If a system such as a plant, a building, or a car shows organization, we tend to assume that someone or something must have designed it in that particular order. Self-organization is the idea that this type of global coordination can instead be the product of local interactions. The theory of self-organization has grown out of many different areas from computer science to ecology and economics. Out of these areas have emerged a core set of concepts that are designed to be applicable to all self-organizing systems from galaxies to living cells. But let's start by talking a bit about organization itself. Organization is a highly abstract concept, but we can lose the equated to the idea of order, with its opposite being what is called entropy or disorder. Order and entropy are typically measured by scientists in terms of information. That is, the more information it takes to describe something, the more disorder the system is said to be. An example of this might be a piece of metallic substance consisting of tiny magnets called spins. Each spin has a particular magnetic orientation, and in general they are randomly directed and thus cancel each other out. This disorganized configuration is due to its heat energy causing the random movement of molecules within the material. When we cool the material down, the spins will spontaneously sideline themselves so that they all point in the same direction. To describe the state of the spins in this ordered system would involve far less information relative to its original state that required a unique value for each randomly directed spin. This process of magnetization is often cited as an example of self-organization, that is the spontaneous appearance of order or global coordination out of local level interactions. But let's take a closer look at how this happens. As we cooled the material down there was some area that had by chance some spins pointing in the same direction. Their alignment generated an increased magnetic force that was exerted upon its neighbors, creating what is called an attractor state, attracting other spins to this particular configuration. Each time another spin aligned itself with this particular attractor state it augmented the force that exerted upon other spins through what is called a positive feedback loop that would cascade through the system until all elements were aligned within this new regime. Another example of self-organization through positive feedback is what is called the network effect. When the more people that use a product or service the greater its value becomes. The telephone and facebook are such examples becoming more useful as more users join. In this way local connections between individuals can rapidly form into global patterns. The network effect illustrates the positive relations or synergies between elements that can be created when they coordinate. It is due to the presence of these synergistic relations that the system as an entirety can be said to be more than the sum of its parts through a process that is called emergence. And colonies are classical examples given of emergence, and governed by very simple rules and only local interactions can through their combined activities generate colonies that exhibit complex structures and behavior that far exceed the intelligence or capability of any individual ant and thus it is said to have emergent properties. Ant colonies also illustrate the decentralized structure to self-organizing systems. The queen does not tell the other ants what to do instead each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent exchanged with other ants. In this way organization is distributed over the whole system all parts contribute evenly to the resulting arrangement. As opposed to centralized structures such as most social organizations that are often dependent upon a single coordinator this decentralized structure that is inherent to self-organizing systems often gives them a resilience and robustness. Any element that is damaged can be simply replaced by any other. Whether this self-organizing system is a social institution, a technology or ecosystem for it to sustain itself over time it must be able to withstand change and intervention from its environment requiring the system to be both robust to perturbations and capable of adapting to change. The generation of noise and variation within the system is a classical mechanism for achieving this. Without diversity a system can become rigid and develop into what is called a critical state. An example of self-organized criticality could be an economy whose many industries have developed a dependency upon petrochemical fuels. This lack of diversity in energy sources means a small disruption in the supply chain of petroleum from the system's environment could have large global consequences. Conversely systems with a high degree of diversity between elements are often more robust as the variety between elements makes them more effective at absorbing change. Ecosystems are classical examples of this generating a large variety of species that make it capable of surviving significant changes within its environment. Thus we can see how evolution is a core concept in understanding the dynamics of self-organizing systems whereby attractor states and feedback loops generate the system and periodic perturbations from its environment work to select the most adapted or fittest elements. As information technology is enabling new forms of organization people within many domains are faced with the practical challenges of how to design and manage self-organizing systems such as computer networks and new forms of social collaboration all of which are making self-organization theory particularly relevant to the challenges we face in the 21st century.


