Today, we will discuss the new India-China disengagement on the border, particularly in Ladakh. I'm sure most of you have some idea about the history of India-China issues on the border. Many of you may not have been born in 1962, but I was a young boy at that time. It was one of the frightening things that happened to India. Because we had believed that India and China will work together, both ancient civilizations, peaceful countries, and so on. So Pandit Nehru developed an idea of India-China friendship extending into Asia and then perhaps Asia-Africa. Pandit Nehru had a vision of India and China working together, leading to create a group of countries which would counter both the West and the East. But his dream was totally destroyed in 1962 when China unleashed aggression against India along the border between India and China. Of course, going back when the Dalai Lama came to India because he was under threat of being destroyed, so he came as a refugee to India. And we received him and therefore China became more hostile to India because they had wanted to destroy Tibet as it existed. And the Dalai Lama's continued life in India was a major irritation for them. But till 1962, we were holding talks about the border. Various proposals were made to each other because they did not accept the traditional border which has an existence during the British period. So it was in the middle of this when we were negotiating honestly about the border that this aggression took place. And India was least prepared for it and therefore we had a huge setback. And I remember what experience we had at that time of being completely defeated in a war by China. The soldiers were not equipped for a war. We had not expected it. They did not have even proper clothes to fight a war in the mountains. So our army withdrew all the way down and left several parts of Indian territory in the hands of the Chinese. And they had come all the way down to the Assam area. And just as they came with great surprise, passing great surprise, they caused another surprise by quickly withdrawing from these areas. And the situation at that time was the whole of what is now called Aksai Chin which is Ladakh is part of it in the west. And Arunachal Pradesh in the east, they claimed for themselves and they occupied Aksai Chin something like 34,000 square kilometers. And they left Arunachal Pradesh but said Arunachal Pradesh belonged to them. So since then, we have had several rounds of discussions and the Chinese kept discussing issues, line of control, etc. etc. At the same time, occasionally they created one clash or the other on the border just to keep the whole issue open. They would not accept any of the proposals that we need and that they just were playing for time. They were not time bound. These discussions were not time bound. But we worked out some arrangement by which we said okay, let the border be discussed at the same time, let us have normal relations with China in 1988. Under that in 1993, we had an agreement that neither side shall try to alter the situation by the use of force. So we have a notional line of actual control on the border which is not marked anywhere, not clearly spelled out. But the idea was both the countries will keep peace on their side of the border without violating the line of actual control. So several times came into our territory causing confusion and concern among us and then after a lot of discussions etc. they say okay, we'll go back and we'll continue the discussion. So basically the idea was to keep India on its toes and so that they can negotiate from a power of strength from a position of strength to finally settle the border. But they don't seem to have the idea of doing that. And the last phase of the place in 2017 at a place called the Ocala which is the area where Bhutan India and China meet and there again the border is not clearly spelled out. So that also was resolved in some form no final solution. And in 2022 soon after the outbreak of the pandemic, China again started moving forces into this region and they started crossing the what we consider the line of control. Because the Chinese have their own idea where this line lies, we have our own idea. And we used to have arguments even sometimes, you know, some kind of conflict, not with arms and ammunition, no firing, but arguments and then they will go back sometimes they'll come back again etc. So the uncertain kind of situation. But we developed good relations and trade and other things and we were somehow managing it. But after the pandemic when the whole world was under panic, at that time, without any explanation of any kind, China again came into the same region as in 1962, the Ladakh region. And they moved in with this time with very heavy times and mortar heavy equipment and thousands of soldiers unprecedented since 1962. So we were completely taken aback, but not like in 1962. We were quite prepared for a situation like this. We have built roads all along the border. We have made certain structures on our side of the border. And we have a fortified and our army was fairly ready to meet this kind of aggression. So this happened in April 2020. And the more the most important areas where they invaded India or somewhere around Sikkim area. And also the Pangong Lake, because all these names may be unfamiliar to you, but you need to know at least the names when somebody says Pangong Lake, you should know where it is and what it is. It might be useful to look at a map. So there is a lake called Pangong Lake and the North Bank is occupied by China and the South Bank is occupied by India. And in our idea of this lake is some kind of a landmark which separates India and China. But here what happened was they came into what we consider our area and particularly an area called Galva, you must have heard about, where some fighting had taken place in 1962 also. But India's strategy right from the beginning was to deal with China in three different ways. One, to negotiate, start discussions. Secondly, to prepare ourselves, make ourselves strong as soon as possible. And third, meet them economically by creating barriers, trade barriers, economic barriers, etc. So that they pay a price for what they did. So several rounds of conversation took place, including at the foreign minister's level, national security advisers level, then local commanders level. There is a working mechanism for solution of problems in which army and civilians participate. So all these mechanisms were placed into action.  Assuming that they were withdrawing an Indian army unit when they're basically to verify. Because we are principle is trust, because trust is deficient between India and China. But we have to trust a certain extent. So we trusted them, but we decided to verify and the Indian army went there. It was a clash to place. Of course, again, without firing a gun, but a physical fight in which strangely and unexpectedly Indian soldiers died about 20 of them. They were pushed down the hill or they froze to death in the water, whatever would be accepted and we acknowledge that 20 Indian soldiers were killed in this conflict. China have not said anything initially they said they suffered casualties themselves, but they said they did not say anything further but there were reports that China had lost 45 soldiers. And that is our calculation also. Recently, the Soviet Russian news agency put out a report saying it's called TASS, TASS is the Russian newspaper agency, news agency.  But anyway, after that they pulled out of that and there was considerable peace there. But in the other areas on the two sides of the Pangong river, there was no movement except sometimes they push us and we push them back. And again, they come back and try to capture some land and they did, we had to move back occasionally. So this went on for quite some time. And neither side was stopping or concealing anything. And at this stage, India took a tactical move. For the first time we have done this, this has not been done in the past. There is something called a Kailash range on the southern side of Pangong lake, which is entirely Indian. Nobody was claiming it or anything like that. But these heights, they were called the so-called Kailash Heights, you know, not very hospitable. It was very difficult for soldiers to go there. Even after you go there, it is difficult to stay there and not enough support areas that was there. But we quickly managed to establish some facilities there. And on the night of 29 30th August, India surprised China by occupying these heights. There was nothing in this because this is our own territory. But still the Chinese try to resist it. Why? Because if Indian soldiers are on top of these heights, they have a very good view of the Chinese soldiers on the other side of the lake. And from a strategic point of view, from a defense point of view, this is very inconvenient for the Chinese side. At the same time, they couldn't say anything because this is our own land. But their argument was that India was not there before and why you have occupied even your own land. Because even in the case of Nakhalam, they were asking us to move from our own land. But we did not do that. And here again, they started pushing us to come away from the heights that we had occupied. And so the uncertainties continued and discussions continued also. At various levels, we have fairly working arrangements with China. At the commander's level, even lower levels and also at the higher level, we have always had communications with China. Except that we had no explanation as to what they were trying to do. And finally, just the other day, about four or five days ago, the Chinese made an announcement. That it has started withdrawing from the northern side of the Bangong Lake to areas which they used to occupy before this situation changed in April. So the traditional position, they said they were moving. But at the same time, they said that they were moving in a synchronized and organized manner to disengage. India had not said anything. So it was surprising because they were talking about a synchronized and organized withdrawal. And we did not hear anything from our authorities. So the first news came after nine months of a kind of standoff or standstill. They declared that an arrangement has been reached or an agreement has been reached between India and China to have a synchronized, which means they move a little, we move a little. And also in an organized disengagement. Why India did not announce it because our parliament was in session. And such important matters if they occur during a parliament session, we are supposed to announce it only in