Live from Las Vegas, Nevada, it's theCUBE. Covering Knowledge 15, brought to you by ServiceNow. Okay, welcome back everyone. You are watching SiliconANGLE Wikibon's theCUBE, our flagship program, we go out to the events and extract the simple noise. I'm John Furrier. My co is Dave Vellante with wikibon.org and we're pleased to have Pat Casey, VP general manager of Create Now, platform development, early employee of ServiceNow, great perspective. We're going to get geeky here, but talk about some of the high level stuff. Welcome back to theCUBE. Thank you very much. So you've seen the evolution of ServiceNow from early days to public companies, scaling, very cloud. I mean, it's inside the tornado to use that metaphor. It's been so successful. What do you feel? What's your feeling right now? And how much more work do you see on the horizon? Well, I think probably the first thing I feel is shocked is the honest answer. When this company was founded, we didn't have office space. So we borrowed office space in the basement of our VC and it had no windows. So we're in this little tomb of a room and there were five people there and one table we got from IKEA. So to look out now, we've got 9,000 customers who paid money to attend an event about this. It's just, it's shocking. It's also humbling. And it's also to be honest, it's scary. People are here because they are dependent on technology that we wrote. And one of the things that's just been always been sunk into my head and I believe this for me is I do not want to let anybody here who has put their faith in ServiceNow down. So in terms of where the work is, we've only just gotten started. I get up every day and I am just, I fundamentally want to make sure that this is the best product it can be and our customers get the best experience. Great passion. I mean, that's a startup hatch, but you guys know I started your big company. But you got some good things going on to get some wind at your back to use the Frank Slutman sailing analogy. The market is exploding with innovation. So that's a challenge, but it's also could be a great opportunity. So what's your take on it?  You got a platform. Share with your take on some of those buzzwords and some of the big mega trends. I think if you, when this company was founded, this is actually founded as a platform company, which I think most people don't realize. But when Fred sat down to design this, his cocktail napkin design, and there was actually no cocktail napkin, but imagine there was, it was we're going to run enterprise business apps in the cloud. That was the idea. And the first few sales calls, though, selling a platform were kind of miserable because we'd go to the customers and we'd say, hey, we're here to see, show you service now. And they say, well, what does it do? And we'd say, well, whatever you want it to do.  You got to talk to us. So we built out a suite of applications on top of the platform. So we'd have something concrete to sell. And that's what the company sold for probably about eight years. It was our ITSM suite, incident management, problem management, change management. That's what most of our customer base uses. We're sort of pivoting back to focusing on the platform again, though, partly by building other apps. We've got HR, we've got facilities, we've got legal, we've got GRC, but it's also about trying to get people just onto the platform itself. And in terms of really big mega trends, that is one of the mega trends we're seeing. It's that people are not building everything from scratch anymore. It's just not an efficient way to build things in the market anymore. And people are also moving to more and more specialized pieces of tooling. You don't start with a C compiler anymore. You start with the higher level language. You start with Ruby on Rails. You start with J2EE if you're an enterprise developer. You pick a tool that's appropriate for the problem you want to solve. And service now is a great tool for solving a lot of enterprise business applications. Let's talk about developers because one of the things that I hear all the time is, oh, I built this on Node. I got this in Angular, I got this in Java. There's a lot of different stacks kind of being built, but cobbled together can, you know, I guess I'll put them in a container. Whatever they say these days, there's a lot of cool stuff happening on the developer front. Open sources, we're doing great. What are you guys looking at in terms of leverage? And oh, by the way, that enables non-programmers to do stuff that looks programmatic. So the innovation opportunity for creating is huge. So what's going on with you guys We actually view the developer world as kind of being in three different groups. You've got, it's a Gartner term, but I think it's a good term. You've got low-code developers. And that's someone they can make a form, they can make a list, they can potentially do a little bit of light scripting. It's your kind of traditional system administrator archetype. And that's who we founded the company to address. That was the business idea. We could enable low-code developers. We could enable administrators to build really meaningful business apps. And that's really been the secret to our success. We're really good at it. Because they're closer to the action, but don't have to go in and go out of band, if you will, to kind of develop requirements. I think most people do their best work when they're scratching their own itch. So if you're close to the problem, you're like, man, I can solve this for myself. And it's been very empowering to let administrators and low-code developers do that. But that's not the totality of people out there. There's also people who can't even do that. They're no-code developers. They're my mother. She can use Excel really well, but she can't write code.  She's a healthcare consultant, but she's a no-code developer. But she can put a spreadsheet out there with column headings. She can make forms. Using our no-code tool, she can actually put a business service out on the web with approvals, workflows, notifications, dynamic forms. Matt Fiverr put out a HR app in one day when he started playing with Express. Absolutely. That's the trend, right? That is definitely one of the futures you see is this democratization of access to development tools. It used to be when I started in this industry, pretty much had to be an educated professional to build anything meaningful. That's no longer the case. You get kids today building great applications with real business value, real value. And that's the value of the modern era. The barrier to entry has just declined and declined and declined because the tools have gotten so much better and so much more specialized. The combination of the two is just incredibly empowering. So I wonder if we could talk about architecture. Maybe, I don't know, inside baseball or maybe plumbing. I don't know. But you said in your keynote, multi-tenant is the TV dinner of cloud vendor deployments. What did you mean? Let's talk about multi-tenant versus multi-instance. Sure. So traditionally in the SaaS space, there's really two different architectures people deploy. The most common is something called multi-tenant. And multi-tenant, if you imagine it's a big old apartment building where there's one big construct, there's one big database, some software on top of it. And each individual customer is a separate software construct.  