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this lecture we are going to talk about comets, some of the icy debris in the solar system as compared to asteroids which are more rocky material. So comets have been known since ancient times, and what they were considered at the time was that there was a change in the heavens. Remember that Aristotle had told us that the heavens were perfect and unchanging, so something new appearing in the sky, such as a comet, would be a sign of disaster coming, and here we see an image of that from a medieval tapestry. And that again is something that one of the objects that we have known since ancient times that did exist. Now comets do, we do see comets, and when we look at a comet in the sky we will see the head, here we see the head down towards the bottom, and we see the tail stretching back up. Now a comet does not flash across the sky, it is very different than a meteor. So meteors we will talk about in a future lecture, meteors or shooting stars are just flash across the sky, a comet would just sit there and would rise and set with the other objects. So it would slowly change its position much like a planet. So here we see the comet with its head pointing toward the sun down below the horizon and the tail stretching back away. Now when we look at the orbits of comets we find that they are different than the orbits of the planets. Not completely, they are elliptical, but that because of their elliptical they follow Kepler's second law, which means that they come in close to the sun and they spend most of their time far away from the sun. So a comet like Halley's Comet mentioned here would have an orbit of about 76 years and it would spend the vast majority of its time out in the depths of the solar system and would only spend a very short time in close to the sun where it would be visible. So most of the time a comet is invisible, only visible when it comes close to the sun. As I mentioned Halley's Comets, or Edmund Halley, was researching comets and noted that there were some similarities in orbits of comets that appeared in 1531, 1607, and 1682. And he made the prediction that this comet would return in 1758. And while he never lived to see this prediction come true, the comet did appear toward the end of that year and was then named in his honor. Its next arrival is scheduled for the summer of 2061, so now it is out at the very outer depths of the solar system, getting ready to head back into the inner portions. But again it will be decades before it comes close enough to be able to be visible again. Now when we look at a comet, what is the structure of a comet?  The coma around it is material that has been vaporized, removed from the nucleus by the heat of the sun. So this only occurs when it is close to the sun. Same thing with the tails. So it is material that has been vaporized, it is mostly hydrogen, hydroxyl molecules, carbon monoxide molecules, and similar very simple compounds. The nucleus itself is invisible. We cannot see the nucleus from Earth. We can see the coma when it gets close enough to the sun, that becomes much larger. The nucleus is only a few kilometers in size and would be invisible to us. The tails stretching back and the comets have two tails. They have a plasma or gas tail, which goes straight back, also called the ion tail here, and it has a dust tail which kind of curves. Now the tails tell us a little bit about the motion of the comet, and let's take a look at that here. The tails first of all always point away from the sun. So when the comet is coming in on its orbit, they lag behind. When the comet is heading back out, they lead. There is the plasma or gas tail, which is individual atoms or ions, and that is pushed straight back from the sun. So the gas tail goes straight back. The dust tail is slightly larger particles that lag behind in their orbit. So we can see those two, the one is curved backwards, those are the heavier particles that will always fall behind in the orbit as the comet moves. Now we can see this in a comet here, and there we can see very distinctly the bluish color of the ion tail heading back this way, and then the sweeping curve of the dust tail. Now that does tell us what direction the sun is and what direction the comet is moving. So the sun is in this direction heading down, and the comet must then be moving this way because the material in the tail, the heavier particles, are lagging behind it. Now how can we explore comets? We've seen them forever, but how can we actually go and explore comets? Well, the nucleus cannot be studied from Earth, it is far too small to see anything. The very first attempts were the flyby of things like Halley's Comet. Then that occurred in 1985, and those gave us the first images of a comet nucleus. The stardust mission allowed us to collect material, and as it flew through to catch those little particles in a special material designed to collect these, and the individual particles would be retained here and then brought back to Earth and could then be studied. So we could have individual particles here that were actually some of the icy material from comets, the debris left behind by comets, and we can actually study some little bits of that now, so we have samples of cometary material to study as well. We had the deep impact mission as