Welcome to American Issues, Take One. I'm Tim Apachele, your host. Today's title is MAGA GOP, A Race to the Bottom. In the 1988 presidential election, we had a Democratic candidate by the name of Gary Hart. Gary Hart was actually front runner to become president of the United States. Unfortunately, Gary Hart was traipsing around with other women. And in 1987, I don't think that was very much appreciated. And in September of 1987, Gary Hart challenged the media to find dirt on him, and certainly they did. They found a young woman by the name of Donna Rice sitting on his lap, photographed, and on his boat, and the name of the boat was monkey business. That was enough to take Gary Hart out of the presidential election. His poll numbers plummeted immediately. The voting population that was supporting Gary Hart said, this is not the qualities of a presidential candidate that we wanna see run for the president of the United States or potentially become president of the United States. And with that, Gary Hart was out and George Bush became our president. So let's fast forward to Donald Trump when he ran for president. The first thing he basically did was to call Mexican immigrants, rapists, and drug users. He immediately called John McCain. He wasn't a hero.  Not soon after that, we saw and learned about the Acts with Access Hollywood video about Donald Trump bragging and boasting about how he liked to grab women's genitalia. The list goes on. He degraded Gold Star families about their loss of their children who served in this country. He degraded them. We have policies that Donald Trump set forth that took children away from the arms of their parents at the Southern border. No regret, no remorse for that, but the children are ripped away into this day. We don't know if they've all been, found a reunions with their parents. Donald Trump called the World War I dead veterans, suckers and losers. No regret, no remorse. He definitely called out that his election is stolen. He's broken so many rules of law that will soon come to light. But again, no regret, no remorse, but most importantly, no regret, no remorse from his voting base, his MAGA crowd. Now, I'm gonna make very clear that I'm not saying all GOP, I'm making a distinction between the MAGA GOP versus the decent GOP. So let my words not be confused on that point. Then we have Donald Trump looking for 11,780 votes with the Secretary of State in Georgia. Clearly that's gonna come back to Hanum. Again, no remorse, no regret from his voting base. So I go to the question. To you, Cynthia, welcome. Cynthia Lies and Claire to the show. Jay Fidel, my co-host is out on assignment. So welcome, Cynthia. Hi, good morning, Tim. Thanks for having me. Good morning. So Cynthia, in your opinion, I know you're not a clinical psychologist. I know you're not a doctor of psychology, but this is a pattern that has displayed itself for many years and it's getting worse. And the question is to you, what is behind the MAGA GOP, the Trumpers, to abandon all sense of decency on their opinions of who should lead this country? What has turned them from being conscious civil citizens of this country to accepting the deplorable behavior of Donald Trump and recently, Governor DeSantis? Your opinion, please. Well, I often bring up the Dunning-Kruger effect and that is an actual psychological definition of a syndrome that people can fall into and they will promote and buy into programs and people and things that actually can even be against their own benefits, but they feel like it gives them more standing. So they see that Trump lies and can grow in power. So therefore they think they can lie and grow in power. They think that by supporting him, they somehow get more credibility for their own devious behaviors. And that's a loose definition, okay? That's not the... You know, your comment just reminded me of a show we did months ago and we had former Governor John Wahey on and he said something that has stuck with me and I think it goes to what you just brought up. And what the former governor said was, Donald Trump in his way gave permission to would-be followers and existing followers, permission to think and act badly and support borish behavior, deplorable behavior. It gave them permission to say, yeah, we know it's wrong. I know they know it's wrong, but we don't care because we now have permission to act badly and actually wear it as a badge of honor. What do you think about that? What do you think about John Wahey's comment months ago? That's exactly what I just said. That's exactly right. And then I have a personal experience with this kind of stuff in some ways. As far as I was a minister in Alabama for many, many years, in very rural Alabama where racism whispers behind their hands because they knew what they were doing was wrong.  So they couldn't, so they didn't. They whispered it behind their hands. And now they don't have to whisper behind their hands anymore.  And even to the opposite extreme, we see all this projection stuff. Would they shrink if they were called out on it? Usually people will shrink if they feel there's an element of shame to their words or their thoughts or their thoughts expressed as words. They'll shrink. They'll cease their behavior or at least in public. In your case, did they ever shrink from allegations of being a blatant racist? Absolutely they did. They would never want to be considered a racist. No possible way would they ever. And for a while, I was a manager at a club down at a private golf club and they all were like whispering behind their hands, right? And they didn't really have to whisper much though because, you know. Everyone was doing it. Everybody's white.  That's it. And so I one time had this one black gal sit down after work and she goes, we've been talking and she goes, well, you know, you're pretty cool for a white girl. And I had just moved there. And I thought, oh, that's funny. I laughed it off. Growing up in California, I understood racism intellectually but I had never experienced it on my own. I didn't get it. Well, and so I laughed it off and she goes, no, no, you don't understand. I don't like white people. And I don't know why, right? I had always made jokes. I don't think I can handle the bigots and the alligators when I moved there and it never occurred to me that I was gonna be hated for being white. Duh, of course I would.  And I thought, yeah, but they don't know hardly any black people either. So there's this ignorance that's involved in all this normally but now enter stage left, you know, Donald Trump comes in and says, there's, you know, fine people on both sides whereas they don't have to be embarrassed anymore. And then on top of that, the media did not call them out at all. Well, I think they did but it fell on deaf ears. I think the media did call out that Tiki Torch little parade. Yeah, maybe the Tiki Torch parade but the rampant racism that was growing and growing and growing and being fueled and fueled and excused by both Trump and other top Republicans. So their voices kind of got drowned out and they didn't keep it up. And so I actually am really mad at the media right now because it seems like they are just... Well, how many times can you say something until the population that's listening to your message is so desensitized? Because they've heard it so many times that it's not making its mark. Well, I don't know as I... You think it's that? No, I don't really think it's that. I don't think it's a matter of being desensitized to it because when Charlottesville happened, we were still... Racists were still having to hide and whisper behind their hands. And if more people had come out in the media, I think plenty of people came out. Individuals here, individuals there, I think as a whole, had they come out and really condemned that behavior, there would have been more of an effect. But because it was just sort of in dribs and drabs, it didn't really make a difference. Interesting. Well, let me fast forward to present times because Charlottesville seems almost a decade away, but it's not. President Biden was in Pennsylvania and he called out the MAGA GOP. Again, I emphasize MAGA, not the regular GOP, not the decent GOP that I've known and used to be one many, many years ago. But he called out the MAGA GOP as semi-fascist. And people decried, that's a bridge too far.  And I was reminded of Hillary Clinton when she was running for President of the United States as a candidate and she made a reference to what we didn't really define as MAGA GOP, but she referred to him as Trump's followers as a basket of deplorables. Well, if you remember, she backed down. She retreated. She wound walked away from that comment because the outcry was so great, but she was dead spot on. And had she had stuck to it and had the media maybe focus a lot more on what she said and why she said it and examined what really was behind the term deplorable, basket of deplorables, maybe Donald Trump would have never came to be because it was early enough in his candidacy where people actually saw the light that Donald Trump indeed was and is deplorable. Right. So the question is, was Joe Biden correct to say that the MAGA GOP are a bunch of semi-fascists? That's a fairly stringent definition, your opinion. I think it's also very clearly true. So, and so was Hillary's assumption of it all too. So, yeah, I think it's important to say the truth. Tell the truth, not opinion here, opinion there. It seems to me that truth has been completely destroyed and devolved into nothing but opinion. And so facts don't matter anymore because they don't really exist anymore, right? Well, not only facts, but apparently the law. Seems to be not all that important for certain segments. Well, not certain segments, the MAGA GOP just say, we don't care, we don't care what the law is. Maybe the term semi-fascist came out of Joe Biden's mouth is that there's an acknowledgement that the pending election here, and certainly in 2024, no matter who wins, they may just decry, well, we didn't win, therefore it's a fraudulent election and we're not going to accept the results. That seems to be part of a definition of a fascist is to ignore elections or the results of elections, no matter how legitimate. Therefore, they're not just quasi-semi-fascists, they're full-on fascists. Okay, all right. I don't mind calling them. So did Joe Biden stop short? Did he stop short of saying that? And if it's true, why do you think he pulled the brakes on it by saying semi-fascist?  