project that we've been working, we've been working with the folks in New Hampshire, Phil Brown with for a couple years now. So I'm not going to talk a lot about Hawk Mountain, but I happen to answer questions later, or encourage you guys to go to our website to learn more about what's going on here and all the opportunities to visit and see what's see some raptors here along the Okay, so how do I get this to advance interesting right there. Okay, well this is the view. Most of us have a broad wing Hawks if you're a birdwatcher you step outside during the fall period or, or mid spring and you can see a flock of being be like creatures above in the sky and, and we all get excited because these are our harbingers harbingers of spring and the returning and harbingers of fall as well when they pass through in September. So in broad wing Hawks are the most numerous migrant that we see. We count up to 13,000 usually each fall season, which is more than half or, or about half of all the migrants that we see at Hawk Mountain so they're pretty important bird at Hawk Mountain, as well as at many other sites. What do we know about broad wing Hawks or what do what what do we know basic biology as birdwatchers, we can go to e bird or to all about birds at Cornell and we can learn we can see that these birds are long distance migrants they're migrating from places all throughout the eastern North America, and as far west is Western Canada, and they migrate down mostly into central and South America for the winter. They are a forest nesting bird so they are found primarily in forest as well. They are kind of a small stocky raptor about the size of a crow they have these broad white black and white tail bands that are very distinctive on the adults in this dark trailing edge, and they have a very distinctive call that you may hear when you're out in the forest around main. When you're listening to the, to the birds in the forest you may hear this high pitched here whistle, which is very distinctive attribute of the broad wing Hawk. Of course, one of the other really amazing things about broad wings is that they build their flocks build in size as they go south so when you get down to Texas, or Mexico you may see flocks that look like this which are really awesome. awe inspiring sites and one wonders you know what is going on and how these birds are behaving and and how are they moving through the continent in such large numbers. So they are what we call a long distance migrant they're also complete migrant which means they nearly all of the broad wing Hawks that nest throughout their breeding range. Leave that be breeding range for a very distinct wintering area. It's very ambiguous and migration and concentrated these are just some examples that Hawk Mountain in Pennsylvania, our peak flight ever in our 90 year history is 22,001 day. But if you go up along the Great Lakes, such as Hawk Ridge, Minnesota, you could have up to 100,000 birds pass in a day. And as you move south that number grows and grows and Texas, they can have up to half a million and then in their cruise river raptors. So 800,000 is is a possible one day count for broad wings. So it's fairly amazing bird in migration and very conspicuous. Their timing is very constrained in time and so when they're moving through these large numbers, a lot of them are passing through a certain area within a mostly within one weeks time period. But when you look at broad wing Hawks in the other parts of the year like the nesting season they're very inconspicuous like you can see in this bird here perching in the forest. They're other than that high pitched whistle which they use occasionally. There can be very, very difficult to spot. So why did we decide to study them. Well, first of all, as I said before they're one of the most conspicuous migrants and most numerous migrants Eastern North America. So they're also a species that has shown some regional declines. And these are data points that represent trends at at watch sites or hawk watch sites all across the United States and Canada, and some in Mexico and anywhere where the blue circle is is a site that's showing stable counts of broad wing Hawks, but the bird, the sites which have red arrows are places where we're seeing declines in the migrating counts of those birds. And that here in Eastern North America. There's a cluster of these red arrows, which cause concern if you're interested in conservation of these species. If we zoom in on those red arrows. You can see, it almost looks like they're mostly concentrated in the eastern part of the migration area so east of the Appalachian Mountains is where we're seeing the highest proportion of these declining counts. So it's because of these declining counts on migration, and also on the breeding grounds these are some data comparing breeding bird Atlas projects which have been done more than once. So the, and looking at whether there's a change in the number or the extent of the breeding range for the broad wing hawk. And you can see anywhere in red in this area from Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, or areas which are showing declines in the probability of seeing broad wing Hawks so southern Pennsylvania. Eastern Ohio or big areas where we're seeing declines in broad wing Hawks. So because of these declines in in migration and in breeding season we decided we wanted to do a full like life cycle study of the broad wing hawk. And Hawk Mountain was founded in 1934 by Rosalie Edge and her, one of her big statements that we use as a motto for a lot of our work here is that the time to save a species is while it's still common. And that just makes sense that it, if we just ignore these, these little declines and hope they'll go away, then they become bigger declines and then turning them around becomes a lot harder. So we started in 2014 the broad wing hawk project here in Pennsylvania and Hawk Mountain. We received a grant from the state of Pennsylvania for two years. I was able to hire Rebecca McCabe who conducted her master's degree on broad wing Hawks and then the state on with the project is now working here full time. She received her PhD working on snowy Alice, couple years ago. For the last 10 years we've been working on broad wing Hawks consistently and conducting what we call a full life cycle study. And what does that mean that means that we, we want to know what's going on with the bird during the breeding season that might fall migration the winter as well as the spring migration. And the reason for this is we don't really know at what point in the life cycle, these birds may be impacted so we want to understand what kinds of conservation threats, they're facing all throughout their life cycle. Well, if you think about the, before I say that, I would like to acknowledge this kind of study when you're talking about working throughout the life cycle for a long distance migrant, it takes a lot of effort. And I just want to thank a lot of the people that have been involved in the project, including the Harris Center for environmental education where Phil Brown works. So originally, our first four or five years we work exclusively in Pennsylvania and we were a lot of the results I'm going to be talking about today or some of the results are based on a lot of the data collected in Pennsylvania. Recently, we've expanded north and into different areas of the nesting range. And the reason for that is that it could be that the pressures faced in one part of the range may be different than those in other parts of the breeding range that we wanted to try to look at different areas. And also, we wanted to study their migration to see if they might be wintering in different areas or timing could be different for the migrants from different areas, or a whole host of different differences could be occurring from when birds are from different parts of the range. So how do we study broad ring hawks during the breeding season. Well, one of the first things we have to do is go out in the woods in the spring and try to find nests. And so we walk around in the woods we're scanning the trees looking for something like this that you see up in the upper right here, a bunch of sticks in the crotch of a tree, that's the beginning of a broad ring hawk nest. And of course we're looking for the birds as well we look for areas where the birds are hanging out by the male and female might be calling back and forth and that gives us a queue that they may be near a nest. And then later on we return and we hope to see something like this in early May where birds actually perched or incubating a little nest here broadlings don't build a real complicated nest it's often kind of ramshackle like you see here. And of course, nests can be difficult to find you can see here's three different nests photographs and three different nests and you can see that fewer walking through the woods that you might just walk right by and not notice this this nest over here or this nest over here. So they can be highly secretive. And then we go back and visit the nests, and we find, and we confirm whether they fled young how many young have been produced, and then proceed to take measurements on the nest site itself, particularly in Pennsylvania we've been, we've done quite a bit of studies on the net, the attributes of the nest, what trees they're using. And how big the trees are. We also collected data using cameras on several nests to look at what the birds were eating, and other behaviors. Here's a bottom you can see the bird holding a chipmunk in its talons over here a bird is has a bit of nest material and it's bill. And then there's some chicks on a nest here that would, we're a photograph using a camera. Our study period begins primarily in for the nesting season begins in April and goes through July. During these period we studied what the birds were eating. And we found out that the primarily primary prey item is small mammals, a whole mix of different things from mice to chipmunks to shrews. They also will take small birds often nestlings for nests, and then they do eat quite a bit of snakes and frogs and insects. We also are observations on the nests with cameras and with our with observers watching the nest for for the diurnal period discovered a very important thing that has conservation implications and that is that when after the nestlings hatch out of the eggs the nests reduce the amount of time they spend at the nest after the first week. So if you look at the proportion of daylight hours. Daylight period that the adults are at the nest in the first week of life that they're there a lot they're up to 70% of the daylight hours there's a one of one at least one parent at the nest. But right after that it drops dramatically and by the third week of life nestlings are left alone pretty much for most of the day. And of course one of the reasons for that is that both parents are needed to run to fly around and try to find prey to keep these guys fat and happy so it's a trade off that the broad wings are using is that they're putting their resources and their parental care into finding food, but at the same time that leaves these young birds exposed in the nest to things like predation. The nest trees broadening hawks primarily are using a wide variety of trees, oftentimes the one of the larger trees in the stand. We found them in both evergreen trees white pines hemlocks chestnut trees tulip trees birch and and on the average about two fledglings for each nest although we've had as many as four. The nest nest are usually in the top third of the tree about 50 feet high. When we look at what kinds of habitat broadening hawks