and ammonia as fuel in a thermal power plant in Japan three months later Jera announced a four-year test project from 2021 to 2025 aimed at an eventual ammonia coal firing rate of 20 percent from 2024 onwards in the same month the Japanese government announced public and private investment and loan facility of up to 10 billion u.s dollars to accelerate decarbonization in asian countries through the asia energy transition initiative one of the aims of AETI is to encourage adoption of ammonia coal firing technology in coal fired plants what is the near-term global relevance of this stepping stone coal firing with a 20 share of low carbon ammonia could reduce the six gigatons carbon dioxide emissions per year of coal power plants worldwide by 1.2 gigatons reaching a 20 percent blending share would result in an annual ammonia demand of 670 million metric tons which is more than three times today's global ammonia production with attention back to Malaysia Sarawak has immense hydro resources to produce green hydrogen which is a building block for green ammonia poscoe, low-tech chemical, Sarawak economic development corporation and some so engineering have set out last month to develop a green hydrogen and ammonia project in Bintulu the project is expected to produce 7 000 metric tons of green hydrogen 600 000 metric tons of blue ammonia 630 000 metric tons of green ammonia and 460 000 metric tons of green mapanol per annum looking around at our asian neighbors Vietnam which has a coastline of more than 3000 kilometers and located in the monsoonal climate zone has excellent wind resource that has attracted global investment interest however due to insufficient grid infrastructure solar and wind farms in Vietnam have faced power grid curtailment as renewable energy buildouts expand instead of letting curtailment affect the bankability of renewable energy projects the energy that cannot be absorbed by the grid can be directed to produce green hydrogen and green ammonia green hydrogen can enable deep decarbonization of transportation industry and power Malaysia and asian countries should use our advantage in renewable energy generation to develop higher value green industries and supply chains and not rest on the laurels of exporting green hydrogen and green ammonia to japan the cost of green hydrogen is set to decline rapidly the indian conglomerate reliance industries has just signed a deal with wind power pioneer stista to mass produce an ultra low-cost electrolyzer that will bring hydrogen energy to under one dollar per kilo within a decade what can Malaysia and asian countries learn from japan's ambition to create a global supply chain of ammonia for use as fuel and they are aimed to increase japan's annual ammonia fuel demand through three million metric tons by 2030 up from zero from now ladies and gentlemen the second topic is sustainable agriculture the 12th malaysia plan identifies soil fertility as one of the ecosystem health indicators to be closely monitored and recommends more collaboration with universities on soil testing the 12th malaysia plan should have also pinpointed soil fertility as a lever for agriculture productivity and decarbonization malaysia manufactures and uses chemical fertilizer at 10 times the rate of application of many neighboring asian countries but achieves a lower agricultural yield than them the very poor fertility of malaysia's soil is the reason as if use of fertilizer has seriously damaged the microbiological ecosystem that is the soil's fertility what is needed is a biological solution based on a far of understanding of the underlying microbiological ecosystem and working to regenerate it industrial farming makes monoculture plantations vulnerable to climate impacts to improve agriculture's resilience to extreme weather science-based composting and other soil fertility and reaching techniques need to be adopted malaysia's agriculture carbon footprint will also reduce when less chemical fertilizer is used it is critical for policy makers to shift their mindset to treat soil as a living being and feed it appropriately so that symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can always be vibrant then they will be able to shift federal agriculture investments to nurture this productive capital asset and develop good farming practice despite its dirt-like image soil is a living entity and human beings need to learn about it as we are learning about life below water sdg-14 and life on land sdg-15 life in soil is largely microbial and should be highlighted by the united nations as sdg-18 ladies and gentlemen decarbonization frameworks need to go beyond policies and technical fixes the 12th malaysia plan rightly urges a mindset change and people's behavioral shift for green growth only then can malaysia forge a green developmental path that is different from the economic gospel of valuing only consumption and inspire asian and the world on how to achieve full human lives using less material ladies and gentlemen teen malaysia's decarbonization research also covers topics like transportation manufacturing and construction oil and gas waste forestry and coral reefs my colleagues will present their work to you on another occasion back to you professor wool thank you professor liao uh i'll back to remind the audience to put their questions in the q and a box at the bottom of the right-hand side our speaker is uh dr megan r grillo hate of the department of international and country context at climate works australia which is a research unit of monash university in melbourne welcome from down under megan the floor is yours thank you very much