the parliament. So our defence minister Rajnath Singh spoke in Rajasabha and in Lok Sabha confirming what the Chinese had announced. But we said that both the sides have agreed to seize their deployment in the new areas and they will go back to the original positions. Which meant that there was no need for any clash. These areas are fairly well known, conflicts had taken place earlier. And there are some areas which India was patrolling and other areas China was patrolling. And LAC was of course not very clearly known, but there used to be confrontation once in a while that the Indians will go take a patrol into this region. And show our interest and also our presence. And sometimes they will encounter the Chinese, they come to the same areas. And there would be a little bit of shouting or a little bit of arguments and both go back to their original position. That area is known as finger three, which is established as India's position. And finger eight, these are these, you know, extension of land, which looks like human fingers. And eight is the established position for China and three is the established position for India. But we used to move further into the other side and there from their side because that area was not demarcated for India. So now what has happened is we go to our position three and they will go to their position in eight. And the new thing here is that no patrolling will be done in this area till further discussion and decision. This is a new development because they're withdrawing to our withdrawing to three and they're withdrawing to eight was nothing unusual. But the general practice of patrolling the other side or LAC, I know actual control was stopped or suspended. And this is what it is being characterized as a moratorium on patrolling. So we'll come to that. What does it mean? And how does it affect our interest? So everybody has not moved yet, but it is confirmed that both sides have started moving artillery weapons, you know, huge machinery, etc. Because it takes time and tanks. Both have deployed tanks because this area is somewhat flat. It's called a tankable area. So in this area, they move the tanks backwards both sides and other vehicles back backwards. And of course, the soldiers are still preparing themselves and they have to bring down the structure they have built here in the sphere. For them to live there, they need facilities. And both sides have agreed also to demolish those structures. So please remember they withdraw to finger three, which is established as India's position. And the Chinese go to finger eight and that area is about six to eight kilometers. I don't know the region very well, but only on maps. So and this area in effect will become what is called a no man's land. And this is a proposal that China had made many years ago saying that we created no man's land in this area so that there is no clash and nobody goes to the other side. And in effect, that is what we have accepted. So we have accepted to go back to our position. They have agreed to go back to their position and the principle being that status quo as in April 2020 will be restored. So Prime Minister's promise to India, to his people was that we will go back to April 2020 position before the Chinese go. That's our commitment. And that is what we have been trying to do. So in a sense, we have achieved it. It is a 2020 April 2020 position. But we have lost in some ways. First, because we have to move from our own territory in the Kailash Ridge, which we occupied with great difficulty, though they are on our own side. And China want to try to resist it. So in a way, we have conceded to China that these heights will be vacated. And strategically, it is very important for China. This is one concession we have made. The second concession is that we have agreed to suspend patrolling. To an extent, both suggesting that they will not claim this region and it may become a no man's land. There is an argument going on between the government and the opposition that whether this no man's land is mostly Indian land or is it mostly Chinese land. We say that we have not conceded even an inch of Indian territory as the Indian position. So when you say Indian territory and Chinese territory, it's all very unclear. You cannot say that this is a stone here or a line here. No. So in principle, we have said that we have not surrendered. But the biggest criticism against the government is, why did we withdraw from our own territory? In fact, many strategic thinkers in India, particularly army officials who have served in this region. They have said that even if the Chinese refuse to withdraw from Pangong Lake, we should not withdraw from the Kailash Raj. Because that would be tactically a mistake that India makes. And this was a big achievement that we have gained as a result of this and therefore we should not withdraw. And that has been overruled by the government of India. So that is criticism that we have gone back. But the Prime Minister is right when he says that we have restored status quo. That means now the situation is exactly what it was in April 2020. With the additional factor that we have removed all the construction that we built there.  So this is what has happened. And this is considered a gain for both sides and more than anything else for peace. So generally countries around the world who are interested in this situation will welcome this because it is a progress in that way in this region. But the first we have to deal with the challenge by the opposition. Mr. Rahul Gandhi and Mr. Anthony have spoken against it. Mr. Rahul Gandhi more politically saying that we are surrendered to China. The Prime Minister has no guts to stand up to the Chinese. This is all done by a few people. Nobody knows. The opposition has not been taken into confidence. And there is a surrender of Indian land which should never be permitted. And so he made a lot of accusations. They were basically political accusations and not necessarily speak on specific issues. But Mr. A.K. Anthony who tried to speak about it in the Rajya Sabha, he was not permitted to do so. So he called the press conference and made the same points that Mr. Rahul Gandhi had made. Saying that we lost out is not fair that India has accepted this. And therefore this is a very major defeat for India. And as a result, this may have implications for India. And so he said why did we move on from there and we should have insisted on the Chinese going away. And then the issue was what happened to the other two major areas. A place called the Goghra and a place called Debsan. These are areas which are very vital for India and as vital for India as well as for China. Because if they have to move from Debsan and leave Debsan for us, China will become vulnerable. India will not be, they become vulnerable. And if we withdraw in Debsan, we will also become vulnerable and Goghra also. But this has not even been discussed. So Mr. Anthony is saying that we should have solved all these problems. Not pieces, not in the bits and pieces because then we will not know that we are making these concessions. And the opposition view, the Congress point of view is that this has been a surrender. But impartial observers accept that this was a good beginning. And this is not ended. Mr. Rajnath Singh said that this is not final. Many things have to be yet settled. And nothing is settled unless everything is settled. So that's a principle that people accept. But this criticism is also there. Then when will these be discussed? And how these will be resolved, resolved, we don't know. So the disengagement in Galwan Valley and Pangong are reality. Even though the opposition says that this is a surrender to India's rights. But the government is saying that this is a progress. And now we'll have to deal with Debsan and Goghra etc. in future. And then of course, discussions will continue with the representatives of the two governments as to where the border lay. So on that issue, things are still all over. But rightly so, what happened from April 2020 has been corrected, strictly speaking. Even though there are these other elements in it. So we are saying that it might be, we are saying that we will probably be able to deal with the other situations, Debsan and Goghra etc. And we will move towards a solution to this problem. Now, India will now be staying near Finger 3, which is called Thapas Place. And this is a little history just for the sake of interest. This is an area where a big fierce fight took place under a major of the Indian army called Major Thapa. And he was in 62. He was surprised when the Chinese attacked him and his small number of soldiers. In the first attack, they killed half of them. Then they killed the other half. And the belief was that all of them were killed. Major Thapa was given the Paramir Chakra most famously and he was honored in the belief that he had died. But it turned out later that the Chinese had taken prisoners of three Indian soldiers, including Major Thapa. And this gentleman who was supposed to have died emerged. He came back. And another soldier escaped from Chinese prison. And so out of the three, two survived. And so this area is named after Major Thapa who fought valiantly in this region. That is what you hear about that. So from Finger 3 to Finger 8, we have not conceded it. This is what we have to remember. What Mr. Rahul Gandhi said was that we have conceded, we have given up this land etc. But that is not true, but this is still to be discussed. One strange thing is that somebody produced a newspaper clipping of July 1962. And history had repeated itself because in 1962, before the actual war took place, there was a conflict in this very area. Galvan and the lake. And there was a huge news item in the Indian Express of that day, saying Prime Minister welcomes withdrawal of Chinese troops from Ladakh in July 1962. Everybody was happy. And in October 1962, China started its aggression against India. So many people are very skeptical about what happened. So if in 1962 the same thing had happened and the war started, what is the guarantee that the war will not start again? This is to make it make the reality check as it were. So we should not be unusually happy that this has happened because this has happened before also. And it led to a war situation. So yes, it is progress, it's acceptable. We have to take this further. But there is no reason for us to be unnecessarily happy. And one other incident that took place is Mr. VK Singh, General VK Singh, who is now a minister in Modi cabinet, but he is not dealing with the France. When the question of crossing of the LAC was mentioned, for the first