are using it's primarily forest 82% of the area around a nest site is forested and 9% are wetlands. This is data from from Pennsylvania only we're looking forward to adding some of the other nest sites from New England to our data set. The proportion of wetlands around the nest and the proportion of evergreen forest 26% is much higher than you see normally in the Pennsylvania for us so they seem to like those lower elevation music areas which have a little bit of mixed evergreen and deciduous forest. So what we've been doing to try to better study our breeding birds is to capture them and ban them. And we're, we're using telemetry but we're also you for those birds that we don't have telemetry units on we're using color bands that then we trap them once and then we can follow them and see if they return year after year which is helpful in trying to understand survival and return rates of the adults. There will be a band on the leg of each of the birds in these photos here. So once the bird is banded even if they don't have a color band we can usually figure out if it's a returning bird. Now this is just an example of the kind of data we can collect with banded birds. These, this is a pair of birds Paula and Broone who we, we've tagged the male in 2014 and the female, a little bit later but she was very distinctive so we're confident they were together that they were together all the time. And we've been following them now for the full 10 years of the study. And I just put numbers here to show you all the different nest sites that they used. Broadwing Hawks do not return to the same nest every year they build a new nest, which makes it challenging if you're trying to study them. But the interesting thing about these this pair here is they've stayed together for this entire 10 year period. They return every year, and they moved around kind of in this little circle. So the first year, the second year, the third year, the fourth year, the fifth year then they moved across the road, sixth year, seventh year, eight, nine and then last year they returned to the same tree they used 10 years ago so we're hopeful that they're just going to follow this circle around and make our lives easier in terms of trying to find the nest. But it's great to be able to study birds that you've been monitoring for a long period of time and really get to understand their biology. This is a photograph of Rosalie who was who was trapped at Hawk Mountain, and you can see all her movements over a three year period she had a satellite unit on her that lasted about three years. And you're still able to see her bands more recently so she's been returning for at least four to six years now. And one of the things that we've been able to find about breeding nesting broadwing hawks by putting these transmitters on them is how large are their nesting breeding range. And this is a summary of data 18 female birds on the left and four male birds on the right. So what you can see is that the size of the breeding home range is about 10 times larger for the male compared to the female the female tends to stay very close to the nest during the nesting season but the male. He's really always foraging so he's traveling far and wide trying to find prey for the female when she's incubating eggs but also for the young after they hatch. The breeding home range looks like year after year the different colors or the different years. So this is three years of a nesting bird and over here is three years and here's two years. This bird here is from New Hampshire this is a male. These other three are females so the key factor here is to show you that the home range doesn't shift that much between years occasionally it gets bigger. For the most part, the birds are using the same area year after year, they're moving their nest around a little bit but it's always within that core area. So they're highly faithful to their breeding sites. Once they have a territory and a nest they come back year after year, unless they don't survive. Okay, the other aspect of our research was to try to understand their migration and their wintering period well in order to do that. So these long distance migrants that are migrating down to South America is we need to use satellite telemetry. So this is a photograph of a satellite telemetry unit that was that had been placed on a bird you can see it sitting on the back of the bird. It's attached to the backpack with a very fine Teflon ribbon, which is very smooth so it doesn't cause any abrasions on the birds feathers or on the skin. It can stay on the bird for a couple of years. And it gives us very precise locations on where the bird was along migration as well as in the winter. So you may say well how do we get these birds? I'll go you do a real quick demonstration of that. We have, whoops, we have these very fine misnets that we hang up. We hang up below a nest site. Once we've located a nest, we put some nets up and we sit in a blind with our binoculars and then we, we have this guy here who's our field assistant. We put him out next to the misnets, and we have remote control. We have remote control in the inside the blind that we can use to make the owl move. And then we also play a call of young owls or adult owls. And hopefully you can see we're looking out the blind window here. You can see the owl is moving his wings. And that gets the broad wings very upset because great horn owls are predators. So if they see a great horned owl near their nest, they're going to want to scare it away. And they'll call to get their attention. So then what happens next hopefully is, while the bird, the bird is getting angry at this owl is hopefully it gets caught in the net. And that's what happened right there. And took the owls, the owls head off too. And now we trapped the, the, the broad wing hawk, it's not 100% effective we get them about 30 to 40% of the time sometimes they're too smart or they don't come down low enough to get caught in the net. But once they're caught we do all kinds of measurements and study their, their molds, and then we, we put color bands on the bird so we don't have to trap them again and release them. And really enough we put a transmitter on usually only transmitters have been put on females. We do have a couple smaller transmitters that went on the males. But as you know, raptors females are larger so they're much more apt to be able to carry a transmitter. The transmitters are quite small they're about nine grams you can see one here. More recently we've been using this transmitter style here, which is doesn't ping off of satellite but pings off of cell towers. And then it downloads the data. If it's not near a cell tower it just stores the data, the location data on the bird and eventually it downloads it when it gets near a tower. So what happens oftentimes then is in the wintertime we don't, when they're down in the jungles of the Amazon we don't hear from them for a while but then when they start moving north, we get a whole bunch of data on where they were for the winter. So what a transmitter looks like when it's on the back it's very small has a little solar panel which allows it to recharge over the winter. So so far we put out about 27 different transmitters from different locations from as far north as Quebec, down south through Pennsylvania, we put on five in New Hampshire so far, and this past summer we put one on Vermont. So we seem to go back to both Quebec and Vermont to put on two more transmitters, each site, this coming summer. Only three males, which means we only have three transmitters that were small enough to put on a male. So what do we've been learning about Broadwings from this radio from the satellite tracking. So first of all, some of the interesting data is the first couple of years we did track a couple of juveniles like first year birds and you can see almost immediately that the juveniles didn't migrate as far as the adults, they were much much shorter migration than the adults. And I should say there's a couple of lines here from Alberta. There's three broadwing hawks that were tagged by the Smithsonian so we've mapped here as well. But the important thing is that most of the adults went into central most mostly adults went past Central America into South America or whereas most juveniles stayed farther north. As far as departure dates. Pennsylvania birds mostly left in late August whereas Alberta birds tended to leave a little bit later in early September. Look at how fast the birds were traveling Alberta birds traveled very fast. The fastest through the central United States whereas Pennsylvania birds were traveling fastest through northern Mexico. The fastest about 150 miles in a day so it's not maybe as fast as some people might have suspected they these are soaring birds so they're moving fairly slowly. When broadwing hawks take about 90 days to go from breeding site to wintery site so, and then it's another almost 90 days to return in the spring so they're spending about six months of the year in migration. And for adults, the distance they're moving can be up to 7000 miles whereas the juveniles appear to be migrating much shorter. All of the birds have very synchronous migration that appears we're starting to add to this data set but New Hampshire birds for example came through mostly in the second week of October, whereas Pennsylvania birds were mostly in the last part of September. Here's a compilation map of all the Pennsylvania birds and the Alberta birds, before we started tagging in New Hampshire. And you can see that the lease for the Alberta birds there appeared to be a little bit of a pattern of them going more into the northeastern part of South America, whereas our Pennsylvania birds were kind of scattered through the more southwestern or the northern part of South America but not as far east. And I'll give us a suggestion that maybe there was some migration connectivity or excuse me differences between the areas, the breeding areas. As far as where birds wintered, we found birds wintering in 10 different countries, Mexico, South through Bolivia. And when we were able to follow them for more than one year they tended to return to the same wintering areas. And high fidelity to their breeding areas, and high fidelity to their wintering areas. Now here's some bird some data from New Hampshire and Connecticut birds and one Ontario bird in green. And you can see that we're seeing a pretty similar pattern of spread spread in wintering areas between the different area between the different. Tickle, I guess the key point I'm trying to make is that there's not a big difference between where the birds are coming from we're seeing kind of a similar spread in where they're wintering. As we saw with the Pennsylvania birds, when we look at some of these birds from Canada, New Hampshire and Connecticut. We'll be looking at more in the next couple years but here's an example of an individual's movement this is a bird called see you home it was named by the donors nested in Connecticut, and these are two years of migration data. The bird went down in 2021 and wintered in at the border of Columbia and Venezuela there's kind of a zoomed in look here, and then migrated back north and then in this last year it migrated down into the same area. And this is a bird that has gone down and returned. We, we actually have the more of the return data now but this is hugger from Canada seem to be returning on the same pathway as she went down. And she wintered a little farther north than a lot of the other adults, as she she wintered in this somewhat urbanized area around Guatemala city. And this is a map of Muskoka who