In this video, I will define and describe the electrochemical basis of the membrane potential, equilibrium potential, resting membrane potential, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization. Compare ligand-gated, voltage-gated, and ion-leak channels. Contrast graded potentials with the action potential. Define threshold potential, excitatory postsynaptic potentials, temporal summation, and spatial summation, and distinguish between absolute and relative refractory periods. Voltage, also known as electric potential difference, is the energy stored in the separation of positive and negative charges. This separation of charges creates a driving force known as the electromotive force that will drive the movement of charged particles. The membrane potential is a separation of charges across the plasma membrane. Typically, the membrane potential in a excitable cell at rest is approximately negative 70 millivolts. As you can see here, a voltmeter is a tool that can be used to measure the membrane potential of a cell by placing a recording mini-electrode in the cytosol and a reference electrode in the extracellular fluid. The voltmeter will compare the charge inside of the cell to the charge outside of the cell, and typically the resting membrane potential in a neuron is around negative 70 millivolts. The membrane potential results from the separation of ions by the plasma membrane. There's a high concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the extracellular fluid, and there's a relatively high concentration of potassium ions in the intracellular fluid. There's also a high concentration of organic anions that have a negative charge, which are mostly proteins found in the cytosol that are too large to cross the plasma membrane. The equilibrium potential for an ion is the value of the membrane potential when there is no net flow of that ion into or out of the cell because the electromotive force is equal and opposite to the force of diffusion. The Nernst equation can be used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion. The Nernst equation has three variables that will have to input to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion. Z is the charge of that ion, so sodium and potassium have a plus one charge, whereas chloride has a negative one charge. Then the extracellular concentration of the ion and the intracellular concentration of the ion are the other variables that we will need to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion. Using the Nernst equation, we can calculate the equilibrium potential for potassium because the potassium concentration inside of the cytosol is much higher than the potassium concentration in the extracellular fluid the force of diffusion resulting from the concentration gradient for potassium drives potassium across the plasma membrane from the cytosol out into the extracellular fluid. Therefore, it would require a negative membrane potential in order to counterbalance the force of diffusion. The electromotive force that is equal and opposite to the force of diffusion for potassium occurs when the membrane potential is equal to negative 97 millivolts, the equilibrium potential for potassium. Similarly, we can use the Nernst equation to calculate the equilibrium potential for sodium because there is a much higher extracellular concentration of sodium. The force of diffusion resulting from the concentration gradient for diffusion tends to move sodium into the cell across the plasma membrane from the extracellular fluid. Therefore, a positive value of the membrane potential would be required in order to create an electromotive force that is equal and opposite to the force of diffusion balancing the overall forces driving the movement of sodium so that there will be no net flow of sodium in or out of the cell. This occurs when the membrane potential equals positive 66 millivolts the electromotive force driving positively charged sodium ions out of the cell is equal and opposite to the force of diffusion driving sodium ions into the cell. We can also use the Nernst equation to calculate the equilibrium potential for chloride ions because there is a high extracellular concentration of chloride ions the force of diffusion will move chloride ions from the extracellular fluid into the cytosol across the plasma membrane. Now, chloride has a negative charge. Therefore, it will require a negative value of the membrane potential to create an electromotive force driving chloride out of the cell to oppose the force of diffusion. The equilibrium potential for chloride is approximately negative 90 millivolts which is a value of the membrane potential that creates an electromotive force equal and opposite to the force of diffusion therefore there will be no net flow of chloride into or out of the cell when the membrane potential is negative 90 millivolts. The resting membrane potential is the value of the membrane potential in a neuron at rest that is when the neuron is not producing a graded potential or action potential the value of the resting membrane potential is typically around negative 70 millivolts and this value results from the relative concentrations of sodium and potassium in the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm and also the relative permeability of the plasma membrane to those ions. In this illustration we can see three major types of integral membrane proteins that are involved in moving sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane the sodium-potassium transporter is the sodium-potassium pump that will use energy released from hydrolysis of ATP in order to force three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell. This sodium-potassium pump is what creates the concentration gradients with a high sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid and a low potassium concentration in the extracellular fluid. Sodium and potassium can cross the plasma membrane through a variety of channels some of these ion channels are constantly open what we call ion leak channels that stay open all the time and are not gated other ion channels can be gated meaning that they can open or close and some of them are ligand gated ion channels that we'll see are chemically gated by a neurotransmitter and others are voltage gated that is they will be stimulated to open or close in response to changes in the membrane potential. The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation enables us to calculate the value of the resting membrane potential the variables that we need to calculate the resting membrane potential include the charge of the ions and so for this equation we'll focus on sodium and potassium because these are the most important ions that influence the membrane potential and both sodium and potassium have a positive one charge we will also need the extracellular and intracellular concentrations for sodium and potassium ions and the relative permeability of the plasma membrane to these ions the plasma membrane is approximately 20 times more permeable to potassium than sodium and so the permeability factor for potassium will be set to one and the permeability factor for sodium is set to 0.05 or one twentieth of the permeability of potassium by entering these variables into the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation you can see that the value of the resting membrane potential is approximately negative 70 millivolts ion leak channels determine the permeability of the membrane at rest and there are approximately 20 times more potassium ion leak channels than sodium ion leak channels in most neurons and this is why the resting membrane potential in a typical neuron which is approximately negative 70 millivolts is much closer to the equilibrium potential for potassium approximately negative 97 millivolts compared to the equilibrium potassium for sodium which is positive 66 millivolts however gated channels can open in order to influence the permeability of the membrane ligand gated ion channels also known as ion channel linked receptors or ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are integral membrane proteins that detect a chemical message a paracrine signal known as a neurotransmitter the neurotransmitter is the ligand that binds to the ligand gated ion channel and this neurotransmitter binding