No, he hasn't, you're a good point. So that's what's important. And semi-fascist, because maybe they're not totally in control right now, he can call them semi-fascists because they're wannabe fascists. I think I would have preferred wannabe because that's what they wannabe as opposed to just semi-fascists. But you can look at what that Carrie Lake lady, she absolutely, when she in the primary was 100%, if I don't win, it's rigged. She won, suddenly it's not rigged. And so we can- Well, I think Marjorie Taylor Greene is part of that ilk. Oh, absolutely, they are. They're all going to do it. We have to be ready for that. And that's what worries me. They've got a new bill that's been put forward by Zo Lofgren and Liz Cheney, that is probably not going to get put into law before the election. And we're in big trouble. What's the nature of that bill? It's the election, oh gosh, I can't remember the name of the bill. That's all right, what's the just behind it? It's for election security. Oh, okay. Yeah, it's totally for election security. It's to get rid of the ability and to put more solidly the fact that the vice president cannot change the results of the elections. I think it's- Oh, that bill is actually moving along, actually. Now I know it's what you're talking about. It's in conference and they're discussing it. It's going to pass. Right. There's bipartisan support for it. Right, I agree. And hopefully it'll pass what, before the midterms? I don't know. That's pretty- Well, since that bill focuses more on a presidential election, maybe isn't it that critical? I don't know. This is critical if you ask me. And the thing that I think we all have to remember that's so important right now. And this applies to the midterm, right? This isn't like, these aren't laws that are going to come into effect later. They don't just affect the presidential election. They will be in effect for the midterms. We have eight states that already have bills that have been signed into law that give the legislatures the power to veto any election results. So they can just decide that they didn't like their election results and change them. So it's not just a matter of people crying. Oh no, it was fraud. It was false, where there, I'm sure will be some of those, but the ones in those eight states, they can just say, no, this is the one. And we legally have the right to say this. So eight of the states whether, I mean, my only hope is that the blue tsunami is so huge and women just flood everything so much that there's no way that those places, that those eight states can just take the boats away. Because it will be too extreme. Well, too, in that vein of your thought here is that the Washington Post did a recent survey and asked many candidates, Republicans and Democrats, whether or not they would accept the 2022 midterm election results. And as you can imagine, a number of them, many of them declined to answer or said, no. I mean, they said, no. Because they're already doing, performing a Donald Trump maneuver and that is to decry an election's fraudulent before the election even takes place. So what do we do about that, Cynthia? What do you think when you have candidates who've already decried that election's gonna be unjust unless they win as a country, what do we say to that? What do we do about that? What can we legally do about it or otherwise? Well, there's not a lot. The Luke Cheney bill obviously, but that hasn't passed yet. Right, so there's not a lot that just you and me can do. We can protest, we can call all of our representatives and our senators and flood offices with complaints and this and that. But look what happened with Trump when he did it. So this is why it's so important that Biden came out and said these are semi-fascists.  And unless the media gets on board with this and what we've got, well, we already know Fox is just a state or Trump TV, right? Or fascist, now we can call it fascist TV because it's not just Trump that they support anymore. It's fascism that they support now. It's the concept, so the virus has grown and spread. Yes, absolutely. Look at all the DeSantis down in Florida. Okay, we're going to talk about Governor DeSantis here in a minute, but I want to answer this question because I still have a fond spot in my heart for the GOP, the old GOP. So if you're a member of voting, registered member of the GOP and a large segment of your party's being defined by the president of the United States as semi-fascist and you don't necessarily disagree with that. How's it, put yourself in the shoes of one of those GOP potential voters. How would you feel? I know it's hard to ask you to do that, believe me, but if you were in the shoes of a traditional decent GOP member, how do you think you're feeling right now? I know a few. And actually they're starting to question whether or not this whole new movement in the GOP isn't really what they want. And so I'm like, well, then don't vote Republican. It's very simple right now. It's not like some big existential question, some big existential change you have to make in your personality, right? It's a, let's vote for what we know can get us through and keep this democracy going. You can become a Republican later when they come back to their senses, if they ever do. And to tell you the truth, I don't think they ever will. I, you and I way back in the early days of Trump week, what, three and a half, four years ago, longer even, you would talk about that, how did these people come back, you know? Will the Republican party survive this? And at first I thought, sure, the Republican party can survive this, the next election cycle and we'll be all right. And as we went along further and further and saw more and more and we watched the spread of this crazy fascist mentality spreading through, it seemed more likely and more likely that it's not gonna come back. It's like the Republican party is gone. Well, we'll see, I hope not. I hope that they can recover from this. You know, Ken Burns is doing a great PBS series, documentary on the Holocaust and certainly the United States reaction to the Holocaust. And people don't know this, but fascism was alive and well in the 1920s and 1930s in this country. And it's not like that fascism grew with a flip of a light switch, but it grew slowly in nature. And it started off with the anti-immigration of basically colored people and Jews certainly were part of that, but it wasn't solely an anti-Semitic movement. But after watching Hitler and what was going on in Germany, many groups in the United States started to support it. The most famous was Charles Lindbergh. So it didn't happen quickly. It just slowly, slowly evolved into a full-on fascist movement in this country. And I guess the question is, do you think that's a potential moving forward for our country again? Are we already there? Well, okay, that's my question. Are we there? Sorry, but I have to answer that question with another question, which is, does it look like that? It looks like that. And when you look at it and you look at the definition of fascist, then we're there. It's already happening now as we speak. I gotta quote the famous Nazi Joseph Goebbels, right? Yeah. Goebbels or Goebbels, right? Minister of information, yeah. Goebbels tells us to accuse the other side of that which you are guilty. He also tells us that if you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it. Magus, are they Nazis? Well, no, I mean, these are the tenants of propaganda. I mean, it could be the propaganda of the 1920s, the 1930s, or the propaganda of Donald Trump starting in the beginning of his presidency and before his presidency. So the big lie that has been identified is the election was stolen from him. That's the big lie. And it's unfortunate that certain news outlets, CNN, I believe is to be named, won't allow its correspondence or its news anchors to use the big lie in the same sentence as Donald Trump. And I find that deplorable.  And after 60 court cases, and that's how we resolve our election disputes in the court of law, be it federal or be it the Supreme Court, that's how we settle our issues. And after 60 of them going against Donald Trump, I think it's time to stop it. But Donald Trump will get votes, he'll get money based on a sense of grievance from the MAGA GOP. And I guess that's my last question on this topic is, has this all grown as a smoldering grievance that the Donald Trump voters retain within them and their vitriol feelings of anything Democrat that the Democrats are socialists, they're cannibalistic according to Q-non, that they're pedophiles according to Q-non. So they're adopting these terms of deplorability, they're adopting them as their own. How do we probe are these kind of thoughts of conspiracy and grievance and vitriol away from these voters? We need the opposite. You need to balance it with the truth.  So people can understand what they're looking at. We got to remember that quote I just gave you from Joseph Goebbels. We got to remember Trump is not alone doing this all by himself.  This is, there's a lot of people behind him that are feeding in this stuff too, right? And we also know from lots of different people that his favorite book is Mind Conf and we know that he followed the whole Nazi rise and he thought that's what he wanted to follow. And we've been sort of connecting the dots for a lot of years now to the rise of Hitler and how similar it is and how many of the same tactics and techniques and things that Hitler used, that Trump has used. Yeah, well, it's just again, you could call it Hitler, you could call it Nazi, you could call it Putin, you could call it Stalin. Propaganda is propaganda. It's a tool that can be used over and over again for I call it evil purposes. Right. So, okay, I want to fast forward very quickly. We're almost out of time. In fact, we are out of time but I want to talk about Governor DeSantis. That was quick. Yeah, I want to talk about Governor DeSantis for a bit. A lot of people are applauding Governor DeSantis as a crafty and how wise it was to teach the liberal, libtard woke Democrats in the Eastern States, particularly out in Massachusetts, Martha's Vineyard of the immigration issue that has been delivered literally to their front door. And to that end, how smart Governor DeSantis was to orchestrate the transferring of several legal asylum applicants via airplane from Texas to Martha's Vineyard. To what degree do you find his actions either commendable or deplorable? Was it a wise crafty move to teach Democrats a lesson and gain some national attention on that point or was the treating of legal asylum seekers as described deplorable and really sinful and shameful? Sinful, shameful, deplorable and ridiculous and not actually not only that but not his idea. So why is he getting all the credit? What's the guy's name in Texas? Abbot. Abbot, yeah, thank you. Governor Abbot. Abbot did it first. He'd already sent a couple of buses to Chicago and one to Washington, DC. So it's not like he was an original but nobody really talks about that. They just talk about it. Well, you just did. Thanks for reminding us. Okay. And so this is the thing and neither one of them are actually really original either if you remember the old freedom they used to call them the reverse freedom rides or whatever. Right. Put all the black people on the buses and send them north. It's the same sort of thing. And it's been likened to that lots of times in the media and it's true though, it is like that. And so I think that the idea itself and not in, I mean, just to randomly bust these people. Oh yeah, wait, really quick before I forget. Did you know that just today those asylum seekers that got bust up to Martha's Vineyard have filed a class action lawsuit against DeSantis. Go get them as well. Well, there may be criminal charges as well against Governor DeSantis as a potential involvement with human trafficking criminal issues. So we'll see where that goes. That's where I was going with that. But the thing is, it's not a bad idea. And once they get into this country they absolutely should be organized and coordinated with other cities so that they don't have people sleeping on the street because they're in Texas all their shelters are full. Okay, so we've got shelters over here. Let's get them up there, but you got to coordinate with the people that you're sending them to. Well, let me ask you this. We don't have time for an immigration question show here. We're out of time. But what about the Republicans and actually some Democrats that support keeping legal asylum seekers outside of the United States borders and retain themselves in Mexico until their court case comes up? I don't think that's such a bad idea. Okay. I don't see why that's such a bad idea. Well, that was a Trump policy and a lot of Democrats feel that that may not be an unreasonable one. And that's what the Republicans that are supporting these bussines and flights out of Texas, out of border states, Arizona, that's what their basis of rationale is that we should go back to that policy that Trump implemented is to keep the asylum seekers out of the borders of the United States until their court date comes up. Wasn't that started for COVID though? Wasn't it? Yes, that was, that was. It was just for COVID and now that COVID restriction is gone. That's what loosened that back up again. So he didn't actually make that as just a blanket. They got a weight