migrated down to Brazil. And one of the interesting things about Muskoka was that she might came down to a wintery site in Brazil. And then started wandering into Bolivia. And we wondered if if her movements, she would have stopped in Brazil if she hadn't encountered the deforestation that was going on in that area Brazil. And you can see that this is some deforestation data from a site called forest global forest watch, and this area in the square here is where she would have been she first landed in that first year and then she started wandering more into the green area. So we, we do we have seen several birds that have returned to their to to wintering areas and after there's been some cutting and see we've seen mostly wandering or moving away from that area. Let's see this is a skip. This is a, this is a bird from New Hampshire. Two birds from New Hampshire one was Thelma, they nested very close together what but different nest sites, not they weren't paired together in 2021 but the interesting thing is that they ended up in vastly different areas of South America. Nor the Harris the one in pink was wintered farther north in Columbia whereas Thelma ended up in Brazil. She reached is, is wintering grounds in Columbia on the 25th of October but Thelma spent a whole nother month in migration and went down to Brazil so we're seeing quite a variety of different patterns. But if you do a little circle around all the Pennsylvania adults, you can see that they're mostly nesting in this north, north, Western sector of South America. Other Ontario birds are somewhat following that same area maybe a little bit more to the east. Now, some of our broad wings that we we marked from Pennsylvania have wintered very close together but also, but in opposite to what I showed you about those two New Hampshire birds. They nested hundreds of miles apart but on their wintering grounds are only about 85 miles apart. So, we're seeing both patterns this is an area of southern Peru or three different females for Pennsylvania wintered. So we're seeing high winter site fidelity. When we've been able to get repeat track trips on a bird they end up returning to the same area. This is a Harris from New Hampshire he's using exactly the same area of northern Columbia. One of his wintering area it's highly very rough topography, a lot of. Okay, so some of the other things that we're learning about their migration is not only where they're, they're wintering and how their path through the, through the migration route, but some of the challenges they might be encountering as well. This is a zoomed in shot of of two birds that were returning to Canada, Ontario, and they came up a little bit farther west than they went down on migration so they, they both flew up north in Illinois and they hit Lake Michigan over here and then went up the far side of the, of the lake, then one of them, the one in red here, figured out what was going on turned around and went back south and then kind of tried to go north again, hit this lake Lake on her on and then eventually was able to find a way to get back to Ontario. But the other bird spent up, but almost a week, two weeks. Roaming around this lake shore of Lake Michigan trying to figure out a way to cross tried to cross this area then turned around and went farther into Wisconsin and then finally went around the north side of the lake. But it was a little bit painful to watch her progress because she kept, she would not go to go to the south like the other bird and figure out a way to cross there she kept trying to go up the lake shore. We studied their wintering areas a little bit and we're finding that there are some patterns that most of the habitat that the birds are using are these large forested areas, what we call sub montane lowland evergreen tropical forests. Some of these areas are threatened by deforestation and forest fires and mining. They're not all being heavily threatened some of it's just light threads but it is there is human threats occurring in these areas. And once the birds are facing on migration, we know firsthand from some of the hawk mountain trainees that are working in Columbia and other places where they're actively shooting for migrating birds such as these swings and talk that you see here. And also, because broadwing hawks are forest birds we were wondering if they need forest on their migration to stop and rest and feed, and how that might impact them. We're starting to try to look at habitat use in winter migration and nesting periods. This is just an example of what a stopover might look like for a bird this is one of the juveniles that was tagged, we spent about 10 days wandering around this southern area of Mexico and you can see clearly that they're moving around probably trying to feed during that period. So stopovers are probably fairly important to these birds and being able to find good patches of forest where they can find food and rest and get ready for their next journey. We've seen we've seen some fidelity when we've been able to track birds for multiple years to some of the stopovers sites this is an area of Shenandoah National Park which Sadie this female from Eastern Pennsylvania stopped in at least twice.  And we went. We're preliminarily are looking at stopover sites but we're going to be doing a much more in depth look at habitat and how long they spend it in different sites. In the near future. So what's next with this research. Well one of the things we want to really dive in on is this migration connectivity, because some of the populations are declining but not all of them we want to see if the population if the population areas where birds are notably declining might be wintering in certain areas maybe in those areas of Brazil where they're deforested. Right now our data suggests that's not an issue that that there's pretty wide overlap for the different populations but we need to get data from different areas. And we're going to be analyzing the habitat use data in the very near future now that we have good nesting data from New Hampshire, Vermont, Pennsylvania and Connecticut. We're going to try to look at that a little bit more. And of course looking at stopover habitat and how trying to evaluate how important that is, and then trying to understand, you know what are the key conservation threats in the different parts of their life cycle. There are some interesting behaviors that we've discovered that we want to understand more fully. And one of those is what we call pre migration movements. We've, we've found at least three of the females that we tagged in female in Pennsylvania, did what we call a pre migration movement where they were nesting here throughout the summer then as soon as their young fledged and left the nest, the female departs and she leaves the male in charge of teaching the young how to forage and how to find prey. And she goes somewhere completely different like this bird went about 50 kilometers up to the northwest and hung out for a while moved around. This bird here went about 30 kilometers to the northwest and hung out for a while. So the, they're doing what we call a, almost like taking a little vacation before their migration period. And we found this also for the New Hampshire birds we had three of the New Hampshire birds do a pre migration movement and one of them was amazing. The two, two to key went all the way from Southern New Hampshire all the way into Quebec for a couple of weeks before she started back on our migration south. She traveled 160 miles into Vermont, New, New Benson traveled about 130 miles to New York State, and Scott to butchering the name here Scott to the key traveled over 300 miles into Quebec. So that's pretty amazing journey and why would they do that why would they leave where they were nesting go to this completely different place, abandoning their young to the male. And the theory behind this has been proposed for Osprey which do this in Europe is that the female leaves the nesting territory to allow the, the young the best chance of finding praise, because if she's not there, eating prey there's going to be more prey for the young, and that but it keeps, but the male stays because somebody has to teach the young how to hunt. This year, we were tracking Scott to the P. She also did a pre migration but to a different place, which is very interesting as well. So we want to study these new behaviors a little bit more. We've developed some educational materials which we'd like to try to get out. This curriculum is unavailable on our website for teachers. And we've been collaborating with Audubon's migratory bird initiative and they have some really cool information on Audubon website that you can look up that's based on our data. And we have a very active Facebook page which you can like and get posts. We tried to do period post updating on the migration. We've been collaborating with the Nature Conservancy as well to try to contribute our data to to their information on where birds need to be protected in the Central American corridor. So I'm going to leave it there and open it to questions I want to thank a lot of the donors which have supported both the work in Pennsylvania but also the work in in New Hampshire. Thank our partners the Harris Center and VINs and Vermont Institute. And all of our wonderful volunteers that help find nests and monitor nests we couldn't do this without them so like to thank you all and open it for questions. Thank you Lori. Excuse me. That was great. Very interesting. I have several questions for you. And I'll start with one from Dan Gardoki who I mentioned earlier was a tracker. He thanks you for being here. And for your work and dedication. He's curious about how forest pathogens and the decline of certain tree species, such as hemlock and ash, maybe impacting broad winged ecology. Yeah. So our, our studies, I would say are somewhat preliminary and that we found that them to be somewhat of a generalist in terms of what trees they're using for nesting, but they do like evergreen patches I think they like the variety of deciduous and evergreen together. So a decline in hemlocks probably would, you know, affect might affect the prey availability that not could affect them. The other aspect that can affect them is they are kind of a small hawk. So one of their biggest predators are larger raptors like great horned owls and red tail hawks, and when the forest opens up by when there's, you know, kills of patches of trees that can open up and some of these more generalist predators can move in there. So that could be a threat, but I think in general they'll probably adapt pretty well would be my guess but except for the happen then of those kind of landscape changes which could be a problem. In your, you gave that one example of the bird being hesitant to fly over water and doing quieter and run there. Is that fairly typical for broad wing hawks. Yeah, yeah they are soaring migrant so they want to have thermals and the thermals are going to be much more common over land so they tend to avoid crossing water. And in that one case you know it was pretty dramatic that the bird, you know, soon as it's got a couple kilometers over the water turned around went back. And I actually just heard from some folks in Kate may that put transmitters on young broad wings and in Kate main New Jersey which is a peninsula where the birds have to cross the water or travel, you know 50 miles inland before they go south. And a couple of their birds ended up in the ocean and they tried to cross the water so it's pretty much. It's, it's very, it's very common for broad wings to avoid water and that's why they concentrated in