I put some efforts into it, and I hope you all enjoy it. So the causes of myocardial infarction are non-athroscratic disease. If you look at non-athroscratic disease, coronary artery anomalies are one of the more common anomalies that are seen in the general population, and they affect equally men and women. Then comes the arthritis, granulomatous arthritis, tachyassus, Kawasaki's. Tachyassus certainly occurs in women, and Kawasaki's can occur equally in men and women. It starts in childhood. Polyaryte is Nadoza, again, much more common in women. I'm going to address mostly the ones I've listed here in blue to make it easier for all of you to understand. I'm going to talk about fibromastoid dysplasia, which is a very important disease. 90% of it occurring in women. Then just a little bit on coronary embolism can occur both from prosthetic valve as well as cocaine use. Thrombocytemia is another thing which actually can occur in men and women, and I'm not addressing that. Then I'm going to talk about spontaneous coronary artery dissection as well. So what we do at CVPath Registry, we have a huge autopsy registry. We've divided our registry into coronary artery disease secondary to atherosclerosis. So under that comes rupture, erosion, calcified nodule, that is the thrombotic lesions. Then the severe coronary artery disease, which have greater than 75% narrowing, but no acute thrombus. Then there is sudden coronary death, which is non-Atherosclerotic disease, like SCAD, that is spontaneous coronary artery dissection, intramural coronary artery thrombosis from other causes, et cetera. Then we have cardiac death, which is non-CAD. That is, curves from cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, infective endocarditis, valvular disease, congenital heart disease, hypertensive, amyloidosis, you name it, and all those diseases. Then we have the non-cardiac death, that is, occurs from pulmonary embolism, aortic dissections from any other unnatural causes, which also come to us. Then of course there is a group, which is the unknown cause. There are cases which is not that small a percent, good 5%, that's why genetics is very important. They may be individuals whose heart may be normal in terms of morphology, but actually not channelopathies, for example. They may not present with anything else, but arrhythmias. So we put them under unknown causes so that we can look into them. So here's what we've got. We've got 1582 adult females in our CV path registry. And amongst these, non-cardiac death accounts for 35%, 25% of cardiac death, 20% of coronary artery disease death, that is atherosclerosis, and again there is stents and cabbage. Another group, which is 16%, which I'm not gonna present. And then there is the unknown cause, which is good 4% of the cases. So when you look at coronary artery disease death, further divided, we have 3.3% are ruptures, 3.4% occurring at erosion, and then 0.6% is calcified nodule, but by far the most common amongst them is severe coronary artery disease. These are all ages. This is not young, less than 50, or older than 50 like I divided yesterday. Then SCAD forms 1% of the population and about 0.1% from embolic phenomenon. So I will address portions of this. Here I've taken from Dr. Shepard, who's Mary Shepard from the UK, she's a forensic pathologist, and a cardiac pathologist. She has done, reported on patients who are dying from relatively non-arthroscardic coronary pathology. She says anomalous coronary artery origin accounts for 48%, acute dissection 16%, vascularitis 12%, coronary spasm, which I don't think we can make the diagnosis. However, she has a category of 12%. Idiopathic arterial calcification, infancy another 6%, which is more common in boys than in girls. Fibromuscular dysplasia, benign lipoma of the heart, and then that's the total 100%. Accounting for only 3% total cases that are non-arthroscarotid. In our hands, it's a more higher. So let's talk of coronary artery anomalies. I think all of you know the symptoms more than I do since you see these patients. Angina, sycopy, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, sudden death. The incidence of sports related death among young patients with coronary artery anomalies is much higher. 12 to 19% as compared to non-sports related death, which is only 1.2%. So what are these anomalies? These anomalies are coronary arteries arising from the order. So here is the, we published some time ago, this is in 1992 with Dr. Taylor looking at the total number of cases. We are close to 230 cases or so, but these are the ones that are anomalous origin of greater than one coronary artery from the order. That is left main coronary, right coronary from the left main, left circumflex right, and the RCA from the right aortic sinus, right coronary from the left main, or from the posterior aortic sinus. And then this is the left, right and the left LAD from the right aortic sinus. Now overall here in our populations, only a third of the population occurs in women, but what has been reported is that in series that have done both male and female, mind you, these series came from the military in the, when I was at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, so it's obviously more male based. And then looking overall, it's 50% of women. So I try and show you what these are, just a glimpse of it. Coronary arteries arising from the aortic sinus, you can see the most fatal of them is the left main arising from the right coronary sinus passing between the order and the pulmonary trunk. And then the second most common is when the right arises from the left aortic sinus, and then passes between the order and the pulmonary trunk. This is the more common anomaly as compared to this, but the left main from the right is more fatal than is the right arising. And you can understand, because the left supplies the larger part of the heart. So here's an example of the 31 year old female who died suddenly after a negative stress echocardiogram for exertional syncope. And this arrow points to the, marks the position of the right osteum, you can see right here, and within the right coronary sinus, and the arrow is in the left osteum. And this tells you the right coronary sinus, the left coronary sinus, and the non-carnary sinus. And here is the membrane aseptum, so as to see what the difference is. You can see both arising. Here's the reverse, the right arising from the left, you can very clearly see here is the same heart, seen in the fresh, and this is after fixation, and we've unroofed the beginning of the right coronary artery, and you can see it seems to travel within the order. So you can understand what that order dilates. What's gonna happen is this orifice is going to close, because of the dilatation of the order in diastole. So you're going to see here, you can see this right coronary arising from the left, and here it is, the similar one showing in a 14 year old girl, a trained jogger, who had a sudden cardiac arrest while training. What I want to point out is, look at the way, in this case, ectopic right, you can see the artery is within the order itself, the osteum, same way here, ectopic left, you can see it is within the aortic wall, and you can understand why it would not fill during diastole, so well, especially during exercise. So now I'm going to switch to vasculitis. Vasculitis affects mostly women, especially large vessel vasculitis, as well as polyurethritis nodosa, and the large vessel vasculitis are tachyassus, giant cell arthritis, medium sized vessels which coronary falls into is the polyurethritis nodosa, and Kawasaki's disease. Although that occurs in children, but they may manifest as an adult, and usually beyond the 10, 12 years, between 10 and 40 years, if you see a coronary aneurysm, you can almost be rest assured that it is going to be Kawasaki's, or the other possibilities congenital, but I think congenital is overrated, most likely these were Kawasaki's disease. So let's talk a little bit on vasculitis as a general introduction. Vasculitis is characterized by inflammation of the vessel wall. Diagnosis of vasculitis can be challenging because of the signs, and symptoms are nonspecific, and can make other conditions such as infection, malignancy, thrombotic disorders, or connective tissue diseases. The clinical symptoms reflect affected vessel, that is the limb claudication, absin, pulses, unequal blood pressure, are typical symptoms of large vessel vasculitis, especially Takayasu's. Medium-sized vessels are defined as main visceral vessels and their initial branches, that is the proximal branches. Therefore, various symptoms occur during the involvement of these organs, and in the heart, as you can imagine, coronary involvement will lead to symptoms just like atherosclerosis, that is angina. Early death due to active disease, late death due to complications of the therapy can also occur. So large vessel Takayasu's, giant cell, medium, polyurethritis, Kawasaki's, these what I'm gonna talk about, and not the primary CNS. So large vessel Takayasu's, two million per year, more common in women than men, eight to one. Age ranges from 20 to 50 years, more common in individuals from Asian origin, that is Japanese, Southeast Asia, India, Mexico. Associated with HLA DRB 52 and B39. Acute phase, you see malaise, weakness, fever, arthralgia, myalgia, weight loss, pleurotic pain, anorexia, laboratory tests show us increased ESR, low grade leukocytosis, mononormic, normalcytic anemia, precedes the late phase by weeks up to six to eight years. Late phase diminish or absent pulses, all of you are familiar with, 96%. Bruise, hypertension, heart failure, also palpable pulse masses, emboli from the mural trombi, and sudden death. The four most common complications for classification are Takayasu's retinopathy, secondary hypertension, aortic regurgitation, and aneurysm formation, each being graded as mild, moderate, or severe. So we classify this, the type of environment into five different types. This is a newer classification, the old used to be grade one to four, four being when pulmonary involvement occurred. Now it is predominantly based upon the aortic involvement that is branches of the aortic arch, or type two or type two A or B, A being ascending aorta, aortic arch, and it's branches, and B being involving thoracic descending aorta also. Type three is thoracic descending aorta, abdominal aorta, and or renal aurease. This is the more common renal aurease hypertension being. The type four is abdominal aorta and renal aurease, and type five is any combination of two B to four. And according to this classification, wall metachartinary and pulmonary aurease should be designated C plus and P plus. This is now what is commonly now used. So if you look at the pathology of a Q phase, you see edema and necrosis as shown here. You can see medial necrosis. You can see scattered giant cells. It involves more the outer two thirds of the media, but it is well said that granulomates are doritis, which is common to both tachyacus as well as giant cell. It's not easy to separate them just based on morphology. We call it granulomates, and age is what helps us the most to differentiate. Age, in the case of tachyacus, less than 50 years, in case of giant cell, over 50 years. And you also see intimal proliferation of the vasovazorum, which is uncommon in the case of giant cell. So late phase, you'll see intimal adventitial thickening, your thickening and narrowing of the arch vessels you can see right here, illustrated arch vessels narrowing, and you can even see the coronary ostea involved in this case. You see scarring and revasorized in tree bark early on. This is at five to six years. You see the tree bark appearance. Skip areas of stenosis and aneurysm can also occur as shown here. So this is what it looks like. Intimal thickening. This is the media. This is the adventitia. You can see predominant involvement inflammation involving the outer two-thirds.  