to the receptor will cause the ion channel to open and this will change the permeability of the plasma membrane if the ligand gated ion channel is a sodium ion channel the relative permeability of the plasma membrane to sodium will increase and this will have an effect on the value of the membrane potential as the permeability of the membrane to sodium increases and sodium is rushing into the cell at a higher rate the membrane potential will become less negative which is what we call depolarization voltage gated ion channels can also influence the membrane potential the stimulus for opening of a voltage gated ion channel is a change in the value of the membrane potential so the previous example of ligand gated ion channels could create a small change in the membrane potential that would then trigger the opening of a voltage gated sodium ion channel as the voltage gated sodium ion channels open this would further increase the permeability of the plasma membrane to sodium which will further depolarize the membrane potential that is make the membrane potential less negative or more positive the voltage gated sodium channel is a channel that will open in response to a threshold value of the membrane potential that threshold value is approximately negative 55 millivolts so the resting membrane potential was negative 70 and if the membrane potential was depolarized by some ligand gated sodium ion channels being activated which depolarized the membrane enough to reach the threshold negative 55 millivolts that will stimulate voltage gated sodium channels to open and that will create even more depolarization as long as those channels remain open the voltage gated sodium channel will remain open for about one millisecond after it's activated then it will become inactivated during that period when the voltage gated sodium channel is inactivated it's impossible for it to become opened and activated again it will require repolarization of the plasma membrane to become more negative than the threshold in order to de-inactivate the voltage gated sodium channel which is de-inactivation is resetting the ion channel back to the starting point where it can now be activated by depolarization to threshold potential a graded potential is a localized change in the value of the membrane potential and a graded potential will become weaker as it spreads through the cell as it spreads out over time and it spreads out over space there are two major types of graded potentials the illustration here represents the excitatory postsynaptic potentials in green and the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in red an excitatory postsynaptic potential involves depolarization this is a graded potential that causes the membrane potential to become less negative so an excitatory postsynaptic potential in EPSP is stimulated when a neurotransmitter activates a ligand gated sodium ion channel and this is called an excitatory postsynaptic potential because depolarization brings the membrane potential value closer to the threshold potential of negative 55 millivolts which is the critical level of the membrane potential that would stimulate opening of voltage gated ion channels so the other major type of graded potential is known as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential EPSP when a neurotransmitter stimulates opening of a ligand gated ion channel that is a chloride channel or potassium channel this would cause hyperpolarization hyperpolarization means the membrane potential becomes more negative the membrane potential moves away from the threshold potential and so an EPSP is known as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential because it's making it less likely that the membrane potential will reach the threshold for opening of voltage gated ion channels so a small stimulus could cause a relatively small size EPSP that depolarizes the plasma membrane but not enough to reach threshold for opening voltage gated ion channels and the duration of the graded potential is proportional to the amount of time that the ligand gated ion channels remain open we could have a longer duration EPSP or a shorter duration EPSP depending on how long the ion channel stays open for we could also have a larger magnitude of an EPSP or a smaller magnitude which would depend on the number of ligand gated ion channels that open if an EPSP is strong enough to stimulate depolarization of the plasma membrane to the threshold value of negative 55 millivolts voltage gated ion channels will open and this will cause an action potential so while EPSPs are depolarizing graded potentials that make it more likely for a neuron to reach threshold and fire an action potential IPSPs are hyperpolarizing graded potentials that make it less likely for a neuron to reach the threshold to fire an action potential at most synapses a single EPSP is not strong enough to cause the membrane potential to reach threshold and multiple EPSPs will have to overlap in the mechanism of summation of graded potentials in order for the membrane potential to reach threshold there are two major types of summation of graded potentials temporal summation occurs when a presynaptic neuron fires at a relatively high frequency stimulating multiple EPSPs in rapid succession that will overlap to produce enough depolarization that the membrane potential reaches threshold the other major type of summation is known as spatial summation spatial summation occurs when a postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by multiple presynaptic neurons when multiple synapses are stimulating the postsynaptic neuron at the same time this is what we call spatial summation so temporal summation can occur at one synapse when the presynaptic neuron stimulates the postsynaptic neuron at a high frequency in contrast to spatial summation that occurs when multiple neurons are simultaneously stimulating multiple synapses on one postsynaptic neuron summation can involve overlapping EPSPs that make it more likely for the postsynaptic neuron to fire an action potential or we can have summation of EPSPs with IPSPs which will cancel out the EPSPs making it less likely that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential the action potential is a brief reversal of the membrane potential that spreads non decrementally down the axon from the axon hillock to the axon terminals the action potential is stimulated when the membrane potential is depolarized to the threshold value of negative 55 millivolts causing opening of voltage-gated sodium channels these channels open and sodium rushes into the cell causing depolarization during the rising phase of the action potential and then the voltage-gated sodium channels close after approximately one millisecond and become inactivated this inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels causes a refractory period known as the absolute refractory period when the voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated is impossible for another action potential to be generated this will help to ensure that the action potential spreads in one direction from the axon hillock to the axon terminals and this also will lead to a maximal frequency of action potentials it's impossible to fire action potentials any faster than about 1000 per second or 1000 hertz after the rising phase of the action potential when the voltage-gated sodium channels close voltage-gated potassium channels will open causing the falling phase of the action potential repolarization occurs during the falling phase of the action potential because the voltage-gated sodium channels have closed and the voltage-gated potassium channels have opened potassium will rush out of the cell, causing rapid repolarization, and there will be hyperpolarization that occurs. The voltage-gated potassium channels being open creates an even greater relative permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium, causing the membrane potential to become more negative than the resting membrane potential. This hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of the following phase of the action potential is the relative refractory period. That is, it's a brief period immediately following the action potential when it is more difficult to stimulate another action potential. So while it is possible to stimulate another