Veracruz, Mexico because they're all funneling down through that land corridor through Central America to get to South America. And how, how many of hawk species are that tied to thermals. And yeah, not all of them and the peregrine falcons and harriers and Osprey and kites will go across the water and they're pretty well adapted to figure that lift situation out. And here soaring birds like Swainsons Hawk broad wings, red tail Hawks are going to avoid the water. So any bird that likes to soar rather than flap is going to be avoiding water peregrine falcons don't seem to mind. And there are strategies for crossing water that can that some of the birds appear to be using. If they can get up really high and get into a stream of air that's going in the direction they want to go, they can get like a little tailwind at the higher altitude that can carry them, you know, right over some water bodies but broad wings are not really designed that way they're more designed to let the air carry them up and up and then glide to the next thermal so they're very dependent upon thermals. Looking at that picture on the screen of the white chicks are all of them white initially and how long does that last. Yes, they're all fluffy white cute little guys to start and then they start putting on brown feathers you can kind of see here this guy starting to get some brown here and there. You might remember one of the photos I had earlier where they're mostly brown so they. I would say by three weeks or so they start to get more brown feathers and by, you know, 68 weeks they're they're pretty feathered out the last the last feathers they get, or the tail feathers but. It all happens pretty, pretty quickly. We have one question asking about how to what degree work with a bird either in terms of. Entering data into a bird or making use of data that's there. Yes, we use e bird, particularly early in when we're going to somewhere new like in Vermont. Okay back. We look at e bird to see where people have been reporting sightings of broad wings during the nesting season so that gives us an idea of where we might start looking for nests. We use e bird. It hasn't been completely reliable for us all times but it is very helpful. Early in the nesting season at least give us a tip on possible places to go. And then I used e bird a lot for another paper which I didn't mention here but. You may remember, as I said that the three juveniles that we tagged wintered in Central America, whereas all the adults, mostly adults wintered in South America, so it looked like young birds are not migrating as far. I wanted to look at that in more depth so I looked at all the e bird data from Central and South America and mapped, you know the young, young birds versus adults to see if that pattern held up. What is the, I'm sorry. No go ahead. What is the lifespan of typically of Broadway. It's probably about 20 years or so. Yeah, we've had, and they do return every year to their nest site so when they don't come back, we can pretty much assume that they're, you know they didn't make it migration is the time period when birds are most likely to undergo some kind of threats and maybe not make it that we have lost some birds during the nesting season to predators. All, you know all throughout their threats throughout the whole life cycle as with any bird but in migration you can imagine, especially for a long distance migrate you have your normal threats, like storms and winds and maybe not having enough food and all this. But then you have your abnormal or new threats such as, you know, climate change bringing more storms or winter binds or whatever it is. So there's, or shooting shooting is not has not gone away in Central America. Are there plans to track birds that are nesting in Maine. We have to do Hampshire, and we feel a little. Yes. We are, we'd like to work with others on this kind of project because we do have to, in order to trap the birds we have to find nest so we need people on the ground to help find nests. And then you maybe you know help a little bit with the expenses. So like in New Hampshire Phil Brown has a team of volunteers that go out every year and find the nests. And it's not easy I mean these birds I said are highly secretive but if we if there was a group of volunteers that wanted to try to find a nest some nests in an area where we could do some trapping like public lands or private lands where they know people. We would definitely want to come to Maine I had talked to somebody about working up around Acadia at one point but we just never got it organized so it's on my mind to try to come to Maine at some point. Yeah well we'd sort of love to hear about any plants like that that would be great I have one final question, which has to do with those, the pictures of the thousands of birds in the sky. Can you describe what it's like attempting to get account for those that kind of site, citing. Yeah. It's very exciting of course. If you haven't been to Veracruz Mexico or Kecaldi Costa Rica I highly recommend it it's just. It's like somebody was comparing it the other day to the wildebeest migration in Africa you know it's just this phenomenon when these birds are moving through and such high numbers. Counting down there though is not like we're counting them here, where we can actually count them individually, even on a 3000 bird day at Hawk Mountain we can pretty much count each individual bird as it passes over. Down there, you know the flight is so concentrated that what they're, they train their observers to be able to estimate numbers, just like shorebird and waterfowl biologists do at the coast where they get huge flocks they have to estimate numbers. So they take the flock and they say the broadwing flock and they'll say okay this is what 10 birds look like, and then they just, as the birds are passing over they go 1020. So they're counting them by 10s or they're counting them by 20s. So there is an estimation error involved with that. There's been studies that have shown that that error is generally on the downside so that you tend to underestimate more than you tend to overestimate. The numbers you can see on hawkcount.org if you're interested for some of these tropical sites. And it is pretty amazing to see that flock luckily I don't have the job of counting them I just go down and I watch them and let the young guys that are doing the hard work of counting them. Take care of that business. Well thank you so much for joining us tonight. Thank you for that short notice. We greatly appreciate it we loved your program. And best of luck with everything you're working on. Well thank you very much for having me and I'm happy to be here and yeah if you're interested in any more information there, Cock Mountain has a lot of information on our website about the broadwing research so. So thank you very much. And best wishes to everyone zooming in for happy holidays and the new year, and we'll see you in the new year. Thank you and good night everyone. Bye. Bye.


Going on everyone Sam here with late and sports cards ripping at 23 bowman draft baseball choice in Super Jumbo 7 box Mix number 30 pick your team style names and teams Albert L with the Tigers Andy C twins Anthony K brewers Anton H Reds Brian L with the Dodgers Charles a red Sox Christopher s Giants Rangers Christopher J with the Blue J's Duke f Marlins Edwin C D-backs Evan L athletics Fumi taka I Rockies Gabriel C Mariners Jeff B Astros Here a hero Hito I With the Phillies Jeffrey H Cubs Padres Cardinals Guardians and Pirates Joe H with the Orioles Jonathan H White Sox Jung Min K angels Janya s Yinks leeway H Braves Peter M that's Sean H Royals Timothy M rays and Wu Hyun N with the Mets So good luck here everybody. Let's do it. Thank you Jeffrey and Jonathan with a couple more mixer spots number 31 Guardians and Marlins two to go So Maya stop Jeremiah and Guardians in the next one. Let's get that sold out for done here starts with the box of Super Jumbo Super Jumbo Super Super 12 years Restraint MVP MVP If you get 171 things pitch and lay a 1.7. All right, that's Over there. Yeah, okay. Give me Murakami Give me Murakami when he comes over 50 mil in posting fees 1.404 billion spent on free Silly silly Cam Collier to 250 on the transformative talent for the Reds Shin Chi Yeah, Sam Zavala gold paper to 50 for the Padres Hero Wyatt Chris Clark Trey Morgan Right in Berg He's show Alfredo. Do you know nice Jacob Wilson on the draft auto 299 Congrats ease This one there Oakland's dude could go like five months wearing freaking rays stuff every day five straight days They're five straight months Not where the same Jersey She's got a g-man sure sure see for the culture dude. You should just make one. They had them at one point Yeah, they're pretty straight. It's pretty pretty easy Mitchell Cole shown wetter true blue to 150 on the base for the Reds Especially second a KC March Jersey Zolles Bonilla Wyatt Langford shown wetter Maui Ahuna Jackson Merrill Hunter Holland Jadenham Kendall George first base auto It's a good question. They're Dodgers. Honestly, it's very true. It's a great question. Yeah, the race did relocate We still be a race Well, I wouldn't like it. Oh, we see Bowman draft in our sleep. Absolutely Carl backs Clark mood ring and Greengrass first Philip Abner 299 for the Dbex That's on that. Thank you Eric picking up the Orioles in 32 and Jonathan out with a flawless collegiate spot Thank you guys appreciate that very much again, just Two to go and 31 Gadiens and Marlins pump it pump Brett loud True Hakenburg craison hit draw on Watts Brown Camden Menachi Tommy Troy tanner hall Colt Emerson can't adult got a nice and re K Bradfield junior. There we go on the base auto That's on that. Oh, it's who you're looking for Oh, we pulled a Poisson auto on Saturday I Have never seen chat as fired up for a Brando auto as Robert Poisson on Saturday night was awesome. Everybody was Carl So man, they do need a team Nashville. Yeah, Jacob Wilson on the glass and then at 275 tenor home It's hoping the A's would go there. It's high Floyd fever. We got the fever, Jake Cam Fisher Gutierrez Dwarf ski Detmer bowmeester or hey, McGraw Abner Colton led better first base auto rats on that one there raise go Tampa. We got Tampa Bay Go Nashville raise Really Hey another day went by one day close to do a Rosarana Thank you. Thank you for your book Really, they really made my day better Bet you weren't thinking about it until now Wyatt Langford and Sparkle of Joe Whitman first for the Giants got these Scott blue paper Brando Maya for the Yanks to 499 What That says brandon that's what he goes by really yeah, that is one of your Rodin Nivens Bush Xavier Isaac and Austin Schroesser to at 199 for the Mets Got Gilbert with the Marlins in 32. Thank you buddy again 31 just the Guardians in Marlins Marlins still available in 31 to go They're both on it. So Let's do the choice case now. Everybody. Good luck last place has to relocate. Yeah, that would be the Red Sox Hopefully that's awesome. They think they say won't have to worry about starving kids anymore Boss because they they don't win Eat free or ever. Oh Yeah To 99 care Garrett for starting to know where you're going. Yeah, no, it's one of their pirates There's a thing where kids eat free when the Red Sox win or whatever God first base auto of Colton led better. It's not a bad It's not what I meant That's when they raise again another Colton led better and then choice exclusive Justin Reimer for the Red Sox to 150 Justin Arima Thank you, Adam picking up a left side serial number. Danny picking up the Stroze and number six or 36 of the jumbo case People in part West Frickin Dodgers It's kind of boddish the honest carl kind of boddish. Well, like Colton's bed Alderman to 150 On the choice exclusive nice one there Marlins First base auto Travis Honeyman going to the Cardinals. That's on that at his owner and Then a gold shimmer grease in a hit going to the Diamondbacks one of last seems taken to 50 Yeah, what a hit on the hit very nice Let's go Jake Mr. Jerry Jerry with the Guardians in the next one just the Marlins lap. Thank Jerry F. Appreciate you as always buddy Just the Miami Marlins available in that freak guys. Thank you all again That's where the last name hit. Yeah, that's like the kicker in the NFL blew it with his last name Raidenberg first base auto for the Marlins congrats on that. We've got a gold shimmer of Teddy McGraw That's on that mariners to 50 Teddy McGraw Gold shimmer and then a first base auto of Xander Muth going to the Pirates Candler The Candyman there he is. What's up, buddy? Ramars Dumb early out there. What are you doing up, buddy? So Jake's doing breaks from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. on Christmas Eve. Yeah, uh new Jeremiah. That would be a big new First blue wave to 150 Xander Muth for the Pirates, we'll get some real loopy hours there Nice tight Pete green lava to 99 there we go mariners rats on that 7 a.m. To 7 p.m. Christmas Eve Jesus Mitchell And then green lava kid color to 99 going it to the good old They have a D.H. Karl Could be their D.H.  