time he said as a former general, he said we also have crossed the LAC many times. That came as a surprise to most of us because we had never conceded that we had crossed. Yes, we went patrolling etc. just to establish our claim. But to say that we crossed the LAC and he also said we have crossed the LAC more times than the Chinese have. He said if they have crossed 10 times, we have crossed 50 times. I don't know why he said this, but the Chinese have immediately said, the Indians have been lying so far. Now they are telling the truth. And this is the problem. They keep crossing the line of control. And this is not something that we have ever conceded. But even now, officially, the Government of India has not confirmed it. But General VK Singh often says things like that. He was the first one to say the Chinese died in the Galwan Valley or 45 years ago. That also he was the first one to give it to the newspapers. So this is a side story. So as prospective civil service officers, this is an aspect India, China conflict and the border etc are fundamental for you. You should know these details. Not in the minor details, but the general trend. So what do we have to remember? We have to remember that the standoff of about nine months has ended in two sectors. And this is progress. And there are other sectors to be clear. But that would be a matter for further discussion. And the opposition has not accepted that this is a victory. And they have said this is a surrender while the government has claimed that this is progress. As a result of first of all, we took very strong action by taking the Kailash range that the Government of India keeps saying that was a very crucial decision that we took. And it's because of that crucial decision that the Chinese are now making sessions, which is also or which may also be true. So, once this is not going to be easy, it's a very cold area and this, and that is getting colder and colder, and the movement of people that are very, very slow. And so this may take weeks or months. And it will be then that we'll be addressing the other issue and by then the snow may have melted and we may be able to consider this in greater detail. So it's a limited success and beginning of a settlement of some of these issues, but we should not have any illusion that this is a final settlement or whether it is even a problem. But it is not certainly a surrender as the opposition gains. So these are the things that you have to remember. You must remember these words north and south of the Pangong link. You should know what it is, where it is. And then these fingers, if you look at the map, you'll see these fingers numbered as such. And so these are all areas indicated as line of actual control and settlement will be made only after the discussions are completed. And China seems to be in no hurry. So many of you after you join the Foreign Service or the other service or become ambassadors of India, you may still be dealing with this, even if in the examination, you may not have to answer any questions. But this is something that will follow you. I don't know how long and therefore this is extremely important. Thank you very much.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question and the question says that Draw the graph of the trigonometric function y is equal to minus 3 into sin of 3x minus pi and determine its amplitude and period. Now let us start with the solution of the given question. We are given the trigonometric function that is y is equal to minus 3 into sin of 3x minus pi. First of all let us draw its graph. For this we make table of values. Now in this table in the first column we have written the x values. In the second column we will write the values for the expression 3x minus pi and in the third column we shall write the values of y which is given by minus 3 into sin of 3x minus pi. Now for x is equal to pi by 3 the value of 3x minus pi will be equal to 3 into pi by 3 minus pi and that is equal to pi minus pi which is equal to 0. And for 3x minus pi equal to 0 we get the value of y as minus 3 into sin of 0 which is equal to minus 3 into 0 which is equal to 0. So for x is equal to pi by 3 the value of y is equal to 0. Similarly we shall find all the values of 3x minus pi and y for the corresponding values of x and thus we have for x is equal to pi by 2 the value of y is minus 3. For x is equal to 2 pi by 3 the value of y is 0. For x is equal to 5 pi by 6 y is equal to 3 and for x is equal to pi y is equal to 0. Now let us plot these values so we get the graph of the given trigonometric function. This is the graph of the given trigonometric function y is equal to minus 3 into sin of 3x minus pi. Now from the graph we can find period and amplitude. We know that period is the length of one cycle so here it is given by pi minus pi by 3 and that is equal to 3 pi minus pi whole upon 3 which is equal to 2 pi by 3. So here period is equal to 2 pi by 3 now we shall find its amplitude. We know that amplitude is the distance between maximum height or minimum height and the midline. Now here the maximum height is at y is equal to 3 and the midline is given by y is equal to 0. So amplitude is given by 3 minus 0 that is equal to 3 so amplitude is equal to 3. So this is the required graph of the trigonometric function y is equal to minus 3 into sin of 3x minus pi. And here in this graph the period is equal to 2 pi by 3 and its amplitude is given by 3. This is the required answer. This completes our session. Hope you enjoyed this session.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com, coming at you with 2021 Panini National Treasures Baseball 2 box, half case, pick your team number 6 from jaspyscasebreaks.com, this is the second half of the case, popped up in the first half last night, second half tonight and I did find another case, so we loaded up another half case break, 2021 NT baseball. Big thanks to this group for getting in on the action on the Thursday, appreciate it. We got Ed, Ed Aaron, it's good to see his name here on the list, triple last spot mojo, see how that works out for him, hopefully well. Now we did pull some teams out for a random number block randomizer, which is in a separate video, if I uploaded that, I did. So it's a serial number break basically for those teams, and only for this break, Bennett with most of the spots there, so good luck to him, Michael, and Thomas. Alright, so we'll set that aside here, and let's see what we have here in 2021 NT baseball. Live action, all of us saying, oh we were talking about Batman, best live action Batman Keaton in a feature film. In TV, that's TV though, Steve Locke pitching Adam West as the best Batman, he was pretty good though. We were just talking about the major motion pictures, the silver screen. First box, we'll use this blank card to hide the hits, and we've got Randy Arosrania, 77 out of 99 Colossal Relic, for Thomas Asher and the Tampa Bay Rays, and I think there's books in this. Let me grab some slider boxes for the books, prepared for this break, so excited just to get this started. Slider boxes, next up is Hall of Fame materials, that's Robin Yant, piece of his lumber, 3 out of 99 Brew Crew, that's going to be for Dan Oh and the Brewers, and we've got Craig Kimberle, 17 out of 99, no, Panini does not have the official licensing, the team licensing, and that is for Joe and the Cubs, and then we've got Phil Rizzuto, 12 out of 99, Hall of Fame materials, since when, I think since forever, so for the last X amount of years they've been doing baseball, they've not had the team licensing. Nice Midnight Signatures, Juan Soto, nice one for Ed and the Nationals, those Midnight Signatures are pretty nice too, 54 out of 99, Adelamerto Amandesi, yeah, that must fall under a different licensing category in intellectual property, Harry. This goes to Logan with the Royals, gets the Adelabella Amandesi, and a nice Joey Bart, 8 out of 25, Stars and Stripes autograph, that might not even fit in a 180 top loader, Logan everyone knows George Clooney is the worst Batman, and YouTube only gave me 4 options, this could be future Buster Posey right here for my rivals of the Giants, Nick L with the Giants, there you go Nick, and we've got Hall of Fame Signatures Orlando Sepeda, 15 out of 25, another one for San Francisco and Nick, Signatures, Rookie Signatures, 40 out of 99, it's Dalton Varshow, Jersey and Autograph for the Arizona Diamondbacks, so that goes to, we go by that digit right there, so that goes to Arizona Zero, which is Bennett with the number zero, all right, we've got Ramon Laureano, 60 out of 99 for the Oakland A's at Ernest, we've got Jonathan India, Rookie Relics, 71 out of 99 for Joseph B and the Cincinnati Reds, we've got George Brett, 48 out of 99, piece of his lumber going to Logan and the Royals, and we've got Anthony Rizzo, 10 out of 25, that's Yankee's edition of Anthony Rizzo, and that's a piece of his jersey, and it looks like there's some infield dirt on there right, you kind of see that reddish brownish kind of coloring of the infield, so that goes to Yankee's zero, which will be for Bennett, Redemption is going to be Hall of Fame Stature's Larry Walker for the Rockies, and the Rockies, Stephen Flatt with Colorado, nice, nice one, hold on, I, sorry, I got to check the checklist here, because he did play for a couple, did he go in as a Rocky? I don't know what the checklist has him at, sorry Joe, sorry Stephen Flatt, let me just consult the checklist, because it's kind of just hitting me that, groupratechecklist.com, grouprateteamchecklistview, opens up the PDF, Larry Walker, card number 20, Hall of Fame Stature and Parallels, Colorado Rockies, confirmed, the ruling on the field stands, Larry Walker, Colorado, there you go, so Stephen Flatt, congrats again, next up is Andrew Vaughn, 14 out of 15, nice color, nice patch in that little window in the middle, and that will be for the Chicago White Sox, that will be for David, we got Nick Niter, that's a cool patch, 28 out of 49 for the Marlins out of your Patrick Davis, and we got a Gary Sanchez for the Yankees, 57 out of 99, Bennett with number seven, and oh, this is the last one, is it landscape, landscape mode, whoa, whoa, six out of seven, cut signature material, Mariano Rivera, nice, some pinstripes right there, the autograph right there, that is awesome, and the Yankee Six, Michael Lossia with Yankee Six, congrats Michael, there you go everybody, I'm Joe for JazzBeesCaseBrakes.com, that was 2021 National Treasures Baseball, pick your team number six, we've got another half case, fresh case in the store, grab your teams, and maybe we can run another one back, JazzBeesCaseBrakes.com, bye bye.