professor wool uh just bear with me for a moment while i share my screen hang on i feel like this will work i should be i should be better at technology by now i have to say after um so long in um in lockdown using zoom okay can everybody see that thumbs up can you see my presentation yes yes yes comes across thank you good good okay um so today i'm going to talk about uh a regional report that we prepared as part of the asian green future project so this uh drew on the excellent work that you've heard about today from some of the country teams uh and supplemented that with uh you know a review of literature focused um at a regional level and so we're calling that report the agenda for decarbonisation and it should be published uh within the next week or so um so i'm just going to sort of start by getting a little bit of context and i'm sure that everyone on this call is aware uh that we are in a growing global emergency i think that's very very clear both in terms of the increasing uh focus uh you know on the COP26 process but also in the very real effects uh that that everyone is feeling um and the risks of exceeding 1.5 degrees are increasingly recognised as being unacceptable um but fortunately the world i hope is at a tipping point in terms of climate action you know there is this real sense that momentum is growing um and we've now got 136 countries that have made a pledge to net zero emissions uh and really really excitingly just in the last couple of days we've seen uh commitments come from both Thailand and Vietnam uh who were joining other our other asian uh their other asian neighbours Laos and Malaysia who also have 2050 net zero 2050 commitments uh Indonesia who currently has a net zero by 2060 commitment and Singapore with a net zero as soon as possible in the second half of the century commitment um but you know i think i think that's really fantastic to see our incredibly positive momentum in the asian region uh and being an australian i hope that my government is feeling a little bit of pressure from its neighbours to step up uh and put a bit more meat on the bones of its own commitments um and you know what we've seen from the work of the IEA released this year is that achieving net zero in the global energy sector is both achievable and socioeconomically desirable in fact it would uh deliver increased global GDP um and the role of the energy sector is critically important of course in staying below 1.5 degrees uh but the goals of the Paris agreement can't be achieved without significant contributions from the land sector as well which could in fact contribute 25 percent of the emissions reductions that are needed and the asian region has a really critical role to play in global climate action so it's fantastic to see the the region really embracing uh that that challenge with its bold commitments and we're seeing in addition to the net zero targets we're seeing really positive examples from within the region ambitious renewable energy deployment um you know in the case of vietnam which has installed a whopping 16 gigawatts of rooftop solar pv in less than a year it's just astonishing and we're also seeing an increasing focus on things like energy efficiency really important as well as some high impact initiatives to reduce uh emissions from deforestation such as those that we've seen work really effectively in the case of Indonesia and Malaysia yet emissions in the region are amongst the fastest growing in the world and in contrast to global trends coal use is expected to continue to rise over the next 20 years under a business as usual scenario and overall energy related emissions are predicted to almost double by 2040 uh and land-based emissions can't be forgotten they are in fact the largest overall share of emissions today in the ASEAN region and this is driven in large part by deforestation and then things like peatland degradation and agriculture such as rice production which which produces a lot of methane emissions and this has caused uh so what we've seen actually in the region is over the last 20 years or so that the the the region's forests have shifted from being a net sink of of carbon to a net source of emissions and of course not surprisingly emissions growth in the region has been closely tied to development gains we've seen really fantastic uh improvements in poverty in the region over the last 20 years or so you know and that's been incredibly incredibly positive developments um but we've also seen as a cause of the pandemic that has huge number of people tens of millions of people have been pushed back into extreme poverty in the region and those the development gains are also reflected in the region's increasing economic strength ASEAN has you know really good trade relations and increasing economic clout as a trading block and privileged access to some of the world's largest economies through those trade relations and when you couple that with its geographical location sort of in them as a trade hub in the heart of the Indo-Pacific region Indonesia's or ASEAN's ability to fully capitalise on the trade opportunities that can come with the low carbon transition will depend on how it responds to the global trans the global transition itself and you know I think it's a it's particularly acute that the risk of delaying climate action in Southeast Asia in ASEAN far outweigh any perceived benefits of delay we have six of the world's top 20 most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change in Southeast Asia and climate impacts of course equals economic impacts and global reinsurer Swiss Ray earlier this year offered a pretty stark