How long is he locked in there for? I thought didn't he sign an extension probably with some opt-outs though clear.  No, he did not God's nice for the ooze Jake Cunningham to 499 rats on that Now he'll be hell. I mean he'll be healthy. He'll just be a D.H. That is a Johnny Farmello It's a 150 mariners doing very well McGraw Tai Pete and now the Farmello Very nice congrats on that one metanus and first base auto Brayden Taylor. That was a good box Baby, I just won their race go raise Do love his auto. It's so cool Thank you Thank you for saying that I got you a lot of people I like it. I'm thin a lot of people out there In that bot lobby say they hate his auto Chasing Foley hits Ohtani in the wrist and breaks it. It's my prediction Chop chop furniture boy. Don't you have something to go unload? I Zach Thornton first base auto For the Mets we've got blue wave Jake D'Aliot Grats on that one there Marlins. Yeah, exactly a lot of people for your own in the same boat as a lot of people Carl Jake D'Aliot for the Marlins and then green lava rock at Regio Drivers getting drug-dested at the moment Oh Boy here is your link again just a Marlins left bro hit a pole and broke a mirror That's pretty funny actually to at 99 is Philip Abner to 75 Tanner Hall to 50 Sam Zavala Base autos Colton led better Travis Honeyman led better again Zander muth Zach Thornton Braden Taylor Brock Bradenberg and Ricky Bradfield, Jr Kendall George Jake Cunningham before 99 to 199 is Austin Troser 150 for Melo Kappa Alderman Justin Riber Zander Muth and Jake D'Aliot to 99 Jacob Wilson rock Regio grant forester or Garrett forester Kate Collard a 50 Grayson hit and Teddy McGraw and then to 99 is Ty Pete For the Mariners 62 of 99. I'll do it for the break everybody. Thanks again for the fill up next number 31 one to go


Hello, everyone. Yeah, so I'm Paweł Balica, and this talk will be about EVM and EVMC, which is a portable API for Ethereum virtual machine. I'm a software developer. I'm specialized in C++, and currently I'm working mostly in the CPP Ethereum project. And I also am the author of EVMJIT, which is an alternative EVM implementation that translates EVM bytecode to native machine language. And I also try to come up with the API for EVM that is called EVMC. So this talk will have two parts. First one, I would like to explain what exactly am I talking about and what I mean by EVM API and EVM interface. And in the second part, I would like to show what have been done so far, what we want to do in the near future, and explain some design decisions we made so far to be able for you to better understand why things look as they look at the moment. So EVM, the Ethereum virtual machine, one of the most important components of Ethereum software and Ethereum ecosystem. So it's, in short words, a virtual machine that actually can execute small programs or small scripts called smart contracts. And yeah, where it is. Every Ethereum client, at least full nodes, have EVM somewhere inside. Usually there is one implementation of that, but we have some examples where EVM clients can actually have more of them. And CPP Ethereum is one of the examples here. But the problem I would like to address is the fact that EVMs are somehow embedded inside the client. You can have more or less indirect access to it, to EVM, through JSON RPC, some test RPC systems, VM tracing, storage, backlog, and so on. But what I try to address is I would like this composition to look more or less like this one. So this thin layer that actually connects EVMs to Ethereum clients to be very well specified, very well documented, and to be also usable from different programming languages. And also what we can add to this scheme is to be able to actually plug in the same EVM implementation to different clients. OK, so EVMC is one of the possible solutions to this problem. And it's exactly what I meant before. It's EVM API that uses C language to connect these two now separated components, the EVM Ethereum virtual machine to be connected with Ethereum client. And why C language was chosen? Not because it's the most beautiful one, but it happens that C is actually accessible for many programming languages. The obvious examples are C and C++, but for many popular languages that are around, you can actually at least use some C libraries and use execute functions from C libraries from that languages. I tried all this stuff with Go using the CGO tool and also in Python using CFFI library, but I'm sure there are other examples when you can at least use C libraries in more high level, more abstract languages. And second important part of that is we want to have polymorphic interfaces there. So we would like to be able to switch between different EVM implementations and runtime. Not that we want to build a client with this one and decide on the build time what actually implementation we would like to use. Yeah, we want to have a switch that the user can actually use to decide what kind of backend they want for its task. And third important part we took account of to make some design decisions is composability. So the composability means actually we can do something like that. When having some concrete implementations of EVM, we can add more and more layers on top of that that actually delegate the execution to the lower layers. But on the upper layer, you can make some additional decisions what actually you want to send your code to. So for example, if we consider interpreter and JIT like EVM, you might want to actually have a top layer that actually decides if the code should go to the JIT one or to the interpreter one. And the top layer can actually, for example, count the number of executions of a particular code. If we have some hot code that is executed in many transactions, we might want to actually translate that using the JIT EVM to some native machine code and speed up the execution. But that may not have sense if the code is not frequent enough to actually pay the cost of overhead of doing the translation upfront and not having, yeah, may not make a lot of sense. The second example of such composition can be having actually different languages in smart contract. If we consider the proposed EWASM and EVM 1.0, we can just add very simple layer atop of that that actually can recognize if the smart contract uses the WebAssembly-like language or EVM 1 bytecode. So how actually this EVMC looks like? This is actually the single file, a single C header file. And it includes declarations and functions and structs. And also all the documentation is this file in the form of comments. So this is actually the only source you should care about. And I paid attention to actually have good enough documentation to understand how it works, just reading the single file. And at the moment, this is part of my EVM-G project. And as long as I am experimenting with that and the API is not finished yet, it's included in this project. OK, so the whole design has some kind of two parts, two sites. And one is related to the client side, and one is related to the EVM itself. On the client side, what have to be done, you need to implement some context class. And context class provides virtual methods and can answer questions coming from EVM. And these questions are something like get me the balance of given account or get me the storage as given storage slot for given contract. All this information cannot be provided to the EVM upfront because we don't want to send the whole state to the EVM to execute smart contracts. But the EVM need a way to actually extract this information on demand. And on the second side, on the EVM side, there is EVM class. And EVM class, it's quite simple. There is a way to actually construct the EVM instance. And there is a way to destroy it. And the core function is actually an execute function. When the information what is to be executed is encoded in a new message object. And also, the context is provided for the execution. And EVM uses this context interface to ask for more data if needed. So in case you would like to implement new client, but you don't want to, in the same time, implement EVM there, you would like to use some of EVMC compatible EVMs available. What you have to do? Your job is to implement the context class. And there are eight virtual methods that have to be implemented. And you have also encode your information what to execute in the message structure. And if you would like to, for example, implement the EVM, but you don't care about the rest of the Ethereum client, like network stack, not storage, database, and so on, all you need to do is to implement the create and destroy pair of functions and the execute one. So not to be confused, this design operates on the object-oriented concepts. But on the way, you will do that. You will have to translate it down to the C. So it gets more obscure and complex. So what we have so far with this. So as I mentioned at the beginning, the C++ client have actually two EVMs. And one is classic interpreter. And it actually does not use the EVMC, but we plan to do it in the next, in the near future. But EVMJIT, the JIT-like EVM, uses the EVMC interface. And it's compatible with the recent hard fork of Byzantium. There is also the HERA project, a prototype of Ethereum client with Iwazem backend. And there is also a prototype of EVM implemented purely in C language. I also prepared some time ago a prototype of GEF with the EVMJIT plugged in and the Python client with EVMJIT plugged in. This still needs some work. And it requires updates to the current status of the code. But it's quite fun to play with that. And what we want to do next. The missing piece of EVMC API is VM tracing. And this is a showstopper for a moment, because we cannot replace existing VMs completely because this missing feature is important in other places. We would like, if this is in place, we would like to move the CPP interpreter to use the EVMC interface as well. And I also plan to release experimental GEF with EVMJIT as a virtual machine there. Recently, also, someone considered to using this interface together with a fast testing project. OK, that was all for mine. Thank you for your attention. And in case some questions, I'm available for whole DEFCON around. Thank you.


