Guys, welcome back to the Independent Investor Channel. This would be a weekly snapshot of highly on holdings here, too much mark progress on the horizon to actually share with you. So what I thought best was to actually take a step back, reintroduce the company, go into the company's website here. This is gonna be awesome, man. We're gonna go through together. If you're new to the highly on opportunity, spend this 60 minutes with me. This could be life changing for you. I'm gonna really talk about the psychology of owning the stock and I'm gonna walk you through somewhat of my mental deliberation on this opportunity, why I'm so bullish on it. We're gonna talk about a little bit, keep your ears open for what I consider to be the hyper truck highway air purifier. I was a funny part of this video that I thought was really, really interesting and a real nice takeaway. Challenging the durability idea as we introduce the hyper truck ERX to the fleets through the fleet demos, that's gonna be really key. And I think it's gonna be key from the perspective of cross-checking or cross-comparing, not only highly onto the legacy status quo as we look to identify a paradigm shift in the trucking space to the diesel and the durability that has been enjoyed over the last many, many years as well as cross-compared with some of the new products that are out there and available now in what they're seeking in fleet validation for their specific products. We could talk a little bit about their ability to scale globally, very, very important. Something that I don't think is talked about very often. Their current relationship now with their one OEM Peter built, which is going to help them in hopefully introducing this from a little bit more of a mass scale to the fleets out there. And then what Cummins is gonna mean for their certification and the helping them achieve that carb and NITSA certification. We're gonna talk a little bit about the tidbits of driver satisfaction piece, which is another piece that I want to highlight because I don't think it gets talked about very often. And I think what this opportunity means when we collectively bundle all of the nuggets together and we look at this opportunity holistically and then you talk about an opportunity that's just shy of $4, which is just now gaining its footing here as it's stabilizing from what has been a fall from grace from its highs at $58, now basing it for probably creating what I feel like is one of the best opportunities in an industry that is absolutely ripe for the paradigm shift going forward. We're gonna get into that and a whole lot more in this video talking about trying to identify all things highly on in this opportunity as I feel like this is probably one of the best opportunities that has come in my lifetime and is probably the top buy for 2022 here at a stock price that just does not reflect the goings on at the company guys. So we're gonna jump in and we're gonna highlight the website together. Please enjoy. Guys, welcome into highlyon.com. This is the company that I profile from week in and week out. And I know there's an astute audience that tunes into my message every week with the updates that are coming through. There are too many updates right now coming through for me to highlight. And I thought it best to take a little bit of a pause here as I do feel like over the next coming 12 months is probably going to be that range of time where this company is going to, it's gonna flip with its catalyst that they are in my last home in Michigan. There they are setting up for the ACT expo. I wanna invite anybody who's new to the message here. And I want to assume that there's some people here that are new to the highly on opportunity to kick over to highlyon.com because there are so many nuggets on this website that I think are worth highlighting. They have improved vastly. This is the drop point for information. And I was scrutinizing at the end of 2021 with regard to the information that was being turned out. And long since then has been a steep increase in my satisfaction with regard to the information that this company puts out. And I just wanna showcase that for these guys for the few thousand people that we do reach. You can see here the reach is beyond multiple OEMs. There's Freightliner there. And I just wanna bring your attention to electrified powertrain solutions for the global commercial transportation market. And it's these little tidbits of information. There's Werner, one of the hyper truck innovation council members there that's being showcased there with their hybrid EX product. We just had a sighting this week again. More sightings are turning up actually across the US both from the West Coast to the East Coast down South and up North. And that is only going to become much more prevalent as this opportunity really kind of comes to the forefront. So how is it that Hylian is looking to take this charge into electrification really? It's a step away from the traditional means of transporting goods. And I think a lot of people, man, it's amazing to me. I sit back and sometimes it brings me to a laugh when people are talking to me about being a Hylian investor and that somehow I'm this and I'm that and I'm this and that and people seem to know exactly what I'm coming to the table with and that couldn't be further from the truth. And I do just want to share with you guys. I am a bullish share owner in this company and my conviction grows every single day. It is not Wayne, it grows. And it grows for a number of different reasons and really it's the business plan that has me the most bullish in looking at a company like Hylian. And how they are looking to collaborate with and integrate with. And those two aspects of this company and what they bring to the table is incredible. And they speak to the total cost of ownership goal of being lowered for fleets. They can do that. And I think with the totality of like, let's say the Peter built on the right here and or the freight liner that's on the left here, these industries have defined their total cost of ownership down to the granular pennies over the last few decades. They don't need a new company stepping in and telling them what is going to be good for them. They already know, okay? So the question becomes, are we at a time here where the status quo needs to change? Are we in that paradigm shift where companies are looking and saying, look I can either hold on to the past with diesel application because why? Well, it's durable and because we have a granular idea of the total cost of ownership. Yes, we suffer when the prices of diesel are high. I get it. But to transition to something other than the status quo, now we are taking the chance of compromising the durability that we have grown to love, okay? Now, this is where Hylian needs to step up to the plate and this is something that I would ask Thomas Haley about is to speak about what he considers to be a comparable in way of being a durable product. In other words, are we expecting to get on the low end of seven years? How many battery change outs are we looking to have over that time period? How does that add to the bottom line TCO for these rigs when compared to the average cost to maintain a diesel rig? And these are the renderings that are gonna be had over the next couple of years and especially the next five to 10 years is we are going to know exactly not only for Hylian but also these other companies that I just feel like if you're taking 100% of the truck and you're saying we have to introduce 100% of this truck to the rigor of over the road, how much more of a degree of introduction to the unknowns could be had and be uncovered by that introduction to the rigors of the Class 8 space, okay? And I'm talking specifically about Nikola and Tesla specifically in with regard to their durability, their range, their capability, their driver satisfaction, we don't know any of that and to be all quite frank about this, we don't know what that's going to be for Hylian either but I say that tongue-in-cheek because this is the same Peterbilt truck and what we've had over the last few years, 24 to be exact and especially over the last six where they've been going through their ride and drive program, I think it's been very apparent to me that customers have been satisfied with the product enough to place binding orders with deposits ahead of time with so much conviction to know that they haven't even tested the durability of the units itself which gives me an indication that that durability will be there when it's put to that rigor and I think when I compare the 100% of validation and I mean 100% insofar as the welds on the chassis, Nikola, the bolts that they use for the tires, the transfer systems from the power and how the power and torque is generated on the vehicle and how long standing that's going to last, the driver satisfaction, the very material that we're talking about, Thomas Healy talks about this introduced into cold and warm weather applications to see what type of demand over the truck is going to be had. Remember guys, these are tools, these are not built for aesthetics. I would argue that a little bit in class eight more so compared to the Tesla and what, but these rigs have to do the job. It's that simple. They have to do the job, they have to do it at a high level and they have to do it as long as the fleets are demanding upon these pieces of equipment to deliver on this front, okay? So for you guys that are new to the Healy Unopportunity, you can come in here and you can find out more about their hybrid system, the hybrid EX product, which is available on the market today and the long awaited hyper truck ERX here, which is their full electric version of their class eight semi truck, which is absolutely fantastic. You can click on here and you can learn more about that, okay? You can come in here, eliminating barriers. This is key. And I think where a lot gets missed with regard to the Nikola opportunity, I think Nikola is unfortunately creating barriers. I think they're probably knocking down the same amount of barriers with regard to their technological advances that they're making on the side of hydrogen, which is great. I was asked on the last Healy Unvideo if I was invested in Nikola, I own 10 long call contracts on Nikola. So it's not as if I want to see them go under. I want to see them succeed as well. I just look at the sheer reality of what it is. I presume to be capable with the units now and I just have a hard time believing that they're just gonna break into the class eight space as a standalone option when compared to the traditional options that are available on the marketplace now and really just questioning how large of a leap that is for fleets that are looking to step into the potential for hydrogen fuel cell right now and the availability of that said fuel right now with regard to the lacking of infrastructure in place. There was some people that challenged me on the last one saying that Nikola has all kinds of servicing stations across the country. Guys, that's just not true. That's just not true. I just don't understand where some of this information comes from. I look at the landscape itself and where there might be a few that doesn't mean that that's adequate, okay? You're talking about routes in this country that absolutely span the entire country and to suggest somehow that Nikola can accommodate all foreseeable maintenance issues out there is really a stretch and I give the full credit for all of the imagination, for all of the Nikola bandwagon cheerleaders out there but it's just not there, okay? And I wanna see them succeed as well. But tell me where and how and how many numbers and how many routes those fueling stations can actually service, then I'll play ball. I'll agree with you. But the difference between me and you is I'm rooted in reality whereas a lot of people want to be in this fairy tale world where they can make up whatever they want and say whatever they want to support their narrative. I just don't play that game, okay? So affordability with the TCO as well as the scalability, that's kind of the key here. If we're talking about scaling from 10 orders to something in way of a hundred, a thousand, I don't know, we're not there yet. My bullish bet is that that does come to fruition into the future in that we are able to scale up for the pleats. And then