Here's another case of tachyacus aeotitis in a 45-year-old woman, sudden debt due to hemopericardium. You can see the tear right here in the asinine order and the involvement just at the normal to the tree bark appearance in this case. And you can see even the arch vessel narrowing in these two arteries. So here's the histology showing intimal thickening, quite extensive. Scar formation within the aortic wall. Not much inflammation. Rare giant cells are seen, but you can see very well the media is destroyed. You can see the intimal. This is in the left common carotid. You can see the intimal thickening quite extensive. So tachyacus pathology, it is intimal hypercellular, intimal formation, focal disorganization and absence of elastic lamellae. You see at, see areas of necrosis which can persist. You can see adventitional fibrosis and you see high rate of coronary involvement. So if you look at all coronary lesions in this case, you can see greater than 50% in 23%. Osteal greater than 50% narrowing in 7.2%. Non-osteal greater than 50% in 10.8%. Overall, if you look at it, of these 28% had cardiac symptoms. So it's not small in patients who have tachyacus aotitis that they can have cardiac involvement as much as close to 30%. So what about giant cell arthritis affects older individuals, greater than 50 years, North European descent. New onset is localized, headaches, tenderness or decrease in pulses in the temporal artery. Although temporal arthritis may not be the right word to use, it's a giant cell arthritis. Just because it involves sometimes temporal artery, we should not call it temporal arthritis. We should call it because almost isolated never occurs. It is always with the aotitis. So that's why not to use the term, it is being discontinued, the term temporal arthritis. So giant cells is a granulomatous inflammation again of the large and medium sized arteries. Most common systemic in adults with a Western hemisphere eodic involvement is clodication upper and lower extremities, parasthesias, Reynolds phenomenon, Donald, Anjana, Karnes, Kimia, renal involvement, and of course, you know better therapy than I do. Overall, if you look at totally eodic aneurysms or dissections as high as close to 20%, whether it is by different people, but they're all in the same ballpark. So here's again showing the involvement in giant cell aotitis. Here, this is the lumen side. Here in this case, it involves more the luminal part of that is the inner half of the eodic rather than the outer. But based on that alone, you cannot make the diagnosis because both have granulomatous involvement, showing here the inflammatory infiltrate consisting of macrophage and lymphocytes, T lymphocytes. You can get giant cell aotitis as I said of the temporal arteries and rarely also of the coronary. This happens to be the coronary. You can see the involvement by the giant cells and the large number of inflammatory cells. So what about polyartritis and eodosa? Necrotizing inflammation of medium sized arteries and small arteries, but without luminal nephritis and or involvement of the arterioles, capillaries of vinyls. So it's limited to the arteries, the medium size and the small arteries. The peak incidence is five to six decade, two to 33 million people. Name derived from prominent visible or palpable nodules, which are, that's why it's called polyartritis, nodosa, the name. And it is usually especially common at branch points. Again, the presenting symptoms are systemic symptoms, which may be the same fatigue, weight loss, fever, arthralgia and signs, skin lesions, hypertension, renal insufficiency, CNS dysfunction, abdominal pain and other organs can be involved as well. And most cases, it is idiopathic, can be associated with hepatitis B and C and now more or less, we call it no longer polyartritis, but name it after the hepatitis saying, arteritis related to viral hepatitis B or C. So this is just to show you the segmental involvement of transmural inflammation of the muscular arteries. In this case, you can see the fibrin deposition, you can see the extensive inflammation that is present, which can be homogenous, can involve a large number of eosinols, but fibrinoid necrosis is the hallmark of this disease. And where do we see it? We see it at the branch points. And then this affects, you can see lesions which are healing as well as acute lesions in the same section. So activity can keep on going while healing is occurring in other areas. And again, there is association with intima proliferation, narrowing all the arteries leading to ischemia. What about Kawasaki's disease? All of you should know mucocritinous lymph node syndrome, pediatric age group, usually mean age 2.8 years. Typically it is self-limiting, but has vascular complications, 20 to 100,000 in Japan, four to five per 100,000 in the US. It's again, predominantly a disease of the Asian origin. Unknown, but linked to viruses, bacteria, autoimmune triggers. Outcome and survival rate is 62.7% at 30 years. So not unusual to see aneurysms of the coronary arteries which are being diagnosed as secondary to atherosclerosis, but really these are vascularities. Then post-MI ventricular tachycardia free rate of only 28.5 years at 25 years. So if you have the complication, it is going to be quite detrimental. 5% of coronary arteries, aneurysms likely due to Kawasaki's disease in childhood in patients under 40 years of age who underwent coronary angiography for suspected MI. So it should be in your differential diagnosis, Kawasaki's, you need to ask. Often patients don't remember because it occurred so long ago or it have occurred when they could not remember because they were less than three years of age. So clinical classification is type one, pancarditis progressing to coronary aneurysms. Type B is pancarditis progressing to diffuse intima proliferation without discreet aneurysms. Microvascular disease can also occur and healing without demonstrable sequelae also is known to occur. So you may have mucocotanias and you may never know that you had coronary involvement because there's no sequelae left. So here's to show an example. Here's a coronary artery aneurysm in an 11 year old kid that we saw at autopsy. You can see the large number with a history of mucocotanias lymph node syndrome, pancarditis, myocarditis, wide spread inflammation of medium and small arteries. Our coronaries, testicular, pulmonary, spleenic, iliac can all be involved. Panarteritis without fibroenoid necrosis. This one lacks the fibroenoid necrosis. It is more an inflammatory disease of the wall of the vessel, whether it is the odor or it's the coronary arteries. In this case more commonly coronary arteries. And of course there is destruction of the media with little inflammation can lead in the late stages. Completely you may not see much inflammation. So here's to show you an 11 year old girl sudden death, multiple coronary artery aneurysms. This is her coronary artery wall. You can hardly tell the difference where the media starts and the intima. This is intima, this is the media right here. This is the adventitial part. And you can see the inflammation, again showing complete destruction of the media with luminal traumas and chronic inflammation on the right. Rarely you can get just intima proliferation and this can present like total intima proliferation you could make the diagnosis of intima fibromuscular dysplasia but the age is what distinguishes. If it's a child you're more likely to call it mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. If the person presents in the 40s you are likely to label it fibromuscular dysplasia with involving intima fibromuscular dysplasia rather than media. So this is just to show intima proliferation without much inflammation. So now I just want to mention some diseases like burgers disease since smoking is much more common in our younger population, especially women are smoking much more. Therefore I think we must remember burgers can, although it usually involves the lower extremities or even the upper extremities but coronary is not immune. I've seen cases of coronary burgers. So middle age smokers, inflammation of the arteries in the veins, clodication of extremities and treatment is cessation of smoking and sometimes amputations are required. Here's to show one case. You can see the media more or less intact. You can see intima proliferation and you see this necrosis with giant cells around it. Inflammation classic of burgers disease within the, it is not in the wall, is within the lumen that you see these giant cells with areas of necrosis. Now we mustn't forget we are with drug abuse still and cocaine abuse does cause coronary spasm and does lead to coronary thrombosis. Here are two cases, 30 year old and 42 year old showing these resemble black erosion as I talked about it yesterday but it is very important to look for cocaine abusers. Specifically must do both blood and urine tests to rule out that there is no cocaine on the patient who's come into your clinic asking complaining of chest pain. So I'm now switching to the most important topic, spontaneous coronary artery dissections. The definition is defined as spontaneous separation of coronary artery war that is not itrogenic or related to trauma. Contemporary usage of the term SCAD is typically reserved for non-athroscratic variants and most modern series exclude SCAD due to athroscratic disease. If there is athroscrosis that must be excluded. First report was reported in 1931 by Pretti, this was in a 42 year old woman who died unexpectedly following repetitive retching and vomiting. The epidemiology true incidents and prevalence of SCAD is general population is unknown but a significant diagnosis of this condition is due to significant causes. If you look at ACS cases only, SCAD accounts for about 4% of the cases in women. If you look at the incidence SCAD, it is not rare in women who are presenting with ACS. If you look at 24 to 35% just in women, this is overall population, this is just in women, especially related to those with pregnancy related MI. So SCAD affects women commonly accounting for 92 to 95% of the cases. I saw some cases when I was in the military in men as well. Those are young men similarly age group remains the same. Mean age 44 to 55 years, race in terms of racial distribution, all races are affected, nobody is exempt, who underwent percutaneous PCI in British Columbia. If you look at length, SCAD overall has about 45 millimeters but somehow I think this seems longer to me than necessarily but I'll show you cases which are much longer. So the symptoms are chest pain, radiation to arm, nausea, vomiting, radiation to neck, diaphoresis, dyspnea, back pain, dizziness, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, fatigue, headache and sin to be. So any of the symptoms are not typical for chest pain necessarily. If you look at the best way to diagnose is by coronary angiography and I'll come back to that. Intracoronary imaging has become very important but I think it has its own problems. Remember you have to enter an artery, you may be in the faults or the true lumen and therefore you could make it worse. So one of the things that I at least I'm very cautious if the patient is stable, I think you leave the patient alone. If the patient is unstable, that's the time you need to go in. You can see the entry wound, you can see here the hematoma, inside the plaque that is inside the media and by echocardiography also by IVAS. So these are the typical ones that I think type one, type two, type three, most of the patient are taken to the cath lab, done angiography to make the diagnosis, radial lucency flap linear, you can see right here, you can see tapering, diffuse, long diffuse smooth stenosis with subtle abrupt changes in the arterial caliber or you can get type three which is indistinguishable from focal atherosclerosis as shown here. This could be spasm, could be anything that you can make a mistake of thinking of it being atherosclerotic in origin. So I'm gonna show you a series of cases which we have seen, which I have seen, I probably have seen in my 40 years of being in cardiovascular pathology, probably close to 50 cases, which is a large number of cases anybody has seen. So here is a case of a 41 year old female, sudden death following presentation with seizure. You can see this left main LID left circumflex, you can clearly see the hematoma in the arterial wall, very clearly seen here, section you can see the lumen on one side here and the hematoma narrowing that lumen excessively, you can see right here. Similarly in the left ventricular apex, there was also the LID proximal was not involved, the distal LID was involved and here it is showing that LID again, showing the dissection and showing the hematoma outside in the medial wall itself. Here's another one, 30 year old female pregnant, 28 weeks, chest pain, sudden death. This is her distal LID again. You can very clearly see where the arrows are, that there's a hematoma in here and you can see that hematoma right here and the lumen is on one side, lumen here, lumen here, lumen here and you can see this small lumen in the LID, patient died suddenly. One of the things I will come back to it but note what I'm going to show you, majority of the cases are more proximal and most of the time, if you look at the angiographic features, people have talked about being not involving the proximal arteries. Maybe when there's proximal artery involvement, these are most uniformly fatal and that's why they come to our table and not to your tables. So if you look at this is a 43 year old female with headache, not feeling well, became unresponsive and died suddenly. Here's the left main artery, the left anterior descending is involved, not the distal arteries, here's the left main showing the dissection, here's