With 260 million inhabitants, Indonesia is one of the world's most populous countries. But population growth and increased living standards in recent decades have led to a sharp rise in food consumption. How can the IAEA and its UN partners help Indonesia meet a growing demand for food? This is tempeh, a protein rich and nutritious food staple in Indonesia. Tempeh is very popular. This is a favorite food for Indonesians. The country, however, imports a large proportion of the soybeans it needs to make tempeh. In order to boost domestic soybean production, the government is using a nuclear technique to develop a variety of the plant that grows better. The nuclear technology is playing its role by improving the characteristics of these soybeans so we can also select which soybean has the high productivity. Plant mutation breeding uses radiation to generate crops with improved traits that are more suitable for local conditions. It's a tried and tested method used worldwide for decades. So the difference is between the mutant variety in this local variety we can see from the agronomic characteristics such as for the high yield and also the good quality. Indonesia now aims to be self-sufficient in soybean and tempeh production. Together with United Nations partners, the IAEA is helping the country meet this ambitious goal. The IAEA provides the technology part for the agriculture productivity. FAO enhance the dissemination of the seeds among farmers and UNIDO will help in increasing the productivity of industrialization of tempeh. This is a very important project because it covers or tackles a very important, I would say, strategic product for Indonesia which tempeh a principal food for more than 60% of the population. Increasing local soybean productivity would benefit Indonesian farmers, industries and consumers.


Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you very much for introduction. So as already said, I'm going to present about non-mailable codes for space-bounded tempering. So first of all, what are non-mailable codes and what are they good for? So non-mailable code is a coding scheme. So first of all, we require correctness. That means that if we have a message and we encode a message and then we run decode, we get the original message. The second property is non-mailability. Informally, what it says is that if we have a message M, which we encode, and then we apply a tempering algorithm A to this code word, we get some tempered code word C-prime. And there are three options for this code word C-prime. Either it decodes to the original message M, or it's an invalid code word. In that case, the result of decoding is some failure message. And the third option is that C-prime decodes to some M-prime, which is unrelated to M. Informally, that means that it doesn't contain or reveal any information about the original message M. So let me emphasize here that we always define non-mailable codes with respect to some tempering class A, but I will talk about this tempering class in more detail later. So what are non-mailable codes good for? So let me demonstrate it on the following example. Assume that we have a device that executes some cryptographic functionality, for example, digital signature. And the secret key is stored in the memory of the device. And now what happens if someone tempers with the device? By that I mean that we apply the tempering function on the content of the memory, so this SK, the secret key, gets tempered to SK-prime. So now the input-output behavior can reveal information about the original secret key. And this was demonstrated by Bonet, Demilo, and Lipton in 2001 by the famous fault injection in RSA digital signature, and they show that injecting a single random fault reveals the entire secret key. So we have to be concerned about memory tempering and we need to look for ways how to protect against it. And one way how to protect any cryptographic functionality is via non-mailable codes. So how does it work? Instead of storing the secret key in the memory of the device, we store encoding of the secret key. So now, of course, in order to run the functionality, we first have to run decode, but by correctness of the non-mailable code, the input-output behavior didn't change. So what happens now if someone tempers with the memory of our device? Well, by definition of non-mailable codes, there are three options. Either this C prime decodes to the original secret key, and in that case, the tempering was useless. So the adversary didn't learn anything. In the second case, the C prime is an invalid code word, and in this case, the tempering was detected and the device would typically self-destruct. And the third option is that SK prime and SK are unrelated, in which case the input-output behavior don't reveal any information about the secret key. So this is a very high-level idea why non-mailable codes can protect against memory tempering. So the big question is against which tempering algorithms can we protect? What about this tempering class A? Can we hope that we can protect against all possible or all efficient algorithms? Well, unfortunately not, and here is the attack. So suppose that the tempering function can decode to learn the original message M. Then it changes this message M to somewhere related, message M prime, for example, flips one bit, and then it can encode this M prime to obtain C prime. So now, of course, this tempering algorithm managed to temper to a code word C prime, which decodes to a related message M prime. So what's the conclusion of this attack? We have to restrict the tempering algorithms. We cannot allow all efficient tempering algorithms, and in particular, we can never allow the tempering function to run both decode and encode. So what are the possible tempering classes assumed in the literature? We can classify it in two main groups, either granular tempering or global tempering. So what do I mean by the first category? So let's have a look at this example. The granular tempering says that the tempering functions can act on individual components of the code word. So in the picture, you see that the code word was split in two different parts. We can temper with both of these parts, but independently. So for people familiar with the topic, this was an example of the split state model. What I want to point out here is that in this granular tempering, the tempering functions can never run decode because they don't see the entire code word. So on the other hand, in the global tempering, the tempering function sees the entire code word. So now it makes sense to distinguish if the tempering function can decode or cannot. And all previous works on non-malleable codes with global tempering do not allow the tempering function to decode. And our focus is on the second part, when we allow the tempering function to run decode because there's many natural tempering scenarios. This is indeed desirable. And why is that? Let me demonstrate it on the following example. So assume that we have, for example, a mobile phone or some very limited device, and someone tempers with this device. And now we need to put some restrictions on this, for example, virus that infected our mobile phone. So what are the restrictions? Well, where a natural restriction would be to say, okay, the virus can use all space and all resources available on the device, but not more. So what would it mean if I say that the tempering function cannot run decode in this scenario? Well, that means that we cannot run decode on the device itself. So we cannot execute the original functionality, which is not what we want and it's an imitation in this specific case. Instead, we want to run decode on the device, but that implies that the tempering function can run decode as well. So this motivates our model where we restrict the tempering function by space or the memory of the device. So in other words, our tempering class consists of all tempering algorithms which are S space bounded for some parameter S. We want the space complexity of the decode algorithm to be less or equal than this S. So these two conditions together imply the tempering function can decode. And of course, we cannot go against the impossibility results. So we want the encoding algorithm to require more space than S. So just very, very briefly, why doesn't the trivial attack I showed at the beginning, why doesn't it work? Well, the tempering algorithm can run decode. It can change it to some related message and pry, but the third steps fail. It doesn't have enough space to run the encoding algorithm. So that's the main idea. So the rest of my talk will be slightly more technical. So first of all, I will explain why in this model we cannot achieve the full non-malability, the classical non-malability definition. And that led us to define a notion of leaking non-malable codes. And at the end of my talk, I will briefly talk about our code construction. So first of all, let me be slightly more formal and explain non-malability more formally. So we have the real world and the ideal world. And in the real world, we have the following tempering algorithm. The message M gets encoded into a code word. Now we apply a tempering function A. And if this tempered code word C prime decodes to the original message M, then the tempering experiment outputs some symbol, for example, same. Otherwise, it simply outputs the result of