outside no matter what. It's all around COVID and now that COVID is under control, that kind of a reasoning is gone. Is that reasoning out of bounds? Is it immoral? Is it reasonable? I think it is actually, but that's just my opinion. I think it's fairly reasonable because they have to wait for their court date. And as their court dates get closer, if they have a, you know, to say they've got a court date with an immigration judge in Texas and they've just been sent to Chicago and they have no money. How are they supposed to get back? That doesn't make any sense. Yeah, excellent point. You know, if they're close right there to where the immigration judges are now, this is what I think they should do that 12 million that DeSantis was on camera saying, I'm going to use every penny. Right. Well, why doesn't he use some of that money to put some more immigration judges on and get some of those people processed faster? And really, if you want to fix the immigration problem at the border, why don't you flood money to that problem instead of just trying to spread it out? These people that they don't want in this country, they want to send them all over the country. And I think, do you guys even realize what you're saying you want to do with like, I think they quite get that part of it that they're sending people that might be hard to track if they're all over the country, right? And they're sending them there anyway. Whereas when they're right there in Texas and that's the other part, what does Florida have to do with all these people coming in through Texas? They don't go to Florida. And Florida is what, three, four states away? So it's like, wait, DeSantis is just doing this as a photo op, as a big look at me, I want to be president. And so I think it's hopefully going to make it worse for him. But there's a lot of Democrats that are worried about immigration also. So it's not just a Republican problem. It is an American problem that we need to get right. But whatever the problem is, it's important to resolve it without using deplorable tactics and degrading human beings, even though they're not citizens of the United States, they're still human beings. And they may not have a lot of legal rights in this country because they don't have any citizenship status or even green cards for legal protections. But my God, we're a country that wants welcome immigrants, particularly if they're claiming political refuge from violence. And we've seemed to have lost our way on that point. All right, Cynthia, I'm going to give you the last word. Oh, okay. Because I want to say one last thing. And then I have a really great Liz Cheney quote to finish. But one last thing about this immigration stuff that, excuse me, I think is important. And that is that we got to fix it in the places where they're coming from. Now, this huge, crazy onslaught of immigrants to our border didn't happen until Trump started saying, look at these crazy caravans on their way here. So who sent those caravans? How did they go? There's already been a lot of, it hasn't gotten to court, so it's not proven yet, completely in a court of law. But there's all sorts of witnesses that say they were given money to go to America. At the same time that Trump took away all the money that was aid money for that country. So it's like he was behind some of this so then he could cry, oh, oh, and yes, we had an immigration problem before that, but it wasn't to this degree like it is now. And I can't help but wonder since he's the head deplorable and he has no problem using deplorable means to get what he wants. And what a great way to make the Democrats look bad by the onslaught of people at the border. Okay, so that was my last immigration thing. And this is what I want to say. Representative Liz Cheney launched a blistering attack on Donald Trump and this came from the times and his allies Monday accusing Republican leaders of treating the former president like a king by defending him at every turn in a federal investigation into classified documents stored at his Florida home. Those are, okay, this is quote by Liz Cheney. Those who are protecting Donald Trump, elected leaders of my party are now willing to condemn FBI agents, Department of Justice officials and pretend that taking top secret SCI documents and keeping them in a desk drawer in an office in Mar-a-Lago or in an unsecured location anywhere was somehow not a problem. They are attempting to excuse his behavior. She said this in a speech. She said bit by bit, excuse by excuse we're putting Donald Trump above the law. All right, I remember hearing that quote and it's a good one. So Cynthia, thank you for bringing that to our attention. Thank you for appearing on American Issues Take One. Join us next week. I'm Tim Apachele, your host and we hope to see you then. Until then, aloha.


I wonder if allowing ourselves not to thrive sometimes is actually what thriving really is, that not always been our best selves or living our best lives, which inevitably means that we sometimes have to include the parts of us that can best be described as just trudging along. I wonder if meeting ourselves in the trudging along version of us often is more our commitment to thriving than only wanting to show up for the times when we are quotes flourishing and growing and everything's great. I wonder if letting the tears fall and the grief come out and the disappointments be there and the pain to be sat with is often more to do with thriving than the opposite of those that we've only dared to label and frame as thriving. I wonder if allowing our humanity to exist in its fullness, no matter what, is a better definition of thriving and I'm looking forward to chatting about this with you all in our next conversation together. Love you guys. Thanks for being here. I'll see you all soon. Cheers.


Hey guys Ken Ross here, and I'm a business consultant that specializes in reducing costs for businesses by looking at their essential Expenses and boy do I have yet another update on one of my favorite subjects, and that's 5g Last time I talked a little bit about the big game and how 5g is signaling this big push for 5g in your home. Well 5g is also signaling the end of an era right that era is 3g Technology right I don't know if you've been looking at this I don't know if you've been following it, but it's pretty big news around the different news channels and news outlets I'm actually going to put a couple of articles in the description here for you to check out and read But basically it goes like this 3g has been around for you know quite some time since wireless technology came out Everybody remembers the first original iPhone right the original iPhone featured 3g. It was one of these revolutionary products, right? It changed the way we communicated changed the speed in which we could communicate It signaled the start of the smartphone era right well the end of 3g and that technology is being signaled by the Coming in of 5g and you may think well Why does that matter to me? I have the latest iPhone or I have an Android phone I have a decent smartphone. Well, do you have a life alert? Do you have a security system? What about an older vehicle all of these things could have or potentially have 3g technology in it and rely on the 3g infrastructure And why is that so important if it goes away? Well, if it goes away, then there goes your products, right? lot of these companies that have 3g networks or rely heavily on 3g networks Haven't had to worry much about there being congestion or network unreliability Well now the network is completely gone. What does that mean? That means these companies that control these devices have to roll out updates and have been Notifying customers. Hey 3g is going away, which signals an end of an era, right of Telecommunications and you must be upgraded. You're forced to upgrade, right? This isn't something that you get to decide. Oh, well, maybe I'll just keep this technology No, you're being forced to upgrade and that is also kind of what they're trying to do with the signaling of 5g in the in the first place, right? Telecommunications companies want you to upgrade to 5g so badly. They're willing to give you free phones They're willing to put everything out on the line to show you this is the most reliable network of its kind And it's going to signal all of these changes. But really what does that mean? Well, it means a lot of things to me personally and it means a lot of things to my clients and Businesses especially because businesses can easily overpay by over investing in something like 5g and when 3g actually rolled out right when 3g was first around That's exactly what happened a lot of folks bought into the new iPhone because they really needed it or really thought they needed it They wanted something that was so revolutionary and so Industry breaking that they bought into it, right? Don't over invest. Don't Over exaggerate the 5g evolution that's coming out and what that really signals Make sure you understand and you know, hey, don't force yourself to upgrade because All these things are going away and signaling all these things. That's what I have today I'd love to hear your comments about what you really think the future of telecommunications is I mean, I I've spent a lot of time Kind of giving you these updates on 5g only to show you that these are the trends, right? These are things that are important for you to understand as they come out and mature That 5g isn't really all the way Cooked yet. It's not done, right the signaling of the end of 3g is just part of the story There's more to this story and I'll be giving more updates as time goes along But you should really Understand and pay attention to what this means for you for you and for your business And so with that love to hear what your thoughts are below in the comments section Please put them in the comments section below. I'd love to have a discussion with you I'd love to talk about it and have a dialogue and also love to hear about what are some topics You'd like me to follow next. I love following 5g. It's something that I think is very interesting to me Especially given the climate like I said before and what it's actually doing to telecommunications and Internet in general I think it's always it's always good to see innovation and it's in its infancy as it's coming up coming up it's it's kind of like Amazon right when Amazon first started everybody thought oh, it's just a bookstore and Well, you know, what can what can I get into as far as books, right? I can't get that excited Well now everybody's excited about Amazon What about 5g? It's the same thing. So anyway, love to hear your thoughts Like I said would love it if you could subscribe to my channel if you haven't already if you're watching this and you haven't subscribed to my Channel, I have plenty of content here available for you. You can come check out go check out some of my previous videos Please like and subscribe like I said tell your friends about this channel Let them know that there's a guy in business who really likes it to talk about different things and Once your feedback as far as what are some things that I can talk about and and have a discussion about and we can have an Information exchange. That's why this channel exists. That's what I want to do I want to be able to bring things to you insightful things with really no filter. It's it's not something. I'm I'm paid to do It's not something I I You know get an incentivized to talk about these are things that are interesting to me that I really think can interest you and Ultimately interest the the community if we talk about them. So that's why I want to do this This channel that's why I have this channel. That's why I want to do this So please please do that. Please tell your friends. Let them know about me and visit my website I am Ken Ross calm and until next time I'll see you around