It's really sort of efficient for the vendor. It's certainly convenient for the vendor because they've got one thing to manage. You think about it though, there's downsides though where if the water main breaks, you have the entire apartment building or every customer in this case, they don't have water. So the failure modes tend to be really extreme with multi-tenant environments and you can't do things like let people paint their apartment any color they want to or expand their apartment or cook foods that are really smelly. You have to have apartment rules in place. And you see the same thing with multi-tenant architectures where in order to make it work, you have to restrict what people can do within your platform. You get licensing restrictions, you get technical limit restrictions, you get wrapped up in quotas. That's part and parcel for multi-tenancy. ServiceNow is not multi-tenant, we're multi-instance. So every time a customer joins us they get a unique instance of ServiceNow. It's just for them, it's your own house. And because of that, we don't have to go in and tell you what you can do with your house. There's no HOA, you can paint it green, you can paint it pink, you can do whatever you want to because it's yours. And that's the big freedom that we can do for the enterprise customer base, for big customers. And multi-tenancy does have its use case. I don't want to oversell it. If you're selling largely into kind of the SMB space for example, it's a really good architecture. But up at the enterprise level, it's really not. The multi-instance architecture we use is fundamentally, I think, superior. Okay, so what point did you make the decision to go to multi-instance? Obviously early on, you were there early on, and why did you make that decision? I think it's not as clear cut as it is in history. You always look back and say, well, we had this great design system. We set out knowing we wanted to address the enterprise space. And we eventually figured out that in order to do this we couldn't do it with multi-tenancy. But we had sort of talked ourselves into kind of our own little version of, I don't know if you ever watched South Park, but the underpants gnome dilemma.  And they follow them. They watch them steal some underwear and they follow them down to their underground lair and they accost them. And they say, why have you been stealing everybody's underwear? And so the gnomes take them to a small room and they show them PowerPoint. And the PowerPoint has three parts. In part one, the gnome steal underpants. And in part three, the gnome's profit. And then they skip back to part two and there's a big question mark. So we had the same problem. We knew we wanted to go with multi-instance and we knew it was gonna be great in the market. We had no idea how to do it. So we probably spent about three years of engineering effort figuring out how to make a multi-instance architecture work well at scale. Because doing it once, it's really easy. We have 18,000 instances in the platform right now. That's a lot. Things have to work with automation. They have to work cleanly. And they have to work all the time. So it wasn't a matter of convenience for you, just the opposite. Oh, absolutely. It was a terrible challenge. It was a challenge we had to overcome. And I think it was necessary for our target audience. And if you're listening to this and you're actually looking to start your own SaaS company, figure out who your SaaS audience is. If it's small business, if it's medium business, multi-tenancy may be absolutely the right answer. And the trade-off is cost, efficiency. I mean, it's more expensive, right? So. Not necessarily. I think there's this myth that it's more expensive. It's not convenient. You do do more engineering work, but in terms of what we actually spend on hardware and power and cooling the data center, compute is compute is compute. If I have to buy a lot of servers and plug them into one database, or I have a lot of servers plugged into a lot of databases, it generally equates to roughly the same hardware cost. So it doesn't generally drive CapEx, but what it does drive is you've got to put that engineering effort in. It's work. And you're not a data intensive app. I mean, you have a lot of data and servers now, but. If I remember my numbers right, we're about five petabytes of storage. So that's not. We are not saying. Netflix, you know, we are not box. You know, we're not storage centric. It's transaction. So you guys are optimized for transactions. Absolutely. But the implication that you've made is that many of the clouds that are out there are fine for SMV maybe. If you're an SMV that is okay with that, but many are not suitable for the enterprise. Absolutely. And I think that's the big change we're seeing in the cloud space. I'll use a different analogy, but a hundred years ago, just under half of all the cars on the road were one model, was the Ford Model T. It was like 48%. And the best selling car was actually a truck in 2014. It was a Ford F-150. It was 2.3% of the market. The day when one car could dominate the market like that has long since passed. But in the early days of the cloud, there were only a few vendors. So they were trying to address as much of the market as they possibly could. So they built very general case solutions. Well, time has changed. People are getting much more specialized. So if you wanted to do surveys, you probably use SurveyMonkey. They're really flipping good at surveys. They're not claiming to do anything else. The same thing is true with the cloud platforms. The people who built general case platforms are generally getting kind of pushed a little aside by more specialized offerings that are addressing narrower market segments better. How important is this issue of multi-tenant versus multi-instance? You obviously feel it's important. I mean, you guys are talking about it now. Let me put you in a hypothetical situation. You may or may not want to answer.  Most of your CIOs here I guarantee are using Oracle in some way, shape, or form. Oracle's making a big push to the cloud. 12C, C for cloud, C for containers. I don't know, picked your poison. But Oracle's generally considered a pretty reliable company. Recovery is name of the game for them. They do a good job. Should I be concerned that if they're going in a multi-tenant direction, or is Oracle sort of an outlier in the cloud? You know, honestly, I'm not sure if they're an outlier, but I would say that if I were hired by Oracle to run their cloud, I would not do that, given their customer base. I do think there's a case where the early cloud companies, you sales forces, for example, were multi-tenant. They're multi-tenant because it was convenient. They're multi-tenant because that was their target audience. And so they were pitching, hey, look, the cloud. And that message ultimately got tangled up with their deployment architecture. So it's stuck in people's head that the cloud equals multi-tenant. And it really does it. SMB cloud, multi-tenant is probably exactly what you want to do. Departmentally focused, it's probably right. At the enterprise level, it's not the right design decision, though. Talk about what's new in the platform. Let's get into the platform. What's happening? Give us the update. Just the highlight reel real quick and then talk about what's exciting you about the next evolution of the platform. Sure. So a couple of different things. I'll talk a little about what we're doing for developers. Historically, I mentioned I talked about low-code developers, talked about no-code developers. There are also professionals. Now, I'm a professional developer.  