I might have misread the situation there. Oh, my sick with it. How's it going, everybody? Dato Doy here with another round of Dragon Ball Fighters Ranked Matches. And if you watch yesterday's video, you know I played against the Super Saiyan Rose and lost. So that kind of got a lot of people thinking, hey, Dato, when are you going to make it into Super Saiyan Rose? So after reading those comments, I bust out the old calculator, ran some statistics. Turns out, never. I am never going to reach it. So I had to switch to my main team and try to make it so it's at least. Oh, let's go. Little bit of a mix up. Yup. Well, mix up a strong word. Let's just call that a bait. I'll take it though. Every day of the week, I'll take something like that. Oh, guard cancel. That's your one bar. You don't got your gun just yet hit. You don't have your gun just yet. So until then, I'm going to try to take some points. All right, let's go. Good stuff, Krillin. Good stuff. I'm also looking forward to Krillin's buffs, not just hit. Nice tech. I really didn't think you'd be able to pull it off. Oh, God, he punched me. Nice back dash, making use of the long range on 5M to get a lot of damage, actually. Hold the phone. Wait, that one might even say that's too much. I'll take it though. Seriously, that was a lot of damage. I almost lost momentum for that. That was an interesting relationship those two moves had. Yo, get off of Yankee. He just stuffed that with his feet. That was sick. I think we might actually be able to kill. I know it doesn't look like it, but oh, yeah. Oh, wait, hold on. No, he converted off that. I was really hoping he'd mess it up. That was all I had. Down tech? Nope. Ooh, how's this interact? Nice. Let me can back dash, keep the pressure going. I might have misread the situation there. Oh, my sick with it. OK, glad we timed that correctly. This dude is confident. Even when his character's at a super bad scenario, he's like, yeah, I'm just going to hit reflect once or twice here. Yeah, I like it. Staying true to the character. Also, oh, no, Tien, don't do this to me. That actually has a decent bit of blocks done. Huh, I've never blocked that move in the air, so I didn't know what would happen there.  He has five bars. I don't know if, oh, baited out the down heavy. Can I also say that I'm a big fan of this man's name? A geometry-o coming through. Let's focus back on dragon ball fighters, though. It might be time to spark it. OK, this might be enough for a kill. I don't think I should have done it this way. I should have gone with two destructive discs, but prove me wrong? I know we lost technically a whole bar there, but, oh, no, that was a great hold on the vanish. I was hoping to keep him out with my beams. You got to use Chaotzu right now, dude. Oh, wait, just a joke, just a quick joke. Damage. Chaotzu's packing so much dynamite under that coat. Incredible, he just took my whole health bar. Oh, remember when I was having fun blocking? I knew the dragon rush would come eventually. It comes for us all. Imagine if Arksis didn't take my double Kaveveha. That's a punish, yup, yup, yup, yup. I'm finally glad to say I punished one of those. Oh my god, that was real sloppy at the end there. I can't even lie to you. In fact, that could have gotten real bad. Do we get a rematch? Might be one of those times we take a little break. No break, OK. Every time I almost put the controller down. Oh, Super Dash early. Reflect. OK, he does like his reflex. I got to be prepared for that. If you like some, I can respect that. Oh, I almost got out of the corner using a little. I always forget Bardock has that move. It might be time for an early spark. Just kidding.  OK, Krillin time. I might not get the assist I need for this. Oh, just kidding. Oh, come on, no, Krillin, no, Krillin. Krillin, I'm saying Krillin like it was actually the character. But Dato, why would you do this to me? We are the same person, bro.  Oh, Dato in editing. Go ahead and cut in here. Let me know how disappointed you are. Oh, but wait, cut up, cut back in. Let me know if you thought that was sick. Oh, back up. Let me hold on. Let me introduce you to my friends Kame and Ha. I forgot Kame. Fuck, that was the one I was supposed to say. Oh, you were trying to. OK. Oh, keep it for somebody else, dude. I'm going in. He's going to reflect. Oh, so far. Little bit of a volleyball fan. Yeah, OK, let's calm it down. I'm trying to make sure you can't just get away with everything. Please kill. He had it prepped.  He said we don't have time right now.  Ah, we out. Yamcha, you are so good. Oh, whoever said Yamcha was low tier when Dragon Ball Fighters came out?  Oh, let's go. Now I'm just kidding. I thought he was going to be low tier before I played him, too. Before I, oh, take that. Let's go. Bro, Krillin's going to have meterless knocked out. Isn't that crazy? That's kind of wild. J.M. Cross is going to destroy me next time we play. Yeah, I like to go low sometimes. Doesn't always have to be an overhead. It can be low.  All we need is for ArcSys to give this man a better assist.  Scratch that, dude. You guys are doing wonders with Kid Goku. How about you just give us three assists for every character? Understandable, have a nice day. OK, I don't know what's happening anymore. OK, that looks like it's going to be it. You guys remember when I didn't drop stuff? That's wild, because I don't. Enough. Hey, please. I literally my sanity couldn't. All right, I know that there is that there's 50% of you who thought I was going to lose that. I am one of you guys. Oh, my God. I who it just got cold in this room. Why didn't you why didn't the down heavy hit me there? I don't know, dude. I'd be on the same for that as you. Oh, he reflected both of us. Me and my pet rock. What I selfishly threw out there. That's not too bad. Oh, always forget we're in. All right, time to go into Goku. Nothing too serious, but I would like to heal up that health. You can't down heavy that. You just got to reflect there. Probably I was going to say take it. But maybe you could squeeze in a reflect switch, switch, switch, switch. I probably should have tagged in. Well, now we just got to keep hitting right. No point to really tagging out now. It feels like every time in the corner corner, no matter what, it's Bardock who stops me. Classic Bardock move. Oh, I was going to say, right of level three. Eddie converted. That was classy. I got to give it up. Bardock comes back in. You know, it's fine. We got to deal with this character first and foremost. That's where I went wrong. Hit. Who needs them? OK. Little bit of a homage and then some good oaky in the corner. This is going great. Honestly, I have a lot I could do here. Down medium into, I was going to say, I didn't expect him to get hit.  That was scrubby. That was supposed to be a reflect, but he went behind me. Oh, god. Oh, you should have stuck to your guns. It would have been sick. But now not so much. Oh, wait. We got to get him back in the corner. I'll spend a bar for that. Yamcha in the corner, that's a deadly tool. I got to learn the new bread and butter for Yamcha and Goku. I think there's somebody found a new one. Oh, that was sick. And in the corner, too? Oh, you can't convince me this isn't great. You can't convince me this isn't about to be it. He's going to have to block low and then take a mix. Or guard cancel. Wow, how did I forget? Oh, if I had a bar. If I had a bar, OK, we got him. That's 3-0, baby. We take it. Main team coming out strong with a good performance. That's going to be all for this video. Let me know if you enjoyed it. Thankfully, I hit record. I looked over. Oh, I thought I did record. Other than that, don't wire it out of the comments. Let me know your favorite moment. Make sure that if you like this video, you hit the like button. And if you like the channel overall, you hit the subscribe button. Wow, that was a loaded way of saying that. Hit subscribe if you like the channel. We have a ton of good fighting game stuff coming up and some more Dragon Ball fighters as well. But if you want more Dragon Ball fighters and fighting game stuff right now, there should be some videos up on your screen that you can feel free to watch if they catch your attention. Other than that, I'm Dr. Doya. Thank you so much for watching this video. And I will see you in the next one.


Ali Kuzai has been found guilty of war crimes in the Swedish court, becoming the first librarian to be convicted of other countries' civil war. It was sentenced to 20 years for crimes including murder and rape. Around 250,000 people were killed in Liberia's two conflicts between 1989 and 2003 and many thousands more fled. Switzerland recognizes the principle of universal justice, men in suspect accused of high-profile crimes elsewhere can be tried in its court. The trial was the first under a 2011 Swiss law for the last prosecution for war crimes committed and aware in the world.