decoding. So this M prime. So what does the classical definition of non-malability say is that for any tempering function from this class, there exists a simulator which without knowing the original message M can simulate this tempering experiment. So why can we not achieve this full non-malability? Here is an attack. So assume that we have a tempering function which has hardwired or precomputed two different code words, C0 and C1. And they are encoding of two different messages. And what the tempering function would do now, it can decode to learn the message M. It looks at the last bit of this message. And depending on this last bit, it tempers either to C0 or to C1. So in this way, exactly one bit of the original message was leaked. So intuitively, why does the simulator cannot simulate this tempering game? Well, it doesn't know the message M. So it can only guess the last bit. So this attack can be actually modified because the tempering function can have polynomially many hardwired code words. And therefore, it would leak logarithmically many bits of the original message. So this motivates our leaky non-malable code or a slightly weaker notion. So what is the difference? Now we allow the simulator to learn some bits of the message M. So in other words, or more formally, the simulator has access to a leakage oracle. And in total, it can learn L bits of the original message M. So let me say a few words about this leaky parameter L. So first of all, if L is equal to K, which is the bit length of our original message, then the simulation is trivial because we can simply leak the entire message and simulate the tempering experiment. So this is not a very interesting case. On the other hand, I showed on the attack or I tried to explain to you that logarithmically many bits can always be leaked. So this was our goal and we actually achieved it with our code construction, which I will talk about in a little bit. You might wonder if this leaky notion of non-malable code still satisfies for the main application of non-malable codes. Can we protect against memory tempering with leaky non-malable codes? And the answer is yes for some functionality, yes. So if the functionality is resistant against L bits of leakage on the secret key, then we can protect it with our L leaky non-malable code. So for many applications, it's still good enough. So let me now switch and talk about our code construction and the main building blocks and why we actually satisfy the leaky non-malability. So the main building block of our code construction is non-interactive proof of space. So there have been several works on proof of space or the non-interactive variant of it. All of them are in the random oracle model and based on graph pebbling, graph labelling techniques. So what's the main idea? I don't want to talk too much in detail about non-interactive proof of space, but what's the main idea of it? So we have a party prover, which is supposed to have a lot of space and it wants to convince a space bounded verifier that he indeed has a lot of space. So how does he do it? On challenge M, he generates a proof and this generation of the proof requires a lot of space and it sends this proof to the verifier. And now the space bounded verifier is able to verify if the prover indeed had a lot of space or not. So the first property I just said is the efficient verification efficient in terms of space. And the second property is completeness. If both parties behave honestly, then the verifier should be convinced. And the third property is soundness, which means that if the prover doesn't have enough space and cheats, then the verifier with high probability is not convinced. Actually, for our non-malible code, we need a stronger definition than soundness. It's a special form of soundness, which we call extractability. I will refer to our paper for more details about extractability and also for the proof that the construction of REN and DEVADAS actually satisfy our extractability definition. So how do we now build a non-malible code from non-interactive proof of space? It's actually very simple. The encoding algorithm gets us input a message M and runs the prover, runs the proof algorithm to generate a proof of space. This step requires a lot of space. And now it outputs the message in plain text and attach the proof of space to it. And how does the decoding algorithm work? Well, it first parses the cold word into a message and a proof of space, and it runs the verification algorithm. And if the verification algorithm says one, then it simply outputs the message M, otherwise it claims that it's an invalid message. So what we proved, the main theorem of our work is that if we have for some parameter s non-interactive proof of space, then this construction that I just briefly explained is a leak in non-malible code with respect to all s space bounded algorithms. So, and I would like to emphasize that our construction is in the random oracle model. So what's the idea of our proof? So first of all, correctness of the scheme follows directly from the completeness of non-interactive proof of space. And the second part is more interesting, non-malability. So let me recall what we actually need to prove. We need to prove that for every s space bounded tempering algorithm, there exists a simulator which can simulate the tempering experiment with only logarithmically many bits of leakage on the original message. So there are three options how this tempering function can actually temper. Either it tempers to a code word with decodes to the original message M or it's an invalid code word. And the third option that it's some different decodes to some different message M prime. So let me discuss just the third case which is the most interesting case. So what does it mean that a space bounded tempering algorithm tempers to such a code word C prime? That means by the construction that he needs to know the proof of space. And he needs to know a proof of space that verifies with this message M prime to one. And how can he know it? There are three options. He can guess it. He can always try to guess. He can compute this proof of space or it can have it pre-computed or hardwired in its code. So first of all, the second option is not possible because of the proof of space. That's the key idea. It doesn't have enough space to compute it. He can always guess but he will be correct only with negligible probability. So let me demonstrate how we build a simulator for this third case. So the tempering algorithm can have polynomially many hardwired code words as I said a few slides ago. And now by extractability of the non-interactive proof of space, we can create a table that contains all messages. So this step requires some technical arguments which I would like to refer to our paper for more details. But I would like to give you a high-level idea how the proof works. So we can extract a table of all these hardwired messages. So what the simulator does, it asks the leakage oracle the following function. It first simulates the tempering algorithm to learn M prime. Then it looks into this table and search where this M prime is, finds the index in the table, and then leaks the binary representation of the index. So it essentially leaks the index in the table. Now the simulator can look in the table, find this M prime, reconstruct it and have this as its output. And the simulation was correct in this case. Our proof can be very easily extended. This was a very high-level idea to repeated tempering, adaptive repeated tempering, not just one-time tempering as I was explaining during my talk. So then we achieve a trade-off between a number of tempering rounds and the leakage. So for every tempering round, we need logarithmically many bits of leakage. So let me quickly summarize my talk. So first of all, we consider global tempering where the only constrain or only restriction we put on the tempering algorithms is the space they are allowed to have. So they're space bounded. We show the impossibility in this model to achieve the full non-malability. Therefore, we introduce the leaking non-malable codes and we show a very simple construction which is based on non-interactive proof of space. And finally, we also show that for many applications, it still can protect against memory tempering. So this is all. Thank you very much for your attention.


Most designers fail to do this on their portfolio, show each step of your design process. Don't just show pretty UI, do show the different stages of the design process with evidence. Explaining how you got to the solution is actually more important than the solution. The number one thing managers want to see is your thought process. This is the number one mistake.


Yeah, I brought a little over 3,300 rounds, man, so it should be plenty for you guys. Oh, yeah. It doesn't hold. Yeah, it just came from, like, super cold, and I was just like, there you go. Yeah, it's like, you're right. We were talking about that, like, four-time site. That's really about it. Yeah, I mean, I guess the right one's right here. That's about it. So that's how you adjust for the... Also, let's say, you don't have eyes on the object. You do have eyes on the object. All right, so today, your safety considerations. When you're on the firing line... ...in semi-automatic for discourse of fire. All right, safety fundamentals. Number one, treat... Hey, up!