action potential by having summation of EPSPs that occur during the hyperpolarization at the end of an action potential, these EPSPs will have to sum with that hyperpolarization and cancel it out in order to create enough depolarization to reach threshold. Therefore, at the relative refractory period, the open voltage-gated potassium channels are making it exceptionally difficult to trigger another action potential, but not impossible. So it's a relative refractory period in contrast to the absolute refractory period. The absolute refractory period will end during the following phase of the action potential when repolarization causes de-inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channels. Once the voltage-gated sodium channels have been de-inactivated at the membrane potentials below negative 55, it is possible for them to become activated again during the relative refractory period, but it will just require a greater magnitude of depolarization to cancel out the hyperpolarization that results from the open voltage-gated potassium channels. You can see these voltage-gated potassium channels do close at the end of the action potential and cause the membrane potential to return to the value of the resting membrane potential of approximately negative 70 millivolts. The rising phase of the action potential occurs when the summation of excitatory post-enacted potentials depolarize the plasma membrane to threshold of negative 55 millivolts, causing opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. Some rushes into the cell, and the membrane potential depolarizes to a positive value, and then the voltage-gated sodium channel will close and become inactivated. The falling phase of the action potential occurs as the voltage-gated sodium channels close and become inactivated, as at the same time voltage-gated potassium channels open. The inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels will produce an absolute refractory period at the beginning of the falling phase of the action potential, until enough potassium rushing out of the cell through voltage-gated potassium channels causes repolarization of the membrane potential back below the threshold value of negative 55 millivolts. Then because the voltage-gated potassium channels are still open at the end of repolarization, there is hyperpolarization creating a relative refractory period. During that relative refractory period, the open voltage-gated potassium channels are creating a hyperpolarizing current, and it would make it more difficult for EPSPs to cause enough depolarization to reach threshold. However, if there is a great enough magnitude of depolarization from EPSPs to overcome the hyperpolarization from the voltage-gated potassium channels and push the membrane potential to the threshold value of negative 55 millivolts, voltage-gated sodium channels will open triggering another action potential. So the action potential in a neuron lasts around 2 milliseconds. The first millisecond is the rising phase where depolarization occurs as sodium is rushing in through voltage-gated sodium channels, then voltage-gated sodium channels close and become inactivated as voltage-gated potassium channels open causing repolarization during the falling phase of the action potential, and after the repolarization, hyperpolarization is produced as a result of open voltage-gated potassium channels. This hyperpolarization is responsible for the relative refractory period where it is more difficult for EPSPs to trigger another action potential. The action potential will be generated at the axon hillock as EPSPs and IPSPs are generated throughout the dendrites in SOMA. The summation of these graded potentials will occur at the axon hillock where voltage-gated sodium channels can respond. If the membrane potential at the axon hillock is depolarized to the threshold value of negative 55 millivolts, the voltage-gated sodium ion channels open and this produces a rapid depolarization that will spread from the axon hillock towards the axon terminals. Repolarization will spread as a wave and then repolarization will follow behind the wave of depolarization. The absolute refractory period for the voltage-gated sodium channels becoming inactivated prevents the action potential from traveling in the opposite direction, although voltage-gated sodium channels opening will cause depolarization that can spread in both directions through the axon. The region of the axon that has just fired an action potential will be in an absolute refractory period and cannot be triggered to fire again, therefore this depolarization can only trigger an action potential to spread in the direction from the axon hillock towards the axon terminals. When the action potential reaches the axon terminals, it will then stimulate the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminals.


Monkeypox is a viral illness that is closely related to smallpox. It is primarily spread through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, but can also be transmitted through airborne droplets. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches and swollen lymph nodes. Monkeypox can be treated with antiviral medication and vaccination is currently being researched as a possible preventative measure. This article was authored by Maudi Zemakiar, Maudi Zemakiar, Azraf Azlalahi and others.


The most merciful, the most beneficial, the most kind. How we translate those phrases, the important thing is to realize that when Allah asks us to start a thing, He asks us to start with Bismillah. And then what comes after the name of Allah and Bismillah, the two dominant traits is Ar-Rahman and Ar-Raheem. Both names of mercy, His Universal Mercy on to us and His Particular Mercy on to us. And amongst the mercies that He has given us is our faith that we didn't ask for, but Allah still gave us that faith. We didn't ask to be Muslim. We didn't ask to have Allah the Messenger of Surah As-Salam, but Allah Azza wa Jalla placed us into our hearts, whether the intellect wanted or not, that faith into the heart. And that is a mercy from Allah. And from amongst the mercies of Allah is that He has sent us instruction on how to perfect that faith. And that instruction came through His Prophet As-Salam. There are many hadith in which the Prophet As-Salam says, No, none of you truly believe until so on and so forth. A amongst the hadith is the hadith, None of you truly believe until you love for your brother what you love for yourself. And we love that Allah has given us faith, faith in to us and made us people who if Allah grants that mercy on to us, that it that faith insha'Allah will enter Jannah. If Allah wills. If that mercy pulls out on to us, and that's part of the gifts of Allah, that He has given us this hadith to His hadith, As-Salam. This guidance. And then the brother here refers to this hadith. We mention this often is that this hadith is now restricted to the Muslim brother, this Muslim brother or sister. This is the brother in humanity. So just if we love faith for ourselves and our Muslim brothers and sisters, we love that faith for the non-Muslim as well. And we want that non-Muslim to be a person of faith, to be a person that when they end, when they are on the plane to the Hashem, when everyone is gathered, everyone is running from person to person and from father to prophet, from mother to father. And everyone is saying, get it from me. And the Prophet says, ummati ummati. We want that non-Muslim to be part of that umma of His Sallallahu Alaihi As-Sallam. And that's the part of the mercy Allah has given us, that He wants us to be people of da'wah, to be people calling towards Allah Azza wa Jalla, to be people who want the beauty that we find in this faith to be their fathers. And everyone is calling towards something. Everyone is calling towards something. That's a far-fetched claim. Whether we know it or not, we're calling to something. And the question we should ask ourselves, are we calling to Allah Azza wa Jalla? Or are we calling misguidance? There is no alternative guidance that Allah has sent. And the last time we were here, we spoke about Hadith in the Shema'il of the Imam of Tirmidhi, and of the Imam of Huan Hu, where he speaks about the character of the Prophets As-Salam. The life of the Prophets As-Salam is so well-accepted by those around him because he is known as As-Sadiq al-Ameen. He is known as the trustworthy, the truthful. That his character exuded guidance. That when Abdullah al-Salam was the one who saw him, before he became Muslim, he saw a man who said, that is not the face of a liar.  