We are back alive and on the air. This being the Senate institutions committee, part two of this afternoon, this afternoon being March 12th, 2021. We are here for a brief update on the MOU that we had talked about a few weeks earlier. Commissioner Fitch has now joined us. Thanks for joining us late because we all got to talk about you while you were gone. Right. We lost points for being late. Yes, we are just kidding, by the way. I would, um, We also have your confirmation discussion up this afternoon. I don't think about three hours. I'm sure it will Mazza. I do understand that, um, we have your resume up available too, which might provide us some levity this afternoon. Um, let's start by on the MOU and what can you tell us? Uh, thank you, Senator Benning. So for the record and to make sure that I've got this down now, um, my name is Jennifer Fitch and I am the BGS commissioner. I have with me today, um, not only some folks from my staff, but Janet Miller is here as well as chief Romeo. Um, and I'm not, I see Rob shell here as well, representing the court administrator for the judicial branch. So we have been working what I would consider extremely well together and we've made, um, considerable progress since the last time we met with you. We have gone back and we have revised the MOU. We have met once internally. Um, there was one comment from the court administrator and several comments from, uh, Janet Miller. All of those comments have been incorporated into the MOU. I sent out the revised draft. Um, sometimes I want to say late last week. I've checked in with the team a couple of times. I got some final edits today from Janet Miller and we made those. So I believe, though, I don't want to speak for the rest of my partners, um, that we have a final draft MOU for consideration. But again, I don't want to speak for the other partners here, but from my perspective, uh, the MOU is, is ready to go. Is there a document that we can see or is that, um, I don't know. I don't know. There sure is, but you're going to probably ask me to share it on my screen. And that is where I have extreme limitations that I'm not good with my screen sharing and zoom. Um, just taking into account Senator Mazas for the confirmation hearing. The skill set. No, I'm just taking notes here. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. That's a ding. That's a ding. I can, um, if I can send it to Denise, I can send it on my screen. Um, Six of one, cause Denise could put it up or she could make me a host and then I can put it up. I'm ready for either the moment. She's out chopping the nice. Yeah. For the cocktails. Denise, are you out there? He's going to do. I made Eric a co-host. So Eric, let me send it to you right now. Standing by captain. I don't know. All right. Here it comes, Eric. Oh, good. Reminds me of, uh, Abbott and Costello with the rivets on the guys. I got a hot one. And I also publicly want. I'm very happy to see you guys putting all this together and presenting it to us. Thank you. Thank you. Can you see me now? I can see you now. Can you increase the size of that a little bit so we can actually read it? I can. Here we go. Whoa. Let me make that go away and I'll get you even more screen. How is. That. That's perfect. Right. And I will just scroll as we go. Okay. Thank you. Commissioner. I don't know if you want to walk us through this or what you would like to do. Happy, happy to walk through it. And then, um, I know that Janet, uh, hasn't introduced herself yet, but I just want to encourage any of my partners. If they want to jump in at any point. Um, and add comment as we go through it more than welcome to do that. So what I did, uh, Senator Benning is I took a recently established MOU that we had done with the office of historic management. And I, you know, I've been working on it for a long time. And I sort of use that as the format and the flow for this one, because I felt that it was written very well. So as you can see here in following that flow right up front, as I mentioned before, uh, we put in all the relevant statutes and thank you to Becky for all of her homework because we definitely leveraged it. So thank you to her. So upfront here, you're seeing again, like I just said, all of the relevant statutes. Um, and it really spells out sort of what's existing in the capital complex. Um, so what we have done is we, we put in the, um, we put in the link or the reference to the statute that explains exactly what the capital complex is. And in the end, you'll see that I also reference, uh, an appendix. So we're going to put a map in so that you can visually see it as well as go back to the sort of statutory language. Around what it is. Um, but you'll see that mentioned here. And I see a space there, uh, Eric, we'll have to take that space out. I was just noticing that there. Yeah. We'll have to fix that. I thought I caught all those, but I guess I did not. So that's what the sort of upfront piece. And then, uh, the next piece is we talk about event preparedness, planning and response. Much of this was taken from the existing MOU, but we expanded upon it. And we also reordered it and kind of bend and bucket it a little bit better. So this is really around our parties getting together. Uh, we talk about getting together at least twice a year to pro actively plan and develop what we call, um, an incident command template, if you will, basically depending on the type of event we might be, um, planning for, we would, we would grab the correct template, right? And you use that to then further refine for the system. So we're going to do that at least twice a year, if not more often. And then the other thing that we added is that we are going to be meeting on a monthly basis as needed to review any known events in the complex. So that might be request to use state facilities. For example, it could be the court administrator or Janet Miller is aware of some type of event happening in spaces that are underneath their jurisdiction, but we may, it might be prudent to notify the commissioner so that I can then communicate out to other state employees, right? That might be impacted, um, by that event, right? So we do a lot of communication with all the other tenants in the complex. So we have that in there as well. Um, and then we're going to do after action reviews. So this is pretty common in law enforcement, but after we, you know, we plan and then we have a specific, specific event coming up. And we refine the plan and make it site specific or event specific. Then we all execute our duties. And then we get together after, and we do an after action review and we say what worked well, what could be improved upon. And then we take what we've learned and we incorporate those back into the template. Um, so we're, so we're committing to doing those after action reviews together so that we can continue to strengthen our relationship and strengthen our response over time. So that's really for planned and known events. And that's what section one is about. Um, section two is really around, uh, emergency response. And as we learned again from the testimony, which was great for me, uh, law enforcement is compelled to act. So no matter what's going on in the complex, if there's a law enforcement officer, regardless of, you know, who they work for, uh, they are compelled to act. And so really with emergency response, it's nothing that's planned. And this MOU just, uh, further solidifies the commitment from the surgeon of arms and the court administrator because they do have. Sheriff's deputies. There's one right now in 111 state street at the Supreme court. If they are available and they could take action. This MOU just verifies that they're going to do so, even though they will not be able to take action. This MOU just verifies that they're going to do so, even though they would anyway under mutual aid, but it just again, further, further refines it or kind of sediments it into this MOU. And then the goal is, is that obviously they need to, they need to act. And that's the most important thing. But when they're done to notify the BGS commissioner, just so I'm aware of what has occurred. Um, and then can obviously communicate that information to whoever I need to communicate it with. So that's, um, emergency response. The conveyance of enforcement section. This was updated. Um, so not only can the surgeon of arms and the Capitol police enforce state rules, but we are then further, uh, providing that to the court administrator and her sheriff's deputy. So same thing. We have state facilities rules for both state buildings and, uh, our grounds, right, which includes the state house lawn. And so this conveys that they can. At my request that they can enforce those rules. And I, and I extended that to the court administrator. So that's the conveyance of enforcement. Um, the notice of facility related work. This was in the 2016 MOU. I basically just copied and pasted and brought it over. But essentially if we're going to be doing work in any of the spaces they occupy, we need to notify them in advance. We do that anyway with all of our buildings and all of our tenants, but we felt it was in the last one. And it's a good thing to have in this MOU. So we left it in. And then the last thing that I added, uh, really was the limitations. So right? This is for, this is only for when the three parties, BGS, the court administrator and the surgeon of arms are working together on a planned event or an emergency event. But once another law enforcement entity comes, let's say the Montpelier PD or the Vermont state police, then this MOU is no longer applicable because it goes beyond the three parties that are referenced within this MOU. And so that's the limitation. And we also added at the, uh, Chief Romeo's request and we support it. Um, he noted that yes, you know, we want to come and we want to support you with law enforcement, but we have to take care of our own shop as well. And so we added in, uh, nothing in this MOU. I'm going to have a really hard time saying this word so you can give me another ding. Um, Abrogates, the Capitol police, Capitol police as a law enforcement agency. So, uh, we did put that in at the, uh, Chief Romeo's request and we support it. Um, did he use that word or was that your idea? He used that word and I didn't even know what that word meant. I had to look it up. I'm impressed chief. I'm impressed. Um, and then we just added a little bit more detail around termination and review before it just basically said, you know, any one of the parties can terminate at any time. I really liked the one from historic preservation that said, let's give ourselves 30 days. Right. So if this isn't working well, and we have one or more parties that are frustrated, right? With how well or not well we're working together. Uh, let's give ourselves 30 days to see if we can work it out before we just terminate the MOU. So I felt adding the time was important. Um, and not just being able to get out of it whenever anybody wants to. Um, and I think that that, and I left in that the agreement will be reviewed and updated by annually, which was in the prior MOU. And I think that that summarizes it. And then we have some attachments. Like I said, a capital complex map. The mutual aid agreement with the capital or with the Montpelier police department. I think there's a couple more in there. I can't remember, but it was around, um, those types of documents, state facilities, rules. We have a link to those because they're referenced in the MOU. Um, And I think that that there might be one more. I think there's an appendix D Eric, but I can't remember which one that one is. Off the top of my head. Here it's coming. Oh, in the Washington County agency's mutual aid agreement as well. So these are placeholder headings right now, but there's will be with it. Okay. That's correct. We'll end up pulling those documents into the MOU. All right. So that gives you a really high level. Broad brush overview of the MOU. And again, I don't want to speak for my partners, but I can tell you that, um, I did send it back out for review. And other than one comment about, this is another thing I need to learn. Not spelling capital with an A and spelling it with an O. Um, which is something I need to know. Other than that comment that I got from chief Romeo today, and I made those corrections. I have not heard any other suggested edits. Committee. Any questions. Yeah. Mr. Chair. Senator McCormick. Yeah. So. Who calls whom in, I mean, on a sleepy day with nothing happening, the Capitol police. Are. Running the show, right? Do they call in Montpelier police? Or can the Montpelier police take it upon themselves. To say, I think we need to go in. So if we're talking a planned event. Um, the way the MOU is structured, right? Is that the. All of the buildings. And grounds under my jurisdiction. The team gets together. And they may, they basically come to me and they say, Hey, we think we need to have an incident command. Plan. Um, and law enforcement present at, let's say an event on the state house lawn. And they come and they justify that to me. And then if I agree, great. They're off and planning together as a team. Three of them. The three teams, BGS, the Capitol police and, um, the court administrator. Or I say, no, I, I don't agree with you. Right. And then we would not have an incident command plan. So, so the buildings under my jurisdiction and the grounds under my jurisdiction, ultimately the BGS commissioner in theory has the final say on planned events. For emergency events. That's a different story, right? And then we have a, we have a, we have an incident command plan. And then we would have an incident command. And then we would have an incident command. And then we would have an incident command events. Or emergency events. That's a different story. Right. And with emergency events, it's really what law enforcement presence can respond the fastest. So if that's the Capitol police, great. If that's the sheriff's deputy for the court administrator. Great. If it's the Montpelier PD, great. Is an emergency law enforcement has just compelled to act. It's not about who you work for. I'm happy to see those two terms broken up. Which