the impact really to reduce emissions without sacrificing performance and reliability. These are the nuggets that I ask you guys to focus in on. I in my profession read regulations for a living and it's amazing to me how often you have to look at each and every word and deduce what the meaning is. And I think Thomas Healy sometimes in the back of his mind probably suggests, look, we've already said that. We've already addressed that, okay? I don't need to continually repeat myself. It's on the website. Everything is fully disclosed in what we're looking to do as we move this opportunity forward into full electrification for the pleats, all right? This is Tarek Sultan, the CEO of Agility who's also a hyper truck ERX member. This is kind of cool here who has been very, very quiet on the line is getting some scrutiny I picked up just this week with regard to Agilities adherence to or collaboration with Healy on. I have no reason to suggest that those aren't, those relationships are not intact and are going to be coming to fruition somewhere down the line. But kind of cool stuff. Let's get in here and we'll talk about their flagship product. This is the hyper truck ERX. For those of you who don't know, that is the headquarters of Healy on. This is no small potatoes. $650 to $700 million of market cap right now fluctuating from week to week. This stock price is up massively over the last couple of months. Nobody's talking about it, except for Muah. Muah. And you still have all kinds of haters out there. Now the hate is such to suggest that, well, it's gonna approach $4 and it's gonna retract back to $350. Immaterial means nothing. You're gonna have to come to the table with something a little bit more scrutinizing with your kindergarten stock market application. If you're going to somehow create a narrative again in fairy tale land that is going to suggest something than what this picture suggests here in that they have a very, very real product. They have a very, very powerful product. They have a headquarters to boot. A lot of people were like, well, they rent the building. They just started. And I think to have fair expectations, I was critical of the company, but there has never, ever been a time when owning this company where I haven't said, look, it's a long-term type of play, okay? I would have loved to have seen this thing just skyrocket to the moon as of last week or last month or last year. That didn't happen. Will it happen next month, next year, in five years? I don't know. I don't know. That is not why we invest. That is not why I look to come on and build a narrative that supports my initiative. My initiative, quite frankly, on my private business here is to support and share the message of Hylian because I think this country and the world itself needs the solution. And I think I've been provided to some small degree, yes, some level of acceptance of this product within big industry. And the Hypatrucky RX Council is just kind of the introduction to that end. Whether or not they garner another order from here going forward, I don't know, guys. I don't know. I try not to be as presumptuous as I can with my open dialogue. And when I am looking to kind of forecast or be presumptuous with my dialogue, I premise that with that. And I let you know, hey, look, this is kind of where I'm thinking this could go. And that is the beauty of the discussion. That's why the Hylian Discord Group is so good in that it keeps the dialogue fresh. It keeps it going. And it's ongoing from every single day, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Those guys never sleep, man. It's like the city that never sleeps here in New York. Man, I love it. Those guys are great, guys and gals, great, great community to find out further information on this opportunity. But pursuing our visit for a net carbon negative commercial transportation is ambitious. It certainly is. Lot of hurdles to overcome, real and achievable through our technology, okay? And they're basically saying, we can do this. That's what that means. Real and achievable through our technology and net carbon negative emission solution for electrified commercial fleets when using RNG, RNG is coming available here. Hylian is well positioned to benefit from those new initiatives in new fueling stations as well as some of the proposed legislations that I talked about last week. I shared the entire piece of proposed legislation through my Facebook group as well so patrons could get in there and look and they could look for themselves and not just sit back and hear a commentary or an opinion highly on from my videos. I wanna make sure that I'm connecting you as well as I can to the information that I've grown accustomed to at know and love, actually. I know this website inside and out. I know every piece of word, but to bring some attention for you guys on some of the highlights may help you guys who are unfamiliar with the opportunity. Renewable natural gas is produced from Bio Waste. We know that. We talked about that last week and there's going to be the $1 of proposed credit for the producers and the end users of RNG. It's just the way that we need to go. That's simple. If I'm wrong in this being the approach into the future, by God, please tell me, guys. Send me a letter. Write me an email. Leave me a comment.  Let me know, okay?  Just let me know. Let me know whether or not over the next 50 years we will fail to realize any type of introduction to the fleets in hydrogen fuel cell, Tesla, all electric BEV vehicles, man. Let me know. I think I've went through this before where I sat on the sideline monitoring the solar craze 20 years ago and it did not end well. It did not end well. It was bad because there is a careful balance that needs to be acknowledged in this in that the people who would suggest going all green for the sake of going all green at the expense of business, none of that matters. We just need to go all green. There has to be a careful and scalable and calculatable acknowledgement to how important this is to yes, go green, but also to salvage and maintain that bottom line benefit to a lot of these companies that are publicly traded companies. There's a lot of private companies that are taking on this as an initiative. That's great. As a private company, no problem. You do not have shareholders to answer to. You have a board and you're looking to actually save money, which tells me a lot that publicly traded companies are looking to be called upon with the flag of green. Again, using Hylian as their solution because again, they're not just a go green company, but rather a scalable technology that can be integrated into the fleets and not lose a bit. As a matter of fact, I would suggest that Hylian actually boast the ability to improve. Dare I say improve upon existing and predictable performance of our diesel fleets out there. They can improve upon the driver experience. They can improve upon the payload. They can improve upon the ability of even the company's reduction of their carbon score in other capacities within their business. And when you talk about a $3.50 stock price or a $4 stock price, you're barking up the wrong tree. If you expect me to react to the fluctuations of the stock price now, it means nothing. It means absolutely nothing right now. It's great that we've got a little bit of appreciation in the stock price. And lo and behold, we've got people that are talking about, I'm buying the stock here. They're showing their screenshots in Twitter at 396. Great, good for you. I was buying the stock at $2.65 when everybody was talking about the stock going to a dollar. Okay? Cajonas, okay? It's all right. I'm sitting on my current position. I'm not accumulating shares right here. I haven't bought the stock since the last time I picked up that last block at $2.65. It was a 10 share block of 10 share, 10 contracts for leaps into 2024. I think those are gonna be very, very lucrative contracts. That is me, again, presuming, okay, I'm sorry, but I think those are gonna be lucrative. There's gonna be people out there that disagree with me, that's fine. You can disagree all you want. It's no problem. I will in turn either realize one of two outcomes. And this is where it gets interesting to me.   You're doing this. You're doing that. You're showboating for the company. You're doing this, you're doing this. Wrong, wrong. Let me break it down to you in kindergarten language, okay? I am an investor in the company.  No more fluff, all right? Trim away the fat, okay? You guys that wanna create a narrative around this company about this and that and everything under the sun, it really comes down to do you wanna be a share owner or not, okay? Get up, shut up, or get out. That's simple, all right? This is investing. It doesn't mean anything with regard to my personal relationships, which some of you guys, man, you can dig deep with your personal attacks.  When all the while, I am a good person and I don't do YouTube for a living, man. I have a job that I go and I serve in and I think a lot of you guys would feel awful bad with your criticism if you knew exactly what I actually did day to day with my career in an effort to support my family. So some of you guys, man, I tell you what, if you ever had the courage to say some of the things that you say to me to my face, the closest thing that I do to allow that to happen is the Friday livestream. And I've had a few people come in and say, yeah, I'll debate you on Friday. It is an open freaking invitation.  Okay? Now there is a chance of either one of the two outcomes, either the company does not do well or it does do well, okay? If it does well, I am positioned to do well. If it doesn't do well, I am positioned not to do well, okay? Those are the two outcomes. Let it go. I'm fine with my deal. I'm good, all right? I live a great life. I have a great family. I'm financially secure and I have a great career. I'm fine. Why don't you seek out some of those of the aforementioned that I just mentioned on your own and stop trolling people who you have no idea what they bring to the table, all right? Driver familiarity, I just mentioned that the infrastructure that's existing, if you're an investor in the company, you're investing on that very front. They don't put it on the website just to be willy-nilly about the information. It's incredible, reduced cost of ownership. We know it to be reduced over the course of the longevity of the system. That upfront cost is going to be about $200,000 more to purchase the unit. But the cost savings over time is going to quickly be apparent because the diesel truck, although it is cheaper on the onset, you still have to run the unit with fuel. And fuel just so happens to be almost the cost of the original unit itself over the course of running the unit. So it's a rethink of how we apply TCO. TCO being realized on the back end of the hyper truck ERX, whereas the potential for a lower entry level unit on the diesel side is realized on the onset. Full well knowing that you have to incur those costs to diesel going forward. The intelligent electric powertrain. What a cool, cool thing, man. And I see something new every time I come into this website and I'm just amazed every time I come at the amount of work that has gone into this website. So kudos to Thomas Healy and the team here for putting together this product in sharing the information on Healy. And I know Thomas is doing the introductory videos and going a little bit more in depth from his perspective. And I think those are great too. Like I said, the information that's being forthcoming over the last six months has been fantastic. In 2022, they've done a really, really good job of really showcasing what Healy on brings to bear. They've done a great, great job. And where I was scrutinizing before, I have no problem with tipping my hat to these guys and letting them know that whatever they did to clean up what was unacceptable in 2021 is absolutely where they need to be right in the pocket in 2022, sharing this opportunity, okay? So the intelligent powertrain, this is great. All new software features and updates are delivered remotely. So don't have to worry about that. Machine learning, algorithms. So right where we want to be with the technology that we have available to us today, that would just be silly. I just laugh sometimes at the ability of people to downplay this opportunity