And part of our da'wah is the first text I've read from Tirmidhi, that Hadith he spoke about last time. And the Hadith was about the character of the Prophets As-Salam, where he spoke about, he didn't speak about things that were disliked amongst people. He didn't use of course. He was using of the people. He was lenient. Right? He didn't seek faults in others. We mentioned all those qualities of his Allah As-Salam. After that, the Hadith continues from last time that what he said, that every time he spoke, what he said to Allah As-Salam, when he saw As-Salam spoke, if we want our da'wah to be received, if we want, we will say, we have taught ourselves, I've been around this person for so many years, and they haven't asked me about As-Salam, or they haven't, they're not open to what I, when they ask me why I'm going to eat during the ma'am, they're open to the da'wah. Ask me, why do those weird movements during lunchtime bring a break in your prayer, during lunch break, right? And that's the type of question they ask, and then they're not open to the da'wah, they see it as strange. They're not open to, perhaps they're not open to the da'wah because we haven't inculcated those characteristics that make us people of da'wah in the first place. Because when those characteristics were inculcated in Musa As-Salam, what is that? It's the word, that when he spoke, people were so still and so attentive that it's as if there was birds on their heads. They moved so little when he spoke that people paid such close attention to Musa As-Salam when he spoke, as if there were birds on their heads, meaning that when the slightest movement to do a bird is going to get scared and fly away. It's not, it's pretty easy to startle a bird, but that's how still they were. As if they were like statues listening to Musa As-Salam, that da'wah was so well received by them around your Lord, because of his characteristics of As-Salam, that he was a person who made himself receptive, and he made them receptive to da'wah because of the characteristics that he showed. That's what he said to the Kallamu, and they only speak when, right? When people only try to give da'wah, it's like maybe it's a little different, they argue over each other. That's what he said to the Kallamu, that when he was silent, that's when they would speak. His words were captured the minds and the souls of others because of that character that he had of As-Salam, that his words were presented with wisdom, right? It was presented with respect, so that when the other listens, that it's a da'wah, a discourse, when we see the person says, I actually want to hear what this person says. I actually want to see what comes out of this person's mouth. I see that whatever it is he's talking to me about seems like some sort of a relation to his character, so that when we speak if we're people of that character, from the da'wah, the people that da'wah is more well received, right? And da'wah, this is something that all of us should be doing. We should be people who call towards the line of Masjid-e-Hassan. But even if not everyone is active in it, our actions are da'wah. When everyone else is asleep praying for the Muslims and non-Muslims of our community, that's da'wah. Whether people see it or not, whether they hear it or not, that's da'wah. They owe a lot. Those people in this community who are not blessed with Islam, who are not blessed with security that comes to the heart, the solace that comes to the heart with faith, that's da'wah. People who don't compromise on principles. The fact that prayer time comes in to go to Jama'a. And we're pretty adamant about it with our managers who have written AB. We don't sacrifice principles. When other people see what there is that respect that they have that these people, these Muslims they have something that they are willing to work overtime for. They're people who are willing to make up the hours lost at work. They're willing to leave whatever is the demand of them right now because something else is more important. There's that awe and veneration for what is it that they have because when people speak there wasn't my bickering. They didn't argue, power comes with wisdom. It comes with soft words when soft words are needed and firm words when firm words are needed putting things in their place giving things that do justice and there's a few more lines but we'll skip those few lines when they say the Hadith يلحكون منهم يلحكون منهم When they would smile with them If they would laugh with something as long as it was something that was appropriate to laugh at he would laugh with them. He wanted them to feel azik I'm a part of you that I'm not something foreign لقد جاءكم رسوم من أنفوسكم عزيزان علي that famous haaya the famous haaya in the name of surat oba that our messengers come from amongst yourselves لقد جاءكم رسوم من أنفوسكم that it's from you from your people that when we give it our way to people that what I'm presenting to you is not something foreign this is meant for you this is the slum that I enjoy it's meant for all people it's not meant to be to feel foreign good parts of the culture and we find the parts of the culture that shouldn't be there We're Tajibu, we might Tajibu to minhu if they were surprised at something or they like something he would also be surprised with them he would show his awe if they were if they found if they spoke about at that time they speak about camels right, like one of these hadas are there going to be camels in jinnah perhaps like kids today ask are there going to be ferraris in jinnah are there going to be jinnah we entertain those questions with people who ask those type of things to bring that interest of what interests you that's important to me that what's on your mind that's important to me that I value what's on your mind I value what you have and come and we'll come together and find some way to work out our differences and perhaps we'll come to the same page you're Tajibu minhu you're Tajibu minhu and they would ask and they would ask and they would ask and they would ask and they would ask questions with a bit of force or why do you guys do that or why do you wear that thing on your head that's where the question comes you need to come on defensive you need to be patient with the force when that person speaks you need to answer the questions the daawa becomes effective when you're a person when others see you they know that you have what they need that's quite well financially we have a lot of money to give alhamdulillah, particularly in the Bay Area and that when people if there's some sort of catastrophe if something is needed in the community, people know that to come to the Muslims and so expressing the hadith that he said to a student if you see somebody who needs something then find them and let them know to come to him without discrimination that I have something for you when I talk about the hadith he said and again that this daawa doesn't mean to compromise on principles that just because maybe perhaps people are laughing just because people find something interesting doesn't mean you automatically define it interesting but to show you this interest in it with wisdom when he found something that he didn't like that wasn't good for the soul how would he break away from that conversation stand up and walk away or he just simply say don't speak about that or this isn't appropriate I don't want to hear this somebody might be backbiting at work about somebody else change the subject walk away act disinterested if we want a daawa to be received we need to be people who take from the imam people of daawa if we want people to be accepted to our daawa we should be people who show the characteristics of the imam of the people of daawa we are not asked to do much as a community we are asked simply to stay away from that we are not asked to do much as a community we are asked simply to stay away from things that displease Allah and do the bare minimum of doing it for a while of fasting when you need to fast giving you as a cat to make you hajj