an impact to look at the structure of a comet to study how sturdy they were, and that was the deep impact mission in 2005, which crashed into Comet Temple I, so making a new impact there, and again, a chance to study how that held up to this large impact, looking at what happened. The biggest mission was the Rosetta mission to study a comet, and this was orbiting the comet in 2014, giving us detailed high-resolution images of its surface, and it studied the comet as it approached the Sun to see how the material was vaporized off the surface, how that affected things, so it was actually in there in orbit right around the comet. And here we can see kind of the double-lobed structure of this comet where there's two pieces, one off to the left, one off to the right, and again, to try to look at those and try to understand it as we watched it come in close to the Sun as that material began to be vaporized. It also brought a lander to land on the surface, which did work. It landed on the surface, unfortunately, it bounced, and it bounced into a shady area and was not able to recharge its solar cells, so it only was able to get a limited amount of information. Very low gravity of the comet made it very difficult to just land easily, and the harpoon type system that was intended to anchor it did not quite work right, so because of that location it was unable to recharge its batteries and give us all of the information that we might have hoped to have obtained. Where do comets come from? Well, we're going to look at two types of comets. There are the short period, which is defined to be less than 200 years, and the long period comets, which are more than 200 years, so that's just kind of a cutoff, a rough cutoff as to where they are. We note that the short period comets orbit in the same plane in direction as the planets. They're very similar to the planets in that way. The long period comets are in random directions. So let's take a look at what we mean by this, and it gives us two points of origin for these comets. The short period comets come from the Kuiper Belt. Kuiper Belt out beyond the orbit of Neptune, so there are a lot of debris out beyond Neptune, but it orbits in a disk, much like the asteroid's orbit in the asteroid belt. So it is a disk-like distribution, and Neptune, being right at the edge of these, can cause the orbits to deviate, sometimes bringing them into the inner solar system. Now to scale to see the Oort cloud, as we go here, the Oort cloud is the origin of long period comets. It is a spherical distribution of these nuclei, so a great sphere around the solar system, and in this case a passing star could change the orbits, bringing comets into the inner solar system. So every once in a while, stars would pass by, affecting these orbits, and causing those comets to come in toward the inner solar system. So two places for comets, and this explains the distribution, since these are in a disk already orbiting like the planets, they will continue to orbit that way, and they're all orbiting in the same direction. This random spherical Oort cloud will then have comets that can come in from any direction, and any orientation, they can come in at high angles, and they can even be orbiting backwards relative to the rest of the solar system. So what is the ultimate fate of a comet? What is going to happen to these at the end of their lives? Well, a comet is just a ball of icy material, and will continue to orbit the Sun. So what can happen is that they will continue to orbit, but after thousands of years, there will no longer be enough material there to create the coma and tail that we associate with the comet to make them visible. So they will just be dark pieces of material orbiting through the solar system. Some of them may pass too close to the Sun, so they might get too close to the Sun and be broken apart, ripped into little pieces by the gravitational force of the Sun.  They'll be far too small to give us a great coma and tail. Some may pass too close to a planet and end up being destroyed, and we see here comet shoemaker Levy, which collided into Jupiter. It broke apart and collided into Jupiter, and you can see the scars of those impact, which lasted for several weeks when this impact occurred back in 1994. We did not actually watch the impact. It occurred when that side of Jupiter was not facing us. However, Jupiter rotates very fast, and we quickly were able to see the scars left behind as those pieces of comet impacted into Jupiter with very intense energies. And just like asteroids, comets could strike Earth and cause damage as well. So let's go ahead and finish up with our summary, and we've looked at comets. We talked about how they have very elliptical orbits. They pass close to the Sun, they'll pass close to the Sun, but spend most of their time in the depths of the solar system. The nuclei of comets have now been studied up close by spacecraft, and we have samples of cometary material that have been returned to Earth. Also, comets, orbits can be deviated by more massive objects, and that can be the Sun that can include the planets and sometimes causing collisions releasing immense amounts of energy. So that concludes this lecture on comets. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then, have a great day, everyone, and I will see you in class.