My name is Sam Brachmin and I'm the author of Malignal Serpentava, Narcissism and Rivetism. Grandiosity is often considered to be a kind of primordial force, a little like madma within a volcano, something that is a force of nature out of control, out of anyone's control, including the narcissist. It's kind of a driving impetus, kind of the fuel in the narcissist engine. But reality might be, and usually is, much more nuanced. What is grandiosity? Grandiosity is an inflated self-image. It is a divorce between reality and self-perception, and this, a gulf, between the narcissist's real life, real accomplishments, real talents, real skills, real everything. And his perception of his accomplishments, talents, skill and everything else. This gulf, this abyss between reality and fantasy provides us with a clue as to the nature of grandiosity. In my view, grandiosity is not a primary force, but it is kind of a derivative phenomenon. It can be conceived as a set, a group of cognitive biases constructed on a foundation or an edifice of cognitive deficits. And these cognitive deficits emanate from a profoundly flawed reality test. That's a very fancy way of saying that the narcissist simply perceives reality wrongly. He doesn't have the tools to interpret properly events, situations, circumstances, social cues, body language, communicated messages from other people, and so on and so forth. Obviously he lacks empathy, which makes it impossible for him to put himself in other people's shoes and to anticipate their reactions, their needs, hopes, fears, priorities and preferences. The narcissist, as I repeatedly keep saying, is an alien. He is an extraterrestrial in the most profound sense of the word.  He looks human. He acts human. He has emotional resonance tables that allow him to imitate empathy and to imitate emotions and to behave as though he is one of us, or one of you. But he is not. His reality test, his thought, constantly his cognition, his thought processes are defective, they are deficient, cognitive deficits. And this creates, in turn, cognitive biases, misinterpretation or misperception of information about himself and about others. Consider, for example, omniscience, the narcissist's tendency to believe that he knows everything, that he is a genius, that there is nothing beyond his remit and his ability to grasp and to analyze properly. He considered himself the authority, not an authority, but the authority, and not on a single subject, but on every considerable subject and many inconsiderable subjects. The narcissist considered himself godlike, endowed with total knowledge, unlimited information, peak data, kind of thing. So what is omniscience? What does it rely on? Well, it relies on a cognitive bias known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect. The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a kind of bias where people overestimate themselves and sometimes overestimate others.     They consider themselves intelligent and analytical. They consider themselves well-informed, knowledgeable. They consider themselves sometimes geniuses.  They just don't know it. Not only they don't know it, they are incapable in principle of knowing it. And this is the cognitive bias. Narcissists are deluded about the true level of their abilities, knowledge and skills. But they tend to sustain this delusion also by devaluing and underestimating others. So they have classic Kruger Dunning where they overestimate themselves and are not capable of self-awareness. That is classic Kruger Dunning. Plus, they undervalue and underestimate other people, which makes them superior by comparison. So they feel absolutely superior and also superior by comparison. And again, the example of omniscience, the all-knowing narcissists. The narcissist often pretends to know everything in every field of human knowledge and endeavor. The narcissist lies and prevaricates to avoid the exposure of his ignorance. He is not averse to confabulations and outright lies. Narcissist resorts to numerous subterfuges to support his godlike omniscience. Where the narcissist's knowledge fades in, which happens very often because he doesn't know much usually, the narcissist feigns, fakes authority, superiority. He quotes from non-existent sources. He embeds friends of truth in a canvas of falsehoods. He transforms himself into an artist of intellectual, freshly digitization. Slate of hand. Slate of hand. This is the core innocence of narcissism. Here you see me, here you don't. As the narcissist gets older, this invidious quality may recede, or rather, metamorphose. He may now claim more confined expertise, or more refined expertise. He becomes more mellow in his claims, more realistic. He may no longer be ashamed to admit his ignorance and his need to learn things outside the fields of his real or self-imputed self-proclaimed expertise. It's all true. As he grows older, he grows mellower. The condition ameliorates when it comes to omniscience. But this apparent improvement is really an optical illusion. Because within his territory, the narcissist is still as fiercely defensive and as possessive as ever. So, many narcissists, for example, are avowed autodidance, self-taught. They are unwilling to subject their knowledge and insights to peer scrutiny, or for that matter, to any scrutiny. The narcissist keeps reinventing himself. He keeps adding new fields of knowledge as he goes along. This creeping intellectualization is a roundabout way of reverting to his erstwhile image as the erudite renaissance man. So, let me explain. As the narcissist grows older, he is willing to admit that there are some fields in which he is not an expert. But, as he excludes these fields in which he admits that he is not an expert, he adds double the number of other fields in which he claims to be an expert. So, he gives away or gives out one of these areas of knowledge and he adds another five. And he also becomes more fiercely protective of his claim that he is a genius expert renaissance man, Jack of all trades, in the fields that he has annexed, in the fields that he has declared himself to be an expert in. So, in his youth he might claim to be an expert on everything. In old age he might claim to be an expert on only two or three hundred fields of human knowledge, but he will be much more fiercely protective of this claim. He will insist that he is an erudite. The narcissist believes that he does not need to refer to reality as the last arbiter. He only has to tap his own superior innate intelligence in order to derive universally applicable and invariable rules. The narcissist doesn't believe that he has to observe reality, measure reality, conduct experiments. He believes that all he has to do is use his superior super-genius intellect to understand the world. All knowledge is innate inside him, he just has to access it, as opposed to other people who believe that they have to refer to reality to gain, to derive and to extract real knowledge. Regardless of the paucity of his own experience and knowledge, the narcissist holds himself to be a supreme authority on almost every issue and topic. As he did, the narcissist is emotionally invested in his self-imputed omniscience and in his infallibility. He regards any challenge to these as narcissistic injury, which threatens to undermine the very foundations of his precariously balanced personality. The narcissist disagrees with him, criticizes him, demands to know his credentials, look into his claims, and you become the enemy. He rages and is out to the value, and if possible, exterminate, eliminate you and everyone around you and everyone who supports you.   Omniscience, one of the types of grandiosity which most clearly exemplifies, demonstrates the fact that grandiosity is a cognitive deficit, based on a lack of proper understanding and grasp of reality, which generates a cognitive bias.


He didn't even ask for it to count. He's just getting some extra out of me so apparently I've been sent off down this way with the fine in my hand I've got to go to the police station pay it get it stamped and then take it back to him and then he'll give me my keys back. Alright so the story gets even better the police station is three kilometers away I'm now jumping on the back of a bike I'm gonna go pay it and then come back Police pay a fine okay. Swarikarp is definitely an experience I'd like to forget so not a nice place in there not a nice place helmet next time they catch a champ catch you.  And guys if you ever want to know what a paid tie traffic fine looks like it's a whole bunch of scribbles with your name apparently at the top don't know how they spelt it and that's that. Well I've got the key back that's the main thing. Alright guys so I've just come around to Patong and I'm heading off this way because apparently there's a rust farium bar around there and I want to check it out for obvious reasons so that's what we're gonna do I'll just give you a quick look around.  So I'm gonna stop stop the video right here. We are sitting at the northern end of Patong Beach you saw me go into and all I've got to say is that was an absolute rip roaring success won't go won't delve too much into it but there's some dodgy counts and they asked me what I wanted I told them told them the price they gave it to me and told me to get on my way so that's how you do it here guys I just actually saw my dad for like two hours we caught up hadn't seen him since the second day we got here he's staying in Thailand at the moment with his friends as well and I'll probably catch up with him tomorrow too so today was a wicked day scooting around scooting around the island of Phuket and I got lost multiple times but that's what you got to expect and it's all just about going with the flow over here being carefree and wearing your helmet because that was certainly an experience but yeah hope you guys enjoyed I will be back tomorrow it's it's seven weeks out tomorrow so I'll be making a seven weeks out video there's a scales up in the gym at the hotel so I'll also be weighing in and yeah until next time guys have a great day train hard I'm gonna go and train now it's not gonna be legs it's gonna be something easier I'm gonna go and smash legs tomorrow and combat I think it's I think it's called combat Muay Thai training gym Phuket it's a huge gym it's the biggest one I've seen so far and it looks like it's equipped pretty well so I'm gonna go ham on some squats and some deadlifts and really fuck myself up so then I can you know take a day off the next day and feel good about it so that's the plan guys thanks for joining me have a great night