once in your lifetime but being consistent on those things that we do to be people who find the faith essential in our life to find the faith as a pillar in which you can lean on and when that faith is something that we find as a pillar when we find it to be something that is absolutely essential to our lives if we didn't have it in our lives we would be in utter ruin then that is when that faith becomes the thing that we call to like that the source of peace I have is this and if someone wants to take it away my peace would be gone and then when we love that for ourselves then that's when we call others to it if we don't see it as something good if we see our prayers as a chore if we see our fasting as a chore if we see smiling at others as a chore or if we see opposing our egos as a chore that faith can use a little bit of work before we can honestly call towards it before we can honestly love it for ourselves and love it for others may Allah make the people who love the faith may Allah make the people who love him as a wajjal may Allah make his people of da'wah may Allah make his people who accept the da'wah may Allah make his people who accept the da'wah what is called for us at each moment may Allah make the people who answer the call at each moment may Allah make his people who answer his command and stay away from his prohibitions may Allah make his people who are muhammad in our characteristics may Allah make his people who have good character so that not only for ourselves and our families and our loved ones but those who are yet to to be in our company that they also benefit may Allah make the people of love may Allah make us just love for ourselves and love for our families and love for the rest of the believers the rest of the women love for the non-believers that they have may Allah make the people who are consistent and to be people who never have our faith taken away from us may Allah make the people who have our faith consistent with us and may Allah make the people that are the last words that we say before we leave this dunya may Allah make the people who have salam who find solace and peace and security in our faith O Allah, make this people of love may Allah make us people of dua, of calling. May Allah make us people of dua, of calling and realizing our other need to call upon Him, Azza wa Jann. May Allah allow us to realize our dependence, and allow us to realize His independence, Azza wa Jann. May Allah make us the people who recognize that Allah and His angels send the Salat, the Salam, the Qasim, and ask you the same. May Allah make us the people who recognize that Allah and His angels send the Salat.


We're gonna turn this pile of lumber and this empty space into a beautiful off-grid shower in the middle of the woods surrounded by moss, but with a twist, whacks. All day long I'm smiling, I'm happy all the time. That sun keeps on shining and it's got me feeling fine. Today is an absolutely dreamy fall winter day. It could be a lot colder and you're probably wondering why the heck are you building a shower at this time of year? We've been wanting to do this for many years and it looks like lately we're getting very productive and checking and a lot of big projects off the list. All right, we got a rectangle. An eight by 10 rectangle. What's in there, Bear? Oh! Now that we have our base, it's time to make the joist, which are the boards that go in between all the way along. Let's keep it nice and sturdy. Come on. 92 and a quarter. We are square! If you guessed outdoor tub because of the hint of a rubber ducky, you're smart. It's not just any tub though. That was tough, but we made a decision. A lot of back and forth and moving of the tub. I am just such a visual person, I cannot see it unless I put it in the spot. So, tub is gonna go right there. And what we're gonna do is we're gonna find pavers to go underneath the tub and then we're going to build joists around it. That way our decking board will go flush to the tub. I can feel it deep down in my head so. So what did you do there?  Carpenter. Angles. Carpenter crystal! All right. How did I just think of that now? You can't help me, I can't help you. Of course I can help you. Guess who else can help you? The pack can help. Ready pack, we hold for crystal. Ready? Yeah, we're ready. What do you say to us in the pack? Give her, thank you. Will it fit? Of course it will. Carpenter crystal. Not gonna lie, y'all, we're winging this build. We have so much confidence after building that wood shed. We're like, let's build it. Let's just build it. We're gonna build it. How many times can I say build it? I'm gonna show you my drawing. Do we still have that drawing? What it looks like. Crystal was like, what is this? Anyways, we're following it and I would say it's going great. Y'all fell over. Thank you, Clementine. I need three of these. When I first envisioned living off grid out here, I definitely imagined a beautiful outdoor shower and bath area.  It is so sweet. I cannot wait to use this area. And it's super nice because next summer, it's going to be ready for us. But this tub, we can also use in the winter. I'm trying to find some new words here other than it looks amazing. It's so beautiful, even though that's all I want to say because I'm super happy with it already. That's the cloth and crystalline too. Yeah, exactly. I don't know. What else can I say here? I'll stop crunching all my words. Complete. All we need to do now is put the skis underneath the platform. That way the platform starts sitting on the ground because there's going to be a lot of water in this area and we want to preserve it for as long as we can. So we might as well keep it up off the ground. And we're on the decking boards in one day, everyone. That view behind you is so nice. And you get to have a bath and look at it. The moss. What time is it? It's a leveling time. And for the first time in my life, I'm dreading it. Why? I want the leveling to be over because I'm excited. I really have to pick that. For someone who doesn't want to level, you sure are going hard. Yeah, I can get into it. Because there's going to be a lot of water activity on here, we want to slope it just by a little bit. Not too much. So next time I go shower, I'm going to be like, I've got water activities for 15 minutes. It's a new showering thing. Anyways, we want to make sure it's going on a slope or it's that way it doesn't just sit on the decking boards because that's not good. So I think if it is a quarter inch, we should be okay. Wait, look at your level. Down a bit? That's exactly what we want to see. Bella and Izzy would like to tell you all about today's sponsor, Newton Pet Beds.  And they are old ladies. They've gone through quite a few dog beds. They're made to be 100% breathable for temperature regulating to reduce panting and overheating. Not only are they super durable, but they're also washable. No other pet bed with a real supportive core is 100% washable. But these beds you can unzip, put the cover in the wash, soak or wash the inside core in the shower or a bathtub, and it is good as new. I wish we knew about these dog beds earlier. Bella and Izzy deserve the world as do all of your dogs. What makes these beds so great is that they have orthopedic support for every dog of every age, from young puppies with growing bones to our older girls who need extra joint support. And the inside core is not only washable, but it's not foam and not made from cheap materials. In fact, it's a woven air mattress, the same materials that Newton uses for their baby crib mattresses. Bella is 69 pounds and she's in a large, extra large bed. Izzy is 52 pounds and fits nicely in a medium-sized bed. And Bella and Izzy have the best deal for all of you and your dogs. Use code VanWives for 20% off your own Newton pet bed. Use the link in our description to get to that page. Ready? Ready. Fun time. Rake. Tamper. Since the tub isn't sitting on the deck now, we are adding a layer of crush, then the patio stones and then the tub. It's going to be sturdy. Dry fitting the tub, we've set it in the deck. Now Jasmine is going to take on the role of plumbing. She's the ultimate plumber. And plumb the drain out away from the tub into the forest. So there is the drain. Okay, it's already getting dark. So we're making the most of our time. Crystal is