two terms. The difference between a planned event and an emergency event. In this MOU, I think it was very important. Did that answer your question? I had asked at the previous testimony about what is the pecking order and who's and who answers to home. And the answer was that, that there really isn't any, and everyone gets along fine. So I guess if it's working, then, then it's, I have nothing to objective. It just, I can't believe it works. Well, it says, you, that inevitably you get to a point where you have different points of view as to. What ought to be done and whose call it is. Yeah, I think, Dick, your comment was based on the fact that those two terms. Planned event versus emergency event were not divided. Yeah. And I think that was some of the frustration that I at least was hearing. And this document takes care of that. And I, I see the pecking order, if you will, for a planned event is very clear. And the emergency situation is. What anybody would expect the closest law enforcement. Authority with an understanding of it. Developing problem is supposed to take the lead and run. So I'm very happy to see those two terms divided. Personally, I want to say this is a great piece of work. And I don't know what the timeframe is for signatures getting attached. That would be the next question. When does everybody plan on signing? Can I ask, we take the document down so I can see everybody because I can only see three people at a time. That's on me, sir. One moment. And I also, if you'll give me the time, I also want to say, and again, I don't want to speak for others here. Bill McSullis, who is my director of the office of state safety and security, Rob shell and chief Romeo, I did meet actually on Tuesday. To start planning because when we met the last time to talk about the MOU, I said, well, why do we need to wait for signatures? If we think we should be meeting on a monthly basis to start the meeting. And then we can start the meeting. And then we can start the meeting. And then we can start the meeting effort with the templates and taking a look at planned events. Why don't we just start now? And so Bill held a meeting on Tuesday and they did exactly that where they've started to plan. And I, again, I can't speak for everybody else, but the feedback coming back from Bill was that it was a very collaborative meeting. They covered a lot of ground. And it was a great foundational meeting for moving forward. So again, that's our perception. And I'm not sure who signed, but in terms of your question, Senator Benning, and I would have to look to Janet and there she is. She indicated to me previously that it needs to go in front of the capital complex security advisory committee before we could all sign Janet. Is that true? I think so. I mean, I think it would be a good. Cause then all the entities would be there to see it as well, like Montpelier police or anybody else that might be responding. I think that's a good question. I think that's a good question. I just want to just hear about it. And so I just would like to just touch base on one thing, Jennifer. So when Senator McCormick asked that question. When we were going to meet in our monthly meeting to go over the planned events, I think that that will be a time when we might not agree all the time on your perception of what it is, or maybe what our perception is as far as whether it should be a time when it should be. And I think as a group, then we could decide, right? That was kind of our intention. We can, we can. I mean, I think at the end of the day, what's important for folks to understand and I don't want to be, I don't want to be one of those people because this is not my personality at all. Who's jurisdictional. It's just not who I am. It's not how I'm built. I'm an engineer. Okay. We don't have jurisdiction. We want bridges to stand up. That's what we want. Right. So we want this relationship to work and we're very collaborative. Right. So ultimately at the end of the day, the way the statute is written currently, I am responsible. Right. The grounds and, and buildings underneath my jurisdiction, I am statutorily obligated, right? To provide safety and security measures. So at the end of the day. If, if, if. Um, If, if, so at the end of the day, I'm responsible for what happens on the lawn, I guess is what I'm saying, right? So, right. If, if somebody in our group is recommending something, I'm going to take it very seriously. Part of this is going to be built on trust Janet, right? You need to trust me and I need to trust you in the same thing with Pat Gable that we're going to trust and listen to each other. I hope that I've done the extending of the olive branch. And I hope that we're starting that, that trust process. I know that I feel that way from my side. Um, in my perspective, and you're right, Janet, there may be times where we don't necessarily see eye to eye. All I can commit to in the circle of trust is that we're going to listen to each other and we're going to, and we're going to trust each other and we're going to collaboratively work it out. But I think at the end of the day, I am ultimately still responsible for whatever decision is made. So there is that extra layer for me that I'm being held accountable. So, you know, that's just something for folks to keep in mind as we continue to plan and work together. Yep, understood. Um, chief from me, I can't see you, Robert shell. I can't see you. I would, um, I guess ask the next question. Janet is here for as far as the chief is concerned, but you all have a respective employers you are working under. Is there any requirement that your bosses are authorizing you to enter into this document? And I guess that I'll start commissioner with you.  I think we lost Joe. Joe's speechless. Wow. The administration. I don't know whether you need to get official clearance from himself in a moment. Take, can you all hear me now? Yeah, we can. Yeah, I'm watching you worry you were speaking. You sped up for a second. That was bizarre. Yeah. Interesting. Well, it's telling me that my internet connection is unstable, which is nothing unusual today. I just, I want to make sure that each one of you who is a signator has the authority from your respective boss to be able to sign on to this document. We get that understanding as the answer to my next question. Are you all authorized to sign? Hi, it's Rob shell. The court administrator who's who I'm keeping well informed on this will ultimately sign this document and we'll want to just give it an internal review as all documents coming to the judiciary do. However, you know, the, our discussions are good. Our coordination is good. This this arrangement is something that's been in practice and the MOU just is able to formalize that moving forward. So it's it's it looks good. So Robert, can you tell me Pat Gable is the court administrator. Does she need to receive permission from the Supreme Court in order to be a signature or any document? I would have to ask her and I can get in touch with her in the course of this call now if you would like. My immediate response is no. Okay. It may be good to get that confirmation and I don't need to necessarily hear it right now, but I just want to make sure that everybody who is potentially lined up to sign is making sure they're getting clearance from anybody else above. And I'll tell you the reason that I'm bringing this up, Janet, you talked about the cat, the capital complex security committee that's due to expire in the not too distant future. Right. I have not heard anybody making a formal statement yet. I do understand that there is language. Potentially in the capital bill, but we don't have that bill yet. And I'm waiting to see what the other bodies. In version of our committee is actually talking about. So I'm not sure what the timing would be for us. To be reviewing this and putting our okay on it. And I'm not sure it's actually necessary for us to have that. Okay. My preference, frankly, would be to have the parties who are working together in the document. All be authorized to sign. And go ahead and sign it. Come and present it to the committee. And just let us know that you guys have worked out the deal. That would be my preference. But let's first make sure that each one of you signing on board has the authority to go ahead and say, this is how it's going to be. I don't want to delay the conversation anymore. I think we're. I will congratulate all of you first for taking the time to work this through. I think it's a wonderful addition. I think with the appendices that. Other documents that were previously referred to are now actually cited. And are able to be reviewed by anybody that wants a copy of this document. I think that is very important. So I'll congratulate all of you for. Demonstrating that everybody could play nice in the sandbox from time to time. And I think that's a great thing. Pat, I see you're joining us at the moment. Okay. I think the protocol is with the Supreme court. And perhaps you can tell me really quickly. The court administrator signing on to this document. Would that need to have the Supreme court's okay, or do you simply have that authority anyway? I don't need the Supreme court's okay. I was watching you on the YouTube, but I wasn't invited. That's why I was. Oh, oh, oh. Well, that I'll take responsibility for that. I never thought to ask the question of whether the signature was. Actually authorized. To place a signature on there. So. Whatever Pat Gable says is law. That's it. That's right, Senator. I'm glad you understand that. Yep. Yeah, that's it. Okay. Yeah. I won't go there because I'm on judiciary. And I know there's all kinds of, I was going to say, you don't need your permission from Senator Sears on this one, but I don't want to overstep. Senator Sears know that Senator Mazza has confirmed that. Right. Yeah. Senator Mazza can tell me that, but I didn't want to overstep my authority. So we're good. And I guess commissioner, I just want to make sure are you. You know, I just want to make sure that you're clear and you have that authority without having to go up a step with the letter. Okay. And my, my peeps have been, you know, they, I've been keeping my leadership informed as well. Okay. The next request is when you are all officially signed a board. If you would deliver a copy of the document to both Denise. I'm just going to make sure that we have the documents and the institutions. So that they have a copy of it as well. I'm going to just tickle this out with Denise for a couple of weeks to make sure it's on my radar screen to make sure that that gets done, but we'd like to have the document with the signed authorizations on it. So we can place that whatever circular file we normally place those kinds of things. Okay. Yeah, Senator Benning. Becky Wasserman is online and I know Becky knows when the capital complex security advisor group sunsets. Becky at the end of June. Thank you for bringing that to my attention. I did not see her. Yeah. Becky, what is the language? And is there also a scheduled meeting of that committee at any time in the future? I think it is set to expire at the end of June, June 30th, I believe, and I'm not aware of any scheduled meeting. Okay. We'll put that on our radar screen as well and get the committee to meet. Am I still the chair of that? Or is that slipped over to Alice with the change in the biennium? I know I emailed with the sergeant at arms about that. Yeah.  I believe you might be the chair still, but I will confirm that. Okay. In any event, I'd like to get something scheduled just to say, we have all had a chance to have this conversation. So. Yep. Go ahead. You're the winner because I think Becky, you said during the last email that last meeting suggests that you were the chair of Senator Benning in 2019. And you were the chair. And then in 20, we didn't meet. So now we're in 21. So you're, you're it. Okay. Well, let's, let's get something on the schedule. I guess Becky, I'm going to let you and Denise try to work out something with with. Alice on the other side to see if we can't get a universal agreement. I think we're going to have to do that. And then call everybody in and hopefully by that time, the signatures will be on board and we can rubber stamp whatever's out there. Sounds good. Any other issues out there. Chief Romy, I am very impressed. Abrogates. A legal term. I was really impressed with that. Well, I just got my framed. Well, you can't see it from the background, but you can't see it from the background. So I'm going to add it in the midst of a pandemic. So I had to make that a master's degree worth something. I'm very impressed. Guys, I really do appreciate it. You've done some. Classic work here. And I, I hope everything works out going forward. Let's all pray we never have one of those emergency situations in the meantime. So everybody here who is a witness is free to go except the commissioner. And the bridesmaids. The bridesmaids. Yeah.  