Thank you, Edgar, and thank you to the organizers for inviting me down today. I want to take a little bit, a step down in scale and also make reference to something that was referred to this morning about institutional, the importance of institutions, but also one word that hasn't really come up here at all and that is poverty. And this is, it's very hard to summarize a two-year research project in ten minutes, but I'll do my best. And but at the end you'll see a website where you can actually download the book for the time being in Spanish, but we're still working on the English translation. But this is, this is essentially a very interesting experience of a municipality that has done a lot of wrong things in some people's views. It hasn't privatized its key institutions. It has worked towards redressing social imbalances and inequalities. It has worked very hard to reduce violence. And this is Medellin. Medellin has a really bad reputation in the world and it's associated with drug barons like Pablo Escobar and so on. But I can tell you that this experience has been quite interesting for me as a researcher looking at to what extent a municipality and a local government can actually use resources that it has and more to try and reduce exclusion and poverty. And I will not really focus much on the, well, inevitably I will focus on the technology. And this is the technology I'm talking about. It is a very simple ski lift technology which exists anywhere. And with our recession in Europe producers of ski lift systems are really looking to sell these things, so they'll be really happy about this thing. And it's been taking over more and more increasingly around the world in cities like Rio de Janeiro, Constantin in Algeria, and of course we now have in London the Emirates airline. What is interesting for me is these two lines which are really the precursors of all the others. The one on the left line K, as they call it within the metro system in Medellin was opened in 2004 and that really opened the floodgates to a whole new set of innovations about building these kind of transport systems which are, I'll show you some figures about the costs, capital costs later. But what interests me again is not these, the use of this technology which in the Confucius organizers call it the low technology or low tech, but it's how it's used imaginatively to try and reduce poverty and increase accessibility. The one on the left is 2004, the one on the right was opened in 2008. And a little bit of theory here, I'm not going to spend too much time on it, John Erie already referred to it, and he's actually of course written about these issues. But issue of mobility is an important one. It's become an essential condition of modern contemporary life. You can only afford to be immobile in a city if you're very, very wealthy. If you are poor, you are subjected to even more poverty if you do not move, because you have to move to gain income, whether it's to go to a job or to sell the wares or to sell the fruits in the market or whatever it is that you do. So limited mobility constraints participation in urban life. This is only one dimension of the theoretical elements of our, as I said, two year long research project. This is a topography of Medellin, a city of three and a half million people, second largest in Colombia, blighted by not only issues of violence that I've talked about and so on, but also informality. A large parts of the city started life really as informal settlements and they've been gradually legalized. But this is a topography and the, if you like, typology that you would see typically in one poor part of Medellin. It's quite vast and quite extensive. Medellin is a metropolitan area. I'm really referring here to the central municipality of Medellin, which has a population of about two and a half million. And it's by far the richest of nine in the whole metropolitan area. The, and even more, I'm focusing on one of the two cases, the line K, which was on the left of your earlier picture, which is the communas one and two, which were where the, a lot of the violence that hid the international headlines came from really. They're the monks, the poorest, most conflictual parts of the city. Very important element is that a large proportion of the population who live there are actually tenants. This is something that people often forget. A lot of the technologies are addressed at the owners of houses, but we forget that enormous proportions of the populations, particularly in poor cities, are actually tenants. They do not have security of tenure. They can be evicted, whether it's by the market or other means. And that's a quite an important element. The other one, which these two pictures show, is that most of these houses where the people live are actually self-built. They're built by themselves without any access to architects or engineers. Anyway, a little bit about the cable cars themselves. There are two built already, which are urban and are designed to transport people from and to the places of residence to integrate them to the rest of the city. The first one, as I said, opened in 2004. It has a length of two kilometers. It rises 400 meters from the valley of the river, where the river is, up to the highest point. It has three stations, 3,000 passengers an hour, which is about the maximum that you can get out of a system like this. Anything more than that becomes much more expensive. I'm told by the engineers. The second one opened in 2008. It serves also poor communities. It's slightly longer. It also has three stations, and it's also linked to the metro system, which is essentially an overground metro system. The metro system is entirely owned by the municipality, 50% by the municipality and the province in sort of equal parts. The two lines that you see there, I don't have a pointer, the one on the top, Santo Domingo, and the one at the bottom in Yellow Laurora. Those are the two cable cars, the metro cables. This is a landscape that you see on line K on the left. The city has also built a number of very important landmarks, including this library, Biblioteca España, and another upgrading, which I will show you, but also has linked it to a tourist line which takes tourists up to the top of the hill, about 1,000 meters above the bottom of the valley, to a lovely natural park. Important, and this is the main message, I think, that I want to provide, is that in addition to the cable car itself, there's been very major efforts at upgrading of these informal settlements, and this is crucial. When mayors see this and say, well, this is a solution to all my problems, I would say no. The solution to all your problems is not through technology, as John Ari was saying earlier, but it is about a much more inclusive, a much larger kind of intervention, which is what Madeleine did quite well, including upgrading our public spaces. So if the investment in the technology itself is dwarfed by the investment in upgrading, so if we take, depending on what exchange rate you take, 24 million was what we calculated, or the metro company calculated cost to build the first one in capital investment, but 225 million dollars had actually been invested in urban upgrading. There have been a number of improvements which I'm not gonna go through. You can sort of look at those at your leisure in the book. I was also asked to compare costs with other systems. It's very difficult to find reliable costs, but I'm doing my best here. The cable car, the first two cost about between 11 and 17 million dollars per kilometer. The one in Caracas, which is slightly shorter than the first one in Madeleine, which was modeled after the Madeleine one, cost 176 million dollars per kilometer. I'm not entirely sure what the reason is. It actually shifts less passengers per hour. That compared to Borotas, Transmilenio BRT, phase one, is slightly higher, but you have to adjust for inflation and so on, and maybe exchange rates. So it is comparable to the capital cost of building BRT. And have they improved mobility? Yes, they're more convenient. Yes, they've saved people's time. Yes, but provided you discount the queuing time, which can be up to 45 minutes, which is a sign of the success of the system. They tend to be used mainly by cable car, by formal sector workers. It is less advantageous for people who want to combine this with other modes. It's less advantageous for the young who are in a focus group, and it would be interesting to see, to hear preferred mobile phones. If they were asked which one would you give up, they would say we would give up the cable car, but certainly not our mobile phones. And lessons very quickly, very importantly, Madeleine has become a much more livable city from having the highest motor rate in the world. It's now well below that, and much better. But that was a very complex process of consensus building, which I'm not going to go into details of course, and it's very complex. It needed political imagination. The previous speaker spoke about leadership. Yes, there was leadership from a point of view of the municipal government, and they've built these and escalators and run out of time. But at the core of all this was also urban physical intervention, civic architecture, a lot of that learned from other cities, including Bogota. And last but not least, one important thing is that you need very strong local institutions. Madeleine is a model which has not really been studied, and that's one something that I've been really interested in for a long time. And at the core of it is the utility company, Precious Publicas, which has assets worth about US 10 billion. This is 2010 figures, so it's probably higher now. With a surplus of 877 million transferred to the city, to municipality in between 2010 and 2011. And there's also the metro company. These are companies that are highly rated, entirely state-owned, or locally-owned, and highly rated by citizens. And the final thing that I want to say is that through these processes, what we found is that poverty was given enormous visibility, and the fact that visitors are coming to these areas, which were no-go areas, even for the police at one point, has generated an enormous sense of collective self-esteem. So well beyond just the figures of investment is this last sense that these people are feeling included in the whole process. This book, you can download it from that. If you can rapidly scribble down before it goes away. It's for free. It's already paid for by the British taxpayer, so why should we charge for it? The English version will come, I hope, in about a month's time. Thank you.