I lived in an IDE. I started writing code. I wrote C code. I wrote 370 assembler. I've done a lot of terrible, horrifying stuff back in my day. Terrible's probably the worst. School with bare feet and snow. Or natural. There you go. That's where to put it. It was really hard. I was being shot at, but no. The trick to that, though, is that if you were a professional and you wanted to use service now, the tools were not familiar. There was no IDE or single place you could go to see your whole app. So we built one. The Geneva release of the product actually has an in-browser IDE as code search. It has editing. It has code management. You see your whole app in one place. It's great. And actually, our teams use it to build itself. It's a little bit self-eating watermelon, but the team working on the IDE actually programs in the IDE. So they prefer that to programming in Eclipse, for example. We're biased. We like our IDE, but it's actually very valuable. So that's for the developer side. There's also a new developer program. You can go to developers.servicenow.com, join the program. You don't need to be a customer. Just have an email address. You can get a hold of a free instance. You can get access to technology. You can actually join the forums. As long as you use it, it's yours. It's really aimed at everybody. If you want to learn service now, go to the developer program, join it. There's no requirements other than a willingness to learn on your part. Technology-wise, though, I'll talk about something else. We live in a post-Edward Snowden world. And I don't really like Edward Snowden because he'd made my work harder. But one of the things he's done is make the concept of data sovereignty and data privacy a foreground concern for a lot of people, especially outside the US. People don't want to put data in the cloud if there's fear that a US-based vendor or US-based firms can potentially see it. We're set aside the US. If it's just private information, they don't want to put it in the cloud if anybody can see it. One of the ways to solve that, and we're addressing this, is to allow the data to get encrypted before it comes to us. So we're putting an encryption proxy inside the customer's network, along with its keys, and data will pass through the proxy. Certain fields get encrypted and we see only ciphertext. We literally can't read it. So encryption's your solution there? It is absolutely our solution. You can also add to the international law as you're going to create a replica, have a cloud-based system potentially, or can you store it in the US? It's stored in the US because the data is ciphertext. We literally can't read it. And there's side effects there that are actually kind of cool in that because we can't read it, you also can't use it in backend workflows. So you've got to design your app around the encryption. But that is a hard guarantee of it is we don't have the keys. It is not possible for ServiceNow to get your data back. And the government subpoena, you can't give them really anything either. No, you have to supreme the company in question who had the keys and up to their legal department as to what they wanted to do with it. Okay, so I'm going to ask you kind of as we wrap up here, a lot of great stuff. Containers are all the rage. I think Docker just got another $95 million. They've raised so much funding over the years. Containers but promises interoperability. I bring that up only as a way to tease out this notion of interoperability. How does that, how do you guys view that trend in the cloud? Is that something that's, containers have been around for a while? Sure. If you know programming, but Docker's got the traction and you're seeing security comes like Illumeo make it a lot of hype. I think there's two different parts to that. One is there definitely is a push to keep applications from messing each other up and impacting each other in bad ways either from a security standpoint or just from a architecture overload. And you see that on backend technologies. Docker is a good example of that. VMware's a little more mature technology doing something very similar. Zen, choose your virtualization layer. In the more application space where service now fits, we have the same problem in that we don't want a service now application to impact a different service now application. So we actually invested very heavily in Fuji something called scoping. It allows for applications to be managed individually, to be deployed individually and to be interact with each other only through defined APIs. And that means that you can actually deploy an application with a high degree of confidence. It's not going to impact any of the other for lack of a better word, innocent applications inside your system. It's a very big improvement. And it's one of the things that actually allowed us to do the service now store. How does open source evolution, if you will? You know, we always talk about this, you know, me being computer science degree back in the 80s, we lived in the same generations where open source was new. Second-class citizen now it's first-class citizen. Now you have beyond that now. It's proven, it's working. Is there a new business model as you're seeing kind of like pure, pure red hat?  So what's the next evolution of open source and how do you guys going to tap into that? And what's the most relevant thing for the folks to be looking at? Well, I think first of all, we're very big users of open source, especially in our backend. I mean, we're CentOS, we're a little bit of red hat, we're, you know, we're F5s, we've got Pixi, we've got Python, we've got Puppet, we've got lots of open source environment. And the product as well. We're huge fans. We think it really has brought a lot of really good technology out that's very accessible to the engineering community. So we use a lot of it. We even contribute back to some of them, as the case may be. I think if you look at business models, I'll be honest, I have not seen a lot of open source companies do really well in the environment. They've built a lot of great technology, and I think it's been very empowering for the developer community. But even red hat has not really, they're not huge. It's not a $20 billion company, the case may be. So I don't expect to see people flocking to the open source world to make money. I see people flocking to the open source world for the same reason engineers have always built cool stuff. It's that joy of creation, that power of building something. It's a real community of value, creation and contribution. It's that cycle of innovation. And it's not, I think, no one objects to money. I mean, that's why they call it money. But the open source world from what I've seen, it's not being driven by financials. It's being driven by engineers wanting to solve problems. It's kind of creativity for it. It's also a great way to play ball and get a job and show you what you're worth.  