Hello and welcome to the session in which we would look at electronic transmission security, where we discuss encryption, among other topics such as digital certificates, public and private key as well. When we conduct e-commerce or electronic commerce online, we share a lot of sensitive information, such as password, credit card information, personal data, banking data, financial information, confidential messages, so on and so forth. So it's very important that we have to understand this security procedures. Now, this is from a personal perspective, but if you are studying for the CPA exam, this topic is covered on the BEC section of the exam. So whether you are an accounting students or CPA candidate, I strongly suggest you take a look at my website, farhatlectures.com. I don't replace your CPA review course. If you have a review course, which you should do, we should have one. Keep it. I am a useful addition. I explain this topic differently than your CPA review course, which will help you understand your CPA review course, which will help you get a better grade on the CPA exam. I can add 10 to 15 points to your CPA exam by providing you alternative explanation and alternative resources. And this is my offer. Here's your risk if you want to try me out. One month of subscription. Give me a try. If you like it, you keep it. If you feel it's helping you, you keep it. Guess what? You lost one month of subscription. You canceled. That's your risk. Your potential gain is passing the exam. If not for anything, take a look at my website to find out how well or not well your university doing on the CPA exam. I do have resources for other college and CPA sections as well. If you haven't connected with me on LinkedIn, please do so. And take a look at my LinkedIn recommendation. Like this lecture. Subscribe to my YouTube channel. Connect with me on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter. And especially Reddit. So as I mentioned earlier, encryption is a vital to encryption is vital to electronic commerce because we share sensitive information. What is encryption? Okay. Encryption is to provide security for transaction carried over the internet because we're going to be sending this information. I'm going to be purchasing something from Amazon. You might be purchasing my subscription online. So you are transacting online and transferring information. So encryption is important. What is encryption? Encryption is converting plain text into a secret code that hides the information through meaning. Now I'm going to give you a simple example, but please don't ever think this is how it works. Okay. But just to kind of tell you the idea of encryption. Let's assume your credit card information one right here. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, then 11, you know, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two. So here's what happened when you send your credit card information. What happened is it gets encrypted and there's a secret formula. Okay. For example, the secret formula, let's call it algorithm. What it does is rather than showing your number one, two, three, four for every number, it will add five. So the one becomes six, the two becomes seven. The three becomes eight. So on and so forth. So it will add five to the formula or it will have some secret formula. Subtract one from the last digit at five to the first digit, multiply by 100, the middle digit. So it will have some sort of a formula that in case that message was intercepted, it can only be solved through that formula. And obviously that the formula will be the secret. This is what the secret code is. And this is basically an old way of transmitting messages back in the old days. You know, when one king or one military commander sends a message to another person, they wanted that message to be a secret message. They would write the message. But once they receive the other message, for example, if they want them to attack, okay. So rather than the word attack, for example, A, they will have the A is number one. The T is number seven, seven. A is one. C is number five and K is six. So that will be, you know, for every time there's an A, replace it with one. Every time there's a T, replace it with seven. Seven means go ahead and attack or retreat or whatever the secret messages. It's the same concept. So the reason I'm simplifying this because for you as a CPA user, that's all you need to know what it is. You don't have to know how it works technically in the background. Although I encourage you, strongly encourage you to get into this field as a future CPA. Okay. That's technology. Technology is the future, whether you are an accountant or anything else or a construction worker. Okay. So you want to get into this. The term cryptography is a term for encrypting and decrypting information. That's the field of encrypting, making the something secret and decrypting, reading that secret message. When you decrypt it, you read that secret message. The plain text is called uncrypted. So this is what you're seeing in front of you is a plain text. When the text is encrypted, it's cipher text. It's called cipher text. Those are technical terms. So the sender encrypt the information and the recipient decode it. Now, how would they do that? We're going to see how we do that these days. But this is the idea of encryption, and especially when you are sending this information over a public network, like the internet, and we always do that on a daily basis. So if a sniffer, a sniffer is the person in between, you have you and me. This is Farhat Lectures, and this is you. When you send information to me, there might be some person in between, a bad guy here, a bad guy, and they may sniff this information, intercept this information. So the key of this individual intercept this information, they cannot make sense, any sense out of it. If they intercept your credit card, it's encrypted. They can see it, but it doesn't make any sense for them because the numbers are weird. They're encrypted. An encryption created by a hardware is more secure than encryption created by just a software. So simply put, there are many ways to encrypt things. If you're using hardware and the encryption, again, this is technical. You just need to know this for the exam. It's harder to crack this encryption. Obviously, encryption uses computing power. It means it's going to cost money. There are two types of encryption schemes that you need to be familiar with. One is called symmetric, and one is called asymmetric. And hopefully you know what the meaning of the word symmetric. So for example, if you have two things that are exactly like each other, for example, I'm just going to do this. I'm bad at drawing, but assuming those two triangles are of the same size, which they are not, but assuming they are, we say that they are symmetric. They look exactly the same. Asymmetric, they don't look the same. They're not the same thing. So we're going to look at symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption uses one key for both encryption and decryption. What does that mean? It means when I send you the message, okay, so we have you and me. When we exchange messages, we have a private key. For example, to read this message, enter one, two, three, four. Well, that's not really a good code. And the same thing, you have the private code, one, two, three, four. So we're using the same code to encrypt and decrypt. So when you encrypt it, you'd use one, two, three, four. For me to decrypt, I'll use one, two, three, four. We both know it. So we both have to know it. It's the same one. The key is shared by both. This is symmetric. It's less complex and faster to execute. Again, the same key is used by the receiving and descending party. The host and the communication process would have received the key through the external means. So you have to understand, for example, if we're sharing this code, we don't want to share it within the message. Okay, maybe I want to call you say, you know, use one, two, three, four, the code. So we don't want to let anybody knows about this over the internet. This is used when you have large chunks of data. Sometime I might have to use my wife's social security. We always agree if that's the case, if she's going to text it to me, add one or subtract one from the numbers. So this way in case that the message was connected, the intercepted, you know, it will not be, I'm not paranoid, but the point is I'm just trying to make a point. Okay. This is an old technique, symmetric encryption in the length of the key. When you create that key is 128 or 256 bytes, we're going to see that the asymmetric you can have, you can have larger key. Larger key means you have more options to create those encryption codes. That's all what's to it. Okay. The length of the key asymmetric encryption is relatively new, relatively new to symmetric encryption. The private key is not shared here. Here you have a public key and you have a private key. Now you're going to have, you're going to have to simplify this. So you would use your imagination, but we'll see how it works in a moment. Hopefully I can, I'll be able to explain it. You have a private and you have public key. So public key, everyone knows because it's by the term public. So the private key is not shared, but the public key is shared by anyone. It's more secure than symmetric encryption as it uses two keys for the process. And the two keys are the private key and the public key. And you might be saying, how can it be more secure if you're using a private and a public? You will see how it works in a moment. So the public fee, the public key obviously is available for everyone. The private is not disclosed. Okay. So common, this is the common method that use on the internet today. If encrypted using the private key. So if you encrypted a message using a private key, the person that's receiving it would use the, if you use, if you use a private key to decrypt, then the person receiving it will decrypt it using the public key. If you use the public to encrypt, the public to encrypt, then the person receiving it will have to use the private key to decrypt if that's the case. So notice, they might trick you on the exam. They might notice, just know that when you use the private, for one thing you would use, you would need to use the public for the other and vice versa. Okay. And we'll see how it works in a moment when we use that, when we look at the digital certificate. Again, you have longer to execute, longer time to execute because it uses complex logic. The length of the key could be up to 2,446 bytes. So notice it's larger than the symmetric. It's usually used for smaller transaction to authenticate in order to establish secure communication. And we're going to see how it works in a moment. So asymmetric again uses a public and a private. Notice asymmetric, you know, private and public will be different. Okay. Symmetric will be the same. So symmetric is private for the sender, private for the receiver, but those are the