I mean and Davies Cat y'all work well together Listen I'm from a I'm a dinosaur.  He wants to be a gangster.   I'm gonna put it. I'm gonna say, okay, but I'm okay. Yeah, but I've been doing this before you Mm-hmm. Okay. Yeah, I can tell you I was on stage Robin here's They wings we had to bring it And what happened was I was smashing them You know I'm saying he couldn't follow me for sure.  I'm like, no, you're not gonna do that either You know do that You're not gonna do that.  It was it was rough That was viral moment for so and you know, it's so funny when You're when you work and you go good on core.  I Know we're in I said, I think I'm buying me some shoes So I'm like, I'm not the counter and I want to go get some news. No, man. I got these I can't let you buy me those shoes See I got these I got these See it takes the shoes and buys shoes. I'm like, man. I Can't wear them shoes bought me some shoes But that's Yeah, he means well but there's something other Gets in the way like I don't hate the nigga. He's when he even when he pulled the gun on me.  What are you doing?  I had no you know what I'm saying It's just that one that incident where you put a strap down on me I was on it was it was it got bad because I was like, that's a real serious.  You know saying so But a real you know me I'm like me What do you flame on motherfucker? What do you mean? We haven't we haven't we haven't even got a dope Korra Movie, you don't have a dope you're right Western.  It made it I got to see you when I watch it one time one time one time years later on and I'll watch it again I can watch here. Watch me too. Me and you the same Jackson First cowboy black cowboy from the plate it like you know Any straight out of 30 minutes away material Listen man that that movie there. No, no trust me That's what he did Ray and we that is how that's what I was coming out universal I looked at It was a big thing said Ray And I was like, I thought it was Ray.  You knew it when I saw the poster Because I thought it was Ray He didn't Jamie as Ray. Yeah, he killed it. I was a he about to get a You know, I'm gonna stick to see started. Oh, yeah You know, it's first day in comedy was in San Diego a place called smoking. So we always talk about. Oh, yeah Oh, Jamie You know Jamie did comedy, right? Yeah, like I like it ain't no tomorrow. I love it It's my brother used to joke about it His grandma Anybody walk like that got to have a Anybody cough like that got to have a I mean it was just Yeah, brilliant. I know James for a long time. You you was at them parties. I heard about the parties I never got to go to one, but I heard they was off the chain. Yeah Yeah, his best friend they were down there and he would come into the shop We said a shopping terror going terrible. He'll come in in there and buy like a shirt.  I'm like, oh, yeah, nigga. Good luck man. God day You might see anybody at Jamie's house Anybody anybody but we've been going there Since you know, here's a great personality. Oh, no, he's good dude. He just it's solid He saw it. We know it's Eric, right? Yeah, that's the course and I had on that's you why'd you change the name Yo, your name you had to I'm telling what the people that sent me I'm my partner say Wrong Love is not your government. I'm talking about me alone. What is your name? Oh, you shouldn't it? Okay? What is you ain't right? You ain't rolling? Cuz it's easier to say You'll say that coming to the stage Or just it's just long, you know Richard Pir's name ain't Richard Pir Yeah, no, y'all always change. That's when y'all hit y'all start them when you change the name No, there it is. We see go written out.   I need one level man. I'm like, but I Need one level. That's one phase. That's it. See bad Yeah, we on boss talk one on one


Can you talk a little bit about being the dreamer and the dreamer? Well, in the field of psychology now we've had for some time this idea of lucid dreaming and a lucid dreamer is a dreamer that's aware that there's a dream going on. It's very empowering. You could have monsters and fire-breathing dragons and everything but if you are aware that you're dreaming, it's kind of fun. You're like, look at those flames. If you're identified with a figure, it's like scorched. You're just heated up there and burned to a crisp. So there's a big difference between being the dreamer of the dream and a dream figure and you might say that actually that's what all the mind-training of A Course in Miracles is just to bring you into that state of mind. There's even one place in the text where Jesus says, awareness of dreaming is the function of God's teachers. Awareness of dreaming is the function of God's teachers. All of this mind-training, all of this no-people pleasing, no-private thoughts and expressionist notions and forgiveness lessons and everything is just to come to one experience. You are the dreamer of the world of dreams because from the position of the dreamer, you can awaken from the dream. While you think you're a figure in the dream, you've lost awareness of the dreaming. It's kind of like going to watch a movie. If you pay the 10, 12 bucks and you go in there and you get all caught up in the movie you're going to feel all the emotions that come from the interpretations of believing that you're right there in the movie. Why do you scream to Julia Roberts? Don't go in there! The dreamer of the dream doesn't scream to it. Don't go in because you're aware that it's just a movie. You're just watching a movie. And that's why when you train your mind more and more and more it's just this sense of watching.  It's very, very, very different from that. Now actually Francis had a very powerful experience with her mother and she actually, that was what you were explaining.  She doesn't really have any metaphysical training. She doesn't understand a lot about the Course but when we went over to Beijing she got on the website and all of these teachings have been translated into Mandarin. So she just thought she'd just check up on what this guide the daughter is traveling with is trying to really teach. So she went in and she read the teachings in Mandarin and then she came and she said, he's teaching that there is no world. Imagine that. Who is your daughter hanging around with? What is he actually teaching? And then you can take it from there because she asked that Francis like, what is this stuff? And what is our relationship to each other? That's the kind of question that she got. When she asked that, consciously I was just thinking how can I answer her when she doesn't believe she's not into God, she's not into any spiritual teachings, metaphysical teachings. I can't explain in a way that she could understand but I was just praying to be truly helpful and what came out of me was that our relationship is the relationship between a dreamer of the dream and a dream character. And I just elaborated for about an hour and a half actually talking about can you imagine while you have a night of sleep and you have a dream and you dream up all these characters and all the dramas and when you forget your dreaming you actually experience all these emotions and fears and pleasures and everything. And she was following along and she really, really got it and she loved the metaphor of being used for my dream and she could really relate how if this is a dream, this is an illusion and there is nothing there and all these emotions is really like all that is necessary is to wake up from the dream and there's no other solutions. So at the end of the whole talk she actually said that so who am I, is the only question, isn't it? After an hour and a half of talk I said, yeah, that is the only question. So it was very profound for her because after that she actually within two weeks I think after we left China she actually had two mystical experiences and that got her attention because that was beyond everything that she could understand in this world and I explained a lot.


Having just gotten an electric vehicle, I'm really interested in charging solutions and so I made a point of going to the ChargePoint booth and I'm talking to Danny Allen about ChargePoint. What exactly is ChargePoint? So ChargePoint is the leading provider of EV charging solutions so we operate the largest network of public charging stations in the country and we also offer charging solutions for every application. So at CES we're promoting ChargePoint Home Flex which is our newest, fastest, flexible and future-proof home charger. Let's walk over by that, it looks like we've got one of them right here. So this is a solution that goes in your home, correct?  So you can install a home level 2 charger like ChargePoint Home Flex and have the confidence that you're going to wake up in the morning with a full charge. Yeah, that's where I like to charge for sure. This is cool. Are you watching this, Steve? When I'm plugging in and it's turning bright green, it's got a little ball swivel on it. That's pretty. I'm liking it. So this is a unit you would buy in your home and what are the specs on that, all that amps and volt stuff? Yeah, so it's a level 2 charger, so it's 240 volt power. It can be set to charge between 16 amps and 50 amps. Oh, that's good. Yeah, so it's flexible, depending on your home's electrical capacity and the type of car that you have today. So we like to call it future-proof because you can set it at the amperage that works for you today but you can know that you can increase the amperage if you get another car in the future or get one with a longer battery range. Yeah, so my audience knows that I did a section on how long does it take to charge your car and there's a lot of variables that go into it and one of them is how many amps you're going to draw and what the current is of your house. So having that be as flexible as that is interesting. Now I understand that so this is for the home but companies can buy similar devices or is it the same device? Similar. So it's different. There's a lot of charging. There are a few other elements that you want to have in the charging hardware. So for example, our CT-4000 station, it's the primary station that workplaces or parking garages or retail locations by. It's got a screen so that the driver who's coming up, they know what the price of electricity is, how to use it, how to start a charging session. The instructions are really good on those. I've looked at them. I did it wrong like the first 12 times but it wasn't your fault. I was missing a fundamental piece of the equation. I needed to have a charge point account. I kept trying to do it and just make it go without an account so that's why it didn't work for me. But I've seen those in a lot of places. I've seen them at hotels. I've seen them in parking garages like you say at malls. And so the business model is you sell it to them and then they decide whether or not to make it publicly available. Yeah, so we provide the charging hardware and software solutions to the site host or the owner of the station. So our software and our network and our hardware allows them to achieve whatever goals they want to achieve with their offering charging to their constituents. That's very cool. Now, they can also choose whether or not to make it publicly available or keep it private, correct? Yeah, that's right. So the site host can specify the pricing that they want to charge for electricity. And that can be dynamic. So for example, the first hour, it could be free. But after that, they could increase the price of electricity. They can decide whether it's publicly seen on the charge point app or if it's just private to a select individual. So there's a lot of different features and settings that they can use with the charge point software. That's very cool. I did. That was one of the times I screwed up and wasn't able to use it. I tried to use it at Google, but I think Google has it restricted to their own employees, which makes sense because it's a perk of working there. And I was like, oh, cool, free electricity from Google. And it did not work out that way. I also didn't have a charge point account yet. So I was doing everything wrong trying to do it. What about the different adapter nozzle things? I mean, I don't know what you call those, because my car takes a different adapter than other cars, right? Yeah. So this is the J1772 connector. It's the standard among all different passenger vehicles in the United States, except for Tesla. Tesla owners, all of them get an adapter that they can put onto the 1772 connector and then plug in. OK. It's weird that I actually know J1772, because I remember looking at that, and I have this bag of adapters in my car, and that is one of them. You're right. This is very cool. So if people want to find charge point stations for their electric vehicles, how would they find it? Yeah. Well, if you're a driver and you're looking for public stations, I would download the charge point app. It's free on iOS and Android. But get an account. Yes, an account is important. And then if you're a homeowner or a driver that wants to install a charge point home flex in your home, just go to chargepoint.com slash home, and you'll be able to see the options there.  Very good. Can I ask you the price point on the charge point home? Yeah, charge point home flex. MSRP is $6.99. OK, that's not bad at all. Very good. Thank you very much, Danny. This is great. Thank you.