Now, we have fair idea of deposit creation, but only in case of one bank and in that case deposit creation is not multiple, that is multiple deposit creation is not there, but an idea is that how to create deposit access reserves, but that is not as much as the idea is not more than that, that is not a single bank case, so we extend our example further and now we say that there is a whole banking system, when we say banking system means that bank is not one, apart from central bank, we are talking about that the commercial bank that we considered as bank A, now we are saying that bank A is not one, bank A is bank B, C, D, E, F, many more banks, so is multiple deposit creation possible? So, what will happen in this case? In this case, since we continue the same example, the last time we said that when the check is written for bank A, the transaction is over there, now we extend it and they say that the check that was written for the bank B, so this means that bank BB will be included in the example, this is a commercial bank in which the customer's account is in which the first customer has purchased a plant machinery, so this means that the customer or the seller who has sold anything in the plant or goods and services, he will deposit his check in his bank and he will present the bank in front of this bank through clearing house that you have to give this amount to us, we are saying that bank B is okay? So, this means that this deposit has shifted to bank B, which was created on the basis of one billion, bank A had created on the basis of one billion excess reserves, now since bank B has a required reserve on the top of the commercial bank and it has a ratio which is on the top of the deposit, now since the deposits of bank B have increased to one billion rupees, because the check has been transferred inside the split, so now on top of this, central bank will have a required reserve ratio applied, for that we have taken an assumption that it is 10 percent, this means that one billion which initially increased in bank B's asset and why in its reserves and why in reserves, so that the debit entry from bank A's reserve, central bank has an account of bank A's bank B's, since bank B's check has been collected, so bank B's account will have a credit entry and bank A's account will have a debit entry, so that transfer of reserves will be transferred from one bank to another bank, so bank B's reserves have increased to one billion, but at the same time, a checkable deposit has also increased to one billion which is a liability for it, now since one billion rupees deposit has increased, the required reserves will be 0.1, if 10 percent required reserve ratio is there, 0.1 billion will be required reserves on top of this, which will go to central bank and the remaining 0.9 billion rupees, 0.9 billion rupees will become access reserves of bank B's, now since our model's assumption is that no bank does not want to hold access reserves, so the amount of 0.9 billion in access reserves will be given to bank B, and the loan given to bank B will then be given to a customer, bank B, and how he will give, he will give that in his bank, he will open an account which is given to the loan, and in his account, he will add a credit entry of 0.9 billion rupees, we are assuming that the entire 0.9 billion went into the loan, okay, so this means that now the reserves in the required reserves are 0.1, look at it in the balance sheet, 0.1 billion rupees and 0.9 billion he gave the loan and the checkable deposit is 1 billion rupees, total, now let us see what happened in step 3, that the loan of 0.9 billion bank B has extended to the customer, so the customer took the cheque, the payment he had to do with the cheque against goods and services and from which he purchased goods and services, that customer's account is in Bank C, he goes to Bank C and presents his cheque, and in the account of Bank C, the credit is 0.9 billion, now in which form will bank B have the account of the central bank, 0.9 billion will go out and Bank C's account will be credited, so this means that the reserves of 0.9 billion have increased in Bank C, but at the same time, its liabilities have increased because he has given the loan of 0.9 billion rupees, this means that the total deposit of the banking system is of 1.9 billion rupees, out of which 1 billion of Bank B and 0.9 billion of Bank C, Bank A's deposit had ended because he had paid through the cheque, now what will Bank C do, he has the extra reserves of 0.9 billion, now how many excess reserves are there, if we want to see this, then the required reserves, if he gives the loan and creates the deposit, then his required reserves will go to 0.09 billion and 0.81 billion pure excess reserves will be left, which Bank C will lend to a customer, when he will do that, then what will happen in the balance sheet of Bank C, that the reserves increased from 0.09 billion because of the required reserves and the excess reserves of 0.81 billion rupees, that Bank C gave the loan, when he gave the loan, then the chequeable deposits of Bank C increased from 0.9 billion, out of which 0.09 went to the required reserves and 0.81 is the pure loan, now this means that if we look at the deposits of the banking system, so up till now 2.71 billion rupees has been deposited in the banking sector, 1 billion Bank B, 0.9 billion Bank C and 0.81 billion rupees in Bank D, so in this way, this is going on and on and on and on and this process will continue until the excess reserves do not end, in every step, according to 10% the excess reserves are reduced, but they are not ending, so until they are not ending, this process will continue and until the total deposit creation of 10 times does not end, the reserve of the initial 1 billion rupees was created, thank you.


Today we're actually doing two super fun things with Wish for Wheels in the Denver Police Department. ZBT Fraternity out of DU is going to build 25 bikes that they're then going to come with us next week and gift to every second grader in a DPS school. We'll set this up. And then we're also rolling out our pilot program of Wish for Wheels Community Repair. So feed it in. The biggest issue that we have with the bikes that we give is a flat tire. So an eight-year-old gets a flat tire, they think their bike's broken. We want to give them a personal community resource that can help them keep their bike rolling. We've got the whole range of tubes for you. So DPD District 3 is our pilot program. They're going to open up community repair to allow kids to come and get their bikes worked on. It's a little easier for us to do this right now because we have a little bit of air in the tires. We are going to have a portable bike stand. The bike stand will have tools, tubes, everything like that so that way bikes can be fixed and ready to go. It's connecting the community with the police department and bike safety.


Hey Marines, General Nuller coming to you from Camp Shoreback in Afghanistan. We just released this year's message to the force. The title is Execute. I need everybody to take the time to read it and talk about it within your chain of command. I need our leaders and all our junior leaders to sit down and discuss the ideas and thoughts that are in this document. Living the title you've earned as a Marine, honing our combat skills, and leading like you want to be led. I believe these things are all important themes for us. We're making great progress in a lot of areas, but we've got room to grow and room to get better, and we always have to try to get better. So I appreciate your effort. I appreciate the support of our families. Thanks very much, Summer Fidelis.


Welcome to this video, which will show you how to assign a homework set to an entire class. Here, we're assuming that you've already built the homework set from the problem library or have the set provided to you. First, log into WebWork. When you log in, you'll see a list of all homework sets that have been made up. This course shows two, the orientation set and homework set one. Now, when a homework set is made out, it is automatically assigned to you as the instructor and given an opening date and a due date. The set has not been assigned to any student yet. We can see this by going to the class list editor, clicking on the link for one of the students in the class, and we can then see what the course looks like from that student's point of view. As you can see here, we are acting as a obel and she does not have homework set one assigned to her yet. This is what this video will show you how to do. Click on Stop Acting to go back to the instructor view. We need to do five things. First, assign the homework set to students. Second, set the date and time when we want homework set one to become available. Third, set the date and time when we want homework set one to be due. Four, set the date and time when we'd like the answers to appear online for students. And finally, five, make the homework set visible to students. We don't necessarily have to do these in order, but all five steps do need to be done. So click on Homework Set Editor in the left sidebar to go to a list of currently made up homework sets. Find the one we want to edit and click Edit Assigned Users. This brings up a list of users to whom the homework set has been assigned. As you can see, only the instructor has been assigned the homework set so far. If you wanted to assign a set to only a subset of your students, check the students you want and then click Save. If you want to assign the homework set to the entire class, just click Assign to All Current Users. The homework set has been assigned, but we haven't specified the start and due dates, nor is the assignment visible yet to the students. So click on Homework Set One under Homework Sets Editor in the left sidebar. In the General Information box that appears, we can perform the remaining four tasks. Under Opens, type in the date and time you'd like the set to become available. This could be right now, or you could set the date and time to be some point in the future. I'll set this one for August 10th at 7 a.m. Then set the due date the same way. For this one, I'll set the due date for August 12th at 1 p.m. Then set the date and time for answers to come available the same way. For student convenience, I'll set that to be the same date and time as the due date, but you can set this to any date and any time after the due date if you want. Finally, to make the set visible to students, make sure this pull-down menu says Yes. Then click Save Changes. Going back to the list of homework sets, we see that the set is now showing the correct due date. And if we switch to a student view, the student sees that due date as well and can begin working on it. Those are the five steps it takes to assign an existing pre-made web work set to students. Thanks for watching.