assessment when they found that the ASEAN economy could lose 37.4 percent of GDP by 2048 due to the impacts of climate change and further economic impacts could also come about through things like trade penalties from key trade partners you know that are such as the European Union who are implementing their carbon border adjustment mechanism but also other key trade partners who implement carbon pricing in future but fortunately the pathway to stabilise global temperature emissions below 1.5 degrees is well understood so it's excellent that we've seen net zero commitments coming from the region the effort now is on ensuring that those net zero commitments are consistent with the global trajectory for 1.5 degrees and in terms of how we decarbonise there's kind of four basic pillars you know and these apply regardless of the country regardless of the sector even they can even be applied at a corporate level for example there's sort of four areas to focus decarbonisation efforts and they will apply to greater or lesser extent depending on the emissions profile of the country or region so the first pillar focuses on decarbonising electricity generation so shifting from coal-fired power to clean energy generation such as renewable energy and you know the renewable energy potential across ASEAN still remains largely untapped renewable energy is currently meeting just 15 percent of the region's energy demand the second pillar focuses on shifting from fossil fuels to electricity or other clean energy alternatives so things like electrifying transport and you know there's really fantastic momentum already in ASEAN around transport electrification you know both as a way to improve fuel security also as a way to minimise some of the air pollution issues and health outcomes that come from that and also you know delivers a really strong climate mitigation outcome as well and shifting from fossil fuels to clean energy sources also includes things such as green hydrogen which Dr Leung spoke about so eloquently and you know and as she described the region has really excellent renewable potential to boost its capabilities in the production of green hydrogen the third pillar focuses on reducing energy waste in buildings transport and industrial sectors so energy efficiency essentially and we've seen a huge increase in energy demand across the ASEAN region 60 percent over the last 15 years expected to increase by a further 60 percent out to 2040 and so energy efficiency is a is a really key way to address that growing demand rather than investing in much more expensive energy infrastructure and then the fourth pillar of decarbonisation focuses on preserving and increasing natural carbon sinks so protecting and restoring the region's forests including peatlands we've also heard some of our colleagues today talk about things like soil fertility which helps to store carbon in the soil and what we've seen across the region over the last you know sort of few decades is this incredibly high rate of deforestation which has meant that the region has moved to a net that the forests have moved to a net source of emissions and as we saw in the scenarios presented by Ibuwalin in the in the case of Indonesia you could see that transition from forest the land use sector being a net source of emissions to a net sink and finally blue carbon ecosystems also mentioned by several of my colleagues are a key natural carbon sink for many ASEAN countries the region has some of the richest blue carbon reserves or stores in the world and in addition to the ways that decarbonisation can be achieved I think one of the most exciting and interesting opportunities for Southeast Asia is the green economic opportunity that can be seized and so this graph ranks countries according to their level of innovation which is the vertical axis and also their export competitiveness which is the horizontal axis axis and what you can see in the centre there is that Asia overall is has you know sort of this overall comparative advantage in low carbon technology manufacture and export and this is really driven by those three low carbon technology leaders South Korea China and Japan but what you can also see is that developing Asia is right on the cusp of competitiveness and so where I should say where you want to be on this graph is right up in that top right hand corner of the box there so developing Asia is right on the cusp of competitiveness and of course the challenge that we have here will require huge investment in low carbon technologies across the world over the next 30 years unprecedented levels of investment and the opportunity here that can be seized by Southeast Asia is around the potential to position itself as a manufacturing hub for those low carbon technologies so poise on the cusp of competitiveness really strong trade relations with the low carbon leaders and geographical sort of hub you know in the in the sort of centre of the global trading network so really good opportunities there but for all the benefits all the need that we've talked about the transition just will not happen without significant international support so the Paris climate agreement recognised the urgent need for developed countries to take the lead in reducing both reducing emissions but also in providing support through the through through finance technology and capacity building to enable climate mitigation and adaptation in developing countries and what we've seen to date the $100 billion climate financing commitment made by developing nations has still not fully materialised and it in and of itself is not enough it needs to be met and wrapped