A High Court ruling in Abia State on Wednesday says the abduction and forceful return of Nambi Kanu to Nigeria was illegal under local and international law. We took a look at the merits of the ruling and the legal implications among others. Also on the breakfast away from Abia State, we look at the controversy surrounding the proposed removal of fuel subsidy by 2022. Did the Nigerian government remove fuel subsidy or not? And also don't forget, we'll be looking at going through today's national dailies and analyzing the biggest stories on the pages of the New Supers. Welcome to the Breakfast Time Coffee Bartels. And I am Mr Bopu, it's good to be back on your screen this beautiful morning. It's going to be an amazing time of having great conversation. Two hours straight up and this morning, top on the discussion would be the unlawful arrest of Nambi Kanu would also be looking at the issue of fuel subsidy removal should the federal government consider, you know, the removal of fuel subsidy. There's a lot of back and forth with all of that saying the president did not direct the removal of fuel subsidy and it caused a lot of concern because Nigerians are already anticipating the removal of fuel subsidy come the second quarter of 2022. It's been put out but we would definitely take a look at all of that. We'll dive right in, we'll dive right in, lots of uncertainty. But let's go straight to our top training stories today. Mercy, 2023 is getting closer. Can you feel the heat? No, I can't feel the heat. You can feel the heat. Don't allow the AC's in the studio to see of you. You know, but the conversations surrounding 2023 is picking up. And of course, you know, the presidential candidates who are potential presidential candidates, their parents are coming out to declare the intention. It seems like one of them, Bola Ahmed Tinobu, he opened the nest as it were and they're offline now. We'll look at that. But one of the stories training, of course, Nigeria, having a hundred percent record at the ongoing African Cup of Nations in their group, you know, nine points from three matches, it's good for a love of Nigerian. I know you live up a little bit more fun.  Yes, I am.  They coach us far, get her through. So I know that you, Wally Scots, our sports presenter and analyst and journalist here has been very sure about the team, especially with the likes of Austin and Grovor being, you know, coaching the guys. So he has this confidence and I can actually see that a lot of people have been very impressed with, you know, the performance of the Super Eagle and some people think that this is the best after a very, very long time. While you have all the coaches saying, hey, as much as this sounds very brilliant, yes, it's OK. Some of the teams that we have actually played with as not as good as they I mean, they should be where you begin to compare the likes of. I mean, but who would even think that Ghana would leave? I'm sorry. Yeah, yeah, yeah.  Since we're talking about the Super Eagles, you know, let's let's look at the highlights of Super Eagles to nail defeat of Guinea Bissau. Yesterday in Cameroon, I think they're in Garoua. And so that's where the Eagles have been so far. The remaining Garoua going forward. Let's go to the highlights. What a time to be alive. Yeah, yeah, absolutely, absolutely. I mean, yes, the Nigerians were really, really elated.  So I was on your coach, I was trending, you know, I was asking, where's the coach at training? He's not playing for the Super Eagles. And it turns out, people this insinuation that Moses Simon, who's a dribble, we saw that led to the second goal. You know, there was this speculation that he's a coach as cousin.  I think what was making this happen. But seriously, the performance, I mean, it just brings back the memories of the likes of, you know, Kocer, the likes of Kanyu, one core and what have you. So it's really good. I mean, that's why I'm beaming with so much smile this morning. It feels really great. One thing that unites us as a country is football. We don't really care where, whether we're from the north or south. But talking about caring about the north, south, east or west, you know, the guy who scored Nigeria's first goal, Umar Sadiq, he's let's say the, the, the strikers have not been firing, you know, they put in Awuni in the first two games. He wasn't really firing, you know, delivering. Sadiq came in second half of the second game and then started this game. He wasn't really playing to, you know, the expectations of Nigerian fans and people went online to drag him. He's too tall for football, you know, and then they started saying things like Sadiq is present. Buhari's, what's the name, Slott's.  So the fans, some of the fans are saying that, you know, Awuni is not really delivering. Put someone else there. You understand. You have one other guy who is from the southeast, no, southwest anyway. So, so, so they were saying, Awuni is the vice president of Sheba's just Slott's. Well, I think it's Buhari's Slott's. That's why they're playing them. You know, so it was funny. It was funny. And nice one. It will be also had a bit of like a moment where he tried to do a Ronaldinho kind of, you know, that ball comes on top of you and you try to use your back of a leg to hold the ball. And it went really horrible, you know. And Nigerians could not even forgive the young man. No, but that's always the case.  