the LID almost completely occluded from the surrounding hematoma. Here's a 36 year old female presenting a sudden death. You can see from the proximal, these are serial sections shown to show that the dissection continues and therefore you're likely to get long occlusions which look like atherosclerotic disease but are actually not. One of the things that many years ago I published which was in the 80s, I published a paper saying in spontaneous coronary artery dissection, could this be related to eosinophilic infiltrate in the adventitia? That is that a primary process? In fact, I was of the belief this could be a primary vasculitis and secondary dissections occur but Dr. Buya from here actually very nicely showed that actually most cases, not all cases show this. It depends when the patient dies. If the patient dies early, you don't see the inflammation. If the patient dies a few days later, you'll see the inflammation and this is just to show that inflammation in this 36 year old female who died I think three days after chest pain, 42 year old female, same way showing the adventitia, eosinophilic infiltrate, you can see these bright cells, these are all eosinophilic. Now this one is very tragic, 32 year old female, two weeks postpartum, chest pain, in fair myocardial infarction, she was taken to the cath lab and died in the cath lab. This is her arteries. She has left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex, right coronary artery, mid distal PDA, all involved. She had no chance if she had dissection in all arteries. So these are not the cases that are going to likely to come to your table. Now this is a case interesting that is one of the few cases we have with multiple spontaneous coronary artery dissections in this 49 year old female who was hypertensive and a smoker. She presented with a abdominal pain, admitted, small renal artery infarct, CT, angio and MRI were done, fibromuscle dysplasia was diagnosed, but she died. Pustia descending artery, here's the dissection, here's the celiac artery with the dissection, showing the area of the interruption of the medial wall, hepatic artery, right renal artery, all involved in this young woman. So what about our registry now, since I've been at CVPAT now, almost 12 years, we've been collecting cases. So what we've done is one of my fellows has put together these cases on SCAD and our registry. Here are SCAD patients, we've got 17, median age is 41 years, of these 15 are females. And if you look at the race, white, predominantly black, just as much and unknown in about 6%, heart rate is normal, no differences, diabetes no different, hypertension no different, hyperlipidemia no different, these are controlled patients that we selected non-CAD patients. And if you look at coronary artery disease, they're both don't have coronary disease because we wanted to match them and I'll show the reason we tried to match. The cause of death is coronary in this case and non-cardiac death in these. Now, multiple lesions involving within the coronary artery, seven of them had multiple lesions. So these patients don't have a chance if they have multiple coronary artery involvement specifically proximal. Look how many were proximal, 10 of them had proximal involvement. Left main in five cases and previous history of SCAD was only one case where the previous history of SCAD. So here are the vessels involved, left main, LAD predominantly, circumflex and right coronary arteries. And then where is it? Predominantly proximal and mid in three distal in four and branches. This obviously doesn't add to 17 since multiple arteries are involved in each patient. Our length is shorter, that is 15, nine to 24. Now this could be related to shrinkage, can be related to whatever you can think of. But ours are much shorter in involvement. And disruption of the media was only seen in one. So it's more like a hematoma rather than a true disruption. So what we did was we were interested in the thinnest portion of the media. Are they different? So we looked at the arteries that were dissected but had a normal media, like here for example. We measured that area where there was no dissection. Non-dissected artery that is a control artery in the same patient, again looking for the thinnest.  So you can see these arteries are thicker in the control as compared to what we see in our SCAD patients. So that's something one should look for. Maybe that's a hallmark to distinguish whether these patients have the SCAD features or they don't. Where is the location of the dissection? We wanted to know whether it involved the inner media, middle media or the outer media that is EEL border. So if you look at predominantly it's at the EEL border. Outer media in a very 20% and very small are in the inner media. So predominantly that's why, in a way to think, why does it occur? So here's just to show the dissection. Here is to show the arc of involvement. Large number obviously will have 365 degrees or three quarters of the circumference is involved in large percent of the cases that is close to 95% of the case because these are all fatal cases. So the prevalence of plaque type, we see in the SCAD artery usually there is no interval proliferation of fibrocalsic is very rare at the site or dissection. If you look at other non-SCAD arteries, you will find fibrocalsic lesion, fibroathroma or pathologic intimal thickening but adaptive intimal thickening is the predominant feature of this disease. They don't have atherosclerotic process and this is in our non-SCAD cases showing that the prevalence is much greater even in patients who are not dying from coronary disease. So mechanisms, I think this is an important, they think it's a tear within, I think that's a very small percent. Predominantly I think it comes from the vasovazorum bleeding into the media, that's something to think about, how does it occur, why does it occur? People have done TEM transmission electron microscopy in nine of the cases and they showed that they had heavy basement membrane and covering by medial smooth muscle cells not just endothelial lining but medial. So suggesting that there's relative ischemia that may be the cause of why hemorrhage occurs, why there is likelihood of hemorrhage because they're necrotic vessels and therefore likely to rupture. So management of course you all know better than I do, this is stable, conservative therapy, high risk features, if it left main disease ongoing ischemia patient, VT or VF, cardiogenic shock, these are all patients that are taken to the cath lab, PCI success and in hospital death is very low, PCI success is high, follow up and I'll show you that I don't quite believe in PCI personally, I think these patients should be left alone but they don't have an option, those who are high risk, that's the only way you can save them. So here are two examples that we recently published showing that this is a 42 year old female recently postpartum, was admitted with chest pain, shortness of breath, proximal right coronary artery was occluded and an avaroloma saluting stent was placed, the patient remained in cardiogenic shock, despite insertion of intraioric balloon and temporary pacemaker, she died after cardiac arrest and you can see that this had dissected distally as well and that was the main reason why the death occurred in this particular patient. Here's another case is a patient who actually 40 year old female, she had dissection, she was in cardiogenic shock, she was taken to the cath lab, they put in a stent, she was stabilized intraioric balloon, she came off the balloon four months later, she had to transplant and this is the heart that we received that was taken out from her. The stent was placed in one order in the LID in the false lumen, not in the true lumen, that's why she didn't do so well and continued to be on life support for four months, she'd survived four months and then left circumflex was implanted in the true lumen but not that effective as you can see the false lumen is still present and the false lumen is showing large amount of new intramur proliferation. So predisposing fibromuscular dysplasia, that's become very important, majority of the people feel that scad is part and parcel of fibromuscular dysplasia but if you look at fibromuscular dysplasia how often can you diagnose scad or see abnormalities is only three or four percent. Here they say anywhere from 51 to 90 percent of cases will show you presence of fibromuscular dysplasia in other bands, that is if you look at renal, you look at cervical vertebra, these are the arteries that can be involved. So I'll touch a little bit on fibromuscular dysplasia, I hope I'm quite over my time and I'd like to and as you know fibromuscular dysplasia similarly is more common in women than in men and therefore why not the two being connected, it's genetics causes unknown, subset of fibromuscular carry a genetic predisposition because seven to 11 percent and the first degree relatives have fibromuscular dysplasia in very common in smokers, high among patients with fibromuscular compared to the control group 30 versus 18 percent. This was the first classification, actually it was McCormick who gave the first classification but what was published well was from the Mayo Clinic, they showed examples of it, Losha, Tom Losha who runs the editor of the European Heart Journal and Lee who did a lot of the work in Mayo Clinic showed that there was three types of fibromuscular dysplasia, this interval fibroplasia, medial fibroplasia and then there's periadventicial fibroplasia and this has been now made simpler in some ways, histologically we don't have many specimens, therefore we can't quite always say what it correlates with but angiographically multifocal or just focal only, these are the two main types that are being used, here's to show the classification FMD, this is the fibromuscular dysplasia, you find that the media is thinned focally very prominently in those that have the classic form and here is the focal intimal hyperplasia, that's the only change that is seen and rarely you can see adventitial but I have seen one case and that was when I was at the AFIP, I haven't seen another case so it's extremely rare if it really exists. Renal and the carotid arteries are the main arteries that are involved and coronary as I said in only 3% of the cases that they can show. This I just wanted to show some cases, 55 year old female with fibromus involving multiple arteries, you can see right external carotid, right renal artery, left renal artery highlighting the areas, this is a dysplasia, you can see that media is totally replaced by intima here and again, there is almost no media in this particular spot so showing fibromuscular dysplasia, the same lady also had left lesion involvement that is left internal carotid, left middle cerebral and left external carotid arteries and you can see how dysplastic this artery looks, this is the dysplastic artery which has also been described in the SA node, AV node by our group many years ago. This is a recent case that I got from actually Jacqueline, Ken from Vancouver, 34 year old female with FMD involving multiple arteries, you can see this number of arteries that are involved, you can see thoracoservical trunk, you can see the internal thoracic, proximal right vertebral, right vertebral artery which had a previous dissection as shown right here which is healed in this particular case and again on the left side the same way you can see a healed lesion of dissection and rupture and you can see here dissection of the right vertebral, no dissection but dysplastic vessel in the bifurcation region and left external carotid. So sudden death is not unusual, unfortunately close to 20% of cases and these are the same features, we have to rule out differential diagnosis, earless, dandless, tachyacus, cocaine, coronary vasospasm, myocardial bridging which I didn't address and then atherosclerotic plaque. And last of all, S curvature in the internal, in the carotid artery patients and the tortuosity of the carotid artery is also described in FMD is higher as compared to general population but although the S curve may not be specific for FMD, its presence in carotid duplex ultrasound is in an individual less than 70 years should suggest the diagnosis of FMD. So in summary I've shown you carotid artery anomalies, I've talked about vasculitis and then I've talked about SCAD and fibromuscular dysplasia, the true incidence prevalence SCAD in the general population is unknown due to significant underdiagnosing of this condition. Of patients presenting with ACS SCAD is seen in 4%. Incidents of SCAD is not rare in young women presenting with ACS. SCAD is associated with FMD in 52 to 91%. FMD most commonly involves renal carotid and SCAD is most frequent, 3.4 reported. First and second degree relatives are more effective than the general population. Thank you so much.