same. They are symmetric keys. Asymmetric encryption, the private and the public are different and the private is indeed private. Let's talk about the digital certificate and how does it fit into this private public key? Like it's an execution of it. But before we look at digital certificate, I want you to think of a passport. What is the purpose of the passport? The purpose of the passport is to tell the users who you are. This is why when you travel, you just show them the passport. Now, why is the passport legitimate? Because the person that's looking at the passport will trust the U.S. government or will trust the issuer of that passport. So there's the trust factor here. So the digital certificate that we're going to be discussing works like a passport, like a passport issuer, not like a passport. It tells the users, look, this person is who this person claiming to be. I take my word for it. This is what the digital certificate is doing. Basically, it's data files created by trusted third parties called certificate authorities. So there are some party out there that will do so. So e-commerce, far hat lectures like myself, establish a relationship with a certificate authority who verifies that party's identity. For example, I use a service called GoDaddy. And GoDaddy will identify, will give me a digital certificate. And how do you know if a website has a digital certificate or not? Maybe you can see this, maybe you cannot. Notice here, it's HTTP and there's S. HTTPS in my address. When you see the S in the address, it means this HTTP, this website is secured and there's a lock here. There's the lock. So this tells the users, you are dealing with a trusted website. Now, what does it mean trusted? Who gave me this digital certificate? For me, it's GoDaddy. There's Verizine and there's other ones. I use GoDaddy because I use GoDaddy. It's not an ad for them or anything. And I have to pay for this every year.  So GoDaddy created a code electronic certificate that contains my name, my public key, my serial number and my expiration. So notice what it does, it has my public key. So my public key is available for everyone. It tells everyone, look, this guy is who that guy is. Farhat Lectures is Farhat Lectures. And GoDaddy will certify this. Now, the assumption is everybody will trust GoDaddy. That's the whole point of the digital certificate. So the certificate authority makes its public key widely available, widely available to anyone who log into Farhat Lectures. It tells them, yes, this is Farhat Lectures. You are in good hands. So customer wanted to conduct e-commerce over the internet, verify the holder certificate, server by using public key to decrypt. So when you log into my website on the server, it will tell you, the user, your IP, that this website is legitimate. It's certified by digital certificate. So the customer uses the public key to encrypt the message, then send it. The e-commerce site used the private key to decrypt the message. So simply put, when you exchange information with me, simply put, you will send the message using the public key. I have a private key to decrypt the message. Now, again, you don't have to know about the details of what happens. I don't do this. Like it's automatically done. It's like done within seconds. When I read your message, the system process everything and it will decrypt the message. Assuming it's encrypted, but you're usually sending plain text anyway when somebody sends me a message. This way, Farhat Lectures and the customer don't have to have their own private key. So if you want to exchange sensitive data, if I have 5,000 customers and every time I have to exchange data with them, we have to have our own private key. You'll have to have a private key. You have to have a private key. So for us to communicate securely, we'll have to have our own private key, which will be like a lot of work for everyone. So what happened is the public key, you'll put that message in my public key and I'll be able to decrypt this message using a private key. So it makes it easier for everyone. And that's why now we use asymmetric. When you're dealing with a bank, for example, I deal with Wells Fargo because I handle some businesses, some large account for some businesses. And sometimes what they do is they will send me a document and through the phone, they will send me a code to open that document. So that because it's very secure. They wanted the person that received this document, really the person that's supposed to receive it. All I have to put a secret number to encode this document. So this way, when you're using your credit card to purchase information, you know that the transaction is secured. That's the purpose of a digital certificate. Again, you'll have to have the S and usually there's a code. And by the way, Google, what's Google is going to be doing? Any website that does not have those HTTPS and any this code, it's not going to appear under searches. Why? Because they assume that the site is not secure.  Digital signature kind of works similar to digital digital certificate, but it's less secure than the digital certificate. It works like an actual signature, but anyone can forge your signature, right? But with the digital certificate, a third part is authenticating this information. There are three purposes for a digital signature. It identify it, authenticate, receive a trust that the message was sent from the sender. That's who you are. It has non-repudiation. It gives you non-repudiation simply put. If you send it, you cannot say you cannot send it, cannot deny that they send the message. Again, it can be intercepted. It can be manipulated with, but the point is that's the purpose of a digital signature. Ensure the message was not altered. That's the purpose of digital signature. And again, it's used in email users when they send documents, contract. They want to make sure that the information that they sent is received by the receiver and they'll be able to view it. The receiver will be able to know this is exactly what they wanted to say. This is the contract and the message was not altered in between. Again, we may be talking about things that we don't deal with on a daily basis unless you are dealing with a very important document. But those are the things that you will need to know for the CPA exam. Terms, terminology. So make sure you are familiar with those terminology and how it works. Just basically how it works. What is symmetric versus asymmetric keys?  What's a public key versus a private key? You need to know what encryption is and what's a digital certificate. At the end of this recording, I'm going to invite you again to visit my website, farhatlectures.com. Usually on the CPA exam, they ask you, I would say, basic questions about these terms. But you need to be familiar with them. And your CPA review course will provide you practices. Make sure to practice. Study hard. Good luck. Don't shortchange yourself on the CPA exam. Give me a chance. Try me out. Good luck. Study hard. And of course, stay safe.


So it's pretty well known that I'm a Vim guy and I have been a Vim guy for probably Four years now I started Vim Probably about a year after I started using Linux and I will not say that I'm really good at them I'm horrible at them. I've gotten way better, but I'm still really really bad at it Like notoriously bad like every time I do a racing video or something where I'm spending some time in Vim on camera There's always someone in the comment that says Matt this you can do this way easier by doing whatever whatever in Vim and Like a lot of times I know that trick that they've told me in the comments But I just forgotten about it or don't use it or for some reason Whatever or I didn't know about it because there's so much to them And I'm convinced that nobody knows everything about them probably even the person who created them I'm assuming there are some things in there that have kind of gotten forgotten about Over the last probably 20 years or so the point is is that I'm Vim guy I'm very much a person who enjoys Vim so much so that I make fun of people who use nano and emacs Those are just things that I do so I Shouldn't do those things because you can use whatever you like to use and I'm sure that people who use nano Feel very efficient when they use nano and those people who use emacs love playing Tetris so much So that they've decided that they need a text editor that can play Tetris I'm sure all those things are true, and I shouldn't judge them I do judge them, but I shouldn't do that and I know that that's a personal flaw of mine All that being said all that lead up leads us to the fact that there are other text editors out there that I Either haven't tried or haven't tried enough in order to give an opinion on and one of those text editors is called micro Now micro has been described to me as a better version of nano now I don't think it has to try very hard to be better than nano, but that's just my personal opinion coloring everything So I should hold that stuff back and actually try micro So I've been asked several times to try micro and I finally did I've spent three or four hours today Messing around with micro so I can't say that I'm an expert on it I probably never will be but I do have some thoughts and some things that I like and some things that I dislike So what I thought I'd do today is take a look at the micro text editor and compare it a little bit with my beloved Vim Let's go ahead and jump in So here we are in a terminal and in order to get to micro we just type in micro now This is what micro looks like and out of the box it is a Fine-looking text editor. It has numbers along the side It has a status bar along the bottom and it has a couple short cut keys along the side here underneath my head that it kind of tells you how you need to do stuff if you need some help and That's a good thing because out of the box There are some things that you're going to need to know in order to actually use this thing So things like control G will get you to the help page It'll bring up a split that has all of the help that you'll need now I'm gonna start off this entire Mini first look first impressions thing with something negative I almost always start with the negative things because those are the things that kind of stay in my head throughout the entire time I'm using it and the biggest negative for nano at least for me is that their documentation is not all that good it has Fairly good documentation in terms of like key bindings and stuff like that So if you do control e and then type in help Default keys it will show you a list of key bindings that you'll need to know So if all you ever need for help is what the key bindings are it does a fairly good job It's when you get into the commands and stuff like that that is a little bit lacking But my biggest complaint about it is that there it's not a codified Help system so you have to know that the default keys thing exists So you have to read that initial page which is not a big deal But it also