So it's a way for recruiting and also to meet people. Absolutely. And we're actually, as I said, we're big users and we love a lot of technology. We're huge MySQL community users as well. Okay, Pat, we're going to get the hook here, but I want to give you the final word, the future. Give us your take of the preferred future, technology-wise and just next five years, 10 years. What's the world going to be like? I think five years out, it's going to look fairly similar to what it does today. You're definitely going to see a push to drive the information you need to you without you having to go and look for it. You're already seeing this, you know, Twitter pops when something happens, data comes to you. You don't have to go here and hit refresh periodically. That's going to drive itself into more and more parts of the world. Your iPhone dings when something comes up. That's going to seep out away from the phone, away from specialty platforms like Twitter and other applications. And you're going to get more and more used to seeing things come to you rather than you having to go out and look for information that's relevant. It's going to be kind of a service-oriented internet. It's going to kind of push stuff out to you. 10 years out, I suspect there'll be more dramatic changes. The big thing I actually see, this is a little bit of inside baseball, but operational architecture is getting much more standardized. So I do suspect that the amount of compute people can throw at problems is going to continue to go up astronomically. So right now, big data solutions are generally applicable to fairly narrow companies who can apply a lot of data to it. You know, like a Netflix can afford to optimize for recommendations for you. That compute's going to get cheaper and cheaper and more and more accessible. And you will see that sort of solution get applied to more and more specialized problems. So I think you're going to find that information is going to come to you and it's going to be more and more germane to you. Asynchronous, definitely. Absolutely. The value and the goodness of more and more cheap compute will create faster, faster personalization. Faster personalization and it'll be real time. There's no need for you to poll on it. It'll be asynchronous, it'll come to you and it'll be the information you need. Not near real time, real time. Self-driving cars don't do very well in near real time, do they? That's what we always say. Matt, thanks so much for sharing your time and insights here inside theCUBE. It's been a pleasure to get the insight from the early days to what's going on now. Appreciate it. This is theCUBE. We're live in Las Vegas for three days. For No 15, I'm John Furrier with Dave Vellante. We'll be right back with more theCUBE. Signal from the noise after this short break.


Okay, I mean I want to congratulate you. I haven't read the financial pages, but I don't know how you in Wall Street Journal and These business journals of business week and rest of that along but the story on your budget. I thought was exceptionally good and Only one suggestion don't you ever refer to me as the president in a campaign year they swap more professors Sophisticated and respectful And you get out no an award-eater from now till next Tuesday. You refer to him as president Lyndon Johnson Always told me every time that names mentioned. It's worth that. It's worth $10 television time You did a beautiful job, but it was always the president All the good qualities that you possess you attributed to me And all the prudence and the fiscal responsibility and everything, but you always retributed to the president They don't know what you're talking about Hoover Finds anything else that we can use clean down Tuesday. We are really hard up. If you got any good figures on September employment our October, I guess October employment will be too late. We won't have that If you got anything on defense departments employment, I just really search around these things


Hello everyone, welcome to the course remote sensing principle of applications and in today's lecture we are going to continue with the properties of EMR. In the last class we discussed two important properties of electromagnetic radiation, one is polarization which indicates the orientation of the electric field within the electromagnetic radiation. So, based on the orientation of electric field with respect to the plane of incidence we can classify the polarization as horizontal, vertical or even circular. I also explained you that based on the polarization the amount of incoming energy will vary that is the total energy coming in will will be having different different polarizations and by limiting our view either in like any one type of polarization will actually limit the total energy that is reaching us and it has like major implications in how objects interact with EMR especially in the microwave regions. In microwave regions when we do remote sensing we will be more interested about understanding the polarization behavior of the materials also. So, the next important property of electromagnetic radiation that we looked upon is coherent radiation. So, coherency is defined as whether the electromagnetic radiation has a systematic phase relationship between them when two waves are progressing if they have a systematic relationship between them we call them as coherent or non-coherent based on that. So, if two waves are coherent then and if they are superimposed on top of each other they will produce interference that is their amplitudes will add up and if those two coherent waves are in phase the amplitude will be the amplitude of the resultant wave will be higher than the amplitude of the individual wave components. This we call constructive interference that is the amplitude will increase we call it as constructive interference. On the other hand if the amplitude of the resultant wave decreases after the superimposition of two waves we call it as destructive interference. Destructive interference will happen when the two waves that are meeting together are out of phase or like not in phase with each other. So, they will be kind of canceling out each other when they add up. Today we are going to continue on seeing different properties of electromagnetic radiation. One of the major change that will happen when electromagnetic radiation travels from one medium to another medium. Here medium I mean is like whether it is traveling through air or traveling through vacuum or traveling through some other materials like water and so on. So, the medium through which electromagnetic radiation travels will influence the velocity of the electromagnetic radiation that is when the mediums density increases naturally it is the velocity of electromagnetic radiation while traveling within that particular denser medium will lower. Actually that is given here in this slide that is here I noted denoted as CM where CM is the velocity of electromagnetic radiation in the particular medium say for example, water or air whatever and C is the velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum. So, we all know that C roughly equals to 3 into 10 power 8 meter per second and when it travels through another medium depends on the mediums refractive index. So, refractive index is you can think it of us like how much the light ray will bend or how much the