We'll hopefully give you a sense of the kinds of questions that I'm likely to ask during the final. And we'll also have a review session during the last week of lecture. And we'll have to decide whether to do that on Wednesday or Friday, the 1st of December or the 3rd of December. So give that some thought and we'll vote on that coming up at some point here. Okay, so is that better? Sure. There, maybe that's better. Yeah, so we'll have a review session the last week of class and we'll just figure out when we're going to do that a little bit later. And the questions I'll either put up on B-Space or they'll be posted on the Bio1B site. Haven't decided on that, but there'll be an email about that. Alright, so last time we started to get into looking at cell types and tissue systems, which is really a prelude to looking at getting a holistic sense of plant structure and later function and the way that plants grow, which is pretty elegant and we'll talk about that today. So today we're going to focus on the shoot system and then later the root system, looking at these two major systems in detail in terms of structure and growth and hope you'll find this really interesting. The last time we talked about the dermal system, basically the outer protective covering of the plant and we talked about some cell types in the vascular system and the major vascular tissue, the xylem and phloem and I didn't have a chance to mention that the xylem and phloem are discrete tissues within the vascular tissue but they're adjacent to one another regardless of where we find them. The leaf, the stem and the root, the xylem and the phloem are found adjacent to one another in the vascular tissue. So they're discrete but right next to one another and their exact arrangement differs between the different types of organs. It's different in leaves, stems and roots and that's one way in which you can distinguish leaves, stems and roots from one another if other characteristics are lacking. So the ground tissue is the third major tissue system and this basically takes in everything inside of the dermal system, the outer protective covering, the blue here in the different organs that isn't vascular tissue shown in purple. So this yellow tissue here is the dermal tissue and in stems of eudaicots as I mentioned earlier there's a ring of vascular bundles which you can see here forming this ring in a cross-section of the stem and we have ground tissue both internal to the vascular bundles which we call pith and ground tissue that's external to the vascular bundles which we call cortex. In the roots as we'll get to later there is no pith in eudaicots but there is cortex to the outside of the vascular tissue. So these terms cortex and pith are just to orient you with regard to the position of the ground tissue that's being discussed. They're not completely separate tissues. You can see they're connected by ground tissue between the vascular bundles which doesn't really fall into the cortex or pith category. So this is just a sort of topological orientation that these terms provide and there can be different cell types in these different regions depending on the stem. Okay so the ground tissue includes some of the most metabolically active cells in a plant and it includes those that are actively involved in photosynthesis and support as well as tissues that are involved in structure like calencoma that I mentioned earlier that cell type that's found just inside the epidermis typically provides structural support during elongating growth and sclarencoma which is tissue that's dead at maturity that provides support in the older parts of the plant body that have already finished primary growth. Okay so that's the ground tissue. And so now you've been introduced to the three major types of tissue and the major cell types so we're going to move on to talking about the major kind of holistic systems of the plant, the chute system and the root system and an archetypal angi... And these are systems that are actually already in place in the embryo in the seed so we have a chute apex and a root apex already in the seed that are going to give rise to these two systems so that's an early distinction that occurs during development and it persists through the life of the plant. So the chute system is, unlike the root, the root system is made up of one organ, the root which can include the tapped root and lateral roots or adventitious roots as well in monocots and in some dicots, eudicots. But the chute system is made up of two discreet organ types, stems and leaves. And the stem basically in an archetypal plant sort of a stereotypical plant represents, I mean is a main axis that the main stem beginning at about ground level and you can tell stems from leaves which may seem like an obvious distinction but it's sometimes not by the presence of nodes. So stems have nodes, roots don't have nodes, leaves don't have nodes and a node is basically a point along a stem where you have a leaf originating, one or more leaves. Okay, so that's something that we see in all kinds of stems, even highly modified stems that don't look at all like this. And there are also inner nodes on stems which are basically, inner nodes just means between nodes. It's a region between two successive leaves on a stem, a leafless region where there's never been a leaf that formed and dropped off for example. It's a region between the two most successive leaves along a stem. And leaves then are organs that are typically comprised of a blade and a petiole. The blade is the expanded part of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs most to the greatest extent. Often bifacial that is having two surfaces, an upper and lower surface. And an extensive venation system. And the petiole is the stock of the blade. It's part of the leaf, it's not a stem. You can tell it's part of the leaf if you look at its anatomy. We'll get into leaf anatomy in a moment. But it's the stock of the leaf and it attaches at the node on the stem. It has a direct vascular connection with the vasculature of the stem. And at the upper base of the leaf there's what's called an axillary bud. And that also is found at nodes as well. So nodes are places where leaves originate. And also where we find axillary buds at the upper base of leaves. And these axillary buds have the potential to become activated and to develop into shoots. So into branches. So plants often branch and these branches have their origin in these axillary buds. So branches form from the axles of leaves, from the upper bases of leaves, from these axillary buds which are actually attached to the stem. The axillary bud is attached directly to the stem at the base of the leaf. And it forms a new shoot. So plants have this what we call modular growth where you can have new shoots arising from old shoots. And here you can see additional axillary buds that can also produce a new branch. So you can have branches from branches from branches from branches. And depending on the pattern of activation of these axillary buds, it can really affect the architecture of the plant. So plants have different architectures, patterns of branching, depending on this bud activation in part. And I should mention also that some leaves are actually sessile and they lack a petiole. The blade is actually directly attached at the base to the stem. That's just another point. Not every leaf is petiole later, has a petiole. It's attached directly to the stem. Yeah, it's not attached to the leaf. It doesn't attach them through the leaf. But it's found in a node too and helps to define the node. They're found right at the base of the leaf. Sometimes the petiole will wrap around the axillary bud and it'll be hidden inside the petiole. But it's still part of the stem. It's basically a side shoot of the main shoot here. But it hasn't been activated at this stage. So the apical bud is really important to talk about because this is a bud that's actually been activated and is actively undergoing growth. And this is the site where we have primary growth of the plant concentrated, where it's happening. We'll talk about primary growth now, which is elongating growth. I want to make a distinction here, though, between what's happening with regard to the elongating growth in an apical bud and what's happening in a reproductive shoot, a flower. We talked about flowers already. Flowers, remember, have a growth pattern that terminates after we have the production of the carpal. So we have these four sets of appendages, and after the production of the carpals, this shoot terminates and doesn't have any further potential for growth. The shoot that terminates in this apical bud, the vegetative apical bud, as opposed to a reproductive one, is indeterminate. And this is a major distinction between plants and animals is determinate versus indeterminate growth. So like us, we have determinate growth. Animals have a determinate growth where we go through a juvenile stage where we have tissues that are still differentiating, and eventually we get to an adult stage and we don't continue to grow. We're completely fully formed individuals, whereas plants never reach that point. Plants continue to have the potential to grow. They retain embryonic cells in their plant body that allow them to keep growing. And these are what we call meristems. So these meristems are regions of growth, and in primary growth they're what we call apical meristems. So apical meristems are sites of active cell division which can continue growing indefinitely during the life of the plant. And here you can see the shoot apical meristem. This is terminating the tip of a shoot. So apex is just the tip, and this is the very tip of the whole shoot, the main axis of it. And here we have a root apical meristem terminating a root. We'll talk about those next time. Today we're going to focus in on the shoot and its growth, both primary and secondary. So these shoot and root tips terminate in these embryonic regions, these apical meristems, retain the capacity for elongating growth, adding to the length of the plant. So okay, now we're going to just zoom in on the shoot system and focus on that for the rest of the lecture today. And here we again, we have the shoot apical meristem. It's a dome-like region of cells. It's very tiny. This is highly magnified. This is a longitudinal section. So we're looking at this sideways. And so this region is the one, the small, small region of the plant where we have active cell division on an individual shoot. And at its margins, it's producing new leaves. So all leaves of a plant are produced initially at the edges of these apical meristems. And here you can see leaf primordia, two leaf primordia here. Here are some larger leaves here that have developed earlier. And so the leaf primordia will develop into mature leaves eventually. And at this stage, they actually help to protect, they serve in part to protect this delicate and extremely precious apical meristem from which the growth, primary growth of the plant is going to be occurring. So from this region, we have cell divisions occurring. We already have the distinction between the dermal tissue system and the other tissue systems. The divisions that are going on in this outermost layer are perpendicular to the surface of this meristem. And they're producing new cells off to the side that increases the surface area, the surface layer. But most of the divisions are happening parallel to the surface of this meristem and are producing cells in this plane. So it's like you're standing on top of a brick wall and you're adding bricks from the top and you're moving up, adding those bricks as you go. So you're building a brick wall from the top.  