So you can't say any worse. Hacing, right? Isn't that what's supposed to take place right now? We are so far behind in our hazing. I mean, we've, we've got two or three brand new legislators. Who've all given their first reports and we haven't hazed any one of them because this zoom hazing just doesn't work well. It doesn't go over well. No, not at all. So the first magical question would be, why the heck do you want the job? Wow. Well, how long do you want to listen to my story? I guess is a better, is a better question. So here's what it's got to be out of here by three o'clock. So that's how much time you've got. Okay. So, so here's what I would tell you, which is, um, I went into engineering because I love math and science and I love logic and process. Um, and as soon as I went into the workforce, I've never been a traditional engineer. I've had a very untraditional engineering track. And I remember a very pivotal conversation early in my career with someone named rich, who was the chief engineer at V trans the Vermont agency of transportation at the time. He sat me down and I wanted to have a conversation about my career. And he said, look, then you have two tracks. You want to go down the technical track or do you want to go down the management track and the leadership track? And, um, from that conversation, I really thought about it afterwards and, um, I love people and I love creating positive change and I love leadership and I'm just really drawn to it. And I'm a, I'm a non-traditional engineer and that I think that I can say things that are complicated in ways that, um, you know, people can understand fairly easily. Lots of times as I'm sure you know, Senator Benning, uh, engineers can have a hard time communicating, right? Complex things to other people. And so again, I've just been a very non-traditional engineer. And then throughout my career, um, my, uh, management and leadership has continued to invest in my career and invest in putting me into leadership training, taking me under their wing. I have about 50 mentors out there. Um, I have a funny story about that sometime, but I have a lot of mentors and a lot of people that have taken me under their wing. And as I have continued to progress in my career and have had the opportunity to, to grow my influence, I think that I've done a really good job. And so because of that rate, it's been sort of the self perpetuating ladder for me. Um, and the last piece that I'll give you just because I want to say thank you to commissioner Cole, who was the prior BGS commissioner. I remember when I was at V trans and I went for a very high level job and Eric's part of the story too. I went for a very high level job in, uh, the Vermont agency of transportation. My heart was in it. I really, really wanted it. I thought I rocked it out of the park and did a great job. And ultimately I didn't get it. And I was very sad. And I was, I was heartbroken and I thought my career had come to an end. And I remember this again, this very pivotal moment with Chris Cole. And he said, you know what, Jennifer said, you can either be really upset, right? And this can be an impasse in your career. Or you can use this as an opportunity to better yourself by going and talking to everybody on the interview panel and talking to everybody on the interview panel. And you can use this as an opportunity to learn how you can become a stronger candidate for that position in the future. And I did just that after a hug from, from Eric, because I was pretty emotional at the time who also helped me out. And, uh, and I listened to Chris and I took that advice and I went around and I talked to everybody. And from that, my network grew. And when, and Chris was so impressed that when he became the commissioner BGS, he asked me to become his deputy. And I had a conversation with him and I had a conversation with him. He was talking on the phone. And I was like, you know, I'm just doing track. Over into a leadership track. And I have really appreciated and honored my time at BGS. I have grown tremendously. Eric's in the room so he could talk about that. But I've grown tremendously. I've certainly made some mistakes that every rookie makes. But every single time I make a mistake and every single time I get knocked down, I'm very resilient. I learned from it. I picked myself back up and I keep moving forward. BGS is an amazing organization. We work really hard. We have some of the most dedicated and committed state employees and state government. And as such, it's an honor to be able to lead them, but also as a detriment, unfortunately, when you don't have a lot of resources, it's really easy to do what you've always done. And one of the things that was really lacking within BGS was modernization, right? Continuous improvement, efficiency. How do we work better, right? Greater emphasis on customer service. And Chris came in and he did a great job setting BGS in a positive trajectory for the future. And now I'm sort of kind of taking over where he left off. And we have all these wonderful things going on in BGS. I think I'm the right person at the right time to continue what we started. I've got a great leadership team behind me and a team of very dedicated staff who are ready to move forward and are excited to do so. Thank you for that. Denise or Eric, I'm not sure who's controlling the screen right now. I got to read the first paragraph and that was it. Is there a way to pull that back up again? I keep trying. I keep trying. Committee, any questions while Denise is trying? Senator Mazza. No, I'd like to say, when she took the deputy's commissioner job under Chris Cole, I worked with a lot of commissioners and deputies and she grabbed right on to it really fast. She did a great job. Any of the testimony will be ever heard from her. And I was very, very impressed with her. Chris had spoke highly of her and she certainly proved it when she was in the committee many times. So I was hoping that she would take the position of being commissioner because I think she's the right person for the right time. And I very impressed how fast she's caught on to everything. There's a lot to learn in state buildings and it's not an easy task, but doing a great job and I thank her very much. Appreciate it. Thank you. Thank you, Senator Mazza. I appreciate that. And I've had been surrounded by great people like Commissioner Cole and like Eric. Eric is amazing when it comes to helping me learn the legislative world. Eric Blatt, Eric, it's Patrick. We like to pick on him a little bit, but you know, it says he tolerates it very well. Yeah, he does a good job with it. Eric, I just passed you over the bio to see if you can do anything with it. You want me, you emailed it to me? I did. Oh, look, there it is. All right, I'm back in the game. I can't do anything with it. Fair and a screen. And... And I would agree with you, Senator Mazza. There's a lot of learning with BGS because, and what I love about BGS is that we interact with all the state agencies and departments in state government and all the branches. So I have learned so much in my time at BGS about how state government runs. And what's great now is if there's something that I need or something that I'm trying to progress, I knew who to call, which is really cool. And working at V-Trans was amazing and I love it. And maybe someday I'll go back there. But now I feel like I'm a much stronger leader in state government now that I know how it functions and now that I've made productive working relationships across what we like to call across the enterprise within the executive branch. Yeah, there's so many divisions of state buildings. One of the big ones was yesterday we had some testimony in transportation about the car fleet, the vehicle fleet. There's hundreds of vehicles that you're responsible for and purchasing. And I remember Senator Ash had asked to have the half of the fleet be hybrid or electric. And boy, you had a great lady yesterday gave us a presentation, excellent job and has completed that mission. Or it's just fascinating that people don't realize that the automobile section is so large.  And that's just one of the segments that we don't relate to state buildings, but it's a big part of it. I'm curious- We do a lot of different things. Sorry, Senator Benning. I'm curious, what is lean six sigma green belt stand for? So lean is a process, basically it's a process mapping type exercise which basically means you take a process, you map it out, you look for inefficiencies in the process and then you take out what's called the waste. That's what it's labeled at when you're in lean, but you take the waste out and then you create a much more efficient process. I got to do that when I was in V-trans and got my lean belt, my green belts. And then I've utilized those principles in this role since I've gotten that training. And since I've been, I've gotten my green belt. We thought it was a diet probably, or something we all could, or we know something's gone, you know, it's not that. Okay, all right. The MOU that you've just gone through, is that your first time actually working with different department heads to try to collect all the various cats into a coherent unit? You definitely gave me a tricky one there, Senator Benning.  One of my strengths that I rely on a lot is I call myself what's called a collaborative leader. So this is very similar to project management, right? In that there, what Eric likes to call the preferred alternative, which means there's a goal and you've got multiple different people, right? Who all wanna achieve that goal, but they wanna achieve it in a slightly different way, or they may have things that are really important to them personally. And it's about working with that team to collaborate, right? And listen and hear everybody and say, not everyone around this table is going to be able to get exactly what they want, right? But we're gonna give everybody what they need. And we're gonna really focus on this higher level goal we're trying to achieve, right? So let's make it about the goal. Let's not make it about me or anybody else individually. And that's what I did with the Capital Complex MOU, the other piece to that that I will let you know is that I could tell working with some of the partners that there were some other concerns that weren't necessarily related to BGS. And I listened to their concerns and I said, I understand where you're coming from. So why don't we take your concerns, right? I'll advocate for you. I'll be a partner with you to help share those observations and opportunities for improvement. And we'll work with this larger group to achieve them. And that's exactly what we did. I advocated on behalf of a few people and we ended up having a after-action review for the unified command that we had over the Presidential Inauguration Week. And so that's an example of how I try to collaborate and work with others to create partnerships, right? To achieve higher level goals. And that's what I did with the SEMOU and again, what I did to help kind of get that after-action review off the ground. I'll have to say that when I work with groups of senators, the term herding cats, in this case, cats on steroids laced with Ritalin is more the thought process that I go through. But you had some very strong individuals there in their respective departments. And I am impressed with the import product that has come out. I think it looks very good. I'll tell you to conclude my only engineering story. I literally was on a brand new Harley that had the capability of adopting a phone system into it with my helmet. And I was riding up the Alaska Highway through the Yukon when Senator Mazza happened to call me to talk about the need for a Republican to be on some committee as chair. And this was the particular committee. But as I was riding along talking with him, I was noticing the Alaska Highway and wondering how they built it. And it suddenly occurred to me that they went down and dug two parallel channels and threw all the debris from each into the middle. And then they leveled off the top of it. That's my only engineering experience, but I figured that out. You got more than I got. Well, yeah, I know you could, I got a lot more on that conversation than you did. I definitely did. Now I'm chairing this committee. In any event, I do appreciate you coming by today. I will call for a motion from the committee unless anybody else has any questions. I move the confirmation of Jennifer Fitch as the commissioner of state buildings. Okay, Eric, can you take the screen share down because I can't see everybody. Stand by. There we are. Any other discussion? If not, all those in favor, please unmute, say aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Contrary to say no. Now's your chance, Eric. He said it before the program, but sir. I'm here to support my commissioner. Oh, wow. Nice, good job. All right, Jennifer, thank you very much for coming by today, Eric, you too. Committee, we will see you all next Tuesday. Have a great weekend. And Jennifer, just for your notification, I don't know that we actually have to say anything officially on the floor. We'll find out about it. There may come a point where we have to take an official vote. I think now we have to take a vote on secretary. We have to take a vote at commissioner. You have to present or someone on the committee. Yes, yeah. Okay, I haven't actually made it across the finish line. This is just making across the first finish line. Is that what you made the cut? Have you heard from Chris Cole? All we talked about in the other day. I've been trying to get a hold of him. Is he doing anything or Eric? Chris Cole is a very busy consultant now. Doing consulting. What he got? He got design work. Transportation. $15 studies. Oh my God. He's he's yeah, he's he's doing studies, sir. For what are you? Um, a couple of different organizations. I think he's doing some transit equity work. And he never answered me. So I didn't know what was going on. Yeah, you know how to text, sir. Wait a minute. Wait a minute. Is he working on any of the projects we've been talking about? No, $500,000 paychecks for design. No, sir. He has nothing to do with buildings. I assure you, he never did. And he is fully observant of the ethics code that we all sign as executive branch employees. But he is doing some work on, I think, some public transit and other transportation equity is what I know about. Oh, God, we go way back. A lot of memories with him. He was AOT and oh, God, we had a lot of fun. Yeah, he could talk his way out of anything. He could talk Jennifer and I into anything here we are today. He always was able to stay in the background and let everybody else do stuff. Oh, he was a genius at that. I used to kid him about that all the time. So if I could say one more thing, I just want to say that I thank the governor for pointing me. And while this isn't necessarily the last step, I thank you all for taking the first step to confirm me. It really is an honor and a privilege. When I thought about the path in my life, I never thought that it would be this. And so this is an amazing opportunity. I'm going to make every single day count. And I'm going to do my best to have a positive influence and impact on state government. Appreciate that. Where's your residence, Jennifer? Is it in my play area? I live in Montpelier. Oh, okay. Okay, guys. Thank you. Have a great weekend. Okay, guys. Thank you. Have a great weekend.