It was like, they were like, it would be truly a coach as a cousin. No, someone is a real one, you know. I could see all of that. But how about you want to look at it? It's been very impressive. But I don't think that it's time for, you know, the Super Eagles to relax, especially now that you'd have to move to the next round. There's a lot of work to be done. They need to, you know, double up the effort, dribbling, defense, you know, attack. You're feeling good. But I mean, a coach has it not done well. What can we say about the coach? No, he has, I mean, because we're talking about, to some extent, we need to give him some credit. Usually, we're always great about our witnesses and then we don't get to talk about our strength. And so far, we've seen the boys actually deliver very well. And when you want to attribute, because the argument will always be who takes the credit if the boys are playing well, if the country is doing well, the coach should take the credit.  I mean, this is Nigerian. And that's what a lot of people always agitates that we should have, you know, Nigerians coaching the team because he understands the play. The wing play is what he's been doing so far. We've seen, you know, great performance. But we're saying that there's a lot of work that needs to be done. But however, we applaud the boys. But I mean, for the Ghanaians who fired a local coach and then appointed a European and he couldn't deliver, you know, I think they can learn from. They could be taking from the big brother. Yeah, they can learn from. They can learn from. They could be learning from us. OK, OK, I won't fight you on this. Let's move on. OK, so moving on, let's also look at another top trending conversation. We're looking at the issue where the aspirant, who was actually declared, he's declared in his intention to not Nigerians, but to the president talking about Asiwa Jew Ahmad, Tinnable, he's saying that the PBCs has actually expired. That's what he said, right? And so you have this response from INAG, you know, replying now, one of the first things or the things that came to mind when I saw the stories. Those he is he INAG? Is he the INAG boss of the chairman? What jurisdiction? What are the consents? I wonder, I wonder, I wonder, but no politician say these things. And I also had the same question on mind, what's your play? What's your play here? What's really your business in all of this? And why do you have to speak up now? So I feel like with our politicians and those who have to, you know, for those who have to actually via for political office, they always want to show themselves just a few days before the elections. So they come up with a lot of interesting conversations. Well, I hear we have a footage to look at. So we'll look at this and then we'll come back and talk some more about this development. Take one family member, two family members, knock on all doors and make sure that's that new registration. Because they may not announce to you your time, the BBC you have as a spy. You need to spread it around in various local government worlds and level. No matter how difficult it is, to me, I look at it closely. And you look at other elections being held. You see that it's diminishing. Because those countries aspire. And they think it's mandatory that you go and register in order to vote and achieve your aspirations. May God bless you and bless Nigeria. Wow. Mercy, it's quite interesting times. It'd be expected we see some of these gaffes. You know, we can call it a gaff, actually, to say what you're not sure about as a presidential aspirant, something as important as the PVCs. Many media outlets did fact check. Immediately this video came out and reached out to INEC. And of course, in a message obtained from INEC website, the chairman of the commission said registered voters, one of the fact checking sites, said registered voters could renew their PVCs in the continuous voter registration exercises the cards were missing or defaced. So it's quite interesting. Also, the chief press secretary to the INEC chairman, his name is Rotimio Oyakami, was reached. And his response was that the PVC is valid as long as it is not defaced. He also said that double registration is an offense on the law. So of course, now with Nigeria, we want to see that, oh, OK, this is not the fact of the matter. So I'm thinking that if you're a presidential aspirant, you should just pay attention to your manifesto, pay attention to what your policies are. Just same yesterday, we saw the news where also, Balak Mertinibu said he was going to pay, I mean, it was ascribed to him that statement that he would be taking care of the school fees or registration fee for those who were sitting for that examination. But that's a manifesto issue. How is that? Seriously, how is that really? You have to look at Nigeria. I'm thinking for everyone. Maybe you should take this for free. You should look at what the problems are. The problems that we're currently faced with and think of how to solve the problem. Now, one of the major problem of this country is security. Security is a major challenge. I know how many business, yesterday I was on the phone with a friend and he told me how his business actually crumbled. The transportation business crumbled in the North because of the Boko Haram activities and the eSwap. So what are we saying?  