How are you doing so far? Oh my gosh, we have come a long way. So we started with a link at seven with all three queens on set that's at Hilda, Wadidia, and at Joy Mutachi and myself, at Kala Mivao. Then we went straight into Gicho Pervu's interview, spoken word artist with Rachel.  So you know how it is. I have a panel of very, very established kings and a very beautiful queen to celebrate and to stand in for the queens out there. But we're going to discuss things concerning the boy child. The topic is the boy child is complaining. There is a public outcry. So kind of boy child. I'm a boy child sympathizer. Just talk to me at Y25 on Facebook, at Y25 for channel on Twitter. Hashtag is Y in the morning. I look forward to your comments. Let's get started. Hi guys. Hi too. Come and end the date.  Demali. Did you talk to them for 20 days? No. But after a week in the major title, we can start formless. I'm gonna find a weekend. We can't. You can't pick it up. What's that? You can't show me. I can't. You can't show me. No, you can't show me. I love weekend. I'm not going to. Imagine I'm Peter Rongo. Where do you come from? I come from Naroque County. I'm a former student of Multimedia University. Oh, all right, Karibusana. Social media handles? Social media handles. Facebook, Pizza, MCA or Lerongo. Twitter, Pizza, Saroni. Yeah, then that is it.  I know another Saroni. Yeah. What is your accent? Your accent.  I'm sorry. I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. Wow, okay. Karibusana and you are? I'm Jefferson Jibaba. Jibaba? Yeah. Like Jibbebebe, that's Jibaba. Wow. Yeah, yeah, it's Jibaba. I'm from Machakos. And I'm a student at Multimedia University. Take a campus. Yeah. Karibusana is a little bit different. We will not let you go empty-handed. Okay. Karibusana is social media. Okay. All right. And the queen of the group. Hi, Mommy. You can take that one. Yes. Hi, everyone. My name is Puri Chinyaresu. I'm from the University of Nairobi. I'm studying psychology. My third year. And I come from Nyamira County. Yeah. Thank you. But right now, I'm in Nairobi. I'm from Nairobi. Yeah. Thank you. But right now, I'm living in Nairobi. Aha. Yes. There's someone who wants to confirm where you've come from. Ati from where? Nyamira. Nyamira County. Yes. Umeske Obama. Yeah. Tuma CV size. Social media handles. Puri Nads. Mm-hmm. Puri Nads in Facebook and Instagram, Puri, her underscore Nads. Okay. Yes. We start with the kings. I don't complain. Apparently, the girl child is being over-empowered. Oh. Yes. I try to define where I was when it my whole life. Ah. Now, it's over. In Nairobi? Yeah. Ah. A while ago I came in with my girlfriend... To be able... I like being practical, so let us give an example, an EG. Let's just say that you are the interviewer. And you see both of them, they are coming for an interview. Let's just be honest. Let's just be honest. She looks like a flower. What are you going to do for us as the interviewer?  As an interviewer but also as a man. Me? Let's assume now you are the boss. You can see him struggling not to look as you speak. You know in Kenya, it's obvious that women are mostly cosy. Because a woman, even if she is a woman, she doesn't look as you speak. If you look at her, she looks as if she is the boss. Can you come forward? If you look at the TV, if you look at her, she looks as if she is the boss. If you look at her smile, she looks as if she is the boss. We are all the same. We can teach you a number and getting you higher.   Then you come back again. You come back and complain that I dropped my CV here. What's happened? You have never called me? The queen has something to say. How do you feel about all this? Right. I am even weird-less. But you know, let's just ask if you are the boss. It just happens that you know the boss, that's where you're like, ah, we're in the line, but umrembo me pita apa, a kapewa kazi, and we're just here. One day it will come that you know the boss, you are there. When you're on pangalain, like in apalecrum, let's say it happens mostly if there are men and there's only one lady looking for that job, you'll just find yourself, trust you, you'll just find yourself. You will find yourself, you have just told the lady you can just, it's just, it works, it is, I don't know, I don't know where it came from, but we grew up and found it there, so it just happens. We just have to let it, let it happen the way it does, unless you want to defend yourself using other things or things that have come out to the 21st century, I just want to. Okay, just maybe to add on, I'm not taking sides today, in fact, I think I'm on the boy child side a little bit, but there's this law firm, I have been to, very prestigious gentleman who runs it, and the employees are all women, and they're beautiful. So I am thinking, he's thinking of the men who are coming to his establishment. The first thing, I don't know if it's Surapua, I don't know if it's Tabaki. Yeah. All right, so we've prayed a couple of sides, let's put them up on the screen for you, so you can follow the conversation. Okay, so this is the public outcry of the boy child. So we are being neglected, oh, boy child, I'm sorry. Let's go to the next one. Ta-da-da-da, two. WhiteFive on Facebook at White24Channel on Twitter. Hashtag is white in the morning. So first, off. All right, so as my team works on that, White24Facebook at White24Channel on Twitter. Hashtag is white in the morning. So actually, he and I will comment on that. Ah, here we are, we're not cared for. I love you, I love you, I wish you a lot of effort. Ha-ha-ha-ha. This is right there, uncle. Yeah, a lot of effort. Yeah, what kind of care do you want? Do you want to come here? No, no, no, no, no, no. Thank you. So what is the problem? Why do you feel neglected? The problem is that the public, the challenge, there's a lot of effort. I don't want to be neglected, I don't want to be neglected. But there's a lot of things that I want to do. I want to ask you to send me, to send me to the cashier. I'm a boy child, I don't want to go to the cashier. And I'm not going to go, I'm going to ask you to send me to the cashier. I'm not going to go to the cashier. If you send a girl child, you'll have to care for everything in that house. And yet, I'm not going to be a boy child. But if you send me to the cashier, you have to care for this. And yet, you have that huge amount of money. Yes, a girl child.  Some people say, what is mine is mine. Yeah, that is it. Yeah, yeah, yeah. None of them will help you. I talked to him, helped him. I talked to him on the other side. There's a lot of effort. A lady, let me just start by this. I will still, it will still remain a lot of effort.  We're just here to implement, to just talk about it. And about monomony effort, it is effort because you even have muscles starting. Let's just pick it from there. And you can't, like, yes, a lady, we are to work. We are independent nowadays, but you still remain the effort. It works that you can't expect me, I have my own money. I can't pay rent. We leave the both of us in that house, but I pay rent. That doesn't work.  Even the good book, the Bible, just says, toil, toil. Women, we have to be submissive. If it would have been said otherwise, it wouldn't work. But there is no point, I go toil. I sweat, I bring my money there. We even share, I pay rent. And then you cook. Exactly, I cook.  Because you went to bed, in fact, then you share. Exactly, I am there. I am the one to carry the nine months. I cook for you, I bring food, it doesn't make sense. Please, we are human beings, we are ladies. But he has something. You have stood something in his heart. No, no, no, no. Men, you know we cannot keep you in our house.  You need to participate, not only in nine months, but also in making the nine months. How is it that you are doing it in Leipzig? You hide. No, no, no, no, no. Hey, I am here, I am here, I am here, I am here, I am here. Let me just tell you. I cannot be submissive to a man who does not bring food, or who does not bring money.  I just can't, I will not, I will not work like her. I don't know, let me just, I don't want to use that example, but I am there because you brought me there, and you want, I am like, I am a helper. I am not your workmate, I am a helper, I am there to be your helper, not a worker. So when you are seated in the house. Wait, I think what she's trying to say, how I understand it is, it's very hard. We've been told to respect, man. It's very hard to respect someone who does nothing, you know. Very true. I feel like, maybe ladies need a reason to respect you. Where is it that you say, I don't want to sit in the house? Meanwhile, you're sitting and waiting for you to pay your fare, like, it's not going to be fair. But you know, we can't stay on that for too long. So the next one is, job advice, advice to women. Ladies are encouraged to apply.  I know how many jobs there are, sit in. Yes. Do you know how many jobs there are? How many jobs? I don't know how many jobs there are, but the money that I have, that's why I took care of the money I'm taking from my hands. And since there is no fight, I don't want to take advantage of it. So you're not taking on the money? All that? Yes, you're not taking it on the money? The situation, the example, to say me, I was in a party, I was brought up to her, she said, I'm here. That's different. Yeah.   