It's just been amazing, you know, after we launched the CV30 it was just during lockdown it was a bit kind of sad that I couldn't bring it out on the road so it's been so amazing to do this like last tour supporting Eagles of Death Metal with Bones UK and just being able to play it every night live with two of the amps on stage and just, you know, being able to have fun with it. I mean every night on stage even after sound checks I had like most of the local crew or like the in-house, front of house would come up and be like, that tone is amazing, what is it? And I'm like, well, it's my own but it's, it's been amazing, you know, people coming up and saying that your sound sounds big or it sounds good, it's just, it's very flattering and amazing. Yeah, some of my setup right now, obviously like the CV30 was built by Blackstar in a way that it just really works really well with all my pedals and the different octave stuff that I do and all of that and it was amazing to be able to have two of them on stage. It's not stereo, I just have different settings. I use one amp with like the ISF on one side and the other with the ISF on the opposite and slightly different EQs and together they just make a massive sound. It's just been, it's been really fun to be able to experiment with it and, and get, you know, really dial into the live tone. Yeah, this is one of them though, this is one of them.


فشرف بل اشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دابا دلا وياله من شراف عظيمي نعم لذا نتحدث عن نبي الله إبراهيم هو خليل الله إيزداء وقال إبراهيم هو خليل الله ونبيه الكريم ونسأل ولكن ليطمئن قلبي ونسأل أن هذا على سبيل المتناع يعني أنه يبدو أنه يمكن للإبراهيم عليه السلام أن يكون حقاً دائماً الله تبارك وتعالى بإمكانه to create some scholars they said ولكن ليطمئن قلبي so my heart can find tranquility in other words إبراهيم was saying was that اي ليزداد يقيني so my certainty can increase I already have certainty I just want my certainty to increase even more does that make sense so this is why إبراهيم is bringing it here meaning that يزيدو وينقص and the reason why he brought the statement of or the second statement which he brings which is وقال معاد and معاد here is who معاد ابن جبل الصحابي الجليل معاد ابن جبل is a noble companion and he was a عالم السكولة معاد and the prophet SAW saw by Allah على أنه يحب the prophet SAW said to him إني لا أحبك والله إني لا أحبك the prophet SAW said this to Muad and then when he said to him أحبك what did he say after that فلا تدعنا أنتقول في دبور صلا الله ما إني على ذكرك وشكرك وحصت عباداتك والله I love you و لا تتبع after you finish the prayer or at the ending of the prayer the scholars they differ what the word دبور means does it actually mean you say this دعاء after you say سلام عليكم سلام عليكم do you say it then or do you say at the ending of the after you say تحيات within the salah لكن there's a difference between خلافني على كل حال the prophet SAW I love you Muad say at the ending of the prayer اللهم أعيني or Allah aid me and support me على ذكرك in your remembrance على ذكرك وشكرك and your gratitude وحصت عباداتك and the perfection of your worship now this benefit that comes here right now my beloved brothers and sisters when the prophet told Muad that he loved him what did he do he told him the truth and he told him something that will benefit him it is deception that you see somebody doing innovation and you see somebody going against Allah's command and you say I love him but I'm not going to tell him صح you love a person and you see him going against Allah's command and you see him committing sins and the worst of sins is innovation because the prophet SAW what did he say we say in the خدفة الحاجة what did we say إن الشرر الأمور المحدثاتها that the worst of affairs is the newly introduced matter that's the worst it's worse than زيلا is worse than killing it's always صح are you with me brothers so you see somebody that's dwelling inside innovation you shouldn't be quiet because the prophet when he loved Mu'ad what did he say والله إني لو حبك فلا تدعنا he's teaching him something that will benefit him so your love has to mean that you benefit those who are around you and then أبي مو about معادي من الجبل عبد الله من مسعود said about معادي من الجبل إن معاديا كان معادي is أمة معادي by himself is a nation he's an ummah he himself he said that عبد الله من مسعود أهم as Bukhari narrated it and also الإمام المسلم brought it also the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم so sorry the statement of عبد الله من مسعود you find it by الإمام بالطبراني الإمام بالنجلي طبري sorry نستفسير he brings it in the ayah إن إبراهيم كان أمة قانية لله he brings it in the ayah إبراهيم is an ummah he brings the statement of عبد الله من مسعود that he said the same about معادي من الجبل also the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم he said إن معادي من الجبل أمام العلماء رتوة that the muaad is that he is ahead of the علماء and the scholars he's ahead of them رتوة means رمي الحجرة when you throw a rock how far it reaches is that high how ever far you can throw that is رمي الحجرة it means رمي الحجرة when you throw a rock how far it reaches is that high how ever far you can throw that's how far he is from them it means he's in front of علماء now again بخاري bringing the call of معادي من الجبل is معلق meaning بخاري never met معادي are you with me and we said that the معلق means that معادي من مبدأ السنة when the beginning of the chain of narration is بخاري doesn't mention his sheikh who did Bukhari from who is this sheikh this is called معلقات and he's mentioned أن المعلقات في البخاري في البخاري المعلقات those narrations that are like that in صحيح البخاري ليست على شرطه it's not of the conditions of علماء بالبخاري because sometimes المعلقات كميوات ما هو الصحيح وما هو ضعيف وما هو حسن all of them are present in it what did معادي من الجبل he said إجلس بنا نؤمن ساعة معادي نؤمن ساعة نقوي إيماننا come let's sit down and strengthen our إيمان and make our إيمان strong for a little bit but how is he going to do that بذكر الله with the remembrance of Allah عز و جل and studying the book of Allah تبارك و تعالى and anything like that so my beloved brothers this is what we take from this is what what we take from this is that reading the Quran remembering Allah إيمان increases just by sitting here إن شاء الله إن شاء الله your إيمان will increase and if you go outside and you play around and you hand around with the wrong crowd of people your إيمان will what decrease so there are factors is that increase your إيمان somebody come up to you and say أخي أنا إيمان is low the answer is not rocket science is it what is it that you're doing that's making your إيمان decrease stay away from it that's not something I can make you stay away from that's not what I can make you stay away from and then he brings a statement of وقال عبد الله من مسعود again this is a معلق وقال يدني عبد الله من مسعود he's who رضي الله he's the noble companion he's a Sahabiun جليل عبد الله he's said like that just عبد الله it should hit your mind no one else should come to your mind it shouldn't be إبن عباس it shouldn't be عبد الله من عمر من عاص it shouldn't be عبد الله من زيد no other عبد الله it should come to your mind عندل إطلاق school is a hadith when they say عن عبد الله قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم you need to know this عبد الله عبد الله المسعود عبد الله المسعود و لو كنت أعلم أحد الأعلم مني بكتاب الله تقطعه المطاية من الإبن الله و لا تفكير عبد الله من مسعود There's no Ayah that came down except I know he came down where it came down and when it came down and I only did pretend into it if I was to know anyone more knowledge about the need of the book of Allah و تعالى I can go to him I can take it from him but there isn't so someone gonna say was he more knowledge about his life that's what Shaykh Ul-Islam mentions in his أن يقين الإيمان كله. أن يقين ساتنتي is all of إيمان. What does it mean? It's all of إيمان. He means that it is أصل الإيمان. And the aصل of the إيمان is the real essence of your إيمان. That's what he means. What he means is that يقين is all of إيمان. He means that يقين ساتنتي is أصل الإيمان. And أصل الإيمان is the real essence of إيمان. That's what he means. Because if a person has يقين in his heart. فكل شيء تبع لذلك صح. Everything follows up your certainty. If you have doubt in your heart. Then you won't. As Allah سبحانه وتعالى يسيز إنما المؤمنون الذين آمنوا بالله ورسولي ثم لم يرتابوا وجاهدوا. The jihad only came. ثم لم يرتابوا. When they didn't have doubt in their hearts. صح. But if you have doubt in your heart. You won't learn. You won't benefit. And that's what did the poet say. إذ الفتاة حسبعت قاده رفع. وكل ما لم يعتقد لم ينتفع. إذ الفتاة حسبعت قاده رفع. وكل ما لم يعتقد لم ينتفع. If you're studying with a sheikh and you don't trust him. You don't believe in him. You don't have faith in your sheikh. Are you going to benefit from him? You have doubt in him. Are you going to benefit from him? You're not. إذ الفتاة حسبعت قاده رفع. Just because of what you believe of an individual you're learning from. Because when you think this person. And like some people say to you. I'm going to study from an innovator. I'm just going to take the good and the bad. If you're in a situation where you're checking him and you're I need to be careful. If he says this I have to be away from him. Then you know you're not benefitted from him. Are you really? The person you're learning from your heart should just be open for him. Just throw everything I'm taking it. صح. Because you trust him right? The person you don't trust. It's like saying my doctor I don't trust him when he's doing surgery on me. So I just keep one eye open. Just make sure he doesn't do the surgery bad. I keep an eye open. I'm just making sure that everything is being done correctly. And now who are like. The way that you laugh at that is the same way of this. It's nothing different. Is there a difference? So what he means is that the يقين is the أصل of the إيمان. It's in the إيمان. Just like the Prophet ﷺ said. ألا وإنه في الجسد يمضغه إذا صالحة صالحة الجسد وكل إذا فسد الجسد وكل ألا وإي القلب. The heart was the أصل for it is يقين. And once the يقين is in the heart. Then it starts showing on the limbs. That's exactly what the statement of Abdullah Ibn Mus'ud is. رضي الله تعالى. And then he goes وقال ابن عمري. Abdullah Ibn Umar ابن الخطاب. He's a companion. So he's his father a companion. رضي الله تعالى. And he was Abdullah Ibn Umar Ibn Khattab. The Prophet referred to him as a what? He's a رجل صالح. Righteous man. Abdullah Ibn Umar. The Prophet referred to him as a righteous man.  What did Abdullah Ibn Umar say? Please youngsters. Remember this. What did Abdullah Ibn Umar رضي الله عنه يسير. He said لا يبلغو العبدو A slave does not reach حقيقة التقوى. You are truly not going to reach. You're not going to reach the reality of piety. You want to be a person who's متق. You want to reach the reality of تقوى. How do you reach that? حتى يدعى ما حاك في صدر في صدرك. You have to leave off ما حاك في الصدر اي ما يتردد إلى الصدر. A lot of people will come up to you today and they'll say to you احي is this permissible. Why is it that you ask me if this is permissible and not all the other things you could have asked me. Why did you choose to ask? When anybody ever come up to you and say احي is it permissible for me to get married? When anybody asks you a question but they'll come up to you and ask you brother is it permissible for me to talk to a sister without her willy knowing. The fact that it's regurgitated and it's something your heart keeps questioning. It shows you that is what. As the Prophet ﷺ he said أل إثمو محاك في صدرك وكريت أن يطلع عليه الناس. A sin is what keeps coming to your mind like I don't know I'm sceptic about this. It doesn't feel good. And you dislike the people seeing you in it. You see the Prophet ﷺ. So when you know that you've reached the seriousness of تقوى and إيمان is when you the thing that you think I'm going to leave it. I don't want something I'm going to feel like that. Yeah. He said that the people of تقوى وكونed people of تقوى. Why؟ لأنهم تركوا كثيرا من الحلال مخافة الحرام. The people of تقوى وكون أهل تقوى because they left a lot of things that were حلال because of fearing that they might fall into حرام. They left حلال. Yeah. For us anybody who tells you I stay away from حرام. For us that's تقي. These people left things that were حلال. I'm not saying it's حرام. I just don't want to do it. This is what the scholars called أهل ورع. They called what أهل ورع. And then it's basically دع ما يريبك إلى ما لا يريبك. Anything that gives you doubt. Get away from it and go to that which doesn't give you doubt. نعم. وقال مجاهد مجاهد يمنو جبرين. He brings this statement. مجاهد يمنو جبرين العالم المكيه. He's what مولى بني مخزوم. He was a he was a slave for the people of بني مخزوم. And he was what صاحب عبد الله عباسه. He was a student of عبد الله عباسه. And he is إمام من آئمة أهلي تفسير. وليانك شوفيانة فوريوه. He said إذا جاءك تفسير مجاهد فاستمك به. إذا تفسير مجاهد comes to you. That's enough. Don't ask anybody any other questions. If مجاهد gives you تفسير of an آية. That's enough for you. Don't ask for anything. رضي الله عنه. And he is من رجال كتب ستة. You find him in the six books of حديث. بغاري مصدوة بداوتر ميد من ماجر النساء. He said شرع عليكم. Where did he get that from? He got that from قوله تعالى شرع عليكم من الدين ما وصابه نوحا والذي أوحينا إليك كما وصيلة بإبرايما موسى وعيسا أن أقيم الدينة ولا تتفرقوا فيه. He got it from the آية. The one the the آية صورة الشورة آية ثتي. 31 آية 31 صورة الشورة. So he said شرع عليكم. الله has legislated for you. مجاهد say this. وإياه وإياه. And he مجاهد says وإياه. But the آية في لكة شرع عليكم من الدين ما وصابه نوحا والذي أوحينا إليك كما وصيلة بإبرايما وموسى وعيسا. So why is he saying إياه بالضمير إفراد. He's using a pronoun as a singular. When it should have been a pronoun which is plural. He should have said وإياه. Maybe he's only referring to نوح عليه السلام. And once he affirms it for نوح then it's a domino effect. All of it will go for everyone else. It's not that I play domino. Okay. But that if he affirms it for نوح then it will be a for everybody else. What is that? What is it? مجاهد said شرع عليكم من الدين أوصيناك يا محمد. محمد we have the word وصية. What is it? What's the translation for it? bequest. Command. Yeah. يا محمد we've commanded you. ومحمد وإياه. النوح عليه السلام. And all the other prophets. دين وحد. And one religion. إخواني. All the prophets they have one religion. There was one religion they had all in common. Which is التوحيد. الله سبحانه وتعالى يسيزن القرآن. To the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم وما أرسل من قبلك وما أرسل من قبلك من رسول إلا نوح إليه أنه لا إله إلا أنا فعبدون. Every prophet before you محمد.  Does that make sense? Now brothers نبي الله نوح. How many years was he calling his people for? I'm asking a question. ولقد أرسلنا نوحا للقوم فلا بيت فيهم ألف سنة إلا خمسين عامل. How many years is that? 900? What do you know about his دعوة? Only Tohid right? Well, I'm brothers that's shocking. A prophet was calling his people for 950 years and all we know that he's he called to his people too. Was what? بلا يدوح. 950 years. All we know he said to his people was واشب الله alone and don't associate partners with him.  Who's not known to call the people to Tohid. And he's not known to call the people to the عقيدة الصحيحة. Then something wrong. What are you calling the people to? What's your دعوة about? If your دعوة is the assas of it, it's not Tohid then what's the foundation for your دعوة? Look at every prophet that came to these people. مالك من إلهين غيرو. Brothers you guys have heard of the hadith where the prophet told us عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم. There's going to come a time when a person will hear لا إله إلا الله. What's he going to say? What's he going to say? A person is going to hear لا إله إلا الله and he's going to say oh I heard my forefathers say this. When will this happen brothers? When the scholars stop talking about لا إله إلا الله. If it becomes everyone knows that. Leave it. We all agree that. And you just leave it there. Then everybody starts talking about politics and سياسة and all the BBC do what happened yesterday. Somebody got shot here somebody. We all talk about that. That's what we retweet and we yeah. And then we forget about the Tohid. There's going to come generations with that book you closed. They won't know about it. الله that's what that's what's going to happen. So this should always be mentioned in ملابر خطبة الجبعة. Every opportunity a person get. Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم is telling عبد الله من عباس يقول ام انه يعلمه ككلمة احفظ الله يحفظ احفظ الله تجيطه جاء إذا سألت فسأل الله. Don't ask anyone. He's a little kid. You know how old عباس was when the Prophet died. 13 when the Prophet died. So he must be younger than 30 at that time. Are you with me brothers? So the person who's given the hour to the people. He needs to be distinct. He needs to be known for what if you look at today the problem that we're having in this community in this society. والله the asset for it is عقيدة. I'll tell you that right now. People are slaves for their nefs the shaitan. Isn't that servitude for other than الله. Isn't that عقيدة you need to teach him. He's he's he's he worships. He's always the design. His own design tells him to go right. He goes okay I'm going to go right. الله tells him.  Brothers anyone who tells you within the Muslim community there's the عقيدة is strong and I don't need to talk about this topic all the time. Is a person who does not know the reality of the Muslims. صح. I'll give you victory. I'll give you استخلاف. I'll make you guys governors on this earth. I'll make you leaders on this earth. But I just want I need something from you. What is it? Don't associate with me. إلا تنسوروه فقدنا صراه الله سبحانه وتعالى سيزن النقاية. الذين امكنناهم. The people we make solid on this earth. We make them steadfast on this earth. Our people have these characteristics. What are they? They establish a pair. الذين امكنناهم في الارض اقاموا الصلاح. They establish a pair. واتوا الزكات يجيب الزكات. وقاموا روب المعروف. They call each other to the good and they prohibit each other from the evil. اخواني. As a da'i. Your da'a is not about what people like. It's not about that. Forget that. Leave that alone. What people like.  If your aunt, your mom came to you today. A doctor prescribed a medical medicine for her. A doctor prescribed something for her.  Are you going to force that medicine on your mom? And it's her health. Are you?  A doctor has given her a medicine. This medicine is going to help her.  She's like, leave me. Don't give it to me. And what are you going to do? Are you going to force it down her? You're going to force it with her. Allah even allows you to do that. That's what Allah says. If you sometimes go against your parents, Allah knows what's in your heart. That if you're doing it for their good. Are you there? So you're going to force your mom.  But she doesn't like it. But you're doing something. You know it's good for her. Why is it not? Because you're just suffering from..  Your doing is good for them. They hate you for it. There's a hadith of the prophet. which is يأتي نبيون وليس معه أحد. A prophet is going to come and there's nobody with him. That's what your job is about. Who follows you? Your job is يمسيط. بي مصيطر يجب أن تقوم بإضافة الحق in the people's hearts you convey the message don't deceive them it shocks me because a person who calls to Da'wah for 10 years a person of innovation sitting with him and not one day does the innovator find out that what he's upon is an innovation and you're hiding it from him and you're like I just don't want to cause division what do you call this person sitting next to you every day is writing from you you're talking to him about thick issues you're talking to him about مسائل نحو you're talking to him about sarf you're talking to him about balaga he's sitting with you every day he's writing notes from you and he's benefiting from you and you're not one day set him أخي الله تباك وتعالى تباك في السرور that's wrong what you believe of Allah you've not one said it to him what's he going to do to you the day of judgment you deceive me Allah says to the Quran وإذا أخذ الله ميثاقا الذين أوتوا الكتابة لا تبيّنوا لناه للناس ولا تقتمونها الله took a covenant with those who know that they're going to convey the message tell it to people the truth ألجم يوم القيامة بالجامل منناه anybody who's asked about knowledge he knows it he's clear to him أخي say it but Na'am one thing you have to do is the way we say it the way you put the message through to the people it should be in the softness observing kindness but the message should not be compromised and it should be said the truth should be told to the people but it should be said in a very wise in a very smart in a very mature manner so that's what the people mix up with they want the message to go with the maturity and the wiseness it's not right are you with me when the prophet came what did he say to them to the quffar of Quraish what did he say what did he say to them he said all of your forefathers are in the hellfire did he say that yeah that's what he said to them the prophet told them when he came to Makkah that all of your parents even mine included he said that they're in the hellfire this is what Allah has said when he said if it was not for the fact that my family will rebuke me and if it wasn't for my forefathers because if he takes Islam he's going to have to believe عبد المطالب is in the hellfire that was hurting him he couldn't live a life of no one no one no one no one no one no one he couldn't live a life of knowing that my father's going to be in the hellfire does that make sense but did the prophet say some say I'm going to have to hide this did he hide it the brother is important the prophet can make the message he told the people the he told them and he did it in a wise way may Allah make us those who are wise in their دعوة and the way they say things وقال he said may Allah be pleased with him شرعة ومنهاجا ورزي من شرعة ومنهاجا من سبيلة وصنة وصنة شرعة من سبيل منهاجا is what شرعة is سبيل وبنهاجا is the sunnah the prophet asked him to do the sunnah نعم باب دعوكم ايمانكم حدثنا وبيد الله ابن موسى قال اخبرنا حنضرة حنضرة ابن أبي سفيان عن اكرمة ابن خالد عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنهما قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بني الإسلام على خمس شهادة أن لا إله إلا الله وأن لمحمد رسول الله وإقام الصلاة وإتاء الزكاة والحجي وصوم رمضان لتستفع أن لا إله إلا الله وأن لمحمد رسول الله أن لا يوجد right to be worshipped by Allah وأن لمحمد is the messenger of Allah to perform the prayer to pay zakat to perform hajj and to observe fasting during the month of Ramadan العمام البقاري رحمه الله يقول باب ودعوكم ايمانكم this bab the strongest opinion ان شاء الله تعالى that which we take is that this is not a bab and that Bukhari didn't place this bab and it happened in some of the Musaq some of the copies of Sahih Bukhari now I'm reading a Hamish for us which Rewire did