The issue of some parts of the region saying they want to disintegrate. So unity is also another concept. What is costing all of that? People feel that resources are not allocated properly. This should be your concern. Allow the institution that's settled with the responsibility backed by law, which is INEG to go ahead and make those statements. Let's not begin to jump the guns and move from Pila to Paz and say the things. Even if you have that information, is it within your poll view to go ahead and make those declarations? Another aspect people are responding or reacting to is the fact that he does not even know that PVCs do not expire. And if you want to be the president of Nigeria, at this point you should be able to know. Is it that he's not informed? Is it that it's an age thing? I don't know. People are asking these questions. But you would actually save yourself the whole trouble if you understand that this is not within your jurisdiction. There are some things that you're not... It's not your concern. You could probably say it. And if you think that you have some sense. But Messi, even if it's not within your jurisdiction, if you are informed, and if you're on top of the situation, you'll be making some sense. So that's another wahala. Yeah, that's what people are asking. This is what I saw. Is he in the right frame of mind? Does he have his... Is he well, or is he on top of things? And of course, recent experience will make people afraid that, you know, we get someone in the leadership of the country who may not necessarily be on top of things. You know, people will say, oh, there's fuel subsidy, there's no fuel subsidy, because two things are coming at the same time. So they want a president, or at least presidential candidates who are on top of things. Know, have their facts and know what's happening. You know. But let's give to Tinibu. Ashiraju has come out to say, I'm sorry. He apologized. No, and I'm sure Nigerians will take that. Usually, you can come out to apologize. It's one thing to understand that you have made a mistake and you accept that. We hope that will be the last one. But anyway, talking about his promise to pay the WIAC fees of Nigerian students, let's just roll the tape and listen to Ashiraju Bola Ahmed Tinibu again. Your children's West Africa examination fee is paid by us. Yeah, I'm sorry. So that is no one, no matter how we go, is left behind. Yes. The symbol of our party is broom. The symbol of my camp is breaking shackles of poverty. You break the shackles of poverty. You break the shackles of ignorance. You broke the party and the shackles of land Indians. We need stability in the country. We need peace. Peace and stoppage of boundary tree is extremely important because women are the first victim, the most vulnerable victims of boundary tree, violence and instability. And without peace and stability, we cannot build a nation as rapid as we want. APC is progressing. And that is where you should stay. That is where you should mobilise for. And of course, you've heard from the presidential aspirant. Nigerians are still hoping that he would make his intentions known to Nigerians, but the fact that you make your intention known to the president, Nigerians have already had, but however, he would come to us somehow. I mean, I had this conversation on radio some time ago.  But the fact that you told the president means you have told Nigerians.  You came and announced it. Yeah, you announced that it was in the public. You had media presence and all of that. And of course, that has grabbed. But that's not the point here. For my concern here is how does that solve the problem? This promising to pay school. How does that fix the problem? Is that the problem? He didn't just say that. He said he would break his shackles of poverty. How does he intend? You know, these are the questions. And I'm hoping that we're ready for 2023. That 2023 would not be another 2019, 2015 where, see, I feel that as a country, it's time that we wake up and begin to ask for accountability. When somebody says, I will give you 100 million. The question is how, when, where? We need to begin to state. So you don't just wake up and make promises. Do we trust the capacity of these persons who are making this? Now we know that, yes, if you look at the personality in Vova, he has a lot of structures. I mean, his structure, you know that he has structures. Give it to him. He has been in the system for a very long time. But it goes beyond just waking up and making all of this pronouncement. I rather think that the issue of education, we look at the structure from the root, addressing it. Why don't we empower the parents, make the environment conducive for people, you know, let people over to it. I was asking on Facebook, you know, saying some parents don't even have children in school to start with. So how would their fees be paid? And these are the issues the country is facing. But one that got me laughing was someone saying that in this century, a presidential aspirant will be talking about paying work fees. And he said that flexi will not rise the second time in Nigeria. That's quoting every portion of scripture, you know, but these are interesting things. But Mersi, you've raised fantastic questions. Fantastic, I give it to you. Don't tell us, and you know, it's, but the thing about this, this grammar you're speaking, how many million or percentage of the voting public can ask such intelligent questions of the aspirants or the candidates when they come? So it means that there's a lot of work to be done. You have civil society organization.  Media. You have the media. A lot of sensitization needs to be carried out. It goes beyond, people need to understand the question because, you know, we need to move on. We need to move on, we need to move on. We'll be seeing more of this. Anyway, we'll be taking a look at what the papers have for us with public affairs analyst Ezeko in your A-talk up next right here off the press on the breakfast.