medium will bend the light ray when traveling to it it is roughly the refractive index. So, based on the refractive index of the medium the velocity will change correspondingly that is if the refractive index of medium is higher than the velocity sorry refractive index of vacuum then the velocity in the medium will go down. Say the velocity in air is or the refractive index in air is roughly about 1.003 or something and water for water it will be around like 1.1, 1.2 something of that sort and refractive index of vacuum is 1. So, if you substitute in this equation we can observe that the velocity of EMR traveling through water or air is less than the velocity of EMR in vacuum. So, we also know the relationship that C is equal to nu lambda. So, when velocity changes this relationship will change. So, how it will change the wavelength of the medium will change but the frequency will be preserved that is when EMR travels between one medium to another medium the wavelength will change according to the change in velocity on the other hand the frequency will remain more or less constant not more or less it will remain constant it will not change. Also when EMR travels from one medium to another medium it will undergo different processes different processes means like on the interface of the two mediums like as given in this particular slide like this is the medium 1, this is medium 2 and this is the interface between the two mediums some surface there say between air and the water body let us say there is a water body air is standing above it EMR is traveling from air to water. When EMR is incident it will be first thing partially reflected reflected is it will be like reflected back as if like a mirror reflects any objects will have some reflectance and it will reflect the EMR in any direction. And also if the object is transparent or translucent then the EMR will penetrate that particular second medium and by virtue of difference in refractive indices the EMR will undergo what is known as refraction. So, two things will happen when EMR travels from one medium to another medium like first thing I said velocity will change that is one thing. Second thing is from the surface that access interface between the two mediums part of incoming radiation will be reflected back similarly some portion of EMR will penetrate through the medium second medium and while penetrating it if the refractive indices between the two mediums are different then the path in which the light ray travelled will differ will vary say the incident ray here in this light travel in this particular direction by virtue of difference in the refractive indices of medium 2 it actually encountered a slight bend like its direction will change. So, the EMR will undergo reflection as well as refraction. If the surface is like smooth like the surface acting as an interface between the two mediums is smooth and also the mediums are non-lossy. Non-lossy in the sense energy is energy coming in is like preserved while passing through the medium then what will happen is they will obey what is known as a Snell's law that is if the surface between the two medium is perfectly smooth the EMR will obey Snell's law that is the angle of reflection or the angle of incidence will be equal to the angle of reflection. Say here the angles we are measuring with respect to the normal to the surface this is the surface separating the two mediums this is the normal to the surface and we are measuring the angle with respect to the normal. So, the angle with which EMR is reflected will be equal to the angle at which it was first incident on the surface this will be obeyed if the surface is perfectly smooth also this in relation to refraction this law also will be obeyed that is n 1 sin theta i is equal to n 2 sin theta r where n 1 and n 2 are the refractive indices of the two mediums theta i is angle of incidence theta r here is I write it here reflection theta r here is refraction angle of refraction like how much the ray is bent actually what is the implication of this refraction of EMR actually our atmosphere we all know it consists of multiple layers like different layers have different different constituents at various temperatures at different densities and hence the refractive indices also will vary. So, there are several layers within atmosphere and also after traveling through atmosphere the EMR will reach the earth surface. So, while traveling through atmosphere and also when reaching the earth surface EMR will undergo refraction several times by passing through mediums with different refractive indices. If the medium say medium 2 has higher refractive index than medium 1 then light ray will be bent towards the normal or on the other hand if medium 2 has lower refractive index light ray will be bent away from the normal like this light ray will be traveling in different different directions when it travels through mediums with different refractive indices. While discussing reflection refraction I said we are not going to carry over to the energy loss we assume two mediums through which EMR is passing through is lossless non-lossy medium. But most of the mediums through which EMR passes on the earth surface is actually lossy. Lossy in the sense when some units of energy enters one medium and when it emerges out of the medium after passing through the energy will be reduced by certain factor. We call such mediums in which energy is lost actually are lossy mediums atmosphere earth surface features almost everything or lossy medium when EMR interacts with them some part of EMR will be lost from it. So, how this actually happens why EMR is actually lost? EMR the energy is lost primarily due to two processes one is known as scattering and another one is known as absorption. So, absorption we all know like whenever some energy is instant on it the materials or the molecules inside the materials will be using up that energy to do some work like the molecules will undergo some sort of rotation or orientation change or they may heat up increasing the temperature of object anything can happen. So, that particular energy which is instant on object is actually used up by the molecules within the object this is known as absorption. On the other hand scattering means the incoming energy rather than being passed as such will be split up into different different directions like a simple example I will give in this slide say when energy is coming like this in this particular direction and some medium is there let us say the medium is full of some sort of molecules. So, when it is incident on it if it is a lossy medium then some portion of it will be absorbed that is used up by the molecules within the medium and some portions will be scattered in different directions. So, what essentially happen let us assume like 10 units of energy is coming in some random units are some I am assigning just for explanation sake. So, when some observer is like waiting here to receive the energy say some sensor is placed here to receive the energy and this electromagnetic radiation will is passing through this medium. When it comes out of it let us say like 2 units is absorbed. So, we will be expecting 8 units here, but that 8 units also will be now scattered in different different directions now it will be reflected in multiple directions may be leaving only 1 or 