it happen in at the bottom the Rewire to Abidar was one of the narrations that have come so the Rewire that has come to us which is the Rewire Abidar it mentions that it doesn't mention it doesn't mention bab صح the Rewire Abidar it doesn't mention the bab so that's the strongest one because look this is still the statement of Ibn Abbas that we were just mentioning didn't Ibn Abbas say when he was asked when he was mentioning شير عتن ومنهاجة قل ما يعبق بكم ربي لولا دعاكم فقد كذبتم فسوف يكون لزامة he says قل ما يعبق بكم ربي لولا دعاكم he says دعاكم ايمانكم he was commenting on that verse ابناء الساكر it was the one who dropped it نعم the Rewire Abidar it mentions it drops it out but the Rewire Abidar it mentions it and even the copy that he's using which is تأصيل they bring it in but as the strongest of the mistake is that the majority of the scholars they make it weak the opinion of saying بابو دعاكم ايمانكم it shouldn't be a bab there's no bab here it's still on the same first bab then ألمام البخاري رحمة الله موسى his name is عبيد الله ابنو موسى ابنو المخطار العابسي أبو محمد الكوفي and he's very well known as Badam he's very well known as the name Badam من ثقة he's very reliable من رجال الجماعة and he's from طبقة التاسعة the ninth level from the ninth level I think from the ninth level I think from the ninth level I think from the ninth level I think from the ninth level I think from the ninth level from the ninth level he's from the six books of hadith oh, six of hadith they're narrated from him حل ضل إبن عب الصفيان you'll find him there عن عكريمة ابنو خاليد now عكريمة ابنو خاليد and we need to observe him a little bit because there are two reclamas and people confuse one another with each other the first one is what عكريمة ابنو خاليد ابنو ساعد ابنو العاص ابنو هشام ابنو المغيرة المخزومي that one, he is reliable and that's the one ابو خاري narrated from over here there's another one by the name of ابنو سلامة ابنو هشام ابنو المغيرة المخزوميو والسلامة المخزوميوه هو ضعيف ولم تأخذه ولم تأخذه لذا لا تشعروا اتو with one another اذا تذهبوا إلى الكتاب برتنبه علماب ابنو حجر العسقلاني والتقريب التهريب one of the benefits that you find from it is that these are the kind of things he points out علماب ابنو حجر which is originally taken from the كتاب تهريب will come out written by الحجاج المزي رحمه الله and what he does is that علماب ابنو حجر he writes in brackets تمييز تمييز and then ذاء at the end which basically means that he will kind of distinguish men's name who are similar to one another and they will say these two people are mainly confused with one another be careful بخاري ناريس from this one and he never ever narrated from this one and these are the benefits that you get from this كتاب ابنو حجر which is تقريب التهريب in which he is authored رحمه الله تعالى so that's just the issue of the chain of narration


Hello. This will be a talk about secret sharing. We're going to cover some basic concepts in the field. And we're going to see the best secret sharing scheme to date with complexity of three halves to the end. And this is a joint work with Danny Applebaum from the Tel Aviv University. So to begin with, let's introduce the concept what is a secret sharing scheme. So we have a randomized dealer, which holds some secret s, and it wants to share it with n parties. And it does so in the following way, it sends one message to each party. Here in the example we have six parties. And we want that every authorized coalition will be able to recover the secret the dealer had from the messages it received. We want that any unauthorized coalition will learn nothing about the secret from the messages it received. So we will call the list of all authorized coalition, the access structure we deal with. And throughout the talk we will think of access structures as Boolean functions, where every authorized set is assigned one by the function and every unauthorized set is assigned zero by the function. And we noticed that these functions will always be monotone. And that is because if some set here it's the set of parties one two and three is authorized. Then if we add parties to it, it will only it will remain authorized because it only has more information. And in this sense we will think of every access structure or function as the list of all of its minimal authorized sets. The other side to monotonicity is that of unauthorized sets, where if a set is unauthorized and all of its subsets are obviously also unauthorized since they have less information. And in this perspective, we will think of an access structure as the list of all of the maximal unauthorized sets. Moving on after these preliminaries, the most known and studied access structure is the threshold one. So with T out of N threshold function or access structure is that where every subset of the parties of size T is authorized and all sets of size T minus one are unauthorized. So, these threshold access structures were introduced by Shamir and Blakely 1979. And since then, they had this interesting property where the sizes of the shares was relatively small it was only logarithmic in the number of parties. So this is a very open problem. And this is the problem we're trying to solve here to know what is the worst case share size for any access structure, how much storage is required by the parties in any such protocol for any access structure. So this problem was first considered by it all in 1987, where they shown how to build a secret chain scheme for every access structure with share sizes to to the end. And it took over 30 years to improve this result. It was a great barrier it was only broken by you and like in Tunnet and three years ago, where they showed how to reduce this expand by just a little bit. But probably much more is possible. And it inspired the following line of work by Applebound by Mel Faraz, myself and Peter, this work included where we reduce the expand down to 0.585. And as in many information theoretic protocols, there is a huge gap between the upper bound and lower bound. And we don't know where the truth lies it could be that some access structures require exponential share size. And it also could be that secret sharing is a polynomial protocol. But in fact, there is a family of secret sharing schemes, or this gap is much smaller. It is a very important family of linear secret sharing schemes, where every share has to be a linear combination of the secrets and the random elements. So in the linear schemes, there is a much higher lower bound also exponential so the gap is only between the constants in the exponents. And we also improve the state of the art excellent by, but only by a little bit. And the techniques we use are perhaps more interesting here than the improvement itself. So we have a diverse of a secret sharing for general access structures. And in the rest of the talk will present how we get to the upper bounds will focus more on the first one. A brief on other interesting results but first we'll have to do a bit of preliminaries, how to do secret sharing via formulas. So you and my content that did their secret sharing scheme. And we will also talk about slice functions which are in the title of the paper and the talk. So we started secret sharing via formulas. And secret sharing has very useful closure properties. The first is for all gates, and it means that if we know how to deal with secret according to two functions at one and F2. It will be easy for us to deal with secret according to F which is the ore of both functions. And we do that as follows, say we want to deal with secret S, then we deal it twice independently once according to F1 and once according to F2. And then, if a set of parties is authorized by F1 or by F2, it will be able to recover the secret which is exactly the behavior that we want. So the property is over and gates which is quite similar. And in this case, if we say the secret is one bit, then we will deal the a random element a random bit as the secret according to F1, and the same random for S as the secret for F2. And then, if a set is authorized by F1 and also by F2, only then it will be able to recover the secret S. So, in both cases, we can see that the share size of F equals the sum of share sizes for F1 and F2. And we can do it twice. And we can do more complex decomposition decompositions like that for any function F to many functions. And this is an idea that goes through many of the known secret chain schemes today and also in the scheme of LV, which we will now talk about. Their scheme was based on two main ideas. The first one was a very efficient secret chain scheme for slice functions, which we'll define in the next slide. We had sub exponential share size for any such size function. And then they built a formula. They built a formula of size less than two to the end, where the leaves were represented by these slice functions we have which had efficient implementation of secret sharing. So, we're presenting this because we will soon do similar tricks with other kinds of functions. But first we'll define these slice functions. Probably many of you have heard of them before but the case slice function is one which outputs one for every input of size larger than K, zero for every input of size smaller than K, and it is unrestricted for inputs of size K. And we'll represent slice functions by these this rhombus on the right and generally represent graphically like this functions from now on, and the every vertical layer here represents sets of certain size. And if that layer is green it means that they received one and if it is read if they receive the zero from the relevant function. So now we're finally getting to some new ideas. And we saw that the formula by LV even though the constant in the exponents representing the size of the formula. It's amazing that it's below one, but it's still quite high. So we offer a different approach, where we define functions that are similar to slices with some important variations. The definitions will be much harder to implement in secret sharing their share size will not be sub exponential, and will be the highest exponent for any such slice will be three halves to the end. But it will be very, very easy to compose these special slices actually the size of the formula will be linear in N. So these special slices. Actually it's a, maybe a simple definition then expected they're actually for up slices they are monotone K DNFs, which means that they are functions where all of them in terms of arrest are of specific size K. So the definition, if we take a function F, then it's K up slice is simply a function which has the min terms of f of size exactly K. So if the inputs are sized below K, there the output will be the output will be zero, or inputs of size K, the case slice of F equals F. But everything above that is only defined by what happens in the case layer. So we will represent up slices with this shape where the two bottom parts are exactly like slices and the upper part is different. So this definition is useful, since a function F can be decomposed to its N up slices with one or gate with fanning N. And analogously we can define down slices, which are monotone K CNFs, or functions where all the max terms are of size exactly K. And again the case down slice of a function F is a function which has the exact same max term as F of size K. And then, analogously to before the last two items will be identical to slice function where small sets, the behavior of the function on them will be defined by what happens in the case layer, and here F can be decomposed