here with what is being demonstrated here on the screen as the hyper truck ERX here, the tank being the number one, the generator being number two, which actually reduces the weight of the total overall unit which translates into more payload for the truck itself. You look at the evolution of this company, man, if you go back far enough, you'll hear Thomas Healy talk about this idea of highly on being actually placed on the trailers. So they since fixed that because one single tractor can represent multiple trailers in their applications. So that was one of those big shifts in the evolution of this company to come to what you're seeing here in front of you on this diagram, active diagram of putting the fuel into the generator, the actual electric charge going into the electric, the battery systems here, and then to the drive motor here, which can actually regenerate energy and actually the whole unit as a whole. It's very, very impressive what they've done here to provide that power to both of the E-axles and provide that torque and payload that the companies are looking for. So there's the notation there, outpour diesel, that's the torque and the acceleration at a fully loaded capacity, RNG efficiency, electric onboard generators expected to be cheaper than power from the grid. We know that to be true. That's why I think this debate right now, I just sit back on the sideline and watch the whole thing like I'm watching a professional soccer match between RNG and full electric that's supposed to be provided from the grid. And I don't even think our politicians get it, which has me the most nervous. I think they're looking to approach it from a political perspective and not necessarily from an efficiency perspective. What I mean by that is you've got the Republicans and the Democrats going at each other in a way that is the most politically advantageous for them to go at this. And they're failing to understand the education piece behind what it actually takes to provide so much electricity to the grid. And I think this is a real miss. I have not been satisfied by the dialogue that's been going on right now with regard to some of the incentives that are being provided to full electric. I am not one of those people that is just totally on board with this whole move to full electric. I have used electric power tools. I have used battery-driven toys. I have, over the course of my life, learned to appreciate the real downfalls in the degradation of battery-powered types of applications. And I tell you what, that's a big reason why I would never ever see myself graduating to buying a Tesla. Now just over the last couple of weeks, I've actually heard some reports of how cheap Tesla parts are made and how cheap things are not standing up to the rigors of demands where people bought them on hype many years ago are determining now that some of the pieces and components within the vehicle itself are cheap. And this is where I think some of the learnings are gonna come to from what we know once we introduce Hylion to the rigor of Class 8 space and what those learnings are going to do to validate the product itself to the fleet. So efficiency electric, efficiently electric, the typical full EV solution requires a complex infrastructure and demands a lot from the grid, right? We know that Hylion doesn't do that. It basically brings its own charging with us, replaced by the internal combustion diesel engine before with the genset that is gonna be supplied by Cummins to power this unit. I don't know, it just makes sense to me. Maybe I'm the one that's off base here, but I love the idea, I love the concept of being able to allow the vehicle to be self-sufficient. Pretty cool term actually when we think of the Hylion opportunity and we think about Hylion as self-sufficient and all of the other solutions being dependent. I want you to think about that. I want you to think about that hard because if you've stayed with me for the totality of this video so far, I usually try to have an open discussion on the Hylion opportunity for about 60 minutes. So if that's too much for you and you need to take a midterm break, go ahead, we're at the 30 minute mark. I have no problem with that. To hit pause, come back and catch the second half of this because as these discussions happen, we really start to uncover this opportunity with Hylion and understand it being a kind of a self-sufficient unit as opposed to being a dependent unit. And I think that's the real takeaway here. The Hylion HyperTruck ERX powertrain is an electric drivetrain class eight truck that recharges itself by efficient in route charging. So the generator will kick on as the vehicle continues down the road, you do not miss anything in way of efficiency when we're talking about the opportunity here. Strong acceleration, we already talked about that. It beats the diesel hands down. So in a cross comparison, the only time that I've seen torque really, and again, I do admit I'm not a truck driver, but the only piece that I've had come from the benefits of having torque is the ability to accelerate on the on ramp to get up to freeway speeds. This is an area of focus, right? I don't think somebody's gonna maybe go out and buy the hyper truck on the stand alone because it can burn tires like it's demonstrated here and it can, it's electric power. And the people who are experiencing this direct drive, direct electricity, this DC electric for the first time, it's really getting their attention, but this is kind of the real application that I've found to be the real takeaway for me in the tutorials that I've heard from people who have driven the unit in that getting up to freeway speeds is going to increase the safety posture as well as just the ease of getting up to speed into highway traffic with a payload, which is very, very difficult to do, all right? So some additional points here to be made improved payload capacity versus the BEV. This is a no-brainer. Everything that they say here, I'm not trying to read this conveniently. I'm only just trying to read and share. But if I read this, it's truth. It is truth. And I find it so interesting how people will comment. They will debate these truths so often in that somehow the hyper truck ERX is offering the greatest payload capacity when factoring in the increased grossed weight allotments for natural gas commercial vehicles or the reduced engine weight. Well, that's an interesting piece. I've never really understood that very much until I read it here with you guys when factoring in the increased grossed vehicle weight allotments for natural gas commercial vehicles or the reduced engine weight. So those two play into each other. I didn't know that there was a weight allotment there and an acknowledgement to say, look, you can haul more, no problem.  You can burn as much natural gas as you want. That's great. So very cool stuff on that side of the house as we look to introduce more compressed natural gas to the fleet here in the hauling of our goods and doing so in a much more responsible manner. The hyper truck ERX can be refueled as quickly as a diesel truck and can achieve comparable ranges as well, even when fully loaded at 80,000. This is a piece that I don't like. I want more out of this. I want this to be a cross comparison. This is interesting. Now, there is an asterisk there. We could go down and see what that asterisk is, but yeah, they need to prove this. And it goes into my durability as well as performance factors when I'm looking to evaluate this companies. And it would be the very thing that I would ask Thomas Healy about if he were ever a guest on the independent investor channel and take advantage of his open invitation to the channel. As of now, I have no reason to believe that he will. He should. He's missing out on a great opportunity, but I want everybody to understand that that is an open invitation to the boss here. And if he never does, no problem. I will have done my part during what has been a very, very dark period for the stock specifically. The company, I think not so much. However, the companies goings on will reflect what the current stock price is. And there's no arguing that the stock price has been downright disappointing. We can all agree with that. Using up to 100% RNG, HyperTruck ERX electric power generation is up to 35% less expensive than diesel on a mile per diesel equivalent gallon of fuel. So very cool stuff, especially in times like these where we're talking about the high cost of diesel, all right? All negative carbon emissions fueled with renewable natural gas, HyperTruck can deliver negative carbon emissions. This is huge for scoring out from companies out there who need to drive down their carbon emissions score within their specific businesses. So very important. And I've heard some of these executives talk about transportation has to be. It's not optional that it's one of the places that they're looking to improve upon in their respective businesses. And when you get a dual benefit of not only improving your transportation line and not losing efficiency and also being able to use that negative integer to apply to other applications in their carbon emissions score, perhaps maybe areas that aren't quite as easy to reduce or even dare I say must be maintained for the health and viability of the business that they can be reduced in this manner here within the transportation sector with its included plug-in capability, the long range HyperTruck ERX can operate on demand in an all electric mode for up to 75 miles providing fleets additional operational flexibility. This was something that we did not know on the onset and it was turned out there during kind of the hype period that of which has just died on the vine this capability does still exist and will exist with the follow-on iterations of the HyperTruck ERX going forward, all right. And then finally the non-idling of the driver control with the APU unit, this is huge, man. HyperTruck intelligently manages power generation providing auxiliary power for in-cab electronics and the HVAC systems to reduce and or eliminate idling when the driver is in the hoteling in the truck. So very, very cool stuff. Just kind of adds to that. And you know, when we talk about acceleration to the highway, is that a standalone driver? I don't know. I would suggest even going green is not a standalone driver for these fleets. But when you talk about driver comfort from a hoteling perspective that's talked about here on the Hylian website, you talk about the driver experience for every second that they're behind the wheel of this enjoying a more quieter ride. You start to collectively put these pieces together here and you'll start to come up with a thesis that I've been able to derive and arrive at many, many months ago, if not years ago on this opportunity, how it has never been a better time to get involved in this company that it is right here, 354-3265. It's irrelevant. It does not matter. It does not speak to the opportunity that these guys are looking to stare down and achieve in the Class 8 space. Very, very exciting times. Net carbon and negative emissions. We know that, those of you who do not know that has the ability to actually help the environment more by running the truck as opposed to not running the truck. That's negative emissions. Running R&G and burning the methane from the bio waste actually is better for the environment. These units, imagine the air purifier units in your home that take the dust and particulate out of the air. Imagine the hyper truck ERX out there on the road actually cleaning our environment.  I'll just give you a moment to let it sink in. These units, through the application of driving our roads, driving the very roads that we as tax payers pay for. The very roads that these folks pay, that their tax for their industrial application on could actually be better for the environment. Burning renewable natural gas into the future. Guys, I don't know. Five years, 10 years, 20 years down the line. We could evolve to a place where our transportation industry transforms itself and goes from the very worst of polluters on the earth to being actually beneficial for the environment to run. Again, I would drop the mother effing mic if I had one. I don't, but I just wanna give you a moment to really let that sink in and understand the opportunity that exists here with this company.  