Baltimore Ravens, this offseason, a little less than a week ago, they parted ways with a former head of strength and conditioning coach, Mr. Steve Saunders. They decided they wanted to go in a different direction and they did just that. But a lot of people felt like it was just, it was too late. Like that's something that they should have done a long time ago. If we go back to 2020, we remember when it was said that Steve Saunders was the one that caused the big COVID outbreak. If y'all remember back in 2020, because that thing was, it was one of the craziest things we have ever seen. Obviously the whole year 2020 was one of the craziest years we've ever seen, but that because we literally lost the whole team due to COVID. And they said that it was because of Steve Saunders. Apparently I don't know if that's true or not. So we'll never know. But a lot of people felt like he should have been going back then. So 2020 came and went was just a weird year for everybody. Then 2021, very promising looking year. The roster was looking, looking kind of nice overall. It was like, all right, let's go. Then one guy gets hurt, then another guy gets hurt, then another guy gets hurt, then everybody, but we lose the whole team to injury. First of all, 2020, we lose the whole team to COVID. 2021, we lose the whole team to injury. So then 2022, last year, started off promising, but then guys just started dropping. Then there were some guys that came back, but they apparently weren't healthy. And this was something that happened the previous year as well. And there seems to be this reoccurring theme when it comes to the Baltimore Ravens and guys that's either coming back too early, they're not coming back the right way and stuff has just been an issue. My guy, David Najoku, I'm not David Najoku, excuse me, Sam Najoku. Sam Najoku sports on Twitter. He said it best the other day and I should have pulled up the tweet, but he talked about how the Ravens are obviously a well-respected organization. So many people say they top five organization in the NFL, okay, cool. But one of their biggest issues is they don't make the tough decisions fast enough. They move too slow. When it's time to change something, they do not do it fast enough. They don't do it with enough urgency and that is so true. The Ravens could have an issue. We could see the issue as fans. That's what I always talk about. You don't discredit what fans see. But fans could see the issue like, well, this is an issue. This is a problem. This is a real problem. And this problem is gonna continue to cause problems for a long time. So we wanna get rid of the problem. We wanna get rid of the source that's causing all this stuff. And Ravens will take their time. They'll be like, oh, no, we got it. The problems will still happen. They'll take their time some more. No, we got it. The problems will still happen. They'll take some time some more. And then they finally get rid of it. And we're like, that should have happened a long time ago. But anyway, Steve Saunders is not, he wasn't very popular. Well, he was popular in Baltimore, but not in a good way. And of course the survey from the NFLPA that talked about the different branches of the organizations that talked about the treatment of families, food, service and nutrition, the weight room, strength coaches, training room, training staff, locker room and team travel. And it had players grade each of those things. Their strength coaches got an F, not just an F, but an F minus. So they got worse than an F.  But anyway, some former players, they chimed in and they talked about this. Now we know Matt Jude on a long time ago. Well, this, I think it was this last year, he called out Steve and he put that, I think it was under the Sean Elliott tweet. He put hashtag fire Steve in reference to Steve Saunders. But anyway, Carl Davis, y'all remember Carl Davis? I think he was a third round pick for the Ravens some years back. Anyway, he quote tweeted the list of, of course, the Ravens Grades that Cordell Woodland, shout out to Cordell, we gotta have him on sometime. But he tweeted out, he quote tweeted the list that Cordell put out about the Ravens Grades. And he said, I was definitely a victim of the strength coaches, two laberums and multiple peck strains. So he letting it be known like, hey, like, they got me. They messed me up. They like, no, they were no good. Bam Bradley, former linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens. He said, five months post ACL, unsuccessfully doing the same leg workouts as people with healthy knees never sits right with me, ruined me. So these players letting it be known like, their careers were absolutely altered by Ravens strength and conditioning team. And then Quincy Arboja. I remember Quincy because, I remember we did videos on him because he showed promise, he's a good route runner, but it was the injuries. That was the only thing that held him back. It was the injuries. And I'll never forget, because I remember in his, in a retirement video that he posted on his Instagram, he actually used one of the videos that we made talking about him. He used that in the video because we're talking about injuries. It's the same thing that it was the promise, but the injuries just holding him back. So shout out to Quincy for using that in his retirement videos. I appreciated that. But anyway, he said, definitely ruined my career. Three years season ending injuries in a row after being healthy my entire career prior. That's so sad, man. That's sad.  