Hello, everybody. Thank you for hanging around to the end of the day. We hope to give you some light entertainment in a security space with IoT. For those of you who are more experienced in this field, you may not learn too much, but we hope that we can give you at least some insight into some of the wildness that is going on. And with that, hello. My name is Andy. I'm a co-founder of Control Plane, which is continuous build and security for cloud-native stuff. You could say I'm a technical milliner and an advocate of continuous everything. Yes, continuous security practices with a focus on containerized deployments. And this is my dear friend Victor. Hi there. My name is Victor Peterson. I'm an entrepreneur, a geek, tinkerer, built a few companies and considered myself more of a jack of all trades with some security interest. And we will touch a little bit on some of the things we worked in the past in this talk, most notably, Screenly, as well as Watt, which is the latest company that I'm working on right now. And with that, we're going to dive into a little bit of what is, I'm not going to bore you with a vendor pitch, but essentially we tried to solve the DevSec ops space, gave me five security, and help with visibility at large when it comes to security of your workload. So with that in mind, let's dive this back into the IoT space. So IoT security summed up fairly well by this single slide, I think. And it essentially is a matter of time before your IoT device becomes part of a criminalized botnet. That is essentially what IoT security is in this current day and age. And there is another definition of IoT that I really like as well from my good friend, Dom, which is, the Internet of Things is a science project, creating the most complex way possible of turning the lights on. So let's dive a little bit into some of the use case for IoT and the current state of IoT, really. So IoT, as you're all seeing, has a lot of failure points. And here is a Nest Termostat updating, and because it's updated, you can no longer access your Termostat, which is kind of annoying. Here's a real-life scenario of myself. This is outside my building in London, where I was locked outside for 15 minutes because the system was updating. This is not how you should be doing IoT. However, you could argue that's still a lot better than this. I'm not sure how many of you saw this, I think, this leak last week. It was a brand of D-links, D-links routers that they found a massive security mobility, and yet D-link refuses to release security updates for these. So when you start to connect everything to the Internet, all of a sudden there come some drawbacks that people have not really thought about. It dramatically expands the tax surface of all your devices, really. And most of these devices were not even built to be connected to the Internet, so nobody had thought about that. And devices do become obsolete insanely quickly these days. And the problem largely is, and we've got to dive into this a little bit longer in the talk as well, which is there's a misalignment incentive between the vendors and the end-users. So at the very best, security in IoT is at the very best and at the most the best of the best. So instead of having security by default, we tend to today have security or insecurity as a standard. And this is why we see these things. You're finding devices running Telnet, which, why you would do that in 2019 is a big question mark in the first place. But these are becoming fairly common. Again, you have another one where IoT, massive thought of IoT devices being exposed to the Internet, and obviously being vulnerable to the Internet, they were never thought about being secured in the first place. So this is a screenshot here that I really enjoy, which is long day, long before showdown. There was something called VNC roulette, where somebody scanned the entire public Internet for VNC sessions without authentication. And then they threw up a web interface for this, so you could basically browse your way through all the VNC sessions. And in the screenshot above here, you can actually see a power plant that was publicly exposed over VNC without authentication. And that was just one of the many sites that they discovered that were obviously not intended for public exposure, but yet they were exposed because people thought that nobody would be able to figure out their IP address, because I don't know why they would think that would be a good idea. But it's pretty scary nonetheless. So with that, I'm going to hand back to Andy for a little bit of an overview of the talk. Right. We're going to walk through some IoT failures and look at the state of the art, talk about how to build better IoT devices with containers, cover botnets and brickabots for those of you for whom that is a familiar term, and take a glimpse into what the future might hold. So the Internet of shit, just how bad is it right now? Very bad indeed. In 2015, security researchers were able to take total control of a Jeep SUV remotely. They used the vehicles CAN bus, the internal network that allows the bits to talk to each other, and they exploited a firmware update vulnerability. Now, happily, there's a lot of work going on in this space, but at the time and for the amount of time it takes many of these cars to be end of life, this vehicle will still be a problem. So the vehicle was hijacked over the cellular network, and they discovered they could affect the speed, slam on the brakes, and even veer the vehicle off the road. The FDA confirmed that since Jude's medical have implanted cardiac devices with remote vulnerabilities. These devices, like pacemakers and defibrillators, are used to monitor and control patient's heart functions and ideally prevent heart attacks. These vulnerabilities allowed remote access to the devices and once in, attackers can do nefarious things like deplete the battery, and incorrect, well, and administer incorrect pacing shocks. The vulnerability was in the transmitter that reads the device's data and remotely shares it with physicians. Does that sound familiar? It could well be the plot of a thrilling homeland security based television series, but it's not just vehicles and wearables that present this attack surface. There are also devices around our homes and businesses that are now internet connected by default. Locks are another prime element for exploitation. They can be attacked in many ways and should have a secure update mechanism, but we've seen plain text passwords, we've seen signal replay, and plain old man in the middle attacks on these devices. It is probably safe to say smart locks are not a good idea. And webcams are increasingly exposed to the internet with insecure or unapproved passwords. I suspect this guy just saw his webcam move autonomously. I hope he'll take it offline immediately. These things pose both a security and a privacy risk. And of course, while it is always amusing to see the blue screen of death, who knows why this device spews, it could just be a hardware fault, but we shouldn't be displaying this information to our users. So how do we build our IoT devices and how do we expect them to run? Well, we think they're existing in harmony with all their surroundings, the flower power internet's mentality, but what actually happens at runtime? They are in the most hostile of environments with nothing to save them, but their author's resilience and hopefully a patch update cycle. Because these always have to be done, barely secure, hardly updated devices make prime targets. So how do we solve this problem across the internet for the whole of mankind simultaneously? Victor? Thank you, Andy. Well, that's an easy one. Of course, we're going to use the blockchain because obviously the blockchain solves all our problems. So therefore, that's the solution to all our problems for security and everything. That's the end of the talk. No, just kidding. Blockchain will not solve anything related to security whatsoever in this regard. So let's move on to what the real solution is. And let's take a, before we do that, let's take a step back and look why do these devices get compromised. Andy already alluded a little bit to why these devices get compromised by mentioning default credentials, which is a good one. But there's poor to non-existing update cycles usually to these devices. It relies on the user applying updates, which we should really know by now that that's not a good approach because users tend to not care about that. So we need to think about that. And that's one of the biggest reason why a lot of these devices gets compromised. We see a lot of insecure services that really should not be used in 2019 to start with. Telnet, FTP, really. You see, even with these Linux-powered devices, none of what lit up the security features are actually used to confine the problem. They could be actually used, but honestly, a lot of the problem is that vendors of these devices tend to not apply common sense. This is not rocket surgery. A lot of this stuff is well-known and well-documented in most of any respectable engineering framework, right? So let's take a step back again and look at IoT devices for the service. I guess this is a bit controversial because some people, particularly in the hardcore embedded world, would disagree with this. But I would say that we see a lot more IoT devices being more powerful, right? So we see more and more devices running Linux, even if it's a lightweight version of Linux, we see a lot more of Linux running on N devices, which means that they're really general purpose computing at the end of the day, a large degree of the IoT era hardware with, except for perhaps, battery-powered devices where you definitely need to think about the power draw. And that means that we really started to become, the line between servers and IoT has become much more blurry than it used to be. So how do you secure a server, right? So server security is not rocket surgery, either. There's a lot of common sense, a lot of good documentation out there. You should not be running, you should not be, you should know what servers you're running, do you need to run them in the first place? Which of these servers are exposed to the network? Those are things you need to check for. Are those services running as the least privileged user? That's also something you should really be looking for. Don't run everything as routes. There are also plenty of kernel level technologies that help you isolate these processes that can really help you reduce the blast radius if a given service were to be compromised. Then you have obvious things like encryption in transit to remove possibility of sniffing the traffic. So you can actually secure the transit as well. Other things like firewalls, you have CVE scanning, all those things that we need to make sure that are actually taken care of when we have a server up and running. This is common sense for most server operators, but it seems to be lost for, well, even still, there are lots of some users there as well. So how does it transition into the IoT world, right? If we assume the hypothesis that IoT devices are roughly Linux devices, not everything might be true about that, but to a great degree and with Moore's law, they are converging more and more. So the security for IoT is not that different than security for servers. A lot of the same technologies can be applied. So we just need to make sure that we apply the common sense from server security to IoT devices. So just a shameless self-plug here, that's actually one of the things we do in what. So if you want to learn more about that, hit me up afterwards. I'm going to go a little bit now into a little bit more controversial areas, which is containers on IoT. And people would argue that, well, you can't really run containers on IoT, but with Moore's law, we're going more and more close to that. It is actually viable due to a great degree today already. And you start to see more and more push. Not two particular vendors that are driving this a lot, which is Ubuntu and Ubuntu Core and Balena are allowing you to do this really well, not for the lowest power device again, but for slightly more higher power devices. So I'm going to do a really quick intro to these two technologies or these two platforms and show you how they work. So let's start off with Balena. So Balena's tagline is get push Balena, and that encapsulates pretty much what they do. They have a build farm, you have a Git repository, they push to their build farm, their build farm that pushes those Docker images out to the edge devices. So you have your dog edge device paired to their platform. And they've done a lot of work around optimizing Docker or Moby rather for IoT use cases. So they've thought more things, thought along lines of how you reduce the bandwidth as well as how you reduce the failure point when say somebody would pull the power on the device when it's actually running an update. So they've done a lot of work around that and in their estimations, their images that they generate from Moby, sorry, Balena engine that's called these days, is somewhere 10 to 70 percent smaller than the images generated by Docker. So that makes it a lot more IoT friendly. You can run on Raspberry Pi or even more low power devices along those lines. And here's a really quick demo how it works.  