I think, Okay. We can't live like that. On that point, Manoma and Nijasho, it is very clear. It is a kit to machine. We are okay with that. But women were sitting here, Nijasho later, they were fighting. Okay, but you were fighting with Nijasho? No, they were fighting with something. They were exploiting me more. Even Nijasho was fighting with a dog. Nijasho was fighting with a tiger. And I was told, I have money, I have money to buy. I was told, I have money to buy. I'm sure you are going to buy from your mother. No, no, no, no. No, I'm just speaking from things I have seen. Okay. From other men. But men are different. Yeah. This one is not taking that one. All right, the next one. Grades and other men are set higher than females. A man is head of the home. We said, maybe KCP, KCC. you find the cut-off point for guys is a bit higher than for girls. Do you think that's unfair? Let me just talk about the previous one before if you'll allow me about the jobs. For a long time they have been male chauvinism and they have been taught to be higher and supreme than the female. Now it has come to a point that ladies are female. That's why we have even some groups like women empowerment because for a long time women were just taught to stay at home. If you come to the edge of let's say 15 years and you're still in school you just thank God. But now we have come to a point that ladies also, they are women empowerment group and that's what has brought the women to be strong in the society to a point of women are even given opportunities for jobs so that it doesn't look like the female are now extinct and even don't have women holding positions in the society. That's what I wanted to say. We have someone saying, we are heavily disciplined even to the point of mob justice in a boy child. You want us both to be able to do what we want? Are you not a Kenyan? Are you not a Kenyan? No, no, no, no. You're not a boy or a Kenyan. Yeah. Let's just imagine you have a girlfriend then she passes in town and the boy is like, when will you let her be? How would you feel? Not a boy. How? He is also a man. No, those are the people being used like they do it, you know? No, no, no. You can't be a man, you're passing the lady over town and a man beat her or carry her or whatever. It's like, when will you let her be? That is harassment. No, I take her when I'm dead. You won't stand that. No, I take her when I'm dead. If you're a man and you stand that. No, no, no. I take her when I'm dead. Excuse me lady, can I see your idea?  Such kind of a thing. Do you mean all the slakies we see in Kenya are Kenyans? But have you ever seen a police officer excuse me? No, that is what I'm saying.  When you're giving one of our kids a chance to meet your son or any, they are very free. Yeah. Yeah. Too much free. And these problems are deep. Last year, you said you want to do it with me too. I'm not going to buy it. Ah, yeah. All right. Let me just read a couple of messages that we have. Received Y25 from Facebook at Y254 channel on Twitter. When a man has 2,000 Bob and a lady has 3,000 Bob, trust me, the total money in that family is what? 2,000. You guessed it right. I'm not sure if I can say it. As I watch Y254 for a job, Boy Child and Bebom Zigwa Panjia Kingiza Kualori, my work is just to record how many times I'm a somber. I thank God for not giving me muscles. Maya from Pika. And which actually, it's one of the points here somewhere. Okay. So as we continue, we are victimized by our own police to show some evil. I'm not going to say anything about the police. I'm a citizen, I'm a 12D question. You got a somber name. No, see, I get a little bit of a cost away when I come home to Kenya and Kawhida. Then you got to come and see me here in Kanchoa and you must see me. Yes. Yes. What's the difference between me and you? What's the mambile? Mambile and I. Yeah. I'll squeeze you. You squeeze me here. You squeeze me here. You squeeze me here. You squeeze me here. You squeeze me here. You squeeze me here. So you need Uber or police station. No way, no. I'm not going to say that. No! 2, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Yes, there's always someone at the Uber or the police station. I didn't even know that I was a police officer and I was running through that police station. I can't even see him on my face. Okay. What's happening here? Why are you not thinking like gentlemen?   Okay, let's assume you had it your way. Okay. We need to restore the history of our country in order to restore it. We need to go against it. If we are being treated the same way, then we are probably going to be rude and we are going to be resistant a lot more resistant than we are now, so that it will not be a case of screaming and being admit, so that it will not be an insult to single people and go against it. Then why am I submitting to you? We are the same, I should not be submitting to anyone. I just think submission comes with differences. There should be a drawing line between ladies and gentlemen. I think it has come to a point that we just have to accept the fact that ladies should be treated differently because they are different starting from the way they are created and To the way the society has brought up girl children. You just can't tell me. I am a girl child Quit an email later.  I imagine it's more like catharsis like when I turn on some boy Mm-hmm. Dahlia need to okay, so I cannot think properly See at the guli at you. Oh my god. Help me. I'm so that that will not be a solution You just sit down Relax see what you can do about the situation crying only relieves a little pain. Yeah, yeah So so see but it hasn't so anything just a living pain You know Okay, all right, so we have this one me me them one who wants a what keep him there Laugh, oh, I mean to know back in keep you guys generally slap I only slap him to come and be a tea I chase a bond when I tell you who is me now nearly chop on buyer Oh I'm sorry, but see my nominee protect So I keep your cousin so we have to go to cause XM and yeah, yeah touch up on a boyfriend I See I did you need a couple of hours, I could show cause I'm telling you keep me safe. No no no no no No in some points. I will keep you safe, but in you can put one next to that Chocos am to Sit I could protect On my side, I'll correct you but I'll not protect you. Yeah, that is it. I will correct you is very wrong Yeah, you are doing something wrong I will correct you We're seated here. No gentlemen. They are noise, but they look so sharp I know sounds so nice. Come be adjust. What is the problem? It's in town and I'm ever What do you need me to do? Let me ask you Yes No many efforts to say No baby Okay, that is protection that is protection come rain come sunshine But why you rush in me guys? This is not fair, you know, my my Kings and I and the Queen we'd like to have a longer discussion I think we need to discuss this time thing. Yeah, I am there are constantly new rules and regulations Victimizing us EG no coughing when beautiful ladies Please I know the videos that let me just give it a few seconds for them to set it up for me at white 5-4 on Facebook at white 2 5 4 channel under the hashtag is a white in the morning. So Mommy there's this video They were having a police situation and then they said atta at you can I'm stand I keep em Me Yes Captions So I think we're having a bit of a technical glitch, but yes, you did here So See fair The beautiful girl You know, when we talk about coughing, it comes in intervals. Whether it's when you have a problem, the next... Oh, not to be. No, no, no. The next one will happen in Africa. No, I cannot stop it. I just did go. Then I cough, but you pass, then I cough. It's true. Is it true what they're telling me? Yes. Is it true? Yes. Do you feel offended when people stare at you, because I'm sure they stare at you? You just began this about the coughing stuff. I think nowadays men have periodic coughs. Like they... It just comes to a point that you're going to your workplace or to school, and now you see, you behold. And I don't know, I would like to ask this question if it happens subconsciously or you just find yourself, whether you feel offended, let me just tell you. We feel offended and it doesn't make you less of a woman, but you just feel like, you just dress nicely. You just say hi. That makes you move. It just makes things like, yeah, just say hi. You see, cough, man, please don't cough. Just say hi and use your words. Yeah, I'm not going to say hi. Stay no turkey. Yeah, I don't know what to say. I don't know if I'm going to be offended. I'm going to be offended, but I'm going to cough. I don't know what to say. I'm going to be offended. You know in some cultures, I don't. Man getting into a girlfriend. Woman Didn't like, They wanna torso so flan beEvet yeah, same. Seated with bio Nene gay-throughs self to with you man coming then he comes back.  So coughing is like the starting point. Why do you cough? Why do you cough? Please explain. Why do you cough? I've never coughed, but I can guess why I've been coughing. You what do you do? Yes, please. I've been to attract attention. Yeah, I will cough. Then automatically you'll face at me. You think that will help? You think that will help attract the ladies attention? Like, I am a man. I am here. Stop passing. Look at me. That is the starting point. I will cough, then you look at me. Then if I will go to an extent of calling you, come here, we talk. As I was passing, it's not like I'm blind. I even knew you were there. Coughing won't solve things. Yeah, you might be passing by. But I have never seen anyone like that before. I have never seen anyone like that before, but me. You have attracted me. Last month I coughed, then I quit. It don't make you less of a man just saying, excuse me, I'm a lady. You look at me. Just how many times have you been here? Yes, I've been here before. How will I even... No, no, no. That shows your fear. Christmas communication. That is what we think and what they mean. That is part of communication. That is part of communication. I can use the sign language. Numbable cues. Numbable cues. We don't understand. Please talk. Use your... Don't become... Don't have a mouth syndrome. Just talk.  