inside cooking us up some chili. Ain't nothing like a can of chili. And I'm going to start laying the decking boards because we are finally at the stage of doing that. I'm so happy. I've been waiting all day for this, everyone. I got one decking board down and I'm already getting calls for dinner. And I have a feeling it is going to be pitch black by the time we finish eating. Oh man, winter. You all know how much we love winter. Thank you. Bon appetit. Thank you. Let's go outside again. See you tomorrow. For how much building we do together and work we do together, we still go opposite. All right, let's do it. Start the post. Let's just show them where we're at. Decking boards are down. Time to go up. Almost. Yeah, but they don't need to know. It's just going to cut on it. It's boring. Is that a dead battery? Sounds like a horse, eh? No. Well, I guess you wanted to show you the boring stuff. We're just cutting the edges off. Couldn't see last night, so skip that step. Is it just me or is this happening so quickly? Holy smokes. I feel like we've blinked an eye and just check this out. Like it's looking so, so good. Bless you. Once again, Mildwood is making this look 10 out of 10, perfect rust stick. I love it so much. Every little piece is so different and unique. And the way this tub is sitting in the deck, stellar decision. We weren't going to do this originally and that's why I kind of love just kind of going with the project as we do. Try to imagine what this is going to look like with some beautiful wood lining that tub. Also make stepping in easier. Believe me, you will see us stepping in there in this video. Aren't you the cutest on the trampoline, Izzy? Love you. I'm measuring four posts that are going to make two walls by cutting off the bottom so that it has a seat right where I'm sitting here and where you will secure it to the base. And we're going up. Posts. You forgot your level again, didn't you? Yep. Can you pass me a level? Classic. Thank you. Welcome. Wow. My favorite part of any build is when the posts and the framing start to go up because you really just see the shape and you can all see the vision. It is going to be so helpful to have another place to shower in our tiny cabin behind me. We only have one very small bathroom. It's actually smaller than our outdoor bathroom. Not gonna lie, my brain just made that connection right now. And we have so many visitors all the time. I think we only had probably a week of no visitors here. Like literally seven days, I feel like this summer. The rest were just with visitors and it's very difficult with just one shower. So I can't wait for them all to use this beautiful space. Walls. Crystal said we couldn't get clementine. Rude. Someone wants to be a part of this. Ow, tree, there's something in the bush. Izzy, are your mamas doing a good job? Just wondering. How does it look from up here, queen?  Yeah, you're so cute, bear. What is that, face bear? You're biting your lip. She said, get back to work. Wall one, complete. I'm looking at it the opposite way and it is so dreamy with the pine trees and the fir trees just hanging over. The sun is gonna leave us so soon. I need to get this second wall up in a jiffy. I ran out of wood. We might actually have some spare wood. I should go check the tornado wood pot. Something has to work in here. One, two, three, four, five. We did it. Okay, I gotta bring it all over now. PRB. I don't have Clementine, she ran out of diesel and Crystal went to go get her diesel. So it's just me and them. Clems thirsty, 20 liters of blue apple juice coming right up. What does every bathroom have? Water supply, well you hope. We didn't have that at the beginning. Okay, back on track. Crystal is going to be trenching some water lines from our hose at the back of the cabin all the way to the outdoor shower. Crystal got so good in the tractor. It's been not even five minutes and she's halfway done digging our trench. Wow, she's been practicing I think. Bath mom. I'm ready to take a bath already. Okay, well Crystal finishes up digging the trench.  Isn't that so cute? Never pumped the tub before, but I think I got it. Nice. Out of my head. Dope. Messy, but easier. Not like it matters if it leaks out here. It all, nice trench. Well I thank you. What'd I do that night? Are we? You're looking eager. When you're walking over here, I was like, oh God. To be honest, y'all, I feel like I miss you. We only really spend half a day with you now.  All I do is sit on the couch.  Winter, right? See y'all tomorrow for plumbing. I'm gonna go sit on my couch now. Good morning. It is finally plumbing day. We have run our hot and our cold lines out of the cabin and now Crystal has jumped in Clementine to get us that much closer to the lines coming down. So it looks nice and neat and tidy. We're going to be running our water lines to the shower in no time. We might even be able to get in the tub tonight. I haven't had a jacuzzi bath in six years. This is something else everyone. So close to the cabin. Don't hit the hose. Keep it coming. Down, down. You're like that close. Little Nick turns out blackwood siding.  Hardly a ding. Hotline, cold lines up there. Clementine Junior.  We live in a very rocky area and we're putting pecs in the ground. So we need to make sure all the big rocks are not going to be on the pecs. Pecs is very strong and it does last 50 years in the ground. So it's pretty good to use but getting the rocks that will definitely allow it to last longer or not puncture or bend the line. That way the water will run nice and smooth back and forth. I hope we have enough pecs. I'm really doubting it right now. How many trenches have we dug? Too many. There, get her. We made it to the shower. Trench is covered. We'll make it pretty another day. The sun is shining in on us now. Warming us up. The sun is warming me up right now. To be honest with you all, we bought all of this material in May. May, May. It was one of the wood piles that you saw in a real Kevin Life tour. So we're just cleaning up our yard before winter, right? That's why. And I gotta say, oh my gosh, the sun. So beautiful. I am definitely going to be soaking in here all the time because this tub ain't just a tub. Love it. It's so pretty. It's so beautiful. The cabin black. We were told it was going to be 10 degrees and sunny. Looks like we got something much different. We are going to be doing the finishing touches, everyone. On days like today, you've got to keep it moving and grooving.  The most exciting part about this step is we are so close to getting in that hot, bubbling, beautiful water. Luxury. Wow, it already looks amazing. Trim, it takes good to great. For the very first snowfall, I gotta say, she's really giving her. She hasn't stopped yet. It's not spitting snowflakes. It's really snowing and Bella's covered in snow. Bella, you're covered in snow, my girl. I'm in the tub. It's looking pretty fabulous, everyone. I had to just put the camera up because it's absolutely snowing right now. It might even stay on the ground, y'all. Sparky. I'll lift nothing. Chris is calling me ridiculous. That's all you can see for now. You have to wait for the grand reveal. Now it's time for the grand reveal. Everything you haven't seen. We hung a mirror. We have plants, candles, a hook for your towels, and it is just looking so perfect. This outdoor shower, we know is not the star of the show, but we just need to touch on that for a second. This is gonna be a game changer. We currently have one shower and we have multiple people here. It's gonna be super helpful to have two showers. Coming around the corner just now, I am blown away. It is absolutely perfect. Every detail, the view behind me, all this beautiful moss. Oh, it's a cold winter day and I cannot wait to get in that hot steaming tub. But considering we got this for free or for a trade, we're really crossing our fingers and our toes that they work. So we're gonna plug them in for the first time and turn the water on. Good thing you have rubber shoes on. Oh, is this real life? Is this real? And the best part is, is we don't have to wait for it to heat up because we ran the hot water lines here. So you literally fill it up like a bathtub, turn on the jacuzzi and hop in. On demand, baby. Okay, I'm gonna end. It is so hot. Cheers to building the best back on my girth.