And then at the end of that process, they are then pulled back to the actual devices. It doesn't matter if you have one or a thousand devices, the workflow is the same. Now, we're running a really fast speed here, but the next one is Ubuntu Core. Ubuntu Core is a complete separate version from the regular Ubuntu classic, as it's now referred to. Some of you may have heard of it as snappy before, but it's now called Ubuntu Core. It's a completely different version than a regular Ubuntu. And it relies on something called Snaps. And Snaps are a package format for containers really, or a transactional item. So it's replaced the Dev packaging. And it allows you to do a lot more things that you couldn't do in a regular system. So even the operating system itself is running as Snaps. And it is completely self-updating. It has a lot of mechanism for diving into how you want to configure the workloads. So if we go in here, we actually see how it works. They use a tool called Snapcraft that generates a Snap file for you. You then have an app store that then allows you to pull this down to the actual devices. So they can be self-updating both for the operating system level as well as the application layer. And if we go in here a little bit more and zooming in on the details, everything in the entire system is a Snap. So they have transactional updates. So if you were to abort it somewhere mid, it will just roll back. If you reboot the system, it will take care of all that. All the updates are cryptographically signed, so you can't temporary them in transit. The default permission for a Snap is nil. So you need to explicitly grant everything to a given Snap. So you have to say, oh, I want this Snap to have network access, or I want to be exposed to port, or talk to interface A, B, or Z. So that's how the Snap system works in really quick terms. And with that, I'm going to dial in the hand of the dandy for a little bit more zooming on how this works behind the scenes. So in this example, the foo Snap plugs into the Quax interface and passes North service, the Quax slot. I hope that's clear from the diagram, if not from my description. After connecting the Snaps, the security policies are configured with Setcomp to allow Bar to connect to North's D-Bus service by the APARMA policy. APARMA standard, well-tested, deployed across Canonicals and now backported into a lot of Debian as well. So this complexity is managed for us because those of us who have hand-authored APARMA profiles may be aware, while there is a useful process to go through and a useful series of steps to go through and do that, it requires intrinsic knowledge of Linux in general and the subsystems in particular. So we don't have to deal with that with Ubuntu Core. When we submit apps to the Ubuntu Store, then the complexity is managed for us, the security team will review these things and help to tighten policies around our applications. So now that we have the Snaps, which are synonymous and essentially just containers, running on our IoT devices, what does our security model look like? Can we prevent all attacks by default and move to Hawaii? Well, not quite yet, sadly, but containers can help with these attacks. So a compromised control server or anything that is pushing to the device, man in the middle, those are application tier problems. We can't fix that with an isolation technology around the process. We need to work on our layer seven concerns. Corrupt firmware, well there should be no access by the process to the underlying firmware, or hardware in fact, unless the applications are running as routes. And even if they were, standard practice tells us to drop our capabilities and provide some form of whitelisting on system calls or with Setcomp or on file system accesses and that slightly high level with AppArmor. We can fix this with cryptographically signed updates. There are many things that will do this. The obtain system is an implementation of TuF, which is what Docker content trust uses. And that is applicable for automotive updates. So things like this, these are solved problems based on cryptography that we have a reasonable bar of confidence in. The assumption that the boot loader has been compromised, well, depending on what we're using, we need to sign everything. Secure boot is the only way to actually instill any confidence that those cryptographically signed bits of hardware and software are doing what they say they're doing as defined by a standard web of trust based on the signer. What about the default password attack? Well, a prompt update mechanism, again, login via a side channel, for example, using OAuth with a third party UI, and ensuring that these can be rotated quickly, standard flavoured security practices. And that's a sage and teller. Well, remote access to any device requires some sort of network connection. It may require that socket to be forwarded through to a publicly-routable IP. None of those things are a particularly good day. Hidden backdoors, we shouldn't really have any remote access to a device. And if we do, then ideally it should be through some centralised management rather than leaving open ports with vulnerable services. But, of course, at the end of the day, if we have physical access to any device, it is probably in less sunken epoxy game over. It should be noted that if your IoT devices dropped offline, never return, you may have an anonymous Samaritan to thank. This guy is called Mr. Brickabot. This guy tried to solve the huge industry-wide problem of manufacturer-abandoned IoT devices in an interestingly benevolent but nefarious manner. He hacked into them, and he bricked them. So this would be an IoT device happily going about its day job, and then suddenly bang, drops offline, never to be restored. You might be able to read into what he's actually doing there, writing trash to devices, blowing away the disks, deleting all the network routes, so the thing is in its own black hole, setting kernel threads to one and rebooting the device, maybe some systems could survive this sort of misconfiguration, but most Linux devices are probably at this point pretty much bricked unless they can be reflashed. So, I mean, what does this mean? If this guy has had to take his own action to backfill for the lack of security across the industry in the space, well, who's accountable? Should it be vendors? And if you know this guy, Bruce Shania, he says, absolutely, vendors should be held accountable. Defconn is not Congress, in case you were wondering. With so many of these devices coming from overseas, especially China and Southeast Asia, Congress viewed his statement that not only should manufacturers and vendors be held accountable, but also financially punished for failing to keep their devices updated or viably secure at all times. This was viewed by Congress as a trade tariff and the idea rejected. This was just over two years ago, hilariously. So, the UK has had some ideas about this too, but until we see consumer or legislation driven action, there is no incentives for manufacturers to change their ways. Maybe GDPR will save us all. But again, without case law, this may have no bearing at all and we need some definitive legal movement. There are multiple cases still pending. And we can't talk about IoT without talking about botnets, huge botnets that have caused internet scale outages with humongous distributed denials of service. Mirai, Japanese for the future and not pronounced like that, I'm told. It's a malware that brute forces networked devices running Linux to join their botnet overlords. It primarily targets online consumer based devices, such as IP cameras and home routers. Then we had a terabit per second attack on OVH, Brian Krebs and Dyn DNS, which, as you may remember, took down all of the internet that only used a single DNS provider, including most of US East One. And we saw how many sites had a single point of failure. So Mirai was bad because devices were internet accessible and therefore brute forceable. And not everything is publicly accessible today thanks to network address translation. And of course, this will change. We're going to see the same problems because of the eventual proliferation of IPv6. By giving every device a public IP, IPv6 exposes devices that were safely hidden away with no public facing attack surface. We have to start doing better and soon. Where soon is the eventual unknown adoption date of IPv6, telecoms providers have made some steps in that direction. But as we've seen, the ever dwindling pool of IPv4 ciders keeps on giving. So we have to build better IoT devices. How do we do that, Victor? Thank you. So building better IoT devices is obviously not an easy one. We know it's a tricky problem. And it's extremely challenging because the problem largely is that there is a race at the bottom across most vendors. Consumers tend to just look at the price tag more so than anything else, which makes it very difficult for somebody who do factor in the cost of security to compete with somebody who doesn't care about it. So how can we change this? And one, and in my opinion, one of the most viable options for this is actually what Andy just mentioned, which is around legislation. So there is a code of conduct in the UK right now that is in process of being potentially gratified at some point in the future, where it actually forces vendors to, in particular, run consumer products to solve this problem and actually be accountable. And the problem really is that we need to make sure that the engagement between the vendor and the consumer is actually more long to more oriented, rather than just transactional. So this will mean either more expensive devices or it will mean subscription services. And I know a lot of people are not very keen on subscription services, but this is a fairly well-known playbook in the enterprise device management space for since forever, more or less. So we really need to think about the device cycle here. And the problem, as we have seen in the past, is that the life cycle really ends for a lot of vendors when they hand off the device to the user. That's when they think the relationship ends. But really, that's just the beginning of the relationship, right, that you want to have this for a longer time. And that pose a really interesting question, which is, what is a reasonable time frame? So what's the end of life for a smart device? Is it one year, five years, 10 years? I think we were discussing just before the talk. I think on Google's Chromebooks, I think they have a two-year life cycle. After that, they just say, we're not going to support anymore. That's at least of being upfront about