Like one year, you'll be okay. One year, a little fluky, whatever, okay, it happened. Then the second year, you can be like, oh, hold up now. Like, what's happening here? But then the third year too, oh, that's tough, man. But anyway, he continued. He said, a rookie year training camp I suffered the same knee injury Lamar had this year. I was forced to practice three days later because I was a bubble guy. They cared less about treating me. So look at that. He said he had the same knee injury that Lamar had this year, but he was forced to practice since he was on the bubble. He wasn't allowed to make the roster. Then he said year two, I went through a full week of off-season training with the team just for a surprise text. The day before rookie mini-camp saying, they wanted me to participate. 15 minutes into practice, I tear my quad completely off the bone. Everything went downhill from there. Let's just say it's never good when the training room and the strength coaches aren't on the same page. They didn't like each other and it showed. Huge disconnect between the two, which led to multiple injuries for a lot of guys. No hard feelings though. I still love Harbs and the organization as a whole. Haha, I like I put that last part. So he let it be known. And I appreciated him breaking it down. I appreciated him sharing his story when it came to that. Now we've of course also heard Derek Wolf's story. He let it be known. He was not a fan of that team, but something that Quincy said, which was pretty significant, talking about how they're not on the same page. That's scary. That's scary. If people that take care of these football players' health are not on the same page, oh, that's not a good look at all. That's not a good look at all. And then like you think about guys who have been really healthy their whole careers, especially before getting to the league. You think about Rashad Bateman, healthy. But now these past two years, he's missed time due to injury. Think about Lamar Jackson, who Quincy brought up been healthy, but these past two years, missed time due to injury. And we know things happen. We're not gonna act like, oh yeah, every single player on every single team is always gonna be healthy and every single injury can be avoided. No, uh-uh. But a lot of times guys will show patterns. People will show patterns. Whether it's through college, NFL, they'll show patterns. But Lamar didn't show no patterns in college. Rashad Bateman didn't show no patterns in college, but what was that about? See, with J.K. Dobbins, I would look at it differently because he had his injuries before. But guys like Lamar and Bateman and stuff, it's just concerning overall because you also think about like we mentioned before, the guys that come back early, when they come back too early and they're not ready yet. We've seen it with Ronnie Stanley. Like what led the Ravens medical staff to believe that Ronnie, like last year, Ronnie Stanley was ready. This year with J.K. Dobbins. Because initially, he looked his best when he first came back. Then he had to get a clean-up surgery and it was okay, boom. Then he okay, oh, there he goes, all right. Much better. But we've seen it a lot of times, where they just feel like guys come back too early. And this just, I know Quincy mentioned Lamar, so it just reminds me of the whole playoff game. Remember Vic, Michael Vic? Oh, Lamar put a brace on it. Put a brace on it. So many fans calling Lamar a coward, saying he quit on the team. Oh, he could have played through that, da-da-da-da-da. This is why a lot of stuff that we just don't know like that. We don't know. Like the whole, we don't know thing. It doesn't just apply to the contract situation. We don't know nothing about that. But a lot of the background when it comes to these injuries, there's a lot of stuff that we just don't know. And we don't even realize since we're not there in the training room, we're not there in the locker room. We're not there with the strength and conditioning staff. So I just thought that these were some significant announcements by these former Baltimore Ravens. Now, it would really be something if a current player called them out. Cause that would be, oof. Cause these former players are one thing. And what they saying, it obviously holds a lot of weight. But if somebody who was on the staff, on the team now, they called out, oh boy. They, I'm sure that won't happen cause players want their jobs and they don't want it to be out.