has a tutorial it has a command section It has an option section Everything is in its own little place and you have to know those things exist and you have to navigate to them What I would really prefer is a man page. So if you do man micro Yeah, get nothing. There's absolutely no man page. There's no man dash dash help. That is all that really all that helpful It does have a few things here But it definitely doesn't show you everything that you could possibly know and it's just the basic help Section with some flags and stuff. It doesn't have the documentation. Even if there wasn't a man page I'd like it if there was a website or something that had all of the documentation on it I couldn't find that thing. They do have this tutorial here that is on github and it's not bad So if you do need to get to a all-in-one stop for some help This is a good place to do it, but it's still something that I had to search out in order to find It's not something that is readily available unless you know where to look for it So the documentation really is probably my biggest negative when it comes to micro But I wanted to get that out of the way so we can talk about some of the things that are positive because there are some things in Micro that I absolutely adore and I'm going to miss when I go back to them So let me talk about a few of those So the first thing that I really like about it is auto-save if I go back into micro So if I go into help and then options one of the first options that you see here is auto-save and what this will allow you to do is set up your text editor to automatically save every so many seconds and if you are a writer or a programmer Auto-save is something that you can quickly take for granted if you've ever used an IDE or a Markdown editor or something like that any my GUI editor almost all of them have some autosave functionality and If you get attached to that and then go into an editor that doesn't have it it can seriously cause you some problems because you expect things to auto-save and They didn't you lost all of that work. It can be disastrous now Most of that is going to be blamed on you because you should learn to save on yourself by yourself That should absolutely be the case always hit whatever save Keybinding that you have to save your own work You should definitely do that but auto-save in case you have a Situation where your computer crashes or you lose the electricity Hopefully that doesn't happen because I just not on some wood there the you know any situation where Maybe you were in between saves from you in between manual saves auto-saving is a really nice feature And I'm not sure if them has this functionality I think it does but I've never actually looked into it because well I'm lazy, but I don't remember it being default for sure So that's the first thing I like the next thing I like is that it has permanent editing of Options inside the editor and this is something that I know them does not have or at least it doesn't have it by default So if I wanted to set any of these options, I could do so right from the editor here And while you can set options in Vim from the command line or from the command Section at the bottom in Vim you can do that. They're only applicable for that buffer Once you've closed out of that buffer or closed Vim those settings go away and they get forgotten if you want to make permanent settings you have to go into your VMRC with Micro you can make any change you can set any of these options right here from the Command line or I call this thing in the command line with when you hit control E. You can do like set auto indent like so and then False you know if you wanted to and not only would that setting be changed for this buffer But it would also be saved to your dot config slash micro slash settings dot JSON file And that change would then be permanent until you changed it again, which is amazing It reminds me a lot of cube browser cube browser You can make any changes you want inside the browser and it will change it in the config file itself This does something similar which is really nice Another thing that I really like about micro is that it has way better copy and pasting out of the box in Vim Vim does not interact with your system clipboard at all unless you do some extra tweaking in order to get it to Actually do that out of the box micro will allow you to copy and paste anything you want So with the mouse just copy this and then hit control C and then it's in your keyboard buffer so I can go back up here and Hit control V and it pastes the thing that I copied that is Amazing and not only will it paste in the micro But also paste into Firefox or anything on the system because it actually uses your system clipboard and that means that there's no Extra things that you have to do in order to get that to work Which is very nice and kind of on top of all that you should just saw me do something that you would never see Anyone do invent and that is to take their mouse Highlight something hit control C go back up here with their mouse Hit control V The mouse is something that you don't use in Them you don't use it now you can set it up so that works But it's always kind of janky with micro the mouse is the first class citizen And while I don't think I prefer using the mouse It's definitely something that works really really well So the idea of being able to highlight the stuff that you want to copy and then copy it and then paste it is really nice And being able to put your cursor wherever you want with the mouse also really nice Obviously if you are a them master you can be very quick moving the cursor around with just keybindings A lot of people are I know I have gotten way better at that but a lot of people who are Mouse centric users of their computer would prefer a text editor that does really well with the mouse Micro is one of those so probably the thing that I'm most impressed with when it comes to micro is actually the theming Capability that it has so out of the box it comes with about 10 or 15 Themes or so some of them are duplicates and having to do with how many colors your terminal supports So there are three different versions of grab box or maybe two one of them's true color Which is like this this million color? Variant one of them is 256 colors you use whichever one will work with your terminal So it comes with several different themes right of the box, which is very nice However, the best part about this is that you can create your own themes now. You can create your own themes in Vim I don't want to hear anyways. Well, you can do that and then that's true But if anybody who's actually tried to make a theme in Vim from scratch, you will know that it is not easy So trying to figure out where each setting is actually going to be applied You have to know all this different Vim script and all this stuff It's not a easy process besides Vim has four different ways at least of theming something and you can use them interchangeably It's not a well documented process. It's just a mess when it comes to micro All it is is something that looks like this. That's 23 lines that encompasses an entire theme You use the color dash link to tell micro what you want to color So in this case the default color is going to be those numbers there If you want the comments to be a certain color You say the color dash link comment and then the color you want to be color dash link constant so on and so forth each one of those things is Especially to find what it is. It's easy to tell for the most part and you just give it a color code and that is Extraordinary, it's very very nice and you can create as many themes as you want They're just about 23 lines long and once you know what each of these Parts here actually apply to so under the line special type things like that It'd be very easy to create your own themes again Not something that you can easily do inside them Especially if you haven't ever dealt with them script or lore or any of that kind of stuff before one thing that I was surprised about when I heard about Micro is that it has several things that them kind of takes for granted. So things like splits is here So right now we're actually looking at a split. This is a horizontal split It also has vertical splits you can do the same thing So you do would do colon e to get into the command mode and then type in V split just like so and then you type in the file name of whatever you want And it would come as come up as a vertical split. So it has splits That's something that Vim has and I use quite often another thing that micro has that I didn't expect to have is tabs It has tabs so you can do control T and it opens up a new tab and Vim has tabs But you have to set them up in order to use them or you have to know the default key bindings Which you need means you need to go into the Vim Help system and try to find out what those things are which is not always an easy thing to do and the default key bindings for Vim tabs are all over the place. They're not very good So you have to kind of change those in order to make them good in order to get to a this Tabs here you can use your mouse if you want to you can switch between tabs with your mouse It's really nice There are key bindings obviously that you can use in order to go between tabs But using your mouse is you know what most people do to switch between tabs So the fact that it has tabs is awesome. The last thing that I really like about Micro is that it has an excellent list of key bindings So if again you search you do command E and then help and then default keys It will show you all the key bindings. This is the help page that you'll spend the most time on Because it has all the key bindings that you'll need to know in order to use this thing The thing is about the key bindings and I should mention this is that if you've ever used a word processor before You know a vast majority of these key bindings so things like control Q is for quit control s for save control f for find Page up page down moves you page up page down Control w if you're familiar with them is actually the first part of a key cord that gets you between splits in here It's just control w moves between splits and it goes on and on and on most of these key bindings are very very Self-explanatory and ones that you're probably familiar with from other word processors that don't have the VIM hang up of using the VIM keys for everything So if you are the type of person who doesn't want to go about learning all of the VIM stuff This is a good option for you No, let's talk a little bit about how this compares to nano I would say that saying this is a better version of nano is an insult to micro because nano is very very bare bones It can do some things. There is a configuration file for nano. I didn't know that until about six months ago or so I don't know anybody who uses it, but I'm sure there is someone but you can configure nano to do other things like set default Wrapping and stuff like that you can do that really easily But there's a lot of stuff that micro