2 units coming out in this particular direction. So, the sensor will receive actually much lesser energy than what is anticipated. So, essentially absorption is the energy being used up by the object itself or the medium itself whereas scattering the incoming energy in one particular direction is now split into several directions. Hence that particular energy is lost in the direction in which we are expecting it if we keep a sensor on the other side and waiting to measure the energy we will be receiving much less energy than what is anticipated this is scattering. So, actually there are very simple relationships between the incoming energy and what is being like coming out how much is the absorption taking in. Normally in remote sensing we would not be looking at scattering separately, absorption separately like whenever energy is lost it will be due to both these components together. If we take both these components together we call them as attenuation or extinction. So, what is attenuation or extinction that is the total amount of energy that is lost. So, there is like a general small equation relating the power instant on an object and the power that has been coming out of an object that maybe I will go back and explain in this slide yes. So, the equation will take a form of this where E naught is the power instant on the particular medium, z is the distance travelled within the medium and E z is the power of the EMR that is actually present after travelling through the medium that is the electric say this is like a medium EMR is coming in like this it travels a distance of z and it is emerging out here. So, here we measure the incoming power as E naught here the power is E z. So, this relationship E z is equal to E naught E power minus KA z is the simple equation relating the incoming power with the emerging power after it travelled through certain distance in the medium where KA is what we call as absorption coefficient. So, whenever an object enters through a medium there will be some loss and that particular equation is given by E naught is equal to E is equal to E naught power exponential of minus KA z where KA is called absorption coefficient if we consider only absorption it will be called scattering coefficient only if we consider scattering or if we consider both of them together it will be called attenuation coefficient. For us to understand attenuation coefficient first, first we will understand what is known as a penetration depth. So, a penetration depth or absorption depth whatever we can call is defined as the particular distance through which EMR has to travel within a medium such that the final power will be one E of the power that entered into the medium that is like I give you the same example I gave like this is one particular medium EMR is entering through this particular direction with the power of E naught the total length of the medium is z the power we receive out is E z. So, if E z is equal to 1 by E times of E naught then we call z as absorption length or penetration depth whatever if this is like depth we call it as penetration depth or we call it as absorption length in generally that is the power that is entering a medium will become one E of the power that is emerging out. So, this is called penetration depth or absorption length. So, the coefficient either the absorption coefficient or attenuation coefficient by considering whatever processes we take into account that is defined as 1 over this penetration depth that is whatever coefficient we consider if we consider everything together absorption coefficient is 1 over penetration depth due to absorption or scattering coefficient is equal to 1 over the penetration depth just due to scattering or if we take both of them together we call it as extinction coefficient that will be 1 over the total length accounting both scattering and absorption. So, that is given in this particular slide like the extinction coefficient is equal to absorption coefficient plus scattering coefficient and the attenuation length is equal to 1 by le is equal to 1 by la plus 1 by ls. So, these are some of the relationships which will help us to know what is the amount of absorption that is taking place in the medium absorption or scattering total losses taking place within a medium. So, this is like a schematic representation of attenuation like some medium is present here when EMR passes through a medium its amplitude will be going down and finally it may also be totally absorbed within the medium. So, its amplitude will be reducing and hence its total energy content will be reducing. Just two more properties of EMR find some obstacles on its path rather than being completely stopped by the obstacle EMR has the property of bending around the edges of the obstacle like in our school physics labs we might have done experiments with prism where we try to split white light into 7 different colors. So, that is the thing there is called like diffraction by a prism like how light ray is bent around the edges of some obstacles within there. So, lens whenever like it encounters a lens around the lens border it will be like bending at some angles the angle at which the light ray is bent depends on the medium and also on the wavelength. Similarly, when there is a relative motion between the source and the observer like source and the observer and like some EMR source is there some observer is there observing this particular EMR when these two things when the source and observer are moving towards each other or moving away from each other there will be an apparent shift in the wavelength of the EMR as observed by the observer. This is known as Doppler effect like Doppler effect we might have heard in sound like there will be a change in frequency of the sound we should have studied this in school. EMR also will undergo such Doppler effect. This kind of Doppler effect is used in mostly like in astronomy to study about stars because like earth is in continuous motion stars are also in motion due to this relative motion between the source and the observer the wavelength observed by the observer will be different from what is originally coming in. But different means the wavelength will not change actually the observer will perceive as it is that is why we call it as an apparent change there will be like an apparent change. So, maybe just few important points have given here. So, when the source and observer are moving towards each other wavelength will shift towards shorter end. Shorter end means it will become a shorter wavelength say for example like some object is emitting like red light and that particular object is moving towards the observer then if it is moving towards observer may perceive that particular object in a different color with shorter wavelength maybe green or blue or whatever depends on the relative velocity between them. But this is only apparent it is not the actual change. So, with this we complete the lecture on the basic introduction to the properties of EMR. In the properties of EMR we studied about polarization coherency and also we studied about reflection, refraction and what sort of losses will occur like scattering and absorption all the things I introduced to you very briefly just for you to understand deeply when we talk about them more in detail in the coming lectures. Thank you very much.