that, as opposed to a lot of other vendors, but they don't actually give you an end-of-life cycle or end-of-life timeline. But it also pose a really interesting other question, which is something I alluded to before as well, which is, who is responsible for updating these devices? Is it the vendor or is it the end-user? If it's the end-user, the probability of them updating the devices, in particular, if they have jumped through multiple hoops, is pretty small. However, with more and more smart devices connected to smart phones, you start to see more intelligent devices. IKEA is doing a pretty good job there with their infrastructure, where they actually update everything through their app. So it's a seamless process for the end-user. So that's a big problem. I don't think this is a clear-cut solution. There's not an easy way of solving this, right? So let's move into some common failure points. And one of the biggest failure points, really, is that manufacturers don't really plan ahead. Like, they think of security as a cost, and they don't really budget for it. And obviously, that needs to be budgeted for. Otherwise, we'll keep seeing this botnet that Andy mentioned before. They're not going to go away. There's going to be more and more of them. In particular, you start to see the growth and how many of these devices are getting insanely insecure, how many of them coming online every day. So how do we design better IoT devices? Well, again, like we talked about before, servers and IoT devices are not that different. They are not converging more and more. And we really need to start getting back to the basics and applying common sense to this. And that means you don't hard-code passwords. You make sure you draw prodigious whenever you can. You need to have a solid update infrastructure.  You've got to lose 90-plus percent of the users if you do that. And another problem that we, in particular, I'm not coming from the IoT space, but I've been exposed to the IoT space more and more. And when I hear tales from the trenches and how firmware is built on a lot of IoT devices, it's really scary. Like people are building their firmware on somebody's desktop at the office. That's really not how you do best practice security. That needs to be done on a CI-CD pipeline, cryptographically verified, all that stuff. But it's not being done today in a large degree of these manufacturers, in particular, the low-budget ones. And people try to also build their own OTA infrastructure, which is kind of silly. I mean, they probably do it for cost free. It's about building an entire OTA infrastructure over there, or update infrastructure. It's really complicated. Most companies are not capable of doing that. So that's some of the things we really need to think about as well, signing updates. And we have to assume from day zero that whatever you're building, the probability of that device is being exposed to the public internet is very high. So if you assume that from day one, well, then, you have to take it into consideration when you design your service. Don't assume that you operate in this flower power internet environment where some vendors appears to think that their device are going to go into. Assume a hostile environment. So with that, I'm going to hand off, actually, to myself. Sorry. This is what I mentioned earlier before, which is this is my experience. So my previous company we're doing digital signage and we're using Raspberry Pis for building the entire infrastructure for those. So right now it powers about 20,000 devices around the world. And we're all using Raspberry Pis. And well, since I'm not coming from a traditional IoT background, we took a more Linux-oriented approach to this from the start. And this is related to the journey that I'm going to tell you about how the lessons we learned from doing that. And we screwed up in the early days, but we got, we learned from those mistakes and I'm going to share with you the various phases. So we started back in 2013 building this. And none of these operating systems that we talked about back then existed. So Ubuntu Core didn't exist. Balena didn't exist back then. So we had to basically build our own system. And me coming from DevOps environment, we decided that using Puppet and self-hardened Raspbian was a good idea. It was given the tools of the time. It was probably not horrible, but it was obviously not a great idea in retrospect. So we built out this self-hardened Raspbian images. We built out this Puppet for orchestration. There were lots of glue there with a lot of back scripting and then a secret sauce was actually the player itself. And what we discovered was a lot of pain points. And one of the biggest pain one of the big pain points we had was actually create disk images. We had to do that by hand because I'm not sure how familiar you are with the Raspbian Raspberry Pi space. But Raspbian back then, at least, was almost impossible to build by yourself. So you have to rely on their upstream images and modify them. That was one of the many pain points. We had to build out scaling. Scaling Puppet, as people may know, is not trivial, doable, but not trivial. That's something we spent a lot of time on. And it was slow at large. And we didn't have any transactional updates. So back in 2015, we had this long list of pain points we wanted to address. And we started to go back to a list that we had then derived and see how we could solve this. And these were the criterions that we had. So we wanted to have disk images built on CI. That was important to us. We want to have cross-isolation using some kind of kernel technology, containers, or just app armor, sec comp, whatever. But make sure that if some piece of the component got compromised, it could not actually affect the rest of it. We want to make sure you have transactional update. That was for us very important because transactional update means that we could not end up in this limbo state that we had ended up in the past, like we had a half puppet run and then we had corrupted files. So we want to make sure we have an entire transactional update system, both on the operating system and also in the application layer. We want to make sure we didn't actually have to reinvent the wheel ourselves. We actually wanted to use something existing that we can just modify with some support contract. So that's what we ended up with. And our bonus point was cryptographically signed updates. So what we ended up with was Ubuntu Core. We were one of the first commercial customers for Ubuntu using Ubuntu Core, actually. So it was really new when we started. And that allowed us to throw out a lot of the tools that we had written ourselves. We were able to scrap a lot of that and rely on the upstream tooling instead because at the end of the day, we're not an operating system company. We don't want to build all that and maintain an entire operating system ourselves. So we ended up doing that. And that allowed us to focus a lot more on the secret source and a lot less on maintaining the system. And we've gained a lot more security features. We got a lot of these solved that we mentioned earlier. And we're running a little bit short and late on time here. And we're going to end up with a recap from Andy here. Right. Thank you, Victor. To briefly summarize, most vendors today basically ignore security. There is, however, some hope with the new generation of innovative IoT platforms, which greatly reduces the lifecycle, well, it improves the lifecycle and lengthens, and also hardens the security elements, meaning that we can deploy things that we then have trust and confidence in for an extended period of time. We believe the fundament of the problem is a lack of legislation in the space. This could probably be extended to computer science, engineering in general, when we are building the tools and the infrastructure that keep people alive, ultimately from power distribution through the medical devices. Then some thought has to be given as to how we regulate, as other people would say, the civil engineering firms. So I'm not a lawyer. Please don't take that as any sort of advice. And finally, go forth and patch your devices. It is the only way that we can maintain security. Thank you very much. I'm not sure if we have time for questions. Yes? No? Yes, we do have. Any questions? The Yachter project? Yes. We looked at that as well, but there's a lot of work that needs to be done on your own side as well there. It's a very interesting project, but the whole update mechanism is still things you have to run for yourself. I know the landscape has changed a lot since back then. I know the tools for, I think it's Mender that does update systems for a lot of those tooling in these days. So that landscape has changed a lot since we did this market research. So I think Yachter is probably in a lot better shape today as far as tooling goes and ecosystem as well than it was back in those days. But yes, it was unfortunately not one of the ones we seriously considered back then. Yes. So we played both with both. Yes, so we have an open source. This is a side note here, but we have an open source version of Screenly as well. So there's a commercial and an open source version. The open source version runs with Balena as well. So we have a fair amount of exposure to Balena as well. There are ups and downs with both of them. I think Balena is a lot easier to get up and running with than with the core. But when you operate at scale, my opinion is that with the core has some better, bigger advantages. Also has a higher level of security baked in by default, which is largely why it's more complicated to get up and running with. But yes, we did consider both. Yes. Well, thank you for coming out all day, everybody, and have a good evening. Thank you.


My name is Annalya Lansing and I'm from Austin, Texas. I have always wanted to go into full-time ministry and that ended up me pursuing psychology because I wanted to go into counseling and use that as a ministry, potentially even overseas in the future. With my desire to pursue ministry long-term in the future, I started just being peripheral about where God wanted to send me now and went with CCU to the world, which is the admissions organization on campus. To go to New Zealand. And I went there. It was an incredible experience as a participant. And then this year, I felt the tug of my heart by the Lord to propose my own trip and lead it with a team down to Brazil. And so I went there this last summer and we were there for two and a half weeks. The first week we were on the Amazon going to different villages. There was an indigenous tribe that we visited as well with the ministry just sharing the love of Jesus to people. And the second week we went up to northern Brazil and we worked with the Venezuelan refugees because of the crisis that's taking place in that country. I grew so much as a leader in understanding God's intentions for people and the way that we can truly love others by just using the language of love. And I think that that is so much more powerful than people understand. And it's something that the Lord definitely taught me this summer in greater ways. I feel like every season and semester I've been here at CCU and the Lord has taught me so many different ways to grow and understand who he is, and understand who I am, especially through my psychology classes and understanding personality and understanding how Christ is so involved in every aspect of that. CCU has equipped me in almost every year of my life for the future. I have been so blessed by faculty, by leadership, by individuals who have given to scholarship funds that I have been able to benefit from and people who have invested so well into my future because they seek value of it and the value of me. And that has brought so much strength and confidence into my life and going into this new season, knowing that I have such an incredible support system and so many people who have believed in me along the way.