It's exciting times, man. It's exciting times. I always look back on my life and say, what if I would have invested in Amazon? I wouldn't have. What if I would have invested in Facebook? Had I done that, it really hasn't run up that much since IPO. What if I would have invested in Google? What if I would have picked Google instead of serious satellite radio? None of that really matters. I don't beat myself up over that stuff, but I'll be damned if 10 years down the line, I don't look back at this opportunity and say, why didn't I invest in that opportunity? And all the stars were aligning. Everything was aligned to really be something. And Hylion is gonna be ripe for an acquisition. I get it. People are like, why doesn't Cummins just buy Hylion? I can't answer that. I think if Cummins were right, I think they would buy it.  And I bring you back to the same rationalization that I came to two years ago when I came up with this in my thesis, in my due diligence, I thought, how easy is this to scale, number one, and how easy is it for one of the big guys just to step in and just buy the stupid company, buy everything they have, buy the proprietary rates to the battery system that they acquired in 2018, just buy it, buy their patents that they have, right? Since then, the case for an acquisition has actually strengthened, okay? Insofar as the major equipment that goes under the wood and into the E-axle, Cummins owns it all and they would be smart to absolutely acquire Hylion. Do I think that's gonna happen? I don't have an answer for that, man. I will defer to some of the thinking tanks in the Discord group. I will pose that rhetorically but I am not going to attempt to try to answer that question. I think profits will be capped. I do. I think eventually with the strength of Cummins, I think we're gonna see the hyper truck ERX all over the freeway. I think we're gonna see that irrespective of the help. I just think that there's gonna be a little bit more risk of competition if Hylion does hold onto this thing and remain highly on holdings as far as providing these products exclusively to the marketplace but we'll see. We will see. One thing is for certain, this is a great idea and these trucks will be on the road at some point into the future as we look to roll this opportunity out. R&G availability, R&G is delivered through the same existing nationwide infrastructure as natural gas. Some people would like to dispute that. These are the facts, Jack, okay? This is what happens. R&G is widely available today and new sources are in development. That is a true statement, okay? Safe and faster fueling, safe, it is. You can imagine some of the, I'm not sure if I understand the connection piece between electronic charging and if any safety considerations that need to be paid by the level of fast charging that needs to be made to improve upon charging times in the BEV fleet and what type of safety types of considerations need to be made. That's presumptuous on my part. There may be absolutely none, but I only strike that for the sake of discussion and making you think about the potential for putting these things into test in real world application and having seen some of these questions really come to the forefront and challenge some of what I feel like are a lot of bandwagon players with BEV and not looking holistically at the entire market in what some of these other solutions bring to bear longer range. Can travel as far as diesels. It's the second time they've said it on the website and greater than other proposed solutions including competitors announced long haul class eight commercial BEVs and fuel cell vehicles, okay? Very cool. This is just a schematic about, here it is existing over the past five years, R&G use as a transportation fuel has increased 577%. So there it is, very, very real on the R&G front. R&G is the money maker here, guys. Compressed natural gas, there would be some folks that would suggest that compressed natural gas is not green. It still does produce carbon emissions. I can't dispute that. That is fact, okay? Now I think this is where Cummins is gonna play in because the internal combustion engine is still a generator, right? That's gonna go under the hood, that's gonna need to pass the carbon NITSA certification. Once those certifications are reached and achieved and behind us, I think that is also gonna be a tailwind for the stock. I've gotten so used to the stock not ever moving that it's gonna be a pleasant to surprise to actually see it go up and prove that stocks can go more than one direction in their lifespan. But we'll have to get a few of these developments behind us, I think over the long term. That's just a scatterplot of the availability right there. I believe this is the R&G, this is CNG stations. So natural gas in the US, so very cool there. OEM class eight manufacturers here. Powertrain is compatible with all of them, okay? So it's not like if people are unhappy with Nikola, they cannot go with Nikola, but for the customers that are with Freightliner and with International and wanna continue that relationship, that's great. They can segue into the highly on product. Now that's presumptuous on my part. The only thing I can say right now that's fact is the fact that they have existing relationship with Pack R, which owns Peter Belt. That's the only one they have. Whether or not they can scale into other OEMs guys, that's another one of those scary questions that I'll propose to the group here. I mean, I'm at the end of my rope. Thomas Healy says that he wants to use Peter Belt as being kind of the flagship. I think it's the 529 model, which is a very, very popular truck. And then look to go after other OEMs. There's been zero and I do mean zero progress on this front. If they're even having discussions with, I don't even know at this point. Those would be happening behind the scenes from a business perspective. And share owners are left in the dark to speculate on any type of progress being made with other OEMs out there. But we do have one and that one represents an awful lot of trucks being turned out every single year to the fleet. And that's just here domestically. And I don't think we speak very often about the opportunity abroad with this company, but they need to get in and they need to really impress in the domestic market here. Otherwise it's for naught. Hylian has designed, developed and delivered our parallel hybrid systems on several OEM truck platforms. That's reflective in all of the different photos that are on the website there that actually have the systems put on board. So very cool stuff there. Vision for a net carbon commercial transportation industry relies heavily on close collaboration with experienced and innovative partners. Representing over 100,000 in the Class A commercial truck globally. The Hyper Truck Innovation Council will collaboratively, closely work with Hylian to provide key user insights. This is huge in the development of the Hyper Truck ERX, the company's electrified electric power train for the Class A commercial space that will provide superior performance, emissions reduction and lower operating cost. For you guys that are new to the Hylian opportunity, I'd like to introduce you to the Innovation Council. These are the aforementioned members. A lot of these companies you do know. Perhaps maybe some of them you do not know. I've done in-depth research on all of these and a few of them just as of late have really surprised me. NFI and Ruan being that in that they've placed their first set of initial orders with the Hyper Truck ERX quite frankly fallen on deaf ears. If on the onset the integration and the culmination of the council members would have been realized with the run up in the stock initially two years ago, if that type of stuff would have been rolled out now, I think we'd be talking about a $20 stock easy. But that's just not how it happened. Coming to markets a little bit too early allowed this scrutinization of the company to question whether or not they were gonna actually be able to execute along their timeline and they haven't. Which stretches the financial budget where a lot of people were saying they've got all kinds of money to go and scale up massively. I would suggest that that's a real point of contention with me in monitoring their cash burn and making sure that they can really integrate to a place where they can be self-sufficient. And those questions are yet to be answered with this. And I know there's gonna be bullish shareholders that may look at that, they may cringe a little bit on that statement but I'm right. The cash burn is very, very real. The cash and cash equivalence is key there in that if they start to liquidate the equivalence piece to that, which are short and long-term duration types of equities that are meant to turn out fixed income for the operating cost of the business, that's gonna be problematic for the company, man. And it's gonna be interesting over the next year to see if they can meet that, really that acceptance level of sustainability. And that's gonna be the key takeaway for me with Hylian and monitoring this opportunity going forward. But just some of the statements from some of the Hypertruck Innovation Council members, it's gonna be awesome to see what these fleets are able to experience with that opportunity. But I just wanted to showcase here, there's a ton more on the website with regard to Thomas Healy, Investor News, the Board of Governance, really what Hylian stands for in their code of ethics. They're really at a board above board company, which I think is worth taking an absolute look at here. In 2022, it's one that I enjoy showcasing because I just think the opportunity is fascinating. And I think some of these major things that we talk about here so early on in the company's inception, I mean, we're talking about two products. We hardly ever talk about other applications for this product. We hardly ever talk about global integration. We hardly ever talk about their opportunity to segue their product into other OEMs and maybe some exposure to some other customers that are represented by other OEMs other than Peterbilt. But guys, I really appreciate you hanging with me through this tutorial of the Hylian.com website, said some cool stuff in this video. I hope it resonated with you and I hope it helped you make more informed decisions for your infesting future, specific to Hylian Holdings as we monitor this opportunity going forward. Guys, thank you so much and we'll kick you back and we'll actually conclude the video. All right guys, so we've come out of the tutorial on Hylian.com. All kinds of cool information on Hylian.com is the best. Followed up by a great discussion group which Discord group, they do a great job as well as myself who puts out these videos weekly. I would invite you to subscribe to the channel if you like the content, you like the updates. I'm not doing this for any other reason other than to share opportunity, that's it. Share opportunity where I think opportunity exists and it's not getting its due credence in the stock market. Right now it's not, that's just the fact. It's not getting its due credence and it will and when it does, there will be all kinds of momentum that will build up on this company. It will be interesting to see how they unfold over the next 15, 18 months and I'm gonna be right there in the pocket covering the entire story. I'm fascinated on the opportunity that is made by Hylian and what they're trying to do in achieving a net carbon neutral future for the class eight space in the trucking and transportation industry. Guys, if you appreciate the message, wanna make sure to subscribe to the channel, leave your comments at the bottom of this video. I said a ton through the making of this video and hopefully it generates some churn on this topic. Leave your comments. All comments are welcome as long as they're kept above board. I'm not looking to do this to waste my time or no are yours. I'm looking to uncover opportunity for people and that's it. I've already uncovered it for me, I'm fine but to help you guys understand the opportunity that exists with Hylian and what they're doing now and more importantly, what they're looking to do for the future. Guys, thank you so much for tuning into the message and good luck in your investment future. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.