The study aimed to review the relationship between physical activity in healthy older adults, greater than 65 years, and outcomes related to functional limitations, disability, or loss of independence. 66 studies were included for the relationship between physical activity and functional independence, and 34 were included with a cognitive function outcome. Greater aerobic physical activity was associated with higher functional status and reduced risk of functional limitations or disability. Exercise training interventions improved physiological and functional measures in older adults and suggested longer term reduction in incidence of mobility disability. A relatively high level of physical activity was related to better cognitive function and reduced risk of developing dementia, but there were mixed results on the effects of exercise interventions on cognitive function indices. The study concludes that regular aerobic activity and short-term exercise programs confer reduced risk of functional limitations and disability in older age, with moderate to higher levels of activity being effective. This article was authored by Paterson Donald H and Warburton Darinear. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


What's up everybody? GZ here for jaspyscasebrakes.com just sold out 2020 Bowman baseball four box jumbo plus six box hobby Make serve pick your team number seven It's again ten total boxes half cases of each and we're giving away the Yankees in this break All you had to do is buy a spot straight up in the break. You bought one team. You got one entry about two teams You got two entries, etc, etc The more teams you buy the more entries you have a chance to win the Yankees and hopefully hit a Dominguez So again fresh case and seven and eight so here's a customer name the number seven we copied them put them in the list randomizer here and Customer number one after two and a six eight times We'll get the Yankees Good luck one two three four five six seven and eight Michael Tran at the top numero uno after eight times You just won the Yankees Congratulations, there you go Now we're gonna print out this list and then again fresh cases for both of these. So here's the jumbo case first I'm gonna rip it open and we'll decide which We'll decide which one we use here Take a knife Nick Oh, it's right here. Sorry on the right One two three for the left four five six for the right So these ones right here will be for Numbers eight Mixer and that'll be coming up shortly as well. So we're good with this one. Let's put that there Let's open this hobby case right here You guys see that same thing. This is gonna be the left side. This is gonna be the right side one two three Right here One so one two three this side this one over here Yeah, pick a team number eight Mixer here's the final print out. Let's start ripping like the missing ones Oh really, oh, well, then maybe we will fill it in them. Oh, this is the mixer. Okay. So yeah, sorry I was gonna do a hobby first That's what I well, I thought I had did on even for hobbies. Yeah, but Don't put so much butter at the store. I know how are you holding up that day? Really tired at like four or five But then like I'm sorry to come up And I felt better I was just watching like the office I know so that kept on telling you that man if you didn't do that 24 hours, are you doing this for a whole week? I know that's what I said, you know what my time will do Jasky's to we'll still do like the 24 hour thing But if anything like After that, like, you know, I'll stay on for a couple of hours and do the non baseball Or that's who yeah, you're the one I'll If they're all chromas because I Yeah, guys, and it looks like we will have read to have five and then the cello packs at eight and eight ten, so We're still going through orders though, but whatever sells out first pretty much they go red That's my second one for you out of all the cases you've got. I don't know if you got any more yesterday, but I Pulled on did you get to see the Tom Brady thing today with The I heard Tom Brady was black The tiger Is like Tom Brady out done a 50 grand Make it on the green and then like shank it into the woods and honey is like man I would have given ten if he's kept it on this planet Like Oh, yeah, the match of return Oh, there was okay, I just heard a Pains talk about Nick falls. Yeah, and then he's like that's a low blow or that's a cheap shot Because you know I'm adding just got on Twitter. Do you see that too? No, I'm sure someone is like making those jokes for him Paper of Alec Thomas Like static I Blind You haven't had a superfactor. No, they're tough though, man. You have to like get the right case Insert Hogan Harris, I know right I messed it up for it. You have reds though, I guess. Yeah, I don't know Teddy's is still pretty good Hey, so I'm in some good Bobby Whitson I Will give it Weren't they playing for like ten million dollars For charity though, I mean, I'll be And a pasta part of this one's pretty good to speckled to 299 Texas Rangers last bubble to Aaron I Could just miss that you're like right there There was a curbside pick up next to me I don't want to hit their door Maybe fit in your car better Get one of those Teslas where the doors open up Logan Brown or Zach Brown Where were they playing on Florida Next box select the Yankee bet Duran to 299 speckle Jason Dominguez Insert And Brady's thing And I imagine he did It's like draw it his back or something You know that mean where it's like the guy's crying behind me where he's holding up a face where he's really smiling Oh, yeah Yeah I Guess Social distancing they can't go the same golf golf golf car anymore Yes, it breaks out Cameron paper I Be better Yeah Like we're cleats outside The OD Tavares I Love the red shirt I must be like Yeah, Jacob of Maya gold shimmer for the Dodgers going to Chad Oh Hey, so this is a jumbo I Won't just like Phil because he's Not really that many lefty golfers Oh, sorry, that's my mind yours From my subway sandwich they're not shareable I See the beach as a pack today And for the Mets Debra Oh, that's orange. Oh man. They're so playing in the rain. That's crazy. Debbie Garcia I Guess because they're all in Florida, I remember when I went to Disney World one time with y'all Yeah, that's true. We all stayed up And this is like John has a time sure and it was like it was like a Windy Hem resort, but it was like a golf course one They were talking about how many golfers I was like, oh tiger was this here like three days ago. I was like, what? I think I figured there's just so much land on the Dominguez paper 299 speckle no problem. That's worth. Thank you, man We try To make it entertaining as possible Say house to 125 Rain one left in prism Stephen K saying