This program is brought to you by Cable Franchise Vs and generous donations from viewers like you Hello and welcome to the Amherst Weekly Report from Amherst Media I'm Claire Healy and you're watching the news from this past week in Amherst, Massachusetts On Wednesday, January 20th two weeks after a mob stormed the Capitol building a historic and unique presidential inauguration took place Former Vice President Joe Biden took the oath of office to the presidency of the United States at the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. Amid heightened security and reduced crowds Proceeding President Biden swearing in was that of his Vice President Kamala Harris Not only the first woman to serve in the role of the Vice Presidency, but also the first African American and Asian American Vice President Notably absent from the ceremony is now former President Donald Trump, who became the first outgoing President to skip the inauguration of his successor in over a century and a half And instead took a final trip on Air Force One to Florida Former Vice President Mike Pence did, however, attend the inauguration Also in attendance were former Presidents and First Ladies Barack and Michelle Obama George W. Bush and his wife Laura Bush And Bill Clinton and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Among those to speak at the inauguration were Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar Missouri Senator Roy Blunt, former Georgetown University President Father Leo O'Donovan And National Youth Poet Laureate Amanda Gorman At 22 Gorman became the youngest inaugural poet in U.S. history with her poem The Hill We Climb Musical guests included Lady Gaga, Jennifer Lopez, and Garth Brooks Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts administered the oath of office to Biden, now the oldest president inaugurated in the nation's history And Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor sworn Harris The day prior, President Biden hosted a memorial service for those who have lost their lives to the coronavirus pandemic And similar memorials were carried out around the country Both Northampton and Amherst participated And at 5.30 p.m. on January 19th, bells could be heard ringing around Amherst's center to commemorate the lives lost to the virus Monday, January 18th, the country celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Day Although a little differently than in the past Traditionally a day of service and volunteering, many celebrations moved online Including a day-long series of workshops and speeches from the Resistance Center for Peace and Justice in Northampton In Amherst, the MLK Junior Breakfast Committee canceled their annual scholarship breakfast And instead ran clips from past celebrations Amherst Town Council President Lynn Griezmer was recently re-elected to serve as the Council's president for a third consecutive term by a majority of counselors Joining Griezmer in the role of vice president is District 4 counselor Evan Ross, the youngest member of the council In an interview with Amherst Media, Griezmer talked about the win Council Ross's election, the successes of the Town Council since the last time she was given a new term And priorities on the council's agenda going into this term I am delighted that my fellow counselors were willing to give me a third term I think several of them voiced during the interview that we had to go through, if you will Issues like they knew that we had several things coming up this year that they felt I had the skills to handle Among those are general debates, but also issues regarding capital projects, which I have some experience with And so it's not a job where you operate alone at all In fact, it's a job where I think first and foremost you have to listen, you have to be transparent, and you have to communicate Evan is a terrific counselor. I'm delighted that he was elected vice president And he and I have already met once just as president vice president We've worked together on other things during our terms on the council Evan brings to the council the opposite of me He's young, he is a renter, he is at the beginning of his professional life at the university Evan is a bright young man, and he represents a voice in our community that in many ways the burden falls to him Because he is in fact the youngest member of the council I think he was an outstanding choice by the council for vice president Griezmer said that the town council has quote, amazingly responded to COVID-19 through supporting town manager Paul Backelman's recommendations for a bylaw amendment to create more opportunity for businesses such as outdoor dining and that the council has made adjustments to meetings via Zoom She noted that this year the council has many more bylaws to pass in the coming year, including those from the town's original bylaw review that was required by the charter Griezmer noted one example of the council's recent successes in voting site locations During the year we were challenged by such things as what were we going to do about citing voting locations And the council listening to the public made a quick and rapid change where we were initially thinking we would go with one single location at the high school And upon receiving feedback from the public as well as upon looking into the research about what happens when you do polling location changes We made a rapid decision and moved instead to keeping seven of our original locations and only moving those that we had to, which were three of them to the high school The town council also has several capital projects for the town that are in development such as the effort with the mass school building authority program to build a new elementary school At the same time, we still have other three other cap big capital projects that are out there. One is the library and one of the things that will happen this year is we will start Queuing that up for a decision by the town council as to whether or not we accept the mass board of library commissioners grant or not Or we instead repair the existing facility. The option we do not have is to do nothing We cannot just do nothing. The library needs serious repair. And so either way there's going to have to be money spent on the library The other two big building projects are the DPW and the fire station and we have asked the town manager to do a revision with his staff of a financial model that allows us to look at all of the projects together As well as ongoing capital needs and at the same time to see if we can locate our identify options for locating both the DPW and the fire station We don't have to restrict my priorities but that of the full council. I think racial equity and inclusion is a high priority. I think looking at various policing or other community safety models is a high priority. Our priority is clearly a priority. The capital projects are priority. Economic development is a significant priority and very, very important as we try to figure out what does Amherst look like post COVID and how do we help revive the town where our businesses have been under such enormous stress because of the having to shut down and limit access to so many of our options. Those are some of the things that are high on our list. A new COVID-19 variant from the United Kingdom has made its way to Massachusetts. According to the State Department of Public Health, the person with the variant is a Boston woman in her early 20s. She showed symptoms in January and tested positive for COVID-19. As part of the CDC's process to identify COVID-19 variants, her genetic sample was sent to an out of state laboratory. The State Department of Public Health received her results on Saturday. The woman traveled to the UK and began to show symptoms a day after coming back to Massachusetts. She previously tested negative for COVID-19 before traveling to the UK. There's a new face at Amherst Cinema. After a six-month search, Yasmin Chin Eisenhower has been appointed Executive Director of the Independent Non-profit Movie Theater in downtown Amherst. Her previous role was Associate Director for Learning, Research, and Technology at Smith College. According to a press release from Amherst Cinema, Eisenhower is an avid film enthusiast and brings film distribution and film festival experience to her new role. She's also an Amherst resident. Chair and President of Amherst Cinema's Board of Directors, Salman Hamid, says that it was a challenging year for everyone, but Yasmin Chin Eisenhower is the ideal person to lead Amherst Cinema into a hopeful future. Thank you for tuning in to the Amherst Weekly Report from Amherst Media. I'm Claire Healy, and we'll see you at the same time next week.