to its N down slices with one and gates, which has fanning N. So how do we actually do anything with these up slices or down slices. And for us basic schemes for up slices and down slices can be derived from the work of apple by metal from last year. And we'll get the following share sizes which can be understood maybe better by this graph representation. So we will focus on down slices where the constant in the exponent increases as the parameter of the slice increases. And if we would have wanted to generate from this is secret sharing scheme for every access structure, the exponent will get in the end will be, and exactly because these high down slices cost too much. So what we do in our paper is we try to reduce the cost of these high down slices, and then do the composition of all down slices for a specific function. We use down slices because we see that for up slices, the situation is even worse, all up slices from half downwards already have an exponent of N. What we'll do is reduce the exponent of these high down slices. And then we'll realize all down slices of function below half with the abilities we had from the previous paper. And we'll do a reduction from higher down slices to the half down slice. The general idea of this new scheme. So we will now show this reduction. So, the idea is as follows. Say we want to realize some high down slice. We pick many functions which are half down slices and we pick these functions in a way that satisfies the following two conditions. The first is that every half down slice that we choose is always larger than the original function on every input, where the original function I remind you is a high down slice. If f of x equals one then for every TFT of x also must equal one, but we also require that for every max term of F, there will be some function that we chose that is equal to F on this max term. And why do we want these two conditions, because then the following equality holds F will be the end of all of these functions. And then we'll be able to decompose F with end gates as we've seen before for secret sharing, and we will be done. So why are these two conditions enough for this equality to hold. So if the F of x is one, then by condition one F T of x is also one for every T and the quality holds. And if f of x is zero, then at least one function will also output zero on this x. And since this is an end gate the quality will gain hold. So it is only left to see how we find these FTs, how we define them. So they will hold these two properties. We will show an example for this reduction from high down slices to the half down slice for a specific high down slice for the parameters to make sense so we'll observe a specific point eight and down slice. Since F T we will choose will be defined as follows, every function F T will be defined by a set T of point six and parties. And we will say that F T, when it receives the input x, some of it belongs to and some doesn't, then the function will output whatever f outputs on x, which is the same for the complement of T but only ones for the T part. So, for example, if there was a complex input here with many ones and zeros and F T simply puts ones in all of the part that belongs to T and outputs whatever f would have outfitted on this full input. We can first easily see that every such F T is larger than the original function. Since for every input it only increases the input it puts in more ones, and then and then responds with the original function would have responded. And since these functions are more on these means that the output will also be larger. And the point is that, if we have an input that contains all of the bits of T, it means that it already has ones where the set T lies, then the function F T answers exactly the same as the function f on that input it changes nothing and simply responds whatever f response. So that's the hint about how we will be able to satisfy the second condition, where for every input at least one function must be equal to the original function. And the way we do it is via combinatorial covers, which is an idea which was already used for secret chain schemes in the eurequist paper of apple bar metal. The way to do it is to pick many such functions and many such tease, such that every X of size 0.8 and that means that this includes all of the Max terms. And this will contain at least one of these teas. And if this is the case, then for every Max term f t such that these contain this that in that Max term will equal f. And then the two conditions we talked about in the previous slide will hold, and we will be able to do this composition of f from the f days, which is copied here. It will be a legitimate secret chain scheme for the high down slice 0.8 of F. So, only one thing is remain hidden here. And that is why are these f t is half down slices wire these f t is easier to implement more than any general function. So we'll claim that these f t's are actually half down slices but on a smaller input. That means that they are 0.2 and 0.4 and down slices. And the 0.4 and part is the easier one to understand since actually f t is defined only on the smaller part of the inputs as it always puts one in all other parts of the input. And we will be able to observe that all Max terms of any such f t are of size 0.2 n. And why is that say that we have a set here in x t bar of size larger than 0.2 n of ones. And f t will answer on it the same as f would for these ones plus these 0.6 and ones in x t. And the sum of these ones here and here will be bigger than 0.8 n, which is the down slice parameter of the original function and therefore the slice will always output one on such inputs. So we have the right with our graphical representation. If sets are, if the ones that are too large, the function outputs one. And if sets are says exactly 0.2 and in the input of f t, then they will be of size 0.8 and of the original function they could be unrestricted ones or zeros. So sets can only be zeroed out if they are contained in the Max term of size 0.2 n, which corresponds to 0.8 and in the original function. So this actually sums up the entire idea. The share size of such a scheme for this 0.8 and down slices will be the number of 0.6 and sets that is required to cover all the sets of size 0.8 n times the cost of the secret sharing steams for such f t's, which is the share size of down slices of over 0.4 n parties where the down slice parameter is 0.2 n. And this gets us to the graph we've seen before. So we see here that the most expensive down slice will be that of the two thirds down slice and it has the exponent we already mentioned many times the three halves to the end or two to the point five eight five. So now we will go in a faster pace through other results presented in the paper, the first one being the linear scheme, we mentioned. So in this case we had to beat the exponent of 0.77 and by applebaum et al. And if we try to do the exact same tricks as before with the reduction from high down slices to low down slices. The numbers just don't add up. It's a higher exponent than before. And to get to the 0.76 and we had to use other tricks, which rely on properties of dual access structures. So we'll briefly define those. And a dual of a function f is a function which on an input x looks at what f outputs on the complement of x, and outputs the opposite. So in a verbal explanation it might sound complicated but a few examples will show us that it's actually pretty simple. For example the dual of a threshold function is also a threshold function, but with a different parameter. So you can see that if all sets above size T are authorized by f, then their compliments, which are sets of size below minus T plus one will be unauthorized by the dual. And the same happens with the zeros which turns to ones and basically when we look at these shapes to move to the dual function we just have to flip the shape over on its head then the then replace every one with a zero and every zero with a one. So we can also see that the dual of a slice function will also be a slice function with a different parameter. And the dual of up slices will be down slices. So it will turn to one, the unrestricted layer remains unrestricted the in the dual and everything that was induced upwards in F in the up slices now induced downwards in the dual of f. So it is an old open problem in secret sharing whether the optimal share size for an access structure and it's dual are the same. The problem is resolved for linear secret sharing schemes. And we can use this theorem this idea to improve our linear schemes. And the things we do is we realize up slices more efficiently the duality because we know that down slices can be realized more efficiently and then we move to the dual which is up slices and realize them. And then we define a recursively formula for every function f over down slices up slices and even slices and other types of functions, and the size of this formula will be to do the 76 n. Another insight that we had is that the average case is easier than the worst case for secret sharing for down slices and up slices. So on the left you can see the expressions for the worst case and average case for up slices, but it will be again easier to understand things by looking at the graph and we see that the average case is much easier. For example for the middle slice the exponent in the worst cases and then the average case it will be half and the similar phenomenon exists for down slices and even for linear schemes we can show the same thing the graphs of course will look a little different for every case. And it also needs to be said that similar results were obtained by by Malin for us for up slices with a constant K. And here we give the full picture for every possible up slice and down slice. And the last thing we're going to talk about is this gap theorem, which is really nice because it connects all the things we've talked about throughout this presentation. And it basically says that one of the following three gaps must hold, and the gaps are the first one the average case to worst case gap, which we just talked about. The average case is the duality gap, which means that there exists a function, which has a better secret sharing scheme than the optimal scheme for its dual. And the non linearity gap which means that the general secret sharing has exponentially smaller share sizes than linear secret sharing. So that's one of these three gaps must hold by showing that if the first two are canceled out, then the third one holds. So why is that. First, we just saw that if there will be no gap between the average case in the worst case for up slices, then the up slice with the worst exponent will have an exponent of half. And for every function will be able to compose all of its up slices to a scheme with an exponent of half. Then if the duality gap is cancelled out, we can use more tricks which we're not going to talk about to bring down the exponent a little further. And this already implies a gap between general secret sharing and linear secret sharing as linear secret sharing has lower bound of two to the 0.5 and so this is basically it. And we've talked about the the upper bounds and the different types of scheme we show in the paper, but the main open questions remain open. Can we achieve sub exponential general secret sharing, or can we improve the lower bound and making progress in both of these questions should be a great achievement and we'll, I think, try to do it. So hope to see you next time. And thanks for listening.