Mae'r ddweud. Mae'r ddweud, oedd y ddweud. Mira Sayar mae'r ddweud yn ffigur yng Nghymru. Mae'r ddweud yn ei ddweud i'r cymdeithio. Mae'r cymdeithio, radio a telefisiwn, ac mae'r ddweud i'r ffilm ac mae'r cymdeithio. Mae'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud, mae'r ddweud i ddweud i'r ddweud i ddweud i'r ddweud, a'r cymdeithio i'r llunio beti amsau â fynd i'u drosio'r nyfsawol, a'r ddweud i'n eu ddweud, i ddweud i yr ddweud yng nghalaeth yn dengau i ddweud o hyblir cymdeithio ddaeth cymryd ac yn eu ddweud i'r ddweud. Mira wedi byw i'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud, ddweud i'r ddweud i y ddweud i'r ddweud i'u bolthym, ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ffwyllt Farwyll, Ymgyrch i'r amnistio hi, a dyna unig yng Nghymru Cymru, mae'n projech yw'r ysgolwydau gwiaithio a'r iawn i gyfnod o'r fwyfyn yn y bydd. Mhira yw'r rhaglenu Llywodraeth Brydysgawr yw ddwylo yn ffilm sydd ar y bydd yma, ac mae'n ymddir yw'r rhaglenu Brydysgawr yw'r rhaglenu Brydysgawr yn ffilm. Ond mae'n rhaid i'r rhaglenu Brydysgawr, Gweithio Llywodraeth Gweithio, ac mae'n rhaid i'r rhaglenu Brydysgawr yn Ysgolwyd. The comedy was about the way the British Asians saw themselves, pretending to be British when they were the Coupers or the Coupours, characters in the extended Asian family and send-ups of the non-Asian British, all of whom were readily understandable to all, creating a voice for British Asians in contexts where they had not been heard before. The sketches have skipped into the Punjabi kangaroo, the competitive mothers, how big is his dunder, Mr Everything of Indian, and one of my favourites, Smita Smitten, Shobith Kitten, are still fresh today. Now I have to be very careful here myself because I can't try and do comedy when I'm in this kind of league at all myself, but I want to mention some of the catchphrases of the much-loved characters, a part of everyday life. And they put English, the mixture of Hindi in English, or perhaps Punjish, the mixture of Punjabi in English in the OED, including words such as chadith, underpants. I never thought I'd get to say that at graduation, and in the catchphrase, kiss my chuddies, which has become everyday speech. But it took people a while to realise that the granny in the commas at 42 was Mira. Her disruptive influence on her family was a source of great humour, not least because a series of celebrity guests looked a little unnerved by the unpredictability of the show. Mira's novels, Anita and Me, about growing up Punjabi in the black country and wanting to be English, is now taught at GCSE as a set text and has been adapted into a film, while her life isn't all ha ha he he, about life for 30 something women in London today, was made into a BBC drama with Mira acting in it. Mira's career, though, began in theatre, and her many critically acclaimed performances include Rafta Rafta at the National Theatre. She has broken so many barriers, notably the restrictions of playing a British Asian. It's astounding that even today there are few roles in mainstream theatre for British Asian actors. But Mira has also acted in roles which were not written for British Asians but which now seem as though they were. Shirley Valentine and Beatrice in the RFC's Much Ado About Nothing are both very much her roles. Mira is an ideal person to welcome to the Sowers community, where she will inspire our students and others to step beyond what the world expects of them to pursue their own dreams and ambitions. For all her talents and international acclaim, Mira has kept her feet firmly on the ground. She's been a great supporter of Sowers and has spoken on occasions to our students and to our alumni. She's an inspiration to us as someone who has refused to accept limits others have tried to impose on her. Perhaps some of you are too young to know that Mira grew up in a Britain where abusive and casual racism were commonplace, but now she's very much part of the new Britain and she commands respect from all whatever their backgrounds. She has changed forever the way people see British Asians and is a role model for them and for non-British Asian women. Whatever your colour is in Britain today she has become a model. Mira is what we could call in Hindi an Anmol Ratan, a priceless jewel or in English we might call her a national treasure. It is my privilege now Chairman to present to you Mira Thial for the award of Dilit and I invite her to address this assembly. Thank you very, very much. I'm very honoured to be here. Thank you Chairman, honoured guests, honoured staff, graduands and very proud parents and thank you very much Rachel for that flattering citation. It did feel a bit like this is your life but with that loads of people turning up that you never really want to see again. It's always a bit strange to hear your life and career encapsulated in one break next speech firstly because it makes you feel very old and extremely tired but mainly because it makes your life sound very neat as if there was some kind of plan or pattern to all the events described. When the truth of it is most of my life and career was really not planned at all, it still isn't. I've been lucky, I've been plucky, I don't mind getting my hands mucky when necessary but the rest of it has been the most interesting and ever changing journey and I realise as I get older and hopefully a little more wiser, I'm beginning to realise that really the journey is everything maybe because I was the first child of pioneering immigrants who had undergone the kind of epic events that you usually only read about in history books. My father for example went through the partition of India in 1947 and ended up in a refugee camp so because of all of that kind of background and history maybe I was born with some innate need to travel forward, explore boundaries, try and define who I was and what my place was in this country. Maybe it's because I grew up as a really goby outsider in a very small mining village or white we were literally the only Asians in the village and living up in that background made me question old attitudes and cozy conventions and always look for the humour in the most complicated or strange circumstances and you know I often wonder maybe if my parents hadn't emigrated what would I have done, what would my life have been, one of those sliding doors kind of moments. Probably I would have married a suitable boy back in India, someone sensible like a pharmacist or a businessman in import-export, produced a brace of strapping suns, taught happily in a local school, got fat and content and never had a moment thought about who I really was, where I really belonged because safe and settled people rarely do ask those questions which is why the best thing that my parents really could have done for me was to bring me here to a place where my identity became inextricably linked with my creativity where my differences made me find expression where the struggle never felt like pain because it was always at the end of the day material. As my poor parents and relatives well know, when you're a writer nothing is sacred, everything gets used and if you're not careful you too will end up in a sketch wearing a funny wig. So I do often go into schools and colleges and talk to students and I often get asked have I got any advice for those wanting to go into the creative arts or just wanting to make their mark in an increasingly competitive society and I say to them as I'm going to say to you there has never been any kind of grand master plan for world domination but there are maybe three things I might humbly throw into the pot. Firstly, and I am going to say it and it is a cliche but I believe it, follow your passion. I really don't think your job should be just something you clock in for each morning and long to escape each evening especially if you've got to do it for the next 45 years. Passion is the motor that will push you through the hard times and give you joy in the good times and most importantly give your journey meaning. A life without purpose goes very, very slowly. Secondly, humour will open more doors than ambitious aggression ever will. Goodness gracious me did more for race relations than a thousand political speeches and most importantly as Rachel said put chuddies in the Oxford English Dictionary which means that you can spell it in Scrabble.  I have learnt so much from working with New Amazing Women's Project and because this is all a journey I know there will be so much more to discover in the future. The honour that you've given me today will certainly make my travels a lot more lightfooted and may I wish everyone graduating today a passionate journey into their futures and thank you for this huge honour. Finally I can tell my parents I'm a doctor.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with 2021 Tops Archive Zincure Series baseball active player edition second half of the case It's a random player break number sweet 16. We sold 19 spots and everyone gets seven players from the list below so Let's Multiply that by seven. There's one already two three four five six and Seven and there's all the players right there All right, let's roll it. Let's randomize it four and a four eight times four names and players heart eight one two three four five six seven and Eighth and final time after eight. We got Edwin down to Daniel. All right four and a four eight times four the players one two three four five six Seven and eight and final time After eight we got Yelich all the way down to Raphael Devers All right, so I'm just gonna show you the list as is and Then we'll alphabetize by your first name so we can group all of your players together Just want to get this on on wax as they say on the video On tape a lot of players here. Now. Let's sort by column a by your first names So Andrea with last spot mojo star next to your name There are your group of players Andy Barry Daniel Daniel H Daniel K Edwin Hank Kevin Matthew Michael Nicholas PJ He's got a lot of players here and PJ all the way down to from Patrick Corbin all the way down to Christian Walker All right, and here is the second half Or the 10 boxes right there second half of that case that we popped open I'm going to pause the video when we come back. We're going to see if there's any trades And uh, then we'll have the break stick around BRB All right, welcome back folks. No trades so that list you saw on the previous screen remains the same Let's start popping these open. Let's see what we got One encased buyback autograph for box. There could be rare dual autograph cards See if we can find those they're active player editions. They'll be a randomizer, of course All right first one out of the gate is Lance McCullers jr. One of one Out of fives and under to get the world famous train whistle And that's going to be for Scroll down to the L's lance Kevin crouch Kevin All aboard the big hit express Nice start. We got Dan Vogelbach is next 28 out of 70 and Daniel is going to go to Andy the suzer seven out of 77 Christian Walker all all encased the archived sticker up there Christian Walker for For PJ. We've got Dylan cease another one of one See the number stamped right there There you go. Dylan cease will be for Daniel Hayes Daniel All aboard the big hit express One of one hot hot case here hot half. Let's see what we got On this side is out of 99. That's Jorge Polanco. See his autograph right at his knees there 46 out of 99 Daniel Katz with the Jorge Polanco Yasmine Grandal Four out of 99 the Yasmine autograph We'll head off to Matthew Hedges We got Colton Wong 20 out of 34 This autograph is kind of hard to see against the background there, but it's there 20 out of 34 Colton Wong We'll head off to We'll go to Hank Dodgers at Nationals. This is the audio in the background Scoreless top of the fourth is Aaron Hicks 11 out of 99. All right, Aaron Hicks That is four. That's for Hank as well Two more to go It's gonna be Logan Allen 12 out of 37 Logan Allen four Logan Allen's gonna go to Daniel Hayes And last but not least it's Mark Kana 27 out of 52 There's autograph right there in the middle of the card And the lighting of the sunshine kind of makes this a little bit darker than it is, but Got the autograph right in the middle Mark Kana is gonna go to Daniel. Thanks, Daniel And thank you everybody for getting in. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one