And you're leaving behind these cells that still enlarge and will differentiate into tissues as we get into different cell types and tissues as this meristem continues to grow, add cells to this region. But in a sense that's what's happening is that this meristem is moving away from the tissue that it produced earlier. So that's the way in which primary growth is occurring is that for the most part we're having cell division in this direction and that's causing this meristem to move away, move up and leave behind these cells that it formed earlier which can continue for a while to enlarge and of course differentiate. But there's not too, when this meristem moves away to a certain extent those cells are more or less locked into place in terms of their height on the stem. Does that make sense? Okay, so the growth is occurring basically from the top down. There are some cells that retain the potential for cell division and remain meristematic in the regions below the shoot apex, the apical meristem that were produced earlier and these are bud primordia and these will become those axillary buds that are in the upper bases of the leaves. Remember these are leaves here, this is the main stem. So these regions, these darkly staining regions are still meristematic and these will have the potential then to form those branches, the side shoots of the stem. And the bud primordia, I should have mentioned the axillary buds, I mentioned that they need to be activated for them to elongate or to become new branches and that's something that's under the control, that's under hormonal control and basically buds are inhibited from developing by hormones produced by the apical meristem. So the apical meristem has what we call apical dominance and that's what helps to control the architecture of the plant, otherwise you just have this crazy pattern of branching going on. Plant would just be one massive condensed system of branches and the inhibition of branching by the apical meristem can be broken in a number of ways. One way would be just for the meristem here, the apical meristem, to move away from these buds, grow away from them and with increasing distance we have decreasing inhibition. So we often see branching further away from the apex and also if this gets damaged or destroyed that can release these axillary buds or at least one of them will assume apical dominance, there'll be some release of inhibition and one of these will then ultimately become the new dominant apex. So that's how plants can overcome damage to this system. So now I'm going to show you a little video that basically shows you in a very brief sort of shot, it's not a very extended one, some growth of some stems of a eudicot and what I'd like you to pay attention to is watch the lower leaves after the lower leaves have formed. Those that are close to the apex, the tip, they'll continue to rise briefly because there's a region of cell enlargement just below the apex but at a certain point they'll lock in at a particular height along the stem and they won't continue to rise up. And also the leaves, notice that the leaves will enlarge to a certain point, they get larger in width and length and then they stop. So one thing I haven't mentioned is leaves have determinate growth. So unlike the stems which are indeterminate, the shoot system in general is indeterminate, individual leaves generally, except with very few exceptions, they have marginal meristems around their periphery that add cells and cause them to get wider and longer, but then eventually they become completely formed and don't continue to grow. So you'll see that the leaves will expand for a while and then stop. Okay, so here we go. You can see some of those leaves, they were rising for a moment and then they stopped rising as the rest of the shoot continued past them. Look at that one more time if you want. Okay, so that gives you just a little sense of how that process works or how it looks in fast motion. So there are questions about the way that the shoot enlarges in primary growth. Okay, so next I just want to mention that these tissue systems, those three systems, the dermal tissue, the ground tissue, the vascular tissue, those systems already are, they developed from distinct cell lineages at the shoot apex. I mentioned already that the dermal tissue, the epidermis, which is what the dermal tissue consists of during primary growth, that's already established right at the tip of the stem at the shoot apex where we have those cell divisions occurring perpendicular to the surface of the shoot apex. Ground meristem forms ground tissue, so that is a specific set of cell lineages that give rise to the ground tissue and here you can see some cells that are beginning to differentiate in the region that will become vascular tissue and this is the procambium which is early vascular tissue, so those cell lineages are established right away as well. So these early tissues are already dictated in the overall structure of the apical meristem. All right, so stems in cross-section we already looked at when I was showing you differences between monocots and eudaicots and we're going to look at this in a little more detail, especially with the eudaicots because eudaicots undergo secondary growth, which I want to talk about now or shortly, not immediately but shortly, whereas monocots don't undergo secondary growth and they have this really different architecture of their stems. This is a cross-section, cutting the stem and looking at the cut-in. So here you can see in monocots the vascular bundles, the xylem and phloem which are together in these bundles are scattered through the stem with the ground tissue all in around them, not really separated into a cortex or a pith. And in the eudaicot, in contrast, we have the vascular bundles in this ring that I showed earlier. Here you can see individual vascular bundles and the xylem is to the inside facing the center of the stem and the phloem is to the outside facing the outside of the stem. That's typical in eudaicots. Here's the pith, that area of ground tissue, and the cortex is just out here. There's not a lot of cortex in this stem in between the epidermis and these vascular bundles and there's a little layer of calencoma just inside the epidermis here, that flexible living cell type that provides some structural support. Okay, so, and again, the ground tissue that connects the pith and the cortex and that will be important here in a moment. So now we're going to move on from stems to leaves briefly and just give you a little brief introduction to leaf morphology and anatomy before we start talking about the secondary growth. So remember nodes are the points of attachment of leaves on a stem and help to define a stem or help us diagnose a stem. And the pattern of attachment of leaves to stems differs in different taxa. So it's something that's taxonomically conserved, helps to identify plants and it's interesting in terms of the ways in which plants have arranged their leaves on stems to in part minimize self-shading. So you don't want to produce leaves on a stem that are going to shade each other out and prevent photosynthesis or inhibit photosynthesis just by virtue of their arrangement. So plants have specific arrangements which we call phyllotaxis. Phyllot just means leaf. The phyll is a leaf. And the taxes refers to an arrangement. You think of taxonomy or classification or arrangement of taxa. So it's the arrangement of leaves on a stem. So alternate leaves are a common pattern where we have one leaf per node. So there's one leaf attached at each one of the nodes. And these are, if you look down the stem of one that's planted as alternate leaves, you can see they either have a spiral arrangement or helical arrangement so that leaves at adjacent or at successive nodes are slightly displaced from one another and don't shade each other. Or they'll be in two ranks typically where that is where they'll be, if you look down the stem from the tip, there'll be leaves coming out on one side and leaves coming out on the other side. They're not opposite. They're not attached at the same point, the two ranks, but they're alternating on either side of the stem. So opposite leaves are a situation where we have two leaves attaching at the same node.  They don't shade each other. And at successive nodes they tend to alternate 90 degrees from one another if you look down the stem. And so they're not shading each other at successive nodes either. So those are just points of information in terms of... Alternate leaves and opposite leaves differ in terms of the leaves per node, but they both have ways of preventing self-shading of leaves by other leaves. And world arrangements are kind of rare, but we do see them in many plants. And this is where we have three or more leaves per node, as you can see here. And these are also slightly displaced from one another from successive nodes. So they don't self-shade too much, but this is a relatively rare pattern. Okay, so that's phyllotaxi. General leaf morphology. I'm not going to really have much to say about this, but we do have a lot of different leaf shapes that are often... that are diagnostic for different groups of plants. This is a eudaicot leaf, and you can see the blade and the petiol are differentiated. The blade, again, is this expanded part where photosynthesis is concentrated. And the petiol is the stalk of the leaf that attaches at its base to the stem. And again, leaves can be sessile. The blade might not have a petiol, but might attach right at the base to the stem. Okay, and another thing that's often seen in leaves is that their margins can be either... they can be entire like this without any notching or lobing at all, or they can be variously serrated, toothed, or they can be completely separated into separate leaflets like this, where the leaf is divided into separate blade segments. And this is what we call compound. So a simple leaf has a continuous blade where we have this expanded tissue all interconnected, whereas in a compound leaf, the blade is separated into separate leaflets. So each one of these units here is a leaflet. And this sort of thing happens, happened independently. This compound leaves have evolved multiple times in plants in response to different environmental pressures. For example, in windy environments, this might be beneficial in that it would keep the leaf from being torn... the blade from being torn apart allows for ready air movement. And air circulation around these segments could also help to keep the leaf from overheating in a dry, hot environment. You often see this kind of leaf in a dry environment, where the leaves are subjected potentially to heat stress. So that's a possible explanation as well. And also, if you have a heavy pathogen load in the environment, this kind of dissection of the leaf into leaflets can help to localize pathogens to particular blade segments so the pathogen doesn't move throughout the leaf readily. So there are a number of possible explanations for the evolution of compound leaves, which are derived evolutionarily from simple leaves. All right, and in grasses and in some other monocots that are grass-like, closely related, the leaf is a little bit different in its morphology. And it's worth mentioning, because they're such ubiquitous plants in our environment, grasses and grass-like monocots. We already talked about how monocots tend to have parallel as opposed to net-like venation patterns. But also instead of having a petiole or even having a blade that attaches directly to the stem at the point that it diverges from the stem, in grasses the base of the leaf actually sheaths the stem. So at the point at which the blade diverges here, below that point the leaf is actually surrounding the stem as a really tight sheath. So this is leaf tissue running down the stem, and at some point it'll actually connect into the stem itself. So in grasses the base of the leaf, which is a sheath tightly surrounding the stem, and is fused to the stem well below the base of the actual leaf blade. So the leaf is providing some additional structural support to the stem wrapping around it. And so typically when you look at a grass you're often not seeing much of any, if any, stem exposed. You're just seeing leaf tissue with the leaf tightly surrounding the stem. Alright, so leaf anatomy is different from stem anatomy, and as we'll get to later root anatomy. And this is a leaf cross-section looking at it from the side. And here you can see the upper epidermis of the leaf with this layer of cuticle, waxy layer on the outside. And here's the lower epidermis with the waxy layer here. So as we already mentioned, you know, leaves are the site of most active photosynthesis. And so this is the place where we have a real need to allow air circulation into the leaf or gas exchange. And so although there's a cuticle around most of the leaf, we already talked about stomata, which is plural for stoma. An individual stoma is a pore that's surrounded by two guard cells. These are cells that by adjustments in their turgor can increase or decrease the size of this pore or close that pore altogether. For example, in response to darkness or water stress. So the trade-off that plants are involved in here is that they have to get carbon dioxide into the leaf in order for photosynthesis to occur. Oxygen, which is a product of photosynthesis, can potentially leave then through the stoma. But the one