Another way to test out potential reinforcers is for you to get out toys and begin playing with them in a fun and dynamic way. There it goes. That one is the fastest car. This is awesome. Ready? If your student prefers that toy or activity, he or she will likely join you in play. This is often a better way to assess your student's preference compared with asking your student if he or she wants to play with the toy. As you see here, when the student is asked, he says no, even though he would have enjoyed the activity. Hey, kiddo. Do you want to play with the race car track?


For more videos on people's struggles, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. On November 18, thousands of women feminist activists and LGBTQ community members mobilized across Argentina. The rallies were held after Argentine President Alberto Fernandez sent a draft law on November 17 to Congress that aims at legalizing abortion. The protesters urged the legislators to discuss the voluntary termination of pregnancy bill or the IVE bill on an urgent basis. A similar rally was organized on November 17 in front of the National Congress as well. The mobilizations were called for by the national campaign for the right to legal, safe and free abortion. Along with the IVE bill, President Fernandez also sent a thousand-day planned bill. This bill seeks to strengthen healthcare services and nutrition actions for mothers and newborns. The new IVE bill presented by the executive has basic similarities to the one that received the approval of the deputies in June 2018. It has also incorporated some perspectives that reflect the struggle of the feminist movements. Like the 2018 bill stated, the new bill establishes a gestation limit of 14 weeks to carry out the procedure. In addition, it adds that a pregnant person can access an abortion outside this term if her life is in danger or if the pregnancy is the product of rape. Abortion is legal in Argentina only in cases of rape or if the mother's health is in danger. Authorities estimate that every year over 500,000 abortions are performed in unsafe and clandestine conditions. During his election campaign, Fernandez had vowed to support all women and take care of the life and health of those women who decide to terminate their pregnancy. With the presentation of these bills, President Fernandez fulfilled the promise made to hundreds of thousands of women to decriminalize abortion. With the progressive government of Frente de Todos en Power, abortion rights seems within reach and the feminist movements are hopeful about achieving it. President Fernandez's announcements were celebrated massively by women, feminists, social movements, and human rights organizations throughout the country. Argentine and women have been demanding abortion rights for decades. On May 28, 2015, feminist and women activists founded the Nashi campaign for the right to legal, safe and free abortion. Since then, the organization has been at the forefront of the women's struggle for the right to autonomy over their bodies and their lives.


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Neha and today I am going to help you with the following question. The question says there are two cuboidal boxes as shown in the adjoining figure. Which box requires the lesser amount of material to make? Before proceeding for the solution let's recall the formula of total surface area of cuboid and that is equal to 2 into l into b plus b into h plus h into l where l is the length of the cuboid b is the width of the cuboid and h is height. Also let's recall total surface area of a cube and that is equal to 6 into l square where l is the length of the site of the cube. This is the key idea for this question. Now let's see its solution. First we need to find the amount of material to make these two boxes so for that we will find the total surface area of both of these boxes. Let us consider box A first. Now as we can observe that the box A is a cuboid so we will write box A is a cuboid length equal to 60 centimeters width that is b is equal to 40 centimeters that is equal to 50 centimeters and height is represented by h. So let's find out its total surface area which is equal to 2 into l into b plus b into h plus h into l so let's write it here. Now we will substitute the values now l that is length is equal to 60 centimeters so 60 into b that is 40 plus b that is 40 into h height 50 plus height 50 into l that is length 60. Now here the unit will be centimeter into centimeter that is centimeter square so this will give us 2 into 2400 plus 2000 plus 3000 centimeter square that is 14800 centimeter square so the total surface area of the box A is 14800 centimeter square. Now let us consider box B here we can observe that box B is a cube with length equal to 50 centimeters so let's write box B is a cube with length that is l is equal to 50 centimeters so total surface area of the box B will be now we know that the total surface area of A cube is equal to 6 into l square so let's write it here 6 into l square now let's substitute the values into l square l is 50 centimeters so 50 square and the unit will be centimeter square so this will give us 6 into 2500 centimeters square that is equal to 15000 centimeters square now we want the total surface area of box A is 14800 centimeters square and the total surface area of the box B is 15000 centimeters square that means box A has lesser surface area so this implies box A requires lesser amount of material therefore box A is our required answer with this we finish this session hope you must have understood the question goodbye take care and have a nice day