Deepfake stands for deep learning and fake, which means faking content utilizing AI techniques, such as machine learning, specifically GAN algorithms. Hold on. Is that really Audrey Tung? Let's watch the video again. Is the on-screen Audrey the same Audrey we know? Today, anyone can use a simple device to record a video. Actors can imitate a subject's vocal tones or body movements after just 12 hours of deep learning. Anyone can generate a deep fake video in just a couple of weeks. The costs of doing so are almost negligible. You may think it's easy to identify this video as deepfake, yet are you sure your friends and family can spot the differences? Let's consider this from a different angle. If deepfake is something you aren't familiar with, are you sure you can still see it for what it is? When images and sounds can be so easily altered, what should we believe? I'm Audrey Tung. After you've watched this deepfake video, I'd like to remind everyone again, when you come across an unknown video, please exercise caution, always verify before forwarding. Once you develop the habit of active verification and elevate your own media competence, you can help protect your relatives and friends from harmful disinformation.


How can assets be transferred between blockchains? How do they agree on the exchange contract? If nobody owns the implementation? Great question, Gabriel. Essentially, the way assets are transferred between blockchains is through a very basic smart contract. By that I mean, as basic, you can also implement it in a simplified language like Bitcoin script. These contracts are usually some form of multi-sig, or some form of merkle proof, that allows you to essentially lock value on one blockchain, and then release an equivalent amount of value on the other blockchain. The two parties who engage in a transfer exchange between two blockchains, this kind of atomic swap between two blockchains, have to agree in order to use that technology, and they have to choose which contract to use. There can be multiple implementations that transfer value between two blockchains, between sidechains, and you choose which implementation you are going to use. If somebody else is also using that implementation, then you can execute a swap with them. Multi-sig and time delays are parts of smart contracts. In some cases, I don't see why you would implement a smart contract system that didn't at least have the ability to have multiple owners or multiple signatures and time delays. I've never seen a smart contract language that didn't have those. Even Bitcoin, which most people don't call a smart contract platform, even Bitcoin script, has the basic ability. You don't need full smart contracts in order to do lightning payment channels. Just the ability to do basic multi-sig and time delays is usually enough. Do the participants of lightning network have to set up a smart contract? What I mean by smart contract is basically a Bitcoin address which has a script inside it, which contains a multi-sig, a time-out, a refund process, or a penalty process. That is used to continuously update the channel. You don't do any of that. Effectively, all of that is done by your lightning node or your lightning wallet automatically for you. It looks very similar to a Bitcoin payment. You'll receive a QR code which has a lightning invoice. You tell your wallet to pay that lightning invoice, and it finds a route within the network through which it can make a series of commitments to transmit a payment to the other party. That will execute in less than a second, in most cases, very, very fast. Your payment will be received at the other end. All of the smart contracts and multi-sig and all of those details managed by the wallets are completely invisible to the user. It just looks like a very, very fast Bitcoin transaction that can have very, very small amounts. You can do amounts that are even less than a Satoshi in terms of the amount of payment, and with very, very low fees, or sometimes no fees at all. Is lightning network a sidechain or a second layer? Very good question, Eric. Lightning is not a sidechain. Lightning is a second layer. That means lightning is a mechanism for transmitting payments off-chain, using an underlying blockchain for security. It allows you to route payments through payment channels, which are smart contracts using multi-sig and time delays. It allows you to transfer, for example, Bitcoin between two participants over a payment channel, without having to record it on the blockchain. Still, those two participants don't need to trust anything, because the underlying Bitcoin security is the basis of trust. Because something like lightning network is a multi-currency routed network, you can have nodes that are participating in lightning that are running Bitcoin. You can have nodes that are participating in lightning that run Litecoin. Theoretically, you could have nodes that participate in the lightning network that run Ethereum or whatever else. The requirements for a blockchain to be lightning-compatible, to be able to interact with these routed payment channels, are that it has certain fundamental security functions, including the ability to do multi-sig, and the ability to do time delays. Together with those two, you can implement what is called a hash-time-lock contract, which is the building block for payment channels and routed payment channels and lightning network. Lightning network is absolutely not a sidechain, it is a second layer. Theoretically, you could use it to connect sidechains to each other. You can, in fact, transmit a lightning payment from Bitcoin, and the recipient receives it in Litecoin, which is another blockchain, because both of them are lightning-compatible. You can effectively, that has made Litecoin and Bitcoin into sidechains of each other, with the Lightning network being the smart contract layer that connects them. If sidechains had to be created as a second layer from the original decentralized Bitcoin blockchain, does this mean centralization? Who runs, keeps, maintains, or is incentivized for that regarding sidechains? Great question, Christian. Sidechains aren't a second layer. The technology that connects two blockchains together is kind of a second layer. Not really. These are transactions within each of the blockchains. But sidechains are not really a layer. They are more a parallel stack, if you like. You have two stacks that operate side by side. You are right. Who runs, keeps, maintains, and is incentivized for the security regarding a sidechain? That is the most important question. Unless you can answer that question, you can't really say anything about the security of the sidechain. And keep in mind, sidechains are not... Sidechain is an attribute of a relationship. To be a sidechain to another blockchain means that one blockchain has the ability to transfer value, or peg value, in and out of another blockchain with some form of atomic swap mechanism. Neither of these is subordinate to the other. The term sidechain is often confusing. Bitcoin can be a sidechain to something else. In fact, if something is a sidechain to Bitcoin, then Bitcoin is a sidechain to this other thing. It simply means a chain on the side.