does that nano wishes it could do things like tabs things like splits things like a Plug-in support system, which I didn't even mention because I didn't really look at it But it exists right nano wishes it could do all these things So comparing it to nano not really all that fair because it doesn't really share all that much in common with nano Other than it doesn't use the VIM keys. I suppose that's one commonality So if we compare it to VIM then we're gonna come into some places where Micro really doesn't add up things like macro support. I don't know if it has macro support I did not find it anywhere in the documentation So I'm assuming that it does not have macro support So that's something that will definitely keep some people away the bifurcated all over the place documentation is Similar to VIM actually VIM has that too But at least if you want to you can find VIM's documentation online really easily and VIM does have a man page So you can go through some of the stuff in the man page Also comparing it to VIM it doesn't have VIM key support So if you are coming from VIM and coming here Get prepared to use the arrow keys because the arrow keys move around all the time either that or be prepared to use Your mouse both of those things are kind of an ethyma to every VIM user You don't use the arrow keys. You don't use your mouse and then you don't do those things in fact most people most Professional VIM users including me I suppose they actually disabled arrow keys. So you can't use them You'll get an error if you try to use them, especially if you're an insert mode It'll start putting in weird characters and shit, right? So that's what you do in VIM in micro you use the arrow keys all the time And if you're not prepared to do that, you're not gonna like micro So let's talk a little bit about the three things that I don't care for one of those things that is I talked about at the beginning the odd Documentation that is all over the place in the lack of Documentation outside of micro. I don't really care for that all that much. It is okay documentation It's not the best documentation. I've ever seen but it's sufficient It's good enough to get you going and the key bindings are so familiar to most people It's probably not going to be a big problem that there isn't a ton of documentation here But it does show you all the options that you need all the commands that are available The one thing that I couldn't get to work is search and replace it has a couple lines for how to do that But I couldn't figure it out. Maybe it was just because of odd placements of single quotation marks I'm not sure which ones you're supposed to use it does support regex for search and replace You can do that. It'll also support you supports regex for search So you can do that as well It also does the same thing that nano and vim both do all out of the box. They have this really weird wrapping by default so if you have a line here I'm gonna try to find a way to do this so we're just gonna type in some nonsense I mean, this is this this is really nonsense. You see how this wraps by default It's the same way nano does it and if you've ever used nano You can go when you go down to the next line or you go up to the next line You can see it just kind of runs off to the side for infinity and beyond. That's not good I hate that with a passion. It's one of the reasons why I hate nano. I can't stand it now I know you can change it you can change it in micro 2 but by default it does that and if it was just my Files like my files that I use that have all this stuff, you know, that's fine like I get it's not fine I don't like it, but it's in the help documentation too So there are places in the help documentation that run off into the side of the terminal and Unlike nano which if you ever use nano when something like this has a more stuff off to the side There's a little arrow that shows a there's more of this stuff here Jack ask go search for it You know press the arrow key and tell you get there with micro. There's no arrow here So you can be reading along and Unless you actually, you know move your cursor down here So it will move you to the end or if you're actually at the home if you actually have your cursor at the home position The first in the first line you have no way of knowing unless it just kind of reads weird that there's more stuff there Right. It's annoying and that should definitely not be the default. I hate it with a passion It's just so so bad It would actually honestly keep me from using micro because that one piece there would I have a specific way that text Wraps in Vim so that it will actually move on to the next line Just like you would if you were you know in a regular word processor because I would I used Vim for writing for Several months and I wanted wanted it to wrap properly. The thing is is that when you are Actually moving a file that was written in Vim that has that special ramp wrapping into a Text editor that doesn't do the wrapping it still considers all those paragraphs that you had very neatly wrapped in Vim as just one line So when I opened up some of my documents in micro that were Paragraphs in Vim it came across all those things as just one line here in micro and they all ran off into the side of the screen and it was not good So you definitely will want to change the wrapping in micro if you use this for anything that is going to be in terms of like Long lines, I suppose is how you'd say that so those are the things that I really really don't like about micro Listed a whole bunch of stuff that I did like so I think that I was fairly fair when it comes to actually using micro There are some things that I really really like that theming capability the ability to create your own themes really easily with no nonsense crap programming languages is Really really nice. I wish Vim had something like that and maybe there is something out there that I just don't know about I'm sure there are like Vim theme creators or something that I don't know about But the point is is that none of them are that simple if they even do exist and I really like that about micro the better mouse support I Think that I could get used to using my mouse in a text editor Yeah, I really do think I could could do that I'm not sure if I want to do that But I could the two things that would keep me from using this honestly as a day-to-day text editor is The lack of them keys. I really like the Vim keys. I don't want to have to use a mouse or anything like that Although I could probably get by without those. I know that they're working on adding Vim support So that's something to look forward to but the biggest thing is that Horrible horrible word wrapping that they have going on or lack of wrapping at all. I Couldn't stand that and even changing it would it just in the back of my mind I would know that that thing still that still exists and it would just not make me happy at all It made me feel a little bit dirty about using it to be honest with you The tab support though is fantastic and I really like the key bindings I mean, I like really really like the key binding so much so that I think I'm gonna go back into Vim and try to Copy some of the key bindings imagine being able to use control s to save instead of having to do command w That'd be kind of cool. I don't know if that I'd use it But it reminded me so much of when I used to use an office suite that it kind of made me happy again even though I hated using an office suite so It's those those types of things that you know kind of made me happy like control f the search is very nice It's so intuitive that I didn't even realize that it should be there because I didn't I was thinking it took I spent about 20 minutes searching for a command to search like because there's a command to replace right? There's a command to replace and you know search and replace But there's not a command to search because there doesn't need to be you hit control f it searches for you And that's the way it isn't pretty much every GUI application. I did not expect that to be here So I was quite happy with that too So there are some key baddies there that I'm probably going to try to use in them though I don't know why I probably never use them can so used to using slash for search and Control w or colon w to save Yeah, so I probably don't need to do that But I might do it anyway So that is micro if you have thoughts on micro you can leave those in the comment section below I know there's probably a ton of stuff here that I did not cover This was not a tutorial or a all-in-depth thing about micro I just want those very much my first impressions So if you have stuff in micro that you really like or if you've never used micro Maybe you were considering it leave those comments in the comment section below I'd love to hear from you you can follow me on Twitter at the Linuxcast You can follow me a masted on our odyssey those links will be in the video description You can support me on patreon at patreon.com slash the Linuxcast just like all these fine people Thanks to everybody who does support me on patreon YouTube you guys are all Amazing people. I can't even I mean seriously just amazing amazing people. So thank you for your support I can't even begin to say how thankful and grateful I am. So thanks for that. Thanks everybody for watching I'll see you next time


what's up guys this is going to be the shaman level 25 so d business talents and runes guide and we're going to jump straight into the business and this is going to be for ellie and resta and we're going to start out with the ringed helm to the spectral necklace of the eagle robust shoulders of the eagle cutthroat's cape of the eagle black velvet robes durable braces of the eagle strength of purpose basalt buckler the void touch leather gauntlets gamora's cinch dervish leggings of the eagle and if you're resta you're going to be using the void touch spider silk boots instead of the gloves then you're going to be running planes ring cobalt ring of the eagle arena grandmaster and insignia of the horde if you're playing in haunts at level 25 in sod for pvp you want to be picking up the humber's helm high tide choker mantle of thieves phalanx cloak of the bear black and defy us armor bindings of syracuse windstorm hammer head splitter void touch leather gloves deft kim belt trip runner dungarees war song boots seal of sylvanas silver lanes family seal arena grandmaster and insignia of the horde and finally if you're going to be playing the enhance tank hybrid spec this is going to be good for flag carrying and just generally being annoying being really tanky but while still being able to put out a decent amount of damage with shocks and some melee damage going to be running the humber's helm spectral necklace of the bear mantle of thieves century cloak black and defy us armor bindings of syracuse windstorm hammer basalt buckler void touch leather gloves also have the option to run the the void touch spider silk boots as it does reduce damage so it's like a cheeky little shield war