Okay. So, I'm going to start by saying, hey, Bolo Buddies, thanks for watching. So, I don't know why this is here, but I can't get it to go away. And I guess it's just going to be a part of my head during this video. So, it's from the first Bolo I'm going to share. For some reason, it, like, locked on my screen. It's very random and very weird, and I can't get it to go away. And I've already got my tabs pulled up. So, I guess we're just going to have to look at it. I don't know. Maybe it'll go away during the video. I guess we'll see. Anyway, this is a bread and butter Bolo video. And I'm going to share with you items that I sold on eBay for $35 or less. That's what I call my bread and butter. And these are items that I picked up at thrift stores, YouTube auctions, estate sales, garage sales, Facebook marketplace. I am a full-time reseller. And thanks for being here. Thanks for watching. And let's get started. Oh, it's still there. Sorry, guys. Never had this happen. Golly, I guess I'm glad it's just in this video. I've done quite a few other videos tonight. As you'll see, I'll be wearing this shirt in, like, ten videos. Okay. Let's start with the first item, which is the elves. They're flocked. They're super cute. It comes with this little flocked train. They're adorable. I got these at a thrift store. I paid about 50 cents for them. Oh, it went away. Yay, it went away. I'm so happy. I thought it was going to be there the whole video. Okay, so let's go back over here. Yep, it's gone. Sweet. Okay, sold for $21.24. The buyer paid shipping. And yes, anything flocked. I'm guessing these are probably made in Japan. But I don't think they had the sticker. The next item I sold is this Salvatore for Gammo for women. It's a perfume. Perfume. Oh, I might be saying the wrong. EDP. And I pick these up at garage sales and thrift stores all the time. I usually pay a buck or less. This one sold for $25.50 buyer paid shipping. These items do have to ship ground. So make sure that you ship them ground. The item that I sold next is this Vintage Hobby Land. I don't know if I'm saying that right. Probably not. It's like this horse. And this came in a mystery box. It's really, really neat. Really neat piece. It's an ornament. And it ended up selling for $18.69. And the buyer paid shipping and it sold pretty quickly. So really, really cool. I think it's an ornament. I don't see the string. Maybe it's... Yeah, it's an ornament. I don't see the string though. Okay, the next item I sold is really creepy. But it's from Goosebumps. I don't know if you guys are familiar with that series. It's like the Vintage Goosebumps books do really well. So when I saw this and I found out it was Goosebumps, I figured it would do decent. It's a Vintage Candy Container. And I sold this for $16.00. Best offer. Buyer paid the shipping and I picked this up at a garage sale. And I've talked about in the other videos, this tote that sat in my basement for like a year and a half.  And I just never got to it. And I decided to list the items in that tote this year. This is one of those items. So I've definitely done really well with that tote. The next item I sold is this Vintage 1993 Cat's Meow nativity scene.  I think it was like three boxes full for like $30.00. And I mean hundreds. So I probably got about 10, 15 cents in each one if I had to guess. I sold this for $29.74 and the buyer paid shipping. And I pretty much, that pretty much paid for all of it. And we'll just say these two paid for all of it. This is the Cat's Meow. It's from Lionelville. It's the Lionel series of these. And it's just a block signal like this thing. It's got the Cat. And it's just like this big. Here, I got a picture right here. Two and a half inches. Itty bitty. I did take a best offer of $9.00 and the buyer paid the shipping. The next item I sold came in a mystery box and it's the Peanut Snoopy Bowling set. I almost didn't list it because it was kind of bulky. But I'm glad I did because it sold super fast for $15.30 and the buyer paid the shipping. This is one of those items that I feel like it would do well on Poshmark because of the shipping costs. But I do start my items on eBay and then I cross post them to Mercari and Poshmark. I use an extension called List Perfectly and it helps me cross post my items fast and saves me tons of time and time is money. So it is worth every penny. I highly recommend it. I've been using it for over a year. If you want to check it out, there'll be a video at the end of like a thing that'll pop up at the end. And it's also in the description of my video that tells you it's like a demo of how I use List Perfectly. And if you want to try it, you can get 30% off your first month with a referral coupon code BOLOBUDDIES. That's all one word. So if you have any questions, you can reach out to me in my Facebook group. That link is down in the description also.  I don't use every feature, but I use it how it works for me and I love it. So yeah, definitely check out that demo video. All right. So this is an Animal Planet Styrosaurus. I don't know what kind of dinosaur that is, but that's what he looks like. But he lights up and has sound. He's from Toys R Us and he does work. And I got him at a garage sale for like, I don't know, 50 cents or a dollar. And I sold it for $14.00 best offer by our paid shipping. The next item I sold is this Tortal Head Repositioning Beanie Hat Prevents Flathead Syndrome Medium. And it's new old stock. I don't know. It sold super fast, but the person opened a return because it said that it didn't fit their child. And I'm like, well, did you take it out of because it's attached to the package? And they never ended up returning it. So I don't know what happened with that, but I was happy they didn't return it.  Not me, especially if they use the item with everything going on right now. It's like, I definitely don't want somebody touching a brand new item. And then I don't know, just with the virus, I don't think it's really a big surface thing. Like they first suspected, but I don't know. It was new and I just wanted it to come back to me new and I don't think it was going to. So I'm glad they didn't return it. I got this at a thrift store for $2.00. Like I said, it sold quickly for the full asking price of $21.25. Fire paid shipping and comparables on these items were very good. So definitely be on the lookout. The next item I sold is this retired Boyd's bear and friends. It's Pauline Rabbit. She had her tags. I got her at a garage sale for a buck and I took a best offer of 13 buyer paid shipping. This one, this one was long tail. A lot of them are, but I do really well with Boyd's plush. I pick them up all the time if I can get them for a dollar or less. This one I'm really surprised did not sell sooner because it was super cool. I have a video down in the description. And if you don't know how to put videos into your listing. Let's see. You click on it and it's going to take them over to my YouTube channel. Check it out. I mean, it skates it roller skates it roller skates. So yeah, I probably need to. I need to close it or we're going to be listening to that. So that's I have a video that tells you how to add a video to your listing. So if you guys have animated things, I definitely recommend putting a video in. It's super, super easy. But each one of these characters did something and they were super cool. And it did not sell quick like I thought it would. And they only sold for $24 in the buyer paid shipping. So I don't know. I thought it would do better, but I got them cheap. So no big deal. The next item I sold is this little people Mickey mouse house play set. This came in a mystery box. I took a best offer of $15 buyer paid shipping and it sold super fast. No figures with that one. I can't remember where this came from. I think it was like at a garage sale and a bunch of stuff that I got. And it's a tie box. It's a vintage Christmas tie box. And I'm like, you know what, I'm just going to try and list this and see what happens. And it sold super fast. I couldn't believe it. It sold for a best offer of $9 buyer paid shipping. The next item I sold is this vintage hallmark 1996 babies first Christmas ornament. This also sold quickly. I picked it up at a thrift store for 50 cents and it sold for $16 buyer paid shipping. The next item came in a mystery box.  Another item that sold very quickly and they sold for full asking of $28 and 70 cents and the buyer paid shipping. This is a V tech activity desk expansion pack. It fits these things and they fit on this thing. And I saw this at a thrift store and I paid $2 for it. And I was like, I think that'll sell pretty quick. And it did. It sold for $30 buyer paid shipping. This is an old world Christmas dog cat ornament. I've done pretty good with the old world Christmas ornaments. I can't remember where I got this one. It was either a garage sale or a mystery box. But it sold for a best offer of $22 and the buyer paid shipping. The next item came in a mystery box and these are new England Christmas tied set of three audio cassettes. Again, not something I would typically list, but it came in the mystery box. The mystery box, if I remember correctly was kind of a dud. And I was just trying to like pull a few things out to make my money back. So quicker than I thought for $14 buyer paid shipping. The next item are these vintage colorful ties. These were so long tail. Maybe I should have sold them separately. Maybe I shouldn't have bought them at all. I don't know, but I finally sold them for $16.99 and the buyer paid shipping. I did get these at a garage sale, a huge box full for five bucks. So I've got pennies in them, but either way, I don't know, ties are tricky. The next item I sold is this Tanjore India necklace. It's a bib necklace. It's a statement piece. It came out of my bulk buy. I bought it on eBay to sell on eBay. Super cool piece. I took a best offer of $27 and the buyer paid shipping. And I ended up getting 344 pounds of jewelry for less than $200. And if you want to hear about that, I do have a video where I went and picked it up. I have a video where I weighed it and I have tons of unboxing videos. So definitely very cool. The next item I sold are these clip-on earrings. I took a best offer of $10. These came from a garage sale, buyer paid shipping. The next item came out of a mystery box. And it was kind of big and bulky and awkward, but it sold really fast. It's a little Tykes Piggy Bank and it sold for a best offer of $15 in the buyer paid shipping. This vintage ERT L Ford 4000 toy tractor is, you can see, it's got some paint loss. It's not in great shape. It looks like it was played with outside. And I got this at a garage sale for two bucks and it sold very quickly. And I took a best offer of $30 and the buyer paid shipping. And I think there was something about the grill of this one, the front that maybe made it harder to find. I can't remember. The next item I sold is this vintage McCoy pottery. I called it an orange candy dish. Great for Halloween or Thanksgiving. I don't know. I guess you could use it for whatever you wanted. But it does say McCoy on the bottom. And I did put the measurements here. And I took a best offer of $30 for this in the buyer paid shipping. This came from a garage sale and I want to say it was a couple bucks. The next item came from a YouTube auction. It was a fundraiser. So it was a bunch of vintage Fisher price items. I do have a video where I unboxed it. Would I have typically paid what I paid for this lot? No. But because it was a fundraiser, I just wanted to... I was willing to bid up more. I knew that I would make most of my money back, if not all of it and maybe a small profit. But it was more about the fundraiser. And I did do an unboxing if you want to see what else I got. But yeah, I sold it for $16.99 and the buyer paid shipping. The next item I sold is this vintage Indiana glass bunny. I picked this up at a thrift store for $2.50. It sold for $15. Would I pick it up again?  But margins were okay. But yeah, it was all right. I was hoping to make a little more.  They're really, really neat. It was kind of a long tail item, but I picked these up at an estate garage sale. And I got them really cheap, probably $0.50. They did sell for $12.74 and the buyer paid the shipping. So there are some bread and butter bolo items for you guys to be on the lookout for. There's going to be some videos popping up. Right here is going to be the list perfectly I was telling you about if you want to check out how I use it. Like I said, it saves me so much time. Time is money. So I recommend it. Plus when you get your items on other platforms, you get new and different eyes on your items. So I also sell a little bit on Grailed, a little bit on Facebook, Etsy, it's a lot. It's a lot. But Mercari, Poshmark and eBay are my main ones and then probably Etsy would be next. So definitely check it out. And if not, they're below video here, below video here, subscribe here. Leave me a comment. Thanks for watching. Have a great night.