Okay, hi everyone. Welcome back to Great Texts. We're talking once again about John Dewey's Art as Experience. This week, Chapter 12, The Challenge to Philosophy. And it is more or less what it sounds. He's talking about the challenge posed by philosophy of art as a subject and aesthetic experience in particular, two different kinds of philosophies, philosophical systems, philosophical ideas. So actually, I think on my reading, there are really two kinds of challenges to philosophy here in the in the chapter. The first, maybe the more basic, comes from his view that aesthetic experience reveals really the nature of experience as such. It's somehow a more, he problematizes this word, but he says in a sense it's more pure kind of experience or more full kind of experience. Although he's, you know, he doesn't want to step in it, so to speak, with problematic philosophical views about purity. But he does think that it really does reveal something important about the nature of experience, which can challenge philosophical theories and systems insofar as they have views about experience. And we know that's that's quite common. Secondly, and perhaps more in the forefront of this chapter's argument is that one's philosophy of art and philosophy of aesthetic experience or theory of aesthetic experience can reveal limitations of one's whole philosophical system. And these, these are two closely linked challenges, one might say they're they're sort of the same. But I think, you know, Dewey does sort of range widely across some major philosophical concepts here. And so I think thinking about how the how the how aesthetic experience poses a challenge to philosophy in both of these ways is actually pretty helpful. So quoting from some key sentences in the very early parts of this chapter, I just want to highlight a few things. Dewey says, there's no test that so surely reveals the one sidedness of a philosophy as its treatment of art and aesthetic experience. Philosophies of aesthetics have often set out from one factor that plays a part in the Constitution of experience, and have attempted to interpret or explain the aesthetic experience by a single element. We can ask what element in the formation of experience each system has taken as central and characteristic. So here, these are these are three sentences from slightly different contexts, although they're there within a few paragraphs of each other, or two pages of each other, at least. And you see he he really emphasizes the one sidedness, the single factor, the single element. On the one hand here, Dewey's pointing towards the limitations of these different philosophical systems in the way they focus on a single element and certain preconceived ideas about art and how it relates to this element. On the other hand, though, he does give credit in a way to each system that he discusses in the sense that it draws to our attention to a genuinely significant element. So this is a kind of common way that Dewey sort of wades through the history of philosophy, looking on the one hand at what each philosophy gets right about experience, what thing it rightly emphasizes, and then what it leaves out, the way in which its picture is incomplete. And then he says we can ask what element each system has taken as central and characteristic. So in determining which element each system emphasizes, we also create a pretty natural categorization scheme for philosophies of art. So we can kind of split philosophies up into two types, and then and then look at just how well those systems do. And this way we don't have to review kind of the whole history of the philosophy of art to get at what we can learn from these challenges. So here are the, what I take to be the main types of philosophy of art discussed in the chapter. The first is what he calls the make-believe theory, which emphasizes the role of imagination, which he says, you know, from the very beginning of this chapter and also in previous, in the previous chapter, is definitely a crucial part of all aesthetic experience. But the make-believe theory kind of conceives of imagination as mere reverie, right? Sort of a dream state, almost. And there Dewey thinks we're leaving out the material of art, the medium, its embodiment, eventually in some object or event. So this is a partial and incomplete theory. On the one hand, it emphasizes something important, imagination. On the other hand, it leaves a lot out by, by the way, it treats imagination as a sort of separate thing. A second theory, but closely related to this first, in fact, he puts these together as a sort of broad type, he sort of describes there being three broad types, is what he calls the play theory, or sometimes the escape theory, or I might call it escapism. And we, you know, I think that's pretty familiar, the idea that you use art to kind of escape from your worries in the world, but also the sort of connection between, between art and play is in children's play. He thinks this improves upon the make-believe theory, which emphasizes just reverie, because it emphasizes action, right? Play involves action, typically involves objects of some kind. Maybe it involves other people in many cases, not always. But it still sort of leaves out the medium in the sense, the medium of art in the sense of the sort of purposeful reconstruction of materials, right? Art sort of, as such, takes stuff in the world, whether that's, you know, talking about the shaping art, so we're just talking about maybe dance, the way you move your body, and then deliberately reshaping it. When that happens, he says play becomes work, not in the sense of drudgery or labor, but it becomes work in the sense of, you know, you're making things, you're doing things, you're creating the work of art, you're doing the work of art. So play becomes work when it becomes expressive, and the play theory kind of, kind of leaves that out as well. Okay, the next major kind of theory, which you might sort of characterize, if you characterize the first kind of theories, theories sort of focus too much on the self. This set of theories focuses too much on the object or the other. This is the representation theory or the imitation theory. The idea that what art does is somehow capture some other thing in reality. And do we contrast here the ancient version of this, which he sees most clearly in Aristotle, although he also thinks that Joshua Reynolds is somehow stuck in this idea, that what art represents is not so much individuals, but essences, right? Or universals, right? And then there's the more modern version of this, which is, you know, it's individual things, people, moments in time that art is representing or imitating. But either way, this theory emphasizes only the objective, right? It neglects the individuality of art, right? And so that's where it goes wrong. Another related theory, Dewey talks about briefly is the idea that what art really does is it's a form of knowledge, right? Art is a mode of knowledge in the sense of a kind of revelation. And what does it reveal? Well, again, in the ancient theories, it's sort of inner natures of things that are revealed through art. And Dewey sort of sees a host of figures as somehow connected with this idea, which, you know, he includes Aristotle again, Schopenhauer, Hegel, Benedetta, Croce, all come in to this discussion. And then the last view, okay, so these two theories, the representative and knowledge theory of art, are both too focused on sort of the object or something outside of and separate from the individual. The third theory, in a way, it kind of has aspects of the first two types of theory or the first four theories, if you want to split them up that way. It treats art on the one hand as leading to something else, right? But on the other hand, because it does have the sort of aspects of individuality, it's actually inadequate for that thing. So it's like the imitation theory. But it's a bad imitation, right? So this is a core Plato's idea, right? That we encounter beauty through art in a kind of limited and weak way. And that leads us to contemplation of pure beauty, the idea or the form of beauty. And then we don't need art anymore. So it's the idealist theories of art see art as sort of leading to but inadequate for something else, ideas, essences. And these theories typically treat the mind in some aspect or mind like things in some aspect as ultimate, right? Whether that's a kind of platonic view, the ultimate ideas, or a kind of Hegelian idealist view where it's the sort of it's the absolute mind, like Crochet, right? But Schopenhauer also follows into this type of idealist theory. For Schopenhauer, it's the will rather than the concept of the idea. But for Dewey, it's much the same kind of mistake. Now, Dewey, in the course of the argument brings up a variety of philosophical ideas that are somehow brought into doubt or shown to be sort of limited or one sided through these analyses of aesthetic experience and through what's sort of analyzing what goes wrong in these different philosophies of art. So on the one hand, there's the distinction between subject and object, right? The make-believe theory clearly depends on this distinction, right? Over-emphasizes the subject, the separate subject, when in fact, in art, you can't rely on that distinction. It's not valid in that case. A very similar related distinction between subjective and objective, right? Subjective, the individual contribution, objective, the nature of the thing coming from outside. The problems with the representational theory of art show what's wrong with thinking about art in terms of subjective and objective and the sort of ultimate distinction between subjective and objective factors. In art, they're not separable, distinguishable, in the same sense. The dichotomy or dualism of freedom and necessity is problematized by the play theory or the escapist theory of art, over-emphasizing freedom. Essences are problematized in his discussion of the more epistemic or knowledge-based theories of art. He says that essence turns out to be either ghostly metaphysics with no real connection to art or merely the gist of things, the essence of the matter, right? So there's a perfectly ordinary notion of essence that he's happy with and he thinks is important to understanding art. It just gets blown out of proportion, philosophical proportion, by certain metaphysical views. And then the philosophical operation of intuition, which for figures like Schopenhauer and Crochet become this kind of mysterious philosophical activity with no direct connection to perception or experience. And he problematizes those as well. So I'm going to end with this great quote from the final paragraph of the chapter. Dewey says, in art as an experience, actuality and possibility or ideality, the new and the old, objective material and personal response, the individual and the universal, surface and depth, sense and meaning, are integrated in an experience in which they are all transfigured from the significance that belongs to them when isolated in reflection. Of art as experience, it is also true that nature has neither subjective nor objective being, is neither individual nor universal, sensuous nor rational. Now what's Dewey emphasizing there? I mean, it's a theme that he's emphasized before, which is this sort of integral unity that is essential to aesthetic experience. Art reveals for us the way in which these myriad philosophical distinctions are not perfect dichotomies, because in art, they're transfigured, they're unified, the dichotomy doesn't hold up. Not because we choose one side or the other, but rather we see that the two sides blend together in the aesthetic experience. Of course, there's more things going on in this chapter, including some of Dewey's more specific criticisms of thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Schopenhauer, Crochet, that I've only barely alluded to. There's a lot more to talk about. We can, of course, get into those discussions via the discussion board or the comments here or in class. Next week, we're going to be focusing on the chapter on criticism, which is a very important chapter in that it sort of explains the nature and function of art criticism, both philosophically speaking and to the artist. So look forward to seeing you next week and those of you all see in class today talking about this chapter more. All right, have a good week.