with the deft kim belt trip runner dungarees war song boots if you don't decide to run the the void touch spider silk boots the seal of sylvanas silver lanes family seal arena grandmaster and insignia of the horde as you can see we're focusing quite a lot on stamina with this build for ellie your talents are going to look something like this and the main prior here is to pick up improved ghost wolf this is going to be a common theme throughout all the shaman specs you're going to pick up five out of five concussion to increase their damage done by shocks and then convection four out of five to reduce the mana cost of those shocks obviously chain lightning is not going to be achievable at level 25 yet and you're not going to be lightning botting that much due to the cast time since we aren't able to get the reductions yet five out of five shield specialization synergizes nicely with shield mastery and for the leg room we're going to be picking up way of earth this is going to make us lots lots more tanky with the damage reduction the reduced chance to be crit and the extra health pool lava burst being the hand room shield mastery can also be switched out for overload for enhance your talents are going to look a little bit more like this you know we're running five out of five ancestral knowledge since we'll be running two one handers there is the option to switch to a shield but we aren't running shield mastery so it won't be as valuable which is why we're taking ancestral knowledge instead thundering strikes for the extra crit chance to have to improve ghost wolf three out three improved lightning shield for that thorns damage and then we're going to be getting one out of five in flurry for the runes we're going to be running dual wield specialization for that free hit on both spells and melee won't be getting storms right yet sadly so we won't be able to take a value from that but the free hit is super valuable at this level because of the lack of hit on gear for the leg room we're going to be running sham rage to maintain our mana and have a defensive cooldown to try to be a little bit thank you and then on the hand room you can either run lava lash for more melee damage lava burst for some range damage or you can run water shield if you would like some more mana for rest we're going to be running five out of five shield specialization once again the two out of two approved ghost wolf synergizing nicely with shield mastery then we're going to be running four out of five convection to reduce the mana cost of our shocks so that we can still interrupt and not be too punishing and then we're going to be running five out of five improved healing wave so that we were able to heal a little bit of healing wave and with earth shield to keep people topped for the hand room we have the option to run water shield if we're not getting targeted this is going to give us some more mana per five or there is an option also to run a lava burst if you want to be a little bit offensive as well and finally we have the tank spec once again the five out of five shield spec to our two ghost wolf combo with the shield mastery pretty standard for all of the shaman specs and then we're going to be running five out of five concussion for increased damage on our shocks as you're going to be able to rotate both earth shock and another shock on an independent cooldown so you're going to be getting a lot of shock damage out as a result of this this is where the main damage from the spec is going to come from then you're going to be obviously taking the one out of five convection with your extra point just to reduce that mana cost a little bit and then three out of three elemental warning to reduce some spell damage and then as I said the runes is going to be shield mastery way of earth on the hand room I would say your options are either lava lash for a little more melee damage or lava burst for a little more ranged damage water shield probably won't be needed and you're most likely going to be able to run a lightning shield a fair amount as shield mastery is going to give you all the mana you need


You may have noticed when you click the share button, there are several permission options to choose from. But which option should you choose? In this video, we will examine each permission and what it means for your recipient. We are using the share button inside of Microsoft Word, but there are other ways to share a document. When you share a document, you aren't attaching the actual file, instead, you are sending someone a link to access your file. And these permissions dictate who can view the file, who can edit the file, and how long that person can access the file. Starting with the first permission labeled anyone, you will notice that this is the only permission in the list that allows you to set an expiration date, and there is good reason for that. The anyone permission should be used with caution. By choosing this permission, literally anyone who has the sharing link can view and or edit your document. For additional security, the anyone permission allows you to set an expiration date to access the document. The next permission is people in your organization. This permission is almost like the anyone permission, except it does not allow external recipients to view the file. But it does mean that anyone in your organization can view the file. So again, if it gets forwarded by your original recipient to an unintended recipient, that person now has access to the document. Moving along to people with existing access, this permission regenerates and resends the sharing link to people who already have access to the document. Meaning, this option can only be selected once you have chosen one of the other three permissions. If you haven't selected your recipients in a different permission, you will always receive this error. However, when you enter a person's name you have already shared the document with, it will then resend that person a sharing link. The last permission is the most secure. It allows only the people you choose to have access to the document, so even if they forward the sharing link to someone else, they will not be able to view it. Once you set a permission, you can revoke it at any time. Simply find the document you want to manage the permission for, click the share button, and then the ellipses in the top right, then select manage access. From here, you can choose to either add or remove editor rights or terminate access to the document. I'm Steve with the Protected Trust Train Department, and we'll see you next time.


Some sugar substitutes are produced naturally, and some synthetically. Those not produced naturally are, in general, called artificial sweeteners. Some sweeteners and sugar substitutes are provided for restaurant customers to add to beverages such as tea and coffee. They are often available in small-colored paper packets. In North America, the colors are typically blue for aspartame, pink for saturn, no one yellow for sucrose, U.S. for cyclomate, Canada orange for monk fruit extract, a natural sweetener and green for stevia also natural. In 1969, cyclomate was banned for sale in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration. In 2017, sucrose was the most common sugar substitute used in the manufacture of foods and beverages. It had 30 percent of the global market, and was projected to be valued at $2.8 billion by 2021.


Don, thank you so much for joining us today. The news you just announced, Avalon Advanced Materials with your partner Cheetah Resources. For the development of the Nechelacho Rare Earths project, has the industry all of us? Can you tell us all about it, please? Sure. So, we're delighted to have a like-minded partner like Cheetah, a partner with us on the Nechelacho project. They were actually interested when they saw our news release back in October, where we talked a little bit about having some ideas around how we could take advantage of some of the near-surface, bassinocyte-rich rare earth resources at Nechelacho in the T-zone and another zone called the TARDIS zone, and look at how they might be developed at a relatively small scale to produce a bassinocyte concentrate to recover neodymium praziadymium from. And we also were starting to look at how we could use simple, new, or sorting technology to make that concentrate. They saw that news release and contacted me afterwards and said, that's a really good idea. We've been thinking of doing the same thing on another project we have. Why don't we talk about getting together on it? And I said, sure, and the conversation started there and resulted in the arrangement that we announced last week. Well, I'm delighted to hear this news. I sent you a quick congratulations and would like to clarify to the investor Intel audience that the target here are the magnet metals. Is that correct? That's where the best opportunity is right now, Tracy, as you and your listeners would well know. The demand for high-strength permanent magnets using neodymium praziadymium dysprosium has not diminished since the days of the rare earth bubble. In fact, it's increasing now with the demand being created by electric vehicles and those electric motors requiring high-strength permanent magnets made with neodymium. And that supply chain never really did get created outside of China to any meaningful extent. So we're starting to see the same circumstances arise again that arose in 2009-10 with the world realizing that the supply sources for these critical elements are indeed limited. So the opportunity is there, I think, to start to look at how that supply can be brought to market. And I think we've got to start looking at new creative models of how to do that in more efficient ways using new technology. Well, Don, I couldn't agree with you more and your assessment on what's happening in the market right now with rare earths. So can you tell us a little bit more about how this partnership with Cheetah may actually work? Yeah, so we looked at different variants on the model there and they were really just most interested in the T-zone and the opportunity that provided in the TARDF zone. So we decided just to keep it simple and kind of carve off a piece of the entire asset that we have there for them to take ownership of and move forward on that model with, with us still helping them with the overall project management, and then see if we can get something going there with them. We will still retain a royalty interest in the whole property. And once it gets into production, we establish some infrastructure there, then we see great potential to ultimately scale the operation up, because as we all know, the demand for rare earths is going to continue to grow and start to look at the other resources on the property, including the Basel zone as future development opportunities as the market grows and the opportunity to increase production surfaces. Well, Don, thank you so much for updating us on this most recent partnership. As always, it's a pleasure to speak to you. Thank you.