up enhanced coordination between SEM member states and development finance institutions will also be really key to unlocking the scale of sustainable finance and so this could include things like strengthening the participation of DFIs in green bond issuances across SEM and doing things like restructuring near-term debt to unlock public finance that can then be spent on infrastructure investments that are SDG and Paris agreement aligned and of course low carbon technology transfers and capacity building are really key to securing emissions reductions and we heard our colleague from Laos talk quite a bit about that and I think importantly this must be built into broader long-term planning processes of international support rather than the ad hoc project by project approach that's predominated to date. SEM member states themselves have a really critical role to play in enhancing the enabling environment for investment this really focuses a lot around the policy environment and around strengthening market transparency so things underway like the SEM green taxonomy for sustainable finance are really important and aligning those more closely with the EU is sort of the way to go to really enhance that transparency and then creating the right policy signals so long-term net zero targets are a really key first step and then translating those into sectoral targets that signals to the investment community on where to invest is is really important as well and then things like refining industry and trade incentives to encourage low carbon industries and value chains to emerge and to flourish and the SEM region can capitalise on the key opportunities to fast-track the transition and reap the benefits it has really solid foundations for solving common problems collectively and a clear commitment to sustainable development in climate action and greater collaboration can accelerate ASEAN's low carbon transition while also facilitating the development of region-wide investment priorities and some of the key opportunities that this work identified from regional collaboration this might be an exhaustive list but just a few a few ideas are around things like the establishment of a regional specific climate fund establishing a regional carbon market and further increasing the ambition and the scale of the integrated regional power grid that's already underway and operating in ASEAN. Further opportunities are likely to exist around blue carbon ecosystems you know the region has some of the world's largest stocks of blue carbon and so a really good opportunity possibly to be a world leader in terms of capitalising on that potential and really restoring it and reaping the broader benefits and then finally I think as Ibu Walin touched on Indonesia is just about to take over the or has just taken over the G20 and this provides ASEAN with a really important platform to progress these key issues that can ensure that the global economic recovery from from the pandemic really focuses on supporting developing countries in the net zero transition and next year this project will shift into its second phase where our country research teams will will work alongside with key stakeholders and really focus on understanding what a 1.5 degrees aligned pathway would look like in in their country and that's it from me back to you Prof Wing. Thank you Megan quite a number of questions have come come in and most of them are questions that could be generalised to all the five countries that are represented here I will give each of the country each of the country representative three minutes to answer the following sets of questions the three questions that are general could be generalised number one is a country like Indonesia is a very large carbon sink because every Southeast Asian country is a tropical forest has tropical forests and these forests are a storage of great biodiversity so could you say something for each of your for your country what's the adequacy of the financing that was promised in the Paris treaty and how much optimism can you have of this financing and transfer of technology happening the second question that is asked is each of you talks about a plan that the country has advanced to achieve carbon neutrality is there a backup plan if things seems to be off the projected target path the third question is what are you what is each of your team going to do in the near future to help translate your accident recommendations into a policy agenda into specific suggestions for the consideration of the government so for the Cambodian speaker that's a specific question which is why did Fallu forest and land use jumped so much from 2010 onwards and for the Malaysian presenter the question that's a specific question burning ammonia produces nitrous gases so how are you going to control those nitrous gases i leave it to each of you to allocate your answers to the questions as you see fit three minutes each so we start with aline yeah thank you uh from queen uh yeah uh i would like to respond to the question about the uh challenge uh to reduce emission from the forest and land use sector uh yes this is a big challenge for us uh reducing emission in this forestry and land use sector is typically cheaper than the then the energy sector but the problem is the opportunity cost is higher this is the problem uh because we have so many options to use the forest resource to more profitable use such as converting forest plantation or mangrove to shrimp farms yeah or other coastal development uh and this forest use and land use sectors have a certain degree of public good features yeah which is uh i think much