I have to say it's a free body diagram, it's like something that you could get like one of those holistic health policies.  Okay, so, yeah, I didn't say anything about that, yes. So, yes. So, maybe you're not giving the story quite right. And if you do everything, you do 75% no. Or 80% correct? If you can't know 80% of the basic stuff, you don't deserve the message.  So, here's how the final will be structured. Part one, easy problems. Really easy problems like, okay? Easy problems. They won't all be this, right? Problems along the lines of the level of the problems on the placement exam. So, a lot of you maybe didn't take the placement exam because you had 80 credits, but they're straightforward, easy problems. First, they cover everything. So, you know, like write the Taylor series for easy to text or something like that. But covering all the material. But easy straightforward problems that if you know how to do the material in this class, you should be able to get through it in half an hour. And if you do 80% correctly on that, then you get a C for sure. Okay? So, if you do that 80% correct, you get a C. And then the rest is to determine whether you get an A or a B or a C. We have to negotiate. I don't know. I'm hoping that won't happen to any of you. So, you should focus on the first part until it's done. Because the first part is supposed to be a measurement of the minimal skills in this class. Demonstrate mastery. Demonstrate the minimal level of understanding. Then you should pass the class. So that's what the first part is for. And the second part is to decide what this class would be C or A. Fold it down a little bit so I can get here again. Part is going to be a minimum hurdle. If you clear the minimum hurdle, then you're guaranteed to pass. Beyond that, you'll look at the rest. So, I mean, you can think the first part is worth, let's say, 50 points. And in order to get a C, you need a 50 on the test. Other items, so there's that issue about the final being in two parts. There's a basic easy part that everyone who deserves to pass should be able to do relatively quickly. And then there's the rest, which will be the harder problems that will be like on the previous midterms. Right on the previous midterms, there were a couple of easy problems gathered among harder problems. Not really. Well, there should have been a couple of easy problems gathered among harder problems. Certainly, that was true in the first midterms. On the second midterms, more of the problems were middling difficult. There was no crazy hard problem, but there was no trivial problem. The other thing is, sorry, I don't remember whether it's jazz 111 or 110. It's one of them has a, I don't know, it holds 103 pieces. I think that's 111, right? I think so. So the room, the biggest room that I could get was that one. So they gave me jazz 111, Friday at 2.15, and I will just do whatever problems people want. Also, I have my office hours on Monday, but so if you have questions that you want to ask specific questions during the week, you can make an appointment. I'm around. You can make an appointment and come in. So I'm not holding schedule hours other than my usual hours on Monday next week, nor is Professor Donna Fann. But both of us, if you say, I need help. I really don't understand partial fractions. When can I see you? And then we'll say, okay, how's Tuesday at 2? Or, no, I'm giving the final answer, but I won't say how's Thursday at 2? Or whatever, okay? Any other questions about where the final is, what it is, how it is, why it is? Okay, so let's move on to doing problems, reviewing. We left off in techniques of integration. Somebody asked me to do a partial fractions problem. So let me briefly review partial fractions. So you use partial fractions when you have an integral line. Maybe I would do, well, okay. And you have an integral which has a bottom that you can factor. And then that splits it up into something like, let me just already leave it factored. So say I have an integral like this, and one, one, okay, I don't care. Say I have that integral. I can put something more complicated on the top, but make it more complicated, okay? So what the idea here is that we want to split this up into two easy integrals that look like, but we can't quite. So it's just algebra to try and split this up. So we just forget about integrals, and we just do algebra. So we say if there are A's and B's so that this is true, what are they? Note that it's important. A couple of things that are important. We must have the degree of the top smaller than the degree of the bottom. If the degree of the top is larger, you have to do long division or some other way to reduce the degree of the top. You have to split out all of the stuff that is higher degree than the bottom. Let me hold the special case for a minute. So we just do this. So it's just an algebra problem. So we cross multiply. We need to find A and B, so the 2x plus 1 equals A times x minus 1 plus B times 3x plus 2. And either you can now multiply this out and equate coefficients. Let me do it that way. Or you can choose the distance choices of x to kill off the factors. I like that way better in most cases, but sometimes the other one's easier. So let me do that way first. So if, because this has to be true for all values of x. So that means that if we choose special values of x, it still has to be true. So if x is 1, we have 2 times 1 plus 1. 1 is 3, this is 0, and this is 5B. So that tells us right away that B is 3 over 5. What? No? So if x is 1, if x is 1, 2 times 1 plus 1 is 3.  So if x is 1, 5B is 3. So I know right away that B is 3 fifths. And if x is negative 2 thirds, then that tells me, well these numbers are a little grosser, but okay. Negative 2 thirds, so that's negative 4 thirds plus 1 is negative 1 third. And this is negative 2 thirds minus 1 is negative 5 thirds. And this is 0. So that means that A is a fifth. Okay? Do you want me to go through the other way? Yo. Yeah. Yeah, no. Okay. So the other way, which is completely equivalent, but sometimes a little easier to use, I guess I'm going to give up on my free body diagram. Oh well. That one's just stuck. Okay. The other way, which is equivalent, is we multiply out this thing. 2x plus 1 equals Ax minus A plus B3Bx plus 2B. So that means that A plus 3B is 2 because I'm matching the coefficients of x and 1 is minus A plus 2B. And then you solve these equations simultaneously. Here you would add them together, get 5B equals 3, and then substitute back and get A equals a fifth. Okay? So it should be the same. Okay? And then does anyone need me to do this integral? I'll just do it. It's quick. So the integral 2x plus 1, 3x plus 2, x minus 1 dx is equal to the integral A is a fifth, 3x plus 2 plus the integral 3 fifths over x minus 1. So this is one-fifth the log of 3x plus 2 because we make the substitution u equals 3x plus 2 except this is a 3x. So that means that u equals 3x and then du is 3dx. So divide by 3. So am I saying that too fast? So this is one-fifteenth log 3x plus 2. And then this one du is dx. So this is just 3 fifths log x minus 1 plus the constant. Did I do this too quickly? Everybody's okay with this, right? Okay. So one caveat with partial fractions is sometimes you can't reduce the factors. You're left with a quadratic factor or you have a repeated factor. So if I have something like, let me just put a 1 here over x cubed x square plus 1. Suppose I want to use partial fractions for this. Then I would split this up. Maybe I want, let's put a x minus 1 here too. I'm not going to actually do it. I'm just going to set it up. I would split this up, read things. And what I need is that the degree of the polynomial on top with the a, b, c, and q's in it is one less than the one on the bottom. So here I would have a x squared plus bx plus c. So I would have to find three variables in order to understand what's on top of the x squared. Here I would have what I need to be e x plus f and here I would have the g. So I'm not going to do this one because it's quite complicated. But I just want to point out that you split it up into each of the factors and the degree of the thing that goes on top is one less than a denominator. So this one would certainly not be on the first part and if it's on the second part I would expect most people to blow up. Alright, so let me leave that first we have to cover here. I think that's it for the techniques of integration because I did most of them last time. Any other techniques of integration I need to review? No. Okay. So what else was I would... So the next topic is volumes. So now we're into chapter six I guess. Oh no, no, no, I missed improper integrals. Sorry. So improper integrals would be something like the integral from one to infinity of one over, doesn't matter, x squared dx. So this is saying if we have this curve one over x squared and we look at this area is it a finite number or is it not? And the only thing with improper integrals is that, well this doesn't really make explicit sense unless we extend the definition of integration because we can't put infinitely many little rectangles under here. So we just remember, we just extend this to mean this is the limit as m goes to infinity of the integral from one to m of one over x squared dx. So we just do this integral which is very easy and then we take a limit. So the integral of one over x squared is one over x, negative, and we evaluate it from one to m. So this is the limit as m goes to infinity of, lost my train of thought here, negative one plus negative one over m. Yeah, wait. So, no, no, the derivative of negative, what am I doing? Isn't this right? Yeah, the derivative of x to the minus one is minus x to the minus two. So the derivative of this is this. So, yeah, so this is right. And so, but something's wrong here. Oh, I did this backwards. Sorry. It's minus one over m plus one. That's better. Okay, and then if we take the limit, this term goes to zero so I get one. So this guy converges to one. So we would say that this converges. Okay, so this is pretty straightforward and I know when you first thought it seemed very confusing because we had this infinity in there and all sorts of things, but this is very similar to the kind of stuff we're doing that we did with the infinite series. So maybe after having to deal with the infinite series, this makes a little more sense where at least you have a little more practice. Of course it will diverge if I replace, if I change the power around, I can get one that diverges or converges or whatever. The idea is very similar. The other situation would be if the thing blows up somewhere inside. So for example, the integral from zero to, I don't know, zero to four over one over x minus two, dx over x minus two. So this one would diverge. It blows up at two. We have to check. So this we have to write as the integral from zero to two and the integral from two to four and then take the limit, this is the limit as x goes to two from below and this is the limit as x goes to two from above, but this blows up, right? So this is the log of x minus two evaluated from zero to two log x minus two evaluated from two to four but now I have to take the limit here, here and here. Yeah. If one of them blows up, you don't need to bother with the other one. So this two from below of log x minus two, so this diverges. Of course I could change the problem and make something that converges but if you put a square root there it's going to converge. So these are the two variations on improper integrals. I feel like I'm forgetting something else. Oh, no, it's not it because we also have citizens rule and stuff like that. So any questions on improper integrals? So the other topic in chapter five that I just forgot about and now I'm just remembering is the citizens rule. So the idea here is to just think carefully not even that carefully think a little bit about what the integral means. So if I have some integral like that that I can't do because there's no nice formula for the rule of sin x over x although we can do it by power series there's no closed form for this. What we do I want to integrate from one to two and my function, I don't know looks something like that it doesn't really matter too much for what we're doing. What I do is I chop this up into some number of pieces and I just put little rectangles or little shapes underneath it to try and calculate the area here. So we have three methods that we tend to favor so the most efficient one well, so the easy to remember would be say should I do four or doesn't matter. The easy to remember would be say the trapezoid rule which so I take so we choose some number n and this is how many plus or minus one how many points we're going to evaluate our integral at and so maybe I will give you in probably I will give you in we choose n and for the trapezoid rule we calculate the area of that figure so the trapezoid is the area of the trapezoid is the base times the height the average of the two heights the right height and the