I think there has been a lot of discussion around history and the British Empire after the Black Lives Matter protests tore down the statue of Colston in Bristol earlier this year. Now there was a separate discussion earlier this morning on dealing with the question of racism today and how to fight it, but I think ultimately the position of Black people in this country, even the cause for their migration, or in the case of America, the forced migration and forced moving of Black people is obviously linked with Africa's history. So I think there's two broad questions that we need to ask and I'm hoping to answer over the course of this session, which is how was Africa plundered and how is it plundered today? Now within the field of development, development studies, an important question that often comes up is how is it that Africa is so resource rich yet materially poor? And in response to the poverty or underdevelopment perhaps of Africa, there are a few different replies that you often hear from the right wing. Now one is that Africa is poor because of something inherent in the people, you know, the way they are, they just cannot seem to move forward or progress, overcome things. Two is that Africa is poor because of corruption, bad governance that infects all of the institutions. And the third one you might hear is Africa is poor because of natural disaster. I think the reality of course is this is all the same thing and comes from the same viewpoint. And it's based on it somehow being the fault of the African people and that they must be inferior in some way. Therefore it can have nothing to do with the direct or indirect involvement of other states. And I'll just start by saying that this is not true. So the beginnings of European and British involvement in Africa come from a period where Britain and subsequently much of Europe was transitioning from feudalism to capitalism. In particular, the beginnings of capitalism allowed for more efficient technology and innovation. Britain's naval expansion was a huge step forward. By control of the seas, Britain and Europe took the first steps towards transforming several parts of Africa and also Asia into economic satellites. The evolution of European shipbuilding from the 16th century to the 19th century was also a logical consequence of this period, their monopoly of sea commerce which comes about. So the rise of capitalism involved then the direct occupation of other countries and indeed practically the whole of Africa which we'll come on to talk about. So Mark said that it is the colonies which have created world trade and world trade is the necessary condition for large scale machine industry. Now this concept of world trade and different countries being integrated into one system is an important one. I think that today it's quite hard to imagine life without world trade or indeed a global market but it didn't always exist. It was erected out of new economic conditions. Now when we talk about global trade people might bring up laws, trading regulations etc but all of this is a secondary part of the process. The global market does not exist because clever people invented it in their minds. International trading laws were a reflection of what had been born. The only international law that existed in this early period was essentially European law because it was whatever benefited the interests of the European law and class which was then the basis for imperialism and these new strong capitalist states anyway. So for example particularly during the period of slavery if the African slave was thrown overboard at sea the only legal problem that arose was whether or not the slave ship could claim compensation from the insurers. So clearly there was no international law from the point of view of all different states and certainly not Africans. Now the plunder of Africa does not start with direct colonial rule. It starts earlier as early as the 1470s in fact the Portuguese reached what became known as the Gold Coast which is Ghana and they called it the Gold Coast because gold is what they discovered. Eventually trade in humans as slaves became the most profitable work for both Britain and other European nations. So the slave trade was not only brutal for those who were forced to participate in it but it was also brutal for the development of the African population as a whole and it completely decimated it in fact and this gave a massive impetus to the development of capitalism. Eventually slavery came to an end but the abolition of slavery did not mark the end of the plunder of African people or indeed the African continent either. Quickly new needs developed as the industrial revolution was in full swing and there was growing competition between the European imperialist powers. So the Berlin Conference of 1884 resulted in what we now kind of describe and what is known as the scramble for Africa in which European powers conquered 40 African countries at a breakneck pace. Now empires existed before capitalism. Obviously the Roman Empire is a famous example of this but this idea of empire and the way it worked took on a new form with capitalism. So what is unique about capitalist imperialism is the domination of finance capital and its tendency towards monopoly. The emerging capitalist class was a class that possessed the means of production and invested in industry and production and out of industrial capital you have the emergence of finance capital. Once you have accumulation beyond a certain level you have these two sides industrialists who produce goods and the finance capitalists who give capital to the industrialists at a cost with interests etc but this is what allowed Britain and France and Holland and other places the ability to directly occupy territories and move around the world this domination of finance capital and this is why Lenin described imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism. In imperialism Lenin talks about capitalist states needing to have economic spheres of influence and this is what happened partially through the Berlin Conference they literally carved Africa up. All of the borders that they drew were in the interests of European imperialism ignoring whatever groups and civilizations already existed. By 1914 90% of Africa had been divided between seven European countries with only Liberia and Ethiopia remaining as independent nations. So capitalism's insatiable search for new profits is what led to colonialism and imperialism today is the highest stage of that colonialism did not stop and imperialism started it is the same system but one simply developed into the other. Justice slavery transitioned into transition into colonialism the same racist ideas that were used to justify slavery were then used to justify colonialism when we see this in the white man's burden and ideas that Africa was full of uncivilized Bushmen or however they described it. As the trade in humans became less profitable super exploitation of the land resources and people became a more attractive prospect for European capitalists. Now you cannot mark the start of capitalist imperialism with a date yes the Berlin conference was in 1884 but we can't look at history simply in this way it's not the case that slavery was ended by some good natured people they come to the conclusion that maybe we shouldn't do this and then some other bad people decided to come together to divide Africa up a couple of years later that's not how history works that's not how society works or develops. Slavery led to colonialism which leads to imperialism which brings us to today and we have to understand that process and they won't teach you it like that in history they say it was different people with different ideas but that's wrong it was the same system the same process and the same logic and that is how we understand it. Now although we can't look at specific laws or conventions or conferences as evidence of economic facts I think we can use it as different points in history that can express the forces that were at play so the dual mandate for example published in 1922 which comes out in defence and speaking about the necessity for new markets for Britain to expand into the world. In fact its intended purpose was to open up Africa to the civilized world and at the same time open the African mind to civilization so there are clearly a lot of racist myths surrounding why colonialism happened but I would say in some cases when you go directly to the source you actually find the truth and one direct source I want to talk about is Cecil Rhodes. Now Cecil Rhodes is a major figure from this period who you may have heard of in fact his statue sits above a college I think a building in Oxford and was also a part of it was also in the university in Cape Town in South Africa and there was a huge campaign and in South Africa Rhodes must fall and indeed that campaign has it is also taking place in Oxford and there have been a lot of protests around it this this figure this giant of imperialism that Tau was above people and Tau would above the South African people for so long now Cecil Rhodes helped and his he had a company called the British South Africa Company and they founded the Southern African territory of Rhodesia which is now Zimbabwe and Zambia and yes it was literally named after him in case that wasn't clear from his name in 1895 and he also founded the De Beers diamond firm I spoke earlier about how colonial companies have morphed into the same imperialism that we're seeing today and have morphed into multinationals that diamond firm that Cecil Rhodes created still exists it operates in 35 countries and mining takes place in Botswana and Namibia in South Africa from its inception up until the 21st century it actually controlled about 80 to 85 percent of the rough diamond distribution you know had a complete monopoly over that it's changed slightly over the last few years competition has dismantled its complete monopoly but that group still sells approximately 29.5 percent of the world's rough diamond production and I think that's just an astounding example of how these things develop and morph into each other it also has the same name from when it was first incorporated so there's not even been a small you know attempt of trying to modernize themselves I suppose but I'm going to speak more about thanks I'm going to speak more about this later the way these companies have developed and changed so what is it that Cecil you know why am I using Cecil Rhodes sorry is an example of you know what was the purpose of colonialism so there's a really great quote that he said that I think really sums this up for us he said that in order to save the 40 million inhabitants of the United Kingdom from a bloody civil war our colonial statesmen must acquire new lands for settling the surplus population of this country to provide new markets the empire as I have always said is a bread and butter question and I think this is a really good summary of how and why the empire came into being so we can see that the development of European capitalism was part of the same process in which Africa was underdeveloped and was plundered and was super exploited another great source I suppose on on British imperialism in particular and British control of colonialism in Africa is someone called Frederick Lagarde and he was the governor general of Nigeria he had many different titles and controlled many different lands that frankly he shouldn't have in Nigeria it was from 1914 to 1919 if you if you look on Wikipedia he's he's got the lovely title of explorer of Africa which is nice that that is his legacy and and he was also the main architect of the dual mandate which I was talking about earlier and I think he also explained the purpose I suppose of the of the British empire and of colonialism really well so he says let it be admitted at the outset that European brains capital and energy have not been and never will be expended in developing the resources of Africa from motives of pure philanthropy that Europe is in Africa for