much more rely on public funding rather than private financing but we have the opportunity to gain benefit uh from carbon credit yeah if we want uh but we have actually unpleasant uh experience that we cannot get the payment from norway due to MRP problem so in the future this kind of result based payment need to be more clear to increase the credibility of this instrument and can incentivize poor and middle income country to preserve the forest as well as mangrove the other opportunity maybe uh to optimize uh financing for adaptation that might might solve two problems at the same time social problem particularly poverty and the climate resilience and uh we should push international community through international negotiation on climate so the voice of the moving countries uh which share the same problem need to be heard and we should actively involve in the global global climate negotiation for financing technology transfer technology technical support and investment for green industrialization for the organization uh i think that's all from me. Thank you Ibu. Now we have Dr Peshev Kil answer any of give you answer the questions yeah so yeah there are four questions uh and so let me try to answer the first uh the one question direct uh to Cambodia with regard to a flu uh a wide greenhouse gas emission which sharply from 2010 it's uh both of the uh policies on agricultural development conversion of uh uh primary forest into the uh crops uh for cocast crops and that trend has reduced actually from 2016 on because the Cambodia stopped issuing the economic land compensation to convert primary forest to the uh our forest area into the agricultural crop land projects so the trade of differentiation have declined over the years but we haven't really had data to make up yet we're still being analyzed on that part so that the answer to the questions and if you look at the on the financial plans for forestry sectors as Prof Alin already mentioned it's largely from public investment and but we also have some donor project even is small this area is still challenging for sustainable forest management and protection but we also receive some assistance on the for finance and technology transfer so we also adopting and applying some technology like smart monitoring into forest protection and it has been helpful as well and for the greenhouse gas emissions omeletring and evaluation using technology has also been helpful even though the rate of transfer is slow but it's positive i mean a gradual progress and into and also the for forest protection there are also areas of opportunity that we can look at through the sustainable financing from payment for ecosystem services charging a user especially for corporate to pay for their ecosystem services for example water use being protected by the forest forest upstream for example or we can also generate from tourism as well or tourism can also be one of the source of the a source of finance and also sustainable forestry can also be a source of financial support for forest sector and for in terms of the plans to me the question is is there a plan it's still 30 years to go do you want to have a back up plan to me it's more about applying the plan turn it into the activity first and see five years or 10 years whether it goes on the right track or it's or the off track and then you can do the what called do the monitoring and evaluation and then try to adjust rather than saying oh we better have a plan now as always right we haven't implemented the plan why would we need a back up plan anyway so it's still a long way to go and a few points for Cambodia still a voluntary and more asian country it's a voluntary to go for decolonization so the priority is adaptations but the as long as the mitigation measure it's supportive or you know complement the development plan I think we better the government should be encouraged to follow and implement the mitigation plan and also of course the achievement of the plan it also largely depend on the financial assistance from developed country and technology transfer of course and also the collaboration from private sector as well so there are different factors you cannot just put the blame or burdens on the individual country because it's a more sort of like common responsibility with a multi stakeholder participation so that pretty much I would like to respond thank you thank you very much Popek thank you so much Professor Wu is a very difficult question to answer but I will try the question number one is this about the financing in the philosophy program in Laos is this is the the the largest the financing that we receive from the donor in for the philosophy sector but the question is whether the efficient use and productive use of the finance to achieve the target because we plan to have the land cover philosophy cover 70 percent in 2020 this is challenging we could not achieve that second question about the plan we don't I think we don't have the backup plan we also have the plan but the problem of the plan this is about the implementation of the plan there's mechanism connecting uh implemented monitoring that is very um challenge and questionable uh the last one how we help transfer the policymaker what we do in agenda it's also a very difficult question to answer but um in in the case of Laos we're thinking that the government is like a partner in doing the research and invoking them in the beginning and learning from them try to understand each other uh in academia also we don't know on the mechanism behind that um in my experience in former minister of the natural resource and environment he was very