really negative consequence here is that water can also leave through the stoma in vapor form. And that's a negative for the plant in general. So adjustment of the stomata, the pore of the stomata by the guard cells is crucial to strike a balance between sufficient CO2 entering the leaf and keeping water from leaving too rapidly. And so we typically find these stoma, an individual stoma or the stomata concentrated on the lower surface of the leaf that's not exposed directly to sunlight, typically. So it's going to be less likely to have evaporative loss of water from that surface that's not actually exposed directly to the sun. Okay, now that's the epidermis. The ground tissue or the internal part of the leaf inside the epidermis is like in the case of the stem and the root. We have ground tissue and we have vascular tissue. So the ground tissue is typically comprised of two major types of what we call mesofil, which just means inside the leaf. Meso-referringed inside or in between in the leaf and a fill as a leaf. So how a sage mesofil is, this is the ground tissue where we have the most active photosynthesis. These are really tightly packed elongated cells that are packed with chloroplasts and they form a dense layer here where photosynthesis is active. Spongy mesofil, there's also photosynthesis occurring in this ground tissue but not to the quite extent and these cells are more loosely arranged, which allows for gas movement throughout the leaf. So we often see this distinction between palisade mesofil and spongy mesofil in leaves of angiosperms, monocots and eudaicots. Now the vascular tissue, basically the external manifestation of vascular tissue when you just look at a leaf as the venation system, the veins represent the vascular tissue, the main vein and the side veins of the leaf in a eudaicot. And the vascular tissue, again xylem adjacent to phloem with xylem on top and phloem on the bottom if you're looking at it in this orientation. And they're surrounded by a dense layer of parenchyma, what we call the bundle sheath, the bundle sheath which provides some structural support to the bundle. And also to the leaf in general, the venation system is extensive in leaves and it helps to provide structure to the leaf, to that blade especially. So the vascular tissue is really important in providing that structure and the parenchyma here contributes to that, the bundle sheath. So there's little chloroplasts you can see right here, the little green units right there. There's a nucleus here, these are individual cells. Yeah, good to point out, these are the individual cells of the spongy mesofil, chloroplasts are inside each one of these cells. This is an individual cell of the palisade mesofil, here's the nucleus of each one of these cells here. Yeah, well those are parenchyma cells. So these are the cells of the bundle sheath that surrounds the xylem and phloem, provides some additional structural support to the vein system. And also there's some other functions of the bundle sheath that we may have time to get into later. All right, so stems and leaves can be highly modified for other functions and they look in this case often very different from sort of archetypal stems and leaves we talked about so far. So we'll start out with modified stems and there are a number of different modifications that we can talk about. One of them is a rhizome and we already talked about rhizomes as the main roots or the main stems of most ferns. And a rhizome is basically just a horizontal underground stem. So stems can occur underground and in that way in seed plants or in flowering plants in particular they can help to allow for storage. This is a drawing of a ginger rhizome. You've no doubt seen ginger rhizomes in the produce sections of supermarkets or sold rods oftentimes. And so this is an underground horizontal stem that's in this case also is serving for a storage purpose and that's part of the function of rhizomes. They often store food and water during the time of the year that a plant is dormant in say perennials that die back each year. Many perennials die back to rhizomes. They also can function in vegetative reproduction because these grow out along the ground and can produce new shoots at different points. And then the rhizome can eventually die back and we can have separate genetically identical plants. So we can have vegetative reproduction from rhizomes. And like all stems, rhizomes have nodes. So one way to tell a rhizome from a root even though it's growing underground is that it has nodes along which you can often see scale-like leaves or axillary buds. So you can look for these nodes and know that you're looking at a stem. And here you can see shoots arising from buds on rhizomes. And also adventitious roots form from rhizomes. So adventitious again just means forming from some place other than its normal origin. And that's what's going on in the case of root production here. Okay, bulbs are another type of modified stem. And a bulb is just a vertically oriented underground stem.  Essentially no inter-nodal separation between the fleshy leaf bases here where storage occurs. So in a bulb the storage function, which is the major function of a bulb, is tied up in the basal parts of the leaves. So this is an onion bulb in longitudinal section and you can see the main shoot axis here with individual leaves coming off. These are the bases, fleshy bases of leaves that will extend beyond this point. But the bases of the leaves are persistent fleshy storage tissue. You might have heard of a quorum too. I'm not going to really talk about quorms, but quorms also form as vertical storage organs and plants. But those are stem tissue rather than leaf tissue that serves as the storage function. All right, so any questions about rhizomes or bulbs? Well, the next type of modified stem is a stolon or a runner. And this is basically another type of horizontal stem that runs along the ground, but above ground, not underground like a rhizome. And this is an example of a strawberry plant. You may have seen these often reddish stolons or runners from strawberry plants that vegetatively reproduce in this way. So they can produce new plantlets genetically identical by asexual reproduction in this way, moving out away from the parent plant. And finally, another modified stem is a tuber. And a great example of a tuber is a potato tuber. And a tuber is just the enlarged storage structure at the tip of a rhizome. So this is an underground enlarged tip of a rhizome. And if you've actually left a potato out in the light and forgotten about it, you probably noticed how the eyes of the potato are axillary buds that eventually will green up and sprout and form a chute. So it's pretty clear that a tuber is a stem. It does have nodes from which new chutes arise. So that's something you might be familiar with. Tubbers are formed in a number of different groups. Okay, there are also a lot of different types of modified leaves that serve different functions. One is a tendril. And here you can see a pea leaf that has tendrils. Basically part of the leaf is modified into these structures that are sensitive to touch. And when they come into contact with something, they'll grow around it. They'll coil around it. So there's a hormonally mediated growth response as they come into contact with other structures and they'll tend to coil around that. And that provides some structural support for climbing, for plants that have a climbing sort of habit. So tendrils can be modified leaf tips. They can be the entire leaf. The whole leaf can be modified into a tendril. There are also stems that can be modified into tendrils. So some plants have stems that serve this function. So tendril is more descriptive of the function of the structure than its actual origin, because stems can be leaves or stems in different taxa. Another type of modification of leaves are for protection. And this is something that we call spines. Spines are just hardened, sharp-tipped leaves or leaf bases oftentimes that provide protection to the plant like in a cactus spine. Not to be confused with a thorn. A thorn is a modified stem that serves the same function. So like tendrils, we can have sharp pointed objects that form from different types of plant organs. Thorns from stems and spines from leaves. And also we can have prickles like a rose prickle on the side of a rose stem. Those are actually just epidermal outgrows of the stem. So different organs can be modified or parts of organs can be modified in different ways to serve the same function. There's been a lot of convergence in evolution. And if you've looked at an ice plant or a jade plant, you've no doubt noticed that some plants produce succulent leaves that serve a water storage function. These are typically plants of desert or saline environments, salty or alkaline environments. And where the leaf is modified to have a water storage function. And stems can be modified in that way too. Think of a cactus, the stem is serving the water storage function. So again, convergent evolution towards similar functions in different organs. And also leaves can be modified into traps like in the Venus fly trap. And again, this has happened many times independently in plants. And especially in plants that grow in environments where nitrogen is limiting. So plants that have trap leaves have evolved different ways of trapping small animals, typically mostly insects, not to harvest their carbohydrates. These plants with trap leaves are green. They're photosynthetically active. They're producing their own food as far as carbohydrates go. But nitrogen is limiting in those environments. For example, a Venus fly trap grows in acidic bog, boggy environments in the coastal plains of the Carolinas. And other insectivorous plants grow in situations like tropical rainforests where the soil is heavily leached of nitrogen. And so what they're doing is they produce enzymes that break down the tissue of the animal. And then they directly absorb the nitrogen. And these traps can be formed in a number of ways, as you'll see and talk about in lab, too. They can be pitcher traps. So the leaf can be modified or part of the leaf can be modified into a pitcher with an enzymatic solution at the base of the pitcher with a slippery surface around its rim and nectaries around the rim that attract insects. So we have a slippery edge downward pointing hairs in the pitcher and the insect falls into the soup and gets digested. We also can have sticky traps, sticky leaves, like in a sundew that admire the insect and sticky goo that also attracts the insect by the presence of nectar, but it's deadly and the insect gets digested. And in the Venus fly trap, we actually have an active closing mechanism that involves... We have a situation where you have two stable states, the open state and the closed state. And it's like a clicker where it goes between those two states. There's no intermediate state that's stable in the way it's conformed. It has a convex and concave state that it alternates between depending on a change in turgor in the hinge cells, the hinge of the trap. And the change in turgor of those cells is dictated when there's actually a couple of trip hairs inside the trap that if they're hit in rapid succession by the insect, it'll cause an action potential to be generated. And that'll result in a change in turgor of those cells in the hinge and the thing will close. It's a very complicated mechanism. It's still being understood. It's a subject of really intensive research, but it does have only two stable states, which helps to explain the speed of the trap. Okay, so secondary growth, we'll just get to for a moment. Just to introduce you to what it is before we get into it in more detail next time. This is thickening growth rather than elongating growth. And this is growth that happens back from the actively lengthening tips. So the secondary growth happens by means of what are called lateral meristems, not apical meristems. These are meristems that run along the length of the parts of the plant that have already finished primary growth, that are already at their full length. And there are two major lateral meristems systems we'll talk about. One's that contribute to the vascular tissue. One that contributes to the vascular tissue, the vascular cambium, and then the cork cambium, which is a secondary, a lateral meristem that adds to the dermal tissue. And we'll just have to get into the details of that next time. And it's a pretty cool way in which plants can grow from seedlings into big trees in this way.