the mutual benefit of her own industrial classes so here you know we have it from the horse's mouth it was not in the interest of philanthropy despite the way it does try to be twisted even today by the apologists of imperialism and capitalism that oh no we went there to do good things and to build roads and whatnot it's it's a complete lie and we have to point that out after using first slavery after using slaves as a steroid injection for the birth of capitalism the emerging industrial revolution needed more resource and more markets and materials such as copper cotton rubber palm oil cocoa diamonds tea tin there's many many more were incredibly important something that European industry was growing more and more dependent on and so the European ruling class and the British ruling class needed these resources and had and were willing to go to extreme lengths to acquire them so they used the native peasants and workers in these African states to extract this because that was the cheapest form of labor for them they couldn't exactly ship people over slavery as I explained was no longer profitable for example the rainforest in Congo had some of the world's best sources on wild rubber on wild rubber trees and in Congo there was a brutal system of forced labor implemented if they refused to work they would be killed or tortured they were also known to chop off hands as a form of brutality imperial officers would pay the army soldiers for severed hands because it was proof that they had carried out this system of terror that they felt was so necessary and gum from Africa was also an important part in the textile industry so you can see how these two things are completely developed are completely connected rather the development of European capitalism and the plunder and exploitation of Africa and its resources CLR James who is a marxist famous marxist once remarked that the race question is subsidiary to the class question in politics and to think of imperialism in terms of race is disastrous but to neglect the racial factor as merely incidental is an error only less grave than to make it fundamental and I think what this means is clearly the oppression of black people we see we see still today in the west is linked to slavery is linked to this process but it is part of the global system the global capitalist system which exploited unused African countries with the same ideological defense that they did for slavery as well so the idea or myth rather of Africa being full of uncivilized bushmen is of course a part of this which I want to address I think ideas can be powerful but they have to be rooted in something and in this case they're rooted in the this dawn of capitalist society and the consequence was actually that entire African civilizations were destroyed rather than going to Africa to you know you know what I forgot on the quote that I mentioned earlier open the African mind up to civilization they did the exact opposite and destroyed any civilization in many places that did exist for example in 1897 Benin city which was a medieval city and in Nigeria was built to a scale comparable with the Great Wall of China and it was completely destroyed by British forces under Admiral Harry Rawson and you can actually see a collection of the famous Benin bronzes now in the British Museum in London which is which is lovely of course for those of you who are interested in that and why did they do this it's because in this place there were resources such as palm oil rubber ivory um and actually you know the British watched this state for a really long time and trying to figure out ways that they could you know make use of it one British consul Richard Burton actually visited Benin in 1862 and he described it as a place of gratuitous barbarity which stinks of death right and you know they came up with any justification possible when the bottom line is clearly they needed access to the resources and where they refused where the kind of the native population refused to work with the British on the terms that the British dictated they simply used brute force so on this issue with uh or this you know myth the racist idea of uncivilized Bushmen even if they were uncivilized Bushmen however you define that it does not justify colonialism it does not justify the brutal force with which they acted because actually colonialism included the burning down of homesteads and humiliation of different African civilizations and communities and we have to be really clear about that and first point out the lies and the hypocrisy of of the ruling class when talking about this topic so what was colonialism then well as I explained earlier several of the colonial trading companies that came to dominate had already had already had sorry African blood on their hands from participating in the slave trade themselves in the same way we see ex-colonial companies have transitioned into multinational corporations today the same took place in the transition from slavery to colonialism however there was a bit of a distinction clearly and how colonial economies then went on to work which I'm going to talk about now so the employee under colonialism was paid an extremely small wage a wage that was usually insufficient to even keep the worker physically alive and therefore they would typically have to grow food to survive and this amplified this applied sorry in particular to farm labor the plantation type to work in mines and also to certain forms of urban employment now at this stage the African under colonialism the African working class was also extremely small and very dispersed and this was due to multiple factors whilst capitalism exploits workers everywhere under colonialism European capitalists had this additional racial justification to to act in a particularly brutal way a particularly unjust way with the African worker and this was particularly bad in colonies where you had a white settler population where European settlers were in considerable numbers the conditions for African people was particularly brutal in Kenya for example Lord Delamere controlled 100,000 acres of Kenya's land and yet native Kenyans would have to carry a pass a Kipande pass which was just an identity document which featured you know basic personal details fingerprints employment history all of this they had to carry this pass around in their own country just to beg for a pitiful wage and some of the worst forms of brutal exploitation was was actually found in the southern parts of the continent and particularly in southern and southern Rhodesia so the regime was spurred on by racism because it ensured they would continue their profits on a really fantastic scale from the very beginning of the scramble for Africa huge fortunes were made from gold and diamonds particularly in southern Africa by people like Cecil Rhodes and we cannot underestimate the profits that were made from colonial rule so out of the total wealth produced in Congo in any given year during the colonial period more than one-third went out in the form of profits for big businesses and salaries for their expropriate staff sorry so the capitalist institution that came most directly in contact with an African worker or in a lot of cases peasant was the colonial trading company and that is to say the company that's job it was to move goods to and from colonies and you know also Lenin also spoke a lot about the monopolies needing to dominate everywhere to regulate production for the greatest level of profit and this is what was taking place the colonies were essentially forcing houses for monopoly profits and so I'll just give a typical example of how this would work so if we take Uganda which um I have to talk about because I'm half Ugandan but in Uganda yet say you had a Ugandan farmer who would grow cotton that cotton would then be transported to a factory an English factory in Lancashire or you know perhaps a British owned factory in in India and the Lancashire factory owner would also pay his workers as little as as little as possible but that exploitation was limited by some other factors the exploitation of the labor of the Ugandan peasant was unlimited because of the power of the colonial state and the power of the colonial regime which could ensure that the Ugandan workers were made to labor for incredibly incredibly long hours for very little and the other side to this is of course the price of the finished cotton shirt or whatever is developed would then be so high that if it was re-imported back into Uganda cotton in the form of the shirt would then have been too expensive it would have been too expensive for the um for the peasant or whoever the worker to have you know brought it back 20 minutes gone Fiona thanks however we must recognise that the worker in Britain clearly was not living a life of luxury the profits of the companies were never intended to give the working class in Britain an easy life and obviously a high proportion of factory workers were women and children many of whom were taken out of school at the earliest opportunities to boost the family's earning power and this aspect of the Ugandan commodities integration into the world market and the Ugandan working in peasant classes being unable to buy it back has not changed however there were different types of colonial regimes Uganda was technically a protectorate of the UK the British would export in others to be middlemen and administrate in other countries such as Kenya as I said you had white settler populations one of the Kenyan white settlers Colonel Grogan put it very bluntly speaking of the Kikuyu he said we have stolen his land now we must steal his limbs compulsory labor is the corollary of our occupation of the country so there's a long history of this brutality as part of the colonisation in Namibia which suffered from German imposition at first the German presence would negotiate with different tribes but when this took too long and the fighting started to be focused towards the German regime the Kaiser Wilhelm actually sent new orders and a new leader to this land this region of southwest Africa and this is a quote from the new leader who was speaking about the people that had basically focused their you know violence towards the Germans he says the Herrero people will have to leave the country if they refuse I will force them with cannons to do so within the German boundaries every Herrero with or without firearms with or without cattle will be shot and I won't accommodate women and children anymore I shall drive them back to their people or I shall give the order to shoot them and thousands of men and women were taken from their homes and shot and those who escaped were trapped in wastelands without food or water and they poisoned the world I'm just sharing this to show that everywhere you look in the colonial regime you see brutality and we have to remember these crimes of colonialism and imperialism any and all uprisings against the colonial regime were viciously repressed but colonialism did come to an end at a certain point from Ghana all the way to south Africa we saw incredible movements incredible revolutions against these brutal regimes the ruling class at a certain point had no choice but to abandon direct colonial rule and I think this is one of the greatest processes in human history however we must ask ourselves what did those revolutions achieve and I don't think there's a blanket approach necessarily to be had here and I cannot as a disclaimer speak about the ins and outs of every African country in their process of decolonisation because there were differences some movements attempted to overthrow capitalism and tried to plan the economy in a socialist direction some of these were viciously crushed overthrown and suffered from foreign imperialist coups Burkina Faso is a good example but some survived like in Zimbabwe which I want to talk about a bit now the colony of the then southern Rhodesia was ruled by a tightly knit white community of fewer than 250,000 people but the black population was five million now the