The study tested the clinical effectiveness and non-clinical performance of a CBT-based mental health chatbot, Xiaoyi, for young adults with depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that Xiaoyi was effective in reducing depressive symptoms, improving working alliance and increasing acceptability compared to an e-book and general chatbot group. However, no significant difference was found for usability. Further evidence is needed to confirm the long-term effectiveness of Xiaoyi and explore its stronger efficacy in comparison with other active controls. This article was authored by Yuhao He, Li Yong, Xia Kunzhu, and others.


again in this lesson we're going to talk about that how to reverse a string in Python programming language for example let's make a string let's call it my string and let's populate it with some text let's say for example Oslo is the capital of Norway and if we want to reverse our string we're going to call our string again and inside brackets as third argument we'll put number minus one and we will omit first and second argument and when we press enter we will get our string reversed that's all in this lesson thanks for watching see you in some next lesson bye bye


Sun clover. How are you doing? Good morning, brother. The star is aligned and I made it nice. This is oh Rookie 22 from discord. Nice. How are you doing rookie? I was wondering about the Bank of Canada raising interest rates Okay, cool. They say to combat inflation. What else would that affect? Because if I recall correctly, they've been this low for a while now no, yeah, and The Sun clover It's gonna have interest rates control in large part centralized centralized planning controls the economy through the manipulation of interest rates, so Let that sink in


Hello, this is Laptop Media, and today, we will show you how to open the 15-inch Acer Predator Helios 300 and what's inside of it. To get inside this device, you need to undo 11 Philips head screws. Then, pry the bottom panel with a plastic tool and lift it away from the machine. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. Inside, we found a 90.6Wh battery pack. You can easily remove it by unplugging the connector from the motherboard and eventually undoing two Philips head screws. To access the memory, you have to take out the metal bracket. It is held in place by one Philips head screw and a couple of clips. Once you remove it, you will have access to two RAM Sodam slots, which work with DDR5 modules. As for the storage, you get 2 M.2 PCI-E X4 slots, both of which can fit Gen4 drives. In terms of cooling, you get two heat pipes shared between the CPU and the GPU. The processor gets one more, while the GPU is treated to two additional heat pipes. Moreover, the graphics memory and the VRMs have a metal heat spreader, while two fans blow the heat away from the machine. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel.


Dear learners, welcome to this LMS platform introduced by Krishnakanta Hendricks State Open University. Today, we will discuss the unit 1 of the Paper Sociology and Introduction, which is meant for the MA for Semester Learners who have opted for Sociology. Now, let us discuss the learning objectives of this unit. After going through this unit, you will be able to identify the factors which led to the emergence of sociology, know the nature of sociology and understand the scope or the subject matter of sociology. So sociology as an academic discipline emerged only in the early part of 19th century by the French sociologist August Cohen. He had coined the term sociology in his book The Positive Philosophy in about 1839. The term sociology is derived from two words, that is, socios and logos, which means the study of or the science of association or society. So does that mean that people did not study society before that? Of course not. People did study society, but sociology offers a more integrated and methodical study of society. For example, a sociologist is interested to know the connectivity between polity, economy, family, religion, etc. that makes every society unique and also its problems very specific. Now, let us try to understand what are the conditions led to the emergence of sociology. Now, in order to understand the emergence of sociology, it is necessary to look at the intellectual forces and the social events which occurred in Europe from 17th to the early 20th century. During the 17th century, Europe had experienced scientific revolutions in the domain of natural and biological sciences. But the social life of the people were governed by the church and the common masses were oppressed by the ruling classes in the guise of religion. Also some of the thinkers realized that a scientific study of society is imperative at that point. They were inspired by the methods applied by the natural scientists to find the universal laws. Social thinkers felt that in a social world too, there must be some universal laws that govern every aspect of society and to understand societies better and to find solution of the existing problems, it is necessary to discover those laws. So, 18th century witnessed the dawn of ideas such as liberty, equality and fraternity and many thinkers began to advocate that in order to assure equality in society, traditional ideas, beliefs and practices that hindered social equality must be overthrown. Social thinkers of this era argued that we can apply scientific principles to analyze and study the human beings, their nature and society. The thinkers of enlightenment justified reason as a measure to judge social institutions, so if any institution appears unreasonable, it can be overthrown. They believed that it is only with observation and reason we can find the truth which will ultimately lead to freedom of thought and action. In response to these ideas, people in large numbers tried to forcefully overthrow the state machinery and religion. And then there was a conflict between those who wanted to retain their power and those who wanted a share in that power structure of society. And this led to more chaos and destruction. And as it took place in France, it came to be known as the French Revolution but it had an impact over all other parts of Europe. On the other hand, with scientific invention, industrial revolution emerged in England but the people who walked in those industries had to work in a very inhuman condition. This had an impact on other structures of society like family, the rate of crime had increased as the people went poverty stricken. The rich became rich and the poor people became more poor. After witnessing the outcome of these two revolutions, some scholars again began to ponder how stability can be retained in society. What is social change? How and when does a society change, etc. And they were known as the the romantic conservatists. Also during that period, many European nations like England had set up colonies in different continents and they had encountered a totally different society. Now August Court was influenced by both the Enlightenment thinkers as well as the romantic conservatists. So he introduced a discipline that will study society scientifically. According to him, sociology will focus on two major aspects. One is social statics which studies the conditions that retain order and stability in society. And the other is social dynamics that tries to study social change and progress. He had argued that when society undergoes change, it will be guided by new principles and it is only by careful scientific study of society we can design those principles. Now let us try to know how sociology emerged in India. In India, sociology emerged from social anthropology. Sociology department was first introduced in the University of Bombay in 1922. After independence, the policy makers felt the urgency to reconstruct the Indian society. The economists took an active role in studying the economy of India but that was not enough. Hence the social anthropologists, sociologists and geographers took active part in studying Indian society. From 1950s to 1970s, village studies became the focus of sociology in India and caste became the focus of village studies. Sociologists like Iravati Karve, Binoi Sarkar, G. S. Khurye used sociological perspective to understand the tradition as well as uniqueness of Indian society. The work of these sociologists were used to design policies and the knowledge generated by these sociologists were beneficial in designing and redesigning policies of protective discrimination in response to the changing sociopolitical situations. Sociological studies in India has helped in observing, recording and monitoring developmental programs at the grass root level in the study of social change among different sections of the population in diverse parts of the country. Now let us try to understand the nature of sociology. We have already discussed that sociology is scientific in nature because it involves systematic methods of investigation, analysis of data and assessment of the theories based on evidence and logical argument. The scientific nature of sociology can be further analyzed by looking at the reliability of its knowledge, its organization and method. It can be judged in terms of fulfillment of some criteria like the reliability of its body of knowledge and its organization. Sociology also has an objective nature. In sociology, objectivity is maintained through the use of appropriate methodologies for collecting data and explaining the reason why a particular method was chosen or used. Now let us try to discuss what is the scope of sociology. It means what is the subject matter of sociology and it is society. And when we say society, what does it include? It includes everything or every aspect that is a part of society, be it the political structure, the economic structure, education system, media, technology, values, beliefs, culture, everything can be the subject matter of society or sociology because all these aspects influence society and in turn is influenced by society. Now Compt also felt the comparative study of societies as a whole as a major subject matter of sociological analysis. So from today's discussion, we have tried to understand why a separate discipline was required to understand society which forces led to the realization of this requirement, what is the nature of sociology and finally what is the subject matter of sociology. Now these are some of the simple questions that can come from the unit like is sociology science, explain, is it possible to study society scientifically or objectively explain, trace how sociology as a discipline emerged in Europe, discuss the nature and scope of sociology, discuss the factors that had led to the emergence of sociology and many more. And we can also have objective type questions from this unit like in which here the term sociology was coined etc. And with this today we will conclude this discussion on unit 1, thank you.