active and uh we we have very good discussion and he's seeking a lot of the comment and suggestion from the researcher from university that's thank you thank you poepet uh Yoon Yong okay the first question concerns burning ammonia leading to nitrous oxide production uh it does raise concern about an increase in nitrous oxide emissions and i do not know how it can be avoided at the moment the demonstration at the japanese chogoku electric power corporations uh commercial 120 megawatts power cold power station in 2017 demonstrated that it is possible to keep nitrous oxide within the usual limits and avoid any ammonia slip into exhaust gas higher blending shares of up to 20 percent ammonia in energy terms might be feasible with only minor adjustments to a cold power plants the second question concerns what technology or process will be used to generate green hydrogen green hydrogen is produced by splitting water using electricity generated from low carbon sources third i would like to respond to steven hall's question and money's comments composting practices improves carbon sequestration water efficiency agricultural productivity food security farmers income national health and in lower it will lower levels of indebtedness of for farmers and promote rather than ravage biodiversity in the soil on the farm a plantation company cannot transform its relationship with the soil everywhere at once what they can use you usually do is focus on the nurseries growing new seedlings and the planting out of new seedlings especially in when they are replanting old plantations what they can do is focus on changing the mindset and regenerating their attitude towards soil and their relationship with it developing the science and their understanding of the whole soil palm ecosystem and rejuvenating the soil and their plantations and their skills and managerial approach as a concurrent integrated strategic policy for the 2020s the last question concerns decarbonizing transport in Malaysia Malaysia does not have an automotive policy that eventually bends for vehicles powered by fossil fuels the national automotive policy 2020 promotes energy efficient vehicles which are based on internal combustion engines the categorization of electric vehicles in Malaysia is also bundled with hybrids and internal combustion engine vehicles that have connectivity and autonomous features the Malaysian government gives priority to the development of energy efficient vehicles and to support environmentally friendly mobility initiatives that's all from me back to you professor Wu Reagan would you like to comment all right very quickly because i can see we're at time um i think i just wanted to add a comment on the on the idea of a backup plan and and really to say that although the net zero goal is 2050 we really have the next 10 years to to avoid exceeding 1.5 degrees it really is that stark you think about us as being the titanic barreling towards a an iceberg and we have to slam the brakes on now and then once we've stopped we can turn around and and sort of start to head back in the right direction um so it's a huge challenge and and i think that can't be understated we you can't sort of think we are we can sort of you know we can go faster later we actually all have to go as fast as we possibly can now um but i think you know in in addition to the enormous challenge that that presents and it is huge huge challenge it also comes with huge opportunities you know economic growth potential as i touched on in the region through low carbon technology manufacturing socioeconomic development just through the breadth of actions that are needed you know we we need you know huge amounts of reforestation and landscape restoration we need manufacturing jobs we need resource jobs you know it's the full gamut of opportunities there as well as obviously really significant environmental benefits to stop the catastrophic biodiversity loss that we're also experiencing at the moment um so i think it's really important to think about this as a as a huge challenge but one that if we do this well it solves it can you know it can solve so many complex challenges um you know in in in the way that we sort of move forward thank you thank you very much well let me thank STSN for organizing this panel and most of all i like to express my thanks to the five presenters for sharing with us their brilliant insights on the Titanic rolling towards the eyes but we will work on just as our love would go on as you are told in the song so thank you very much have a good day and hope to see you again soon bye bye thank you so much professor thank you everyone thank you have a nice day thank you


Everybody forced here we've been two boxes for Brennan K. Brennan's got a 2021 top scrum black baseball and a 2022 tops tier one baseball Let's start with Hmm start with top scrum black fun rips both of these base cards Kyle Lewis They could tell Marte with a blue refractor of Keston here Love the color on top scrum black 51 of 75 on the Keston here a reverse color match And in case the auto in the box Is rookie auto Louine Diaz? Not numbered rookie base on a Louine Diaz Yeah, all right team one here we go Brennan Extra hit here extra rally card Jersey card Gavin Luxe 188 of 399 They're pretty good to you this year What if I bring Turner back or they'll just start using Luxe as the as the as extra infielder Jersey card Chris Bryant 303 of 399 KC Myse auto number 229 of 299 One of my's And I sit here and Anthony Rizzo auto number 53 of 99 sweet Rizzo Nice hit on the back there for you Brennan. Thank you again as always. We'll get these cards right out. See ya