path to independence in the southern African states was more difficult because of this white settler population which obviously was hostile to the idea of black majority rule and there are many guerrilla movements that developed in these places in these colonial countries and they were attracted to the russian and chinese models as well but eventually the independence of Zimbabwe was achieved via struggle but the leaders of the guerrilla movement entered into an agreement brokered by the british government known as the Lancaster house agreement and this agreement included a 10-year lock on the land issue which means that no land was to be expropriated and redistributed for 10 years now this is a failure of the movement of the revolution by refusing to solve the land question the leadership was refusing to solve a fundamental aspect of the colonial regime which impressed and exploited the masses and this problem is what Trotsky took up with his theory of the permanent revolution the theory holds that in economically backward nations the bourgeoisie are tied hand and foot to foreign imperialist interests and have no national bourgeois interest of their own for this reason this class cannot carry out a bourgeois democratic revolution the likes of which took place in france in 1789 because the rights to national independence free and fair elections and so on directly contradict its interests as an agent of foreign imperialism to win these basic democratic rights the working class can rely on only themselves and their power to transform society through proletarian revolution and a struggle for socialism and this is based on real events it was not an abstract theory of Trotsky's that he just thought up one day this is what the russian revolution found itself come up against in 1917 and overcame and this is something that countless movements in africa found themselves up against and due to a number of different factors were unable to overcome and so despite these great movements and great colonial revolutions after decolonisation many of these countries still find themselves trapped in poverty the colonies suffered from economies that were not diversified right this makes productivity quite difficult the prohibition of manufacturing industries was a key element of colonial rule and colonial policy colonialism essentially restructured their economies for high bulk low value exploitation of commodities and this lays the groundwork for future structural imbalance under capitalism of course this wouldn't be the case under socialism and so between 1945 and 1965 almost all european african colonies except angola and mozambique regained their independence and the war was a pivotal part of this process you also saw the rise of african nationalism which was growing and there was also the increased brutality of the war that was forcing production of cash crops on a much higher scale and actually those harsh conditions caused by the war led to the rise in trade unions being created in many in many countries in fact there was a general strike in nigeria in 1945 that include railway postal and other government workers which almost paralyzed the colonial regime you also had the u.s. supporting decolonisation because it would open up the colonies to free trade right essentially while british and european imperialism was declining american imperialism was rising they wanted a piece of the pie so the world bank was set up in 1944 just at the beginning of this decolonised process and since then the world bank and the imf have been responsible for advising and supposedly helping african states overcome debt and poverty um after colonialism the former colonial masters imposed a sum of 59 billion dollars in external public debt onto these new independent states and as early as the 1960s the imf and the world bank have been providing credit and and economic plans for the reduction of african sovereign debt but in this period essentially what you see happen is a simple change in face of the imperialists there was an oil crisis in the 1970s which led to a rise in inflation and western institutions started to lend money in increasing levels to poorer ex-colonial countries so the most advanced countries stopped buying primary goods from the developing developing economies and increased their interest rates on the loans given to them and this meant that the developing countries were forced to take out further loans with particular conditions and they were called structural adjustment programs which in a nutshell was privatisation so for decades this debt has mounted and paralysed african states tomah sankara is an iconic african revolutionary who spoke about this matter this is a quote from him he says where is imperialism look at your plates when you eat these imported grains of rice corn and millet that is imperialism so africa imports roughly 80 of its food it's the only continent which imports more food than it produces it spends billions and billions and billions of dollars every year on importing food and it also has the debt sankara said himself debts origins come from colonialism's origins those who lend us money are those who colonised us he also said he also said debt is a skillfully managed reconquest of africa intended to subjugate its growth and development through foreign rules thus each one of us becomes the financial slave which is to say a true slave of those who have been treacherous enough to put money in our countries with obligations for us to repay now this is not just a problem of the 80s a problem of a long time ago in 2016 angola spent nearly six times as much servicing its external debt as it did on public healthcare today china is the continent's biggest bilateral creditor right it signed loans worth more than 146 billion dollars to african governments since 2000 chinese companies to be more specific chinese companies have invested approximately five billion dollars in the sudanese oil industry two billion has been lent to angola 300 million 300 million dollars has been invested in zambian copper mines it goes on and on and on what is this if not an empire what is this if not imperialism colonialism all of this flows from the same thing and it's not just the debt they have to contend with we talk about the the EU the EU's border tariff and the policies that come with it i just want to talk really briefly about the common agricultural policy the cap which takes up just over a third of the EU budget and it gives out billions of euros to EU's biggest landowners at the expense of millions of the poorest farmers in africa you know according to the EU its main goal is helping farmers with income support and the common agricultural policy ensures sustainable rural development according to the specific needs in each EU country but the translation is that the EU farmers have their produce you know huge landowners they have their produce fixed at guaranteed price um for example the price of sugar for an EU farmer is three times that of the world price and the direct comparison for any independent african state is they lose out on millions and millions of dollars around 71 of the EU's agricultural imports originate from these developing countries but then there's a huge distortion between the price paid to the producer and the price paid by the consumer and there are countless examples of this in 2014 in africa which you could consider you know the home of coffee maybe perhaps in some ways africa earned just £1.5 billion from the crop from the crop sorry but germany by comparison which is a leading processor managed to earn nearly double that from coffee re-exports so what this shows us is that the domination of the metropolitan countries is if anything still greater than in the past the only difference is that the old direct military bureaucratic control by individual colonial masters has been substituted by the collective domination of the colonial world by a handful of wealthy exploiter states through the mechanism of the world market island was britain's first colony colony and james connelly the great irish marxist said it best he said if you remove the english army tomorrow and hoist the green flag over dublin castle unless you set about the organization of the socialist republic your efforts will be in vain england will still rule you she would rule you through her capitalists through her landlords through her financiers and through the whole array of commercial and individualist institutions she has planted in this country and watered with the tears of our mothers and the blood of our martyrs and that can definitely be applied to the situation that african states are facing today so just to come to an end to this and um sum up i suppose what next what how do we fight imperialism in africa today and what is the situation well first i'd say that the african masses are moving already we saw an incredible revolution in sudan last year the overthrow of mugabi and we heard about um the protests in nigeria that are taking place right now particularly from the youth but all of these movements are coming up against the limits of capitalism some of you might have come to this session wondering how can i fight imperialism how can i be a part of the struggle and that's a good thing to think because there is an idea that we should watch passively from the sideline for example if there's a revolution in sudan that has a leadership that is bourgeois we aren't allowed to comment in britain and i think clearly no one has the right to lecture but we are all comrades in struggle and it's the same fight and the same struggle that is taking place on different fronts or let's look at it another way what would the socialist unification of the african continent mean it already has immense natural resources that could be used and developed to improve the conditions of life everywhere the more advanced countries in africa could cooperate and lend support but this doesn't make sense and wouldn't be possible with the presence of EU imperialism and western imperialism trying to destroy that so we have to take part to destroy our imperialist powers otherwise these revolutions will be isolated and if they are isolated they cannot be successful and this is part of the tragedy of um of tomas sankara and bikini britain is a key imperialist power in the world and we can overthrow it is literally on our doorstep if we took over the banks here we have a massive weapon against imperialism on the global stage so the working class today in africa is bigger and stronger than it has ever been and it is using class struggle as its weapon in zimbabwe as part of the overthrow of migabi there was a powerful general strike and we have to amplify and pay attention to that we saw the same thing in sudan that incredible revolution that was spurred on by a general strike and this is a powerful thing that can spread you can bet that once the fire of revolution is sparked in one country it will spread throughout the continent in fact the movement in zimbabwe had a huge impact on yuganda and and worried the yugandan ruling class and miscellany immediately started to raise the wages of the police and different forces in yuganda because he was worried about the impact that the masses in zimbabwe could have but i would say migabi okay he's gone miscellany's all these people represent an old dying layer of the independence movement who once commanded respect is particularly from the youth but this is slowly and they have slowly unveiled themselves to be equally reprehensible reprehensible criminals who are also upholding a system of exploitation and this is a reflection of the crisis of capitalism and the legacy of british imperialism and colonialism there is a burning unrest amongst the masses that is bound to express itself soon and just to finish i would say that we will see these anti-colonial revolutions return on a higher scale that will finally rid africa of the stranglehold of imperialism and of capitalism and that will be part of the worldwide international socialist revolution thank you