Alright, so we are coming to the end. So I want you to give me your final remarks. Okay, for man coughing, you know when you talk about the coughing, it is not a coughing for tuberculosis. We do it. Men do it at a later note. Like, excuse me. No, is that a good... Is that not a good conversation? That's a starting point. Excuse me, how are you? So I think men should just continue coughing, but do it to the right people and then do not take it too long like you are sick of tuberculosis. Yeah, don't do that. I've taken twice you very soon. So those are my last comments. Thank you, sir. Oh, thank you. I think to me my final remarks is that a man or a boy child have been left behind for so many years. So I think this is the right time now for a boy child to be given even a day to be celebrated as a boy child, not only to be intimidated in so many ways.  So I want this one to be applied to both gender either male or female. So equality, that is something that I want to emphasize on it. I like that. Yes. Men please, if you continue coughing we won't allow, we gentlemen just break their minds out. And to all ladies out there your ladies, continue being ladies continue being queens continue feeling beautiful for yourselves. Hey man. 2019 is your year, please take those opportunities, go for them they will be out there. Any other jobs, we need five ladies we need one gender, please go for them you shine for yourself. That's what I want to say. I have two things to say before we go. Let us please sign a petition on social media can we please ask for more time for these particular segments guys. I feel like the conversation is so sweet but the time is so short. So you know what to do, I try to find it on Facebook at Y254Channel on Twitter hashtag is one in the morning. Number two, today your task is just appreciate boy child. Okay. Hi. Hi. Just do something nice. Smile Lateme if he says hi. It sounds very nice. It sounds very nice. We look nice when we smile we might as well give some love. My name is Valentine. And I think you should have an amazing day and a fantastic week ahead. Should we wave? Thank you.


My dad ended up murdering my mom and he committed suicide. And so instead of, you know, going to the Lord, I turned my back on him and I did my own thing, more smoking, more drinking, just to numb all the grief, the pain. Through online services, I was delivered from the addiction to marijuana and the race to deliver in federal weight was coming up. So I signed myself up and I drove from Pullman to Seattle to go to that. And so I got delivered from witchcraft that a family member put up on my family and God delivered me from a spirit of Jezebel and just all the grief and depression that came from my parents' death. And I was also delivered from smoking marijuana to the addiction. Yeah. Come on.


Avalikar, who works in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Walsh and Institute of Technology, Sallapur. But today I am going to give a lecture on application of IoT in agriculture. As part of learning outcome, at the end of this session, students will be able to know the application of IoT in agriculture. So now we will discuss the need of IoT in agriculture before discussing its components and how it is being used in agriculture system. Usually the IoT is required in pest monitoring, storage monitoring, tracking form products, prevention of illegal logging and mobile money transfer. Usually the farmers are facing in order to identify pest in a particular time, in a particular season because of that they are facing a economical loss. And they don't know, so how to identify pest timely, but this IoT will enable them to remotely identify that particular pest a particular time. Storage monitoring, it is usually used to store a form products and IoT will enable users to store their form products in a precise manner. And also it is used to track a form products from their fields. And also it is being used a prevention of illegal logging into their form field. And also it will enables a farmer to transport a mobile, transport a money through their mobile. So now we will discuss what is smart forming. Smart forming is an emerging concept that refers to managing forms using modern information and communication technologies. So nowadays all farmers are using mobiles so that they can make use of this modern information and communication technologies in managing their forms. Smart forming increases the quantity and quality of products or form products. And this IoT is usually used or employed in sensing soil, water, light, humidity, temperature in a particular field. In order to check pH value of the soil, IoT will enables user remotely to check what is the pH value of their particular soil. And also they can remotely monitor the water management, the light management and checking the humidity, temperature of that particular area. So based on temperature or based on the information sensor by the sensors so they can take any measurement or they can take an actions. So their IoT is also being used in setting up the soft fields in a particular fields so that they can manage a particular field. And also the IoT is used in connectivity while setting in a IoT system. Example for the connectivity is cellular and LORA. So location here GPS and satellites are the concept of IoT being used and in robotics the autonomous tractors, processing facilities etc. And also IoT being used in data analytics in order to analyze the data issued form at different locations. So these are the different technologies of being used in smart forming. So one is sensing technology that will senses soil pH value, temperature, light, humidity etc. And software applications are used to store to manage a form information or form products. And communication technologies are used to communicate between the different agencies and with the different neighbor farmers. And telematics positioning technologies is also enables farmers to go for a smart forming. And adherence software systems will also helps in setting off IoT in their form field. The data analytics solutions will help to analyze to a particular information issued from the different locations. So now we will discuss how IoT can be used in agriculture. It is used in livestock monitoring, monitoring the climate conditions, greenhouse automation and crop monitoring. So usually the farmers do not know how to monitor the livestock of their particular crops. So once the crops is ready to sell, so they can timingly know the price, the stock of that particular products. They can monitor remotely what is the temperature, what is the light management. So based on the information issued from this IoT system, so they can go for spraying, they can go for water management. They can decide on fertilizers, etc. It is also mainly used in a greenhouse automation system. So IoT will enables to set off greenhouses in a form fields. And also it is being used in a crop monitoring. So what is the health of that particular crops and what is growth of that particular crop. And this is a best example where IoT is used and it is bigly helping to the farmers. So now think and write an answer to the question, how IoT benefits a farmers. So these are the benefits of IoT in agriculture. So it excels efficiency because of the application of IoT or because of the smart forming. So they can improve their product and quality and be more responsive to the change in the environmental conditions and change in the particular conditions. So that they can act immediately in managing the pest management or water management or other remedial actions. So using IoT they can expands from their size of the field. They can go for higher productivity or they can go for the higher rate of farming. So if they are using IoT technology in agriculture, so it makes them they use off more resources. So it is helping maintaining managing forms with the help of limited resources. And also they can go for the cleaner process because the IoT will enables them maintain forms remotely without any labor cost. So they can maintain a cleaning of that particular fields. And also agility, so they cannot depend on one particular method. They can go for different techniques without use of labor so they can manage a particular farming. As I said if they are using IoT in farming, so automatically the quality of the product is improved and the cleaning processes. So now with advantages it is also facing some challenges. So these are the some challenges faced by the farmers while setting your smart farming. So usually they are facing problem with oddwares because the required oddwares may not be available right time and the farmers usually they are not qualified. So they may not cope up with how to use these IoT components. And also it incurs the maintenance cost so it is a burden on the farmers. As the IoT setup usually large in size right, so moment of these IoT system or IoT setup from one location to another location or one field to another field is incurs a cost that is a transportation cost. And these are the references I referred, so out of which two are books and the two are the indirect content. Thank you.