left height so here I've chosen n in this case I'm taking n equals four so I divide this up into four pieces so that means that this point is at one this one is at one and a quarter this one is at let's call that five fourths this one is at six fourths this one is at seven fourths and this one is at eight fourths which is also known as two I know that six fourths is also known as three halfs and so to use the trapezoid rule what we will do is find the area of this so we're going to take the width of the base so here the width of the base is a quarter every time and so we're going to take the width of the base times and now we just add up the heights at each of these points but remember that the ones in the middle get double counted because we're going to average them so I want to average f of one which is the sine of one divided by one plus and now here at five fourths from this one I'm going to count it once and from this one I'm going to count it once so this will be twice the sine of five fourths divided by five fourths twice the sine of six fourths divided by six fourths twice the sine of seven fourths divided by seven fourths and then here I've only got one side so I only count it once and I'm averaging these numbers so I have to divide by two so this is the trapezoid approximation for the symmetry another way we can do the same thing we get through this am I another way we can do the same thing is take the midpoints and just add them up do I need to review that no nobody wants to hear it so another one we can do is the midpoint rule which is the same idea we just add up the heights of the rectangles that goes through the midpoints so that would be this picture take this plus this plus this so I have to evaluate these points so I only have four numbers and then I also have Simpson's rule which is more complicated because I'm actually fitting a parabola here so we just draw the picture again so if I'm doing Simpson's rule I'm actually with n equals four means that I'm taking two rectangles and I'm putting little parabolas that fit best the pattern on each one of these is I take one of these and one of these and three of those but since this one gets double counted it actually goes one, three, two, three, one so it would be these same numbers actually so here I take three of these guys two of those guys two of those guys one of those guys so it's one, three, two, three, one four four oh yeah, it's four, isn't it? sorry that's four yes, because one, four, two, four, one and since I'm averaging them three at a time but I'm also averaging I divide by six oh, wait a minute three yes and a half no, four is for never and there are error formulas here that tell you how much how many things you need to know if I ask a question on the error formula like I say how many terms of sine x over x would we need to get the error to get the integral within three places or 10 to the minus 50 or whatever it is there's a formula and you just solve it and the thing that's tricky is you have to remember that the formula depends on in this case the maximum of the second derivative over the interval or in this case the maximum of the fourth derivative over the interval yeah that would not be a first part kind of question okay so that's okay so now we should move on to volumes I guess so the basic idea of all of the volumes whether they're volumes of revolution or volumes with a given cross section or whatever is that the volume of the solid is the integral of the area of the cross section whatever the x or the y so if I have some weekly object here with an easily understood cross section then I can find its volume just by slicing it I'm integrating the volumes of the slice okay so if I have so maybe I should do an example of this but so here the area maybe I should do this and all of the problems that we do even the ones where you can look out a formula like the volumes of revolution with the washers or the discs or whatever it is it's really just this everything is really just this think about how to slice it up the slices have a nice description and then you just add up the area of the slices so for example suppose we have suppose we have so suppose we have some shape let's say it has so I have something that has a square cross section I don't know if you can see let's cut the end off so suppose I have a shape that looks like that so the base looks like so this is looking at it a little bit weird this is the x axis this is the y axis but I laid it down and put the thing usually we make x come out of the board let's make this be the x axis this is the y axis and so the shape of this thing the base looks like this and let's say just for argument's sake this is the line y equals 3 minus x and it goes from well here is 3 and here let's put it at 2 at 1, 2 and the cross section the cross section is perpendicular to the y axis or squares does everyone know how to do this yes some people know so what this problem is saying these slices if I slice it this way I see squares I can also slice it the other way but it's a much more complicated thing to do so let me do it this way so this means that to do this we want to set this up so tell me how I would set this up so ok what would I integrate one of the bounds on the edge 0 to 2 and I'm integrating dx or dy dy right so 0 to 2 dy tells me that I'm looking at slices that go like that starting off from y equals 0 to y equals 2 rewrite this as x equals ok so x x equals 3 minus y that was easy and so now what do I integrate that square yeah because I have sitting over here a square so if I look at y here some arbitrary height I have a square that is 3 minus yy by 3 minus y high dy fit I'm just adding up all those little slices of cheese so I have 3 minus y square and that's the one if you want me to do that square it out we'll make the substitution and you're equal to 3 minus y and so dy ok are we ready ok with this we can of course complicated where the cross section is the disk so here obviously this one I can't have the cross section but I could have a similar setup where I take something like let's just take the same object and do things too in various ways oh I'm sorry I forgot to mention one other thing in terms of so this is a pause I am putting up it's not quite finished but it will be finished probably tomorrow no it's extra credit so you don't have to do it but you can do it if you want ok so I'm adding another web of sign which is optional which has somewhere on the order of 60 to 70 problems because if you wish each one counts for half a point this adds on to your homework problem but if you have more than 100% on your homework average I don't care now I'm ready for battle ok so I don't know where it is so I have to leave it so there will be a web of sign I'm going up over the weekend which is optional Monday the final so do by the final but it's not do just once you do as much as you want so then do it that's to study so what is this web of sign all I did is I did problems from the beginning to the end some are straight forward like part one some are harder like part two and I put a bunch of problems so there's a problem like this there's a problem like ok so let me come back to this problem this side's like this side, this side, there now I really look ready for battle you know I can give myself like a thing like I forgot his name I can give it to heroes not Mike Tyson ok so let's just continue this a little bit suppose suppose I took this shape and I revolved it around the axis to get piece of the cone then the process would be similar here this is still the line x equals 3 minus y I revolved it around the axis it goes from 0 to 2 the cross section is no longer a square now it's a circle so this would be the integral from 0 to 2 of pi r squared dy if I revolved it instead of around the line y equals 2 some other line well I'll get some other thing if I revolved it around the x axis I revolved it this way so that I would get something that looks like a cylinder a point on it then it's more complicated I could either do this by slicing it this way in which case I have circles for part of it and I have two functions that I have to integrate so I could integrate this dx as the integral from well, if I'm doing it this way this is 1 this is 3 so I could say I could integrate from 0 to 1 of no, the height is 2 0.5 that's one of these circles in this bit and then I have to integrate from 1 to 3 of this line which is 3 minus x dx or I could slice it the other way and have a watcher okay so does everybody understand where this came from? yes okay, so I have this thing that looks like a very short pencil it has this elliptical bit like that and then on the end it has something that comes to a point okay, so I've exaggerated this width that's 3 so this part it's just a circle of constant radius what is the radius? radius is 2 so what is the cross-sectional area of a circle with radius what is the area of a circle with radius 2? pi r squared r is 2 so that's for pi so I can write that as 2 squared the radius is constant so I have to integrate one function to get this part it's a length 1 so it's really just for pi and then this part is a little more complicated it looks like that okay, so I could also if I were I don't know why I would do it this way but I could do it this way I could think I take this shape it's dy and I revolve them around the axis so what I'm doing is I'm decomposing this thing into a bunch of concentric shells right, so I have a bunch of little tubes and I want to find the surface area of each of these tubes times its thickness so this would be related by shells sometimes you have a choice of whether you want to do it this way and sometimes it's really the easiest way to do it this way so if I wanted to do this for some reason so some people and some problems say do this problem by shells I won't say that, if you want to do it by shells do it if you want to do it by washers do it by whatever method works so if I wanted to do this by shells then that means that what I have to integrate is the area is that the area of one of these little cylinders so these cylinders go from if I take a typical one it looks like this the radius here is y the width here is it goes from zero to three minus x and if I cut it open so this distance this is really if I were to cut it open it's a rectangle which is three minus xy and two pi y a ramp because the circumference of a circle is pi d or two pi r two pi y those three minus y three minus y so I want to integrate two pi y times three minus y d y as y goes from zero to two so those two intervals if you do that should be the same I recommend that you not memorize the formula for volumes by discs or volume by washers understand them and re-derive them on an asmetic basis because you will not remember these formulas in six months but if you remember the idea that you slice it and you find the area of a slice that's something that should stick with you anybody want me to do more volume problems? yes do you have one in mind? I mean they're all just like this so they all come down to I only have two minutes so I don't have time to do another volume problem so if you have more volume problems than you want done let me know so let me move to one last topic that we can do in two minutes before I get my work hanged off which would be something like I don't know average value or earthquake you want it on the test it has to be on the test how can I not put average value on the test? that's your birthday present so we have some function like this not I was going to do average value but I think you're arguing I'll write both down so for average value all that means is I want to find where the area the area if I swap off the top and stick it on the bottom the area of this rectangle is the same as the area under the curve so this is very straightforward if I'm going from A to B well the area is just the integral from A to B of f of x dx and so the average value is just like that like you might say so this is why she loves it so much because it is so easy so you just calculate the area and you divide oh I forgot to do an area between curves for the arc length it's I mean for all of these things it's sort of similar the arc length is we want to figure out by adding up lengths of a bunch of little segments well these little segments if you look at a small scale are hypotenuses of triangles where they're dx, y and they're dy, high and so by the Pythagorean theorem this is the square root dx squared plus dy squared but we could rewrite this as 1 plus as prime of x square dx and so that means I don't have time to do an example but I have time to write down the formula that means that the formula for arc length is we integrate that yeah I'm going to write it down again so I integrate from the beginning to the end the square root of 1 plus the derivative square dx because all I'm doing again is I'm adding up the lengths of these little hypotenuses so there's really not time to do an example so let's stop there I'll see you on Monday