three Yeah, we said to go through a tons of orders. So We'll see what sold out first. I don't want to get up to Laura Laura First atomic and Aaron judge orange paper to 25 You know what I want to hit one of those 1990 Those are pretty rare, right? Yeah Oh, did you nice Yeah, it's the only trot autograph that's in here. I guess No, but there's just the trot one is only autographed 1990 It's only trot Nice, but yeah, man. Well, whenever you give that a shot, it's case breaking and box breaking. It's very fun definitely man Never whenever you were to try it Regardless, thank you for watching us. Hi guys last hobby here, and I think there should be three more hobby and two more jumble boxes over there for a total five or six or Clark Schmidt the Dodgers of Maya refractor to 499 Dodgers going to Chad Royce Lewis purple to 250 Minga's insert chrome house Niko Paper to 499 rookie for the Cubs This paper these are all the all the hobby boxes Good luck us continue on Christian Javier atomic and JJ blade a atomic to 150 top 100 scouts I'm gonna have a good night to man. Take care So the one pack would kill six and seven that you have on the schedule and then number eight would just have to sell straight up If that hasn't sold out yet. Yeah, that one sold straight up. It looks like and then Yeah jumbo eight looks like it sold out to oh, okay. Well, whatever. Yeah, yeah No, they filled up them. We'll do them, you know So that means that probably I can probably fit in two more jumbos After crown Royal, and then we'll just have one or two left over for tomorrow Yeah, unless there's another not me Joe, I don't know honestly how much Atlanta was for jumbo at the top of my head I'd have to look through the orders, but No, I don't even know what my guess would be Latino You know how much Atlanta was for jumbo nicks 75 I was gonna say a hundred 40 bucks Joseph 40 There you go red saying yeah, there are 40 on the first listen. Yeah Yeah, and the next wave to you.  I know is that what should it be higher than us? Feel like 40 bucks for a jumbos of steel I don't know how many prospects they have but I feel like Atlanta comes out quite enough Maybe they're not just the biggest prospects, but even then, you know, I think you guys I think the cool thing about the break the case breaking is that It may not be the biggest prospects yet right, but Man if those guys are to turn out to be something Right Yeah, I read saying braves of the best eighth value in this So 40 is a steal. Yeah So what are these guys development to be someone great? You're gonna say you only got it for 40 bucks Zach has For Detroit purple. Oh, I want to see the king of Staten Island, which one? No, I didn't it's good. I haven't seen it Is it really I got to watch it Love you, Davidson. I like this because it's kind of based on I like this because it's kind of based on his life. Yeah, more John 150 paper blue rookie Yeah, I feel like Bryce balls one of them. I've been seeing a lot. I've been seeing the other guy Paulini I think is one of them too as well. Nice if I want to the blaster Sweet. Oh, that's the one thing guys blasters retail boxes. I mean It's it's there's always gonna be Some value in those but just it's really rare when you get something really nice out of that You know, but that's why people like to take the risk on blasters and stuff like that because you do have the opportunity to it's just It'll be tough to really really hit out of there, but when you do You know, it's pretty awesome. Hey Pearson All right, so yeah guys Nick has been updating the the schedule and it looks like a lot of smaller breaks non-bowl and breaks have been selling so Right now up until 840 we have prism retail at 16 number 16 at 840 So just left why after this mixer we're gonna skip to retail basketball 15 prism and then Go back to some jumbo 67 Clark nice bold shimmer for the blue jays Robert with that one and then we'll go to some cello packs.  Yeah, I think it was perfect. Yes. It's cool Jumbo two boxes And then we'll be done with this and we should be a little ahead of some schedule We'll just jump right into that as well. So you guys check out the updated schedule In the chat, I dropped the link We will be doing a handful of other non-bowmen breaks tonight and we just went through orders to see what sold out first So, all right. Good luck everybody Patino Minga's paper There you go for the national's replica Bowman's first blue to 150 Scherzer Grosians and short bridge to 499 for the park. He's so with that one All right, last box here guys. Good luck Jair and Geron. Nice 499 first refractor I'm gonna DMACC with your red socks. What up Logan? Yeah, pretty much Logan. We we're gonna have to push some breaks to tomorrow Adam Hall for the Baltimore Orioles. So yeah, we're pretty much booked for today already Here's the schedule guys half here should be one more autograph hiding in here. It's Grant's little Acunia paper Marcus All right guys, so there you go, there is the Bowman mixer picker team number seven in the books So again, there you go paper Dominguez insert paper Chrome color of course Chrome paper inserts paper paper Paper inserts So there you go No Dominguez auto's a one two three four five six paper For Chrome about five inserts that all out of there There you go. No, I'll see if you want to click that link right there the Google Doc Six and seven will be coming up in a little bit later in about an hour or so.  And there you go guys Picker team number seven of the mixer Done Coming up next Is the retail number 15 of basketball? And then we'll skip over to moment one pack number five that fills up six seven picker teams appreciate it


Welcome to the Christmas Crypto Minute. Yadida's NFT drop was a real whirlwind. Moonsember they said, it'll be fun, they said. The new Matrix movie came out. Oh, hot all night. Jack caused quite the uproar with his red three rant. He's been getting spicy lately. Sorry, dear, but you're on the naughty list and you'll be getting coal in your stocking. If you think that's paying, then you haven't seen my portfolio recently. So I guess Radio Shack is getting into D5. Now we just need Blockbuster and Toys R Us to come back as a crypto company. First US city is adding a Bitcoin payroll option in Tennessee. That's the only 10 I see. They officially raised the debt ceiling by $2.5 trillion. Ah! Who are you? I'm the Grinch of the Bull Rock. Why are you stealing the value from everyone's bag? Oh, Cindy Lou, it's what I do. Rudolph the laser eye, Cindy. El Salvador, a nation state. I bought 21 Bitcoin to celebrate 21, 21, 20. We really do live in a meme world. All season's gonna be lit. No, no, no, I don't want a dog for Christmas. I want Doge for Christmas.  Keep stacking and I'll see you next week.