Like some of the other speakers this morning, there was a small indel that occurred as I was coming down on the plane last night, and I'm not going to tell you about how de novo variants inform clinical phenotypes, but ask can they? And I'm going to take a basic science approach to this as is appropriate for this particular part of the day's meetings. So I'm going to tell you a little bit about critical congenital heart disease following up on the lovely talk we just heard. This is a very important problem that occurs in lots and lots of children around the United States and indeed the world. One percent of children are born with a heart malformation, and in fact, nine percent of those heart malformations are profoundly severe and require an intervention on the first year of life, what we deem as critical congenital heart disease. Now, until about 40 years ago, these children all died, and frankly, their healthcare long-term issues became a moot point because of their very shortened survival. But with increased improvement in interventions, we now know that this is the largest growing cardiovascular population, in particular among the young. As you can see, now one in .45 of 1,000 children has a repaired congenital malformation, a severely congenital malformation, and their mean age is 17 years. So these children are beginning to enter reproductive periods of life. When we think about the causes of these disorders, we've known about all sorts of acquired causes, rubella, toxins, et cetera, but there has been a recognition that in Western countries, especially in the U.S., these are unlikely etiologies for these devastating malformations. And moreover, as a challenge to the geneticists, as you can see, their pedigrees are really quite simple, perfectly normal mom and dad, and then whammo a child with some of these very profound malformations. Moreover, we know that about 11 percent of these children, after excluding anyone with a previously defined syndromic disorder, still has another congenital anomaly. And one of the most devastating issues is that even after we repair these babies' hearts, that the prognosis of these children is unfortunately very much compromised by lots of other associated lifelong issues, in particular neurodevelopmental delays. And the severity of the congenital heart disease correlates with the severity of the NDD, something that is obviously implies that these two features may be linked. The flip side of that is we've all recognized as during embryogenesis these children have less oxygenation, less potential supply of nutrients, and in the postnatal stages, they're enormously stressed with the interventions and surgical procedures that are performed to help them to survive. And so NHLBI took the lead on this devastating problem and put together a consortium to try and address severe forms of congenital heart disease. And as you would assume from the talk we've been talking, we've been discussing today, one of the hypothesis is that these were de novo mutations, that these were likely damaging mutations, and in fact that these could be identified by whole exome sequencing. And so we've put together now 10,000 children with a range of malformations. I'm going to tell you about the analysis of about 1,200 with severe congenital heart malformations. Again, we've excluded children who were recognized to have an overt syndrome. They are unaffected, their parents are unaffected, and they have no family history of disease. And the model was that we in fact would find a de novo mutation by whole exome sequencing of the entire TRIO. In addition to actually looking at whether a variant was discovered, we wanted to interpret whether in fact these variants might be meaningful using the most robust bioinformatic platforms available. And so what we did is we capitalized on some of the information that's been emerging in terms of how likely is one nucleotide to change in the context of how deeply the sequence was obtained, in the context of the flanking sequences around that particular variant, and in terms of whether that variant might be meaningful based on the divergence scores between related species and whether that was a conserved variant, sorry, a conserved residue and a conserved amino acid. And then as well, to further extend the work that was published by Mark Daley and his postdoctoral fellow, Caitlin Simochew, we've actually included some bioinformatic predictions of missense variants to identify those that might in fact be pathologic. Now these are expectation models, and so we wanted to have a control population in which we put through the same platform, and we capitalized on the Simon-Simplex collection of TRIOs. In fact they were quads in which a child with autism spectrum disorder and their unaffected sibling has been recruited. We therefore harnessed whole exome sequencing on the unaffected parents and the unaffected child as if you will attest to whether these bioinformatic platforms were useful. So this is what we found from these analyses of 1,200 congenital heart disease TRIOs and the 900 healthy, if you will, children of healthy parents. And what you can see is that as the model predicts that there's zenoval mutations in every one of us. I like to tell my friends that this is the best evidence I know that evolution does occur. It occurs in real time in each couple that has a child. And suffice it to say that when we take these variants and we then parse them to see if in fact they are predicted to be damaging, we see an enrichment in the children with congenital heart disease as compared to the controls and the same to with loss of function. If we combine those deleterious missense and loss of function into a junction that we call damaging mutations, we see an enrichment. Now this is genome-wide, but we know congenital heart disease affects the heart. And so if we do that same analysis and now only focus on genes that are highly expressed in the heart, the enrichment becomes very strikingly impressive, in my opinion. It doesn't occur in our controlled population. And if we did the same analysis, restricting the analysis to genes that are expressed in the lower quadrant of all transcripts expressed in the developing heart, we don't see this enrichment. So that tells us a couple of things. First, you look where the money is. If you have heart disease, you want something that's expressed in the heart, and you're probably going to do better when you concentrate on those genes that are very, very significantly expressed. So what is the evidence that these might in fact be pathogenic? So 21 of the genes had recurrent damaging mutations, and it was gratifying to see that some of these in fact are known CHD genes and disappointing that some of these in fact are syndromic genes. And that again reflects the fact that when you have a newborn infant, recognizing the child with noon and syndrome can be very, very difficult. That being said, we also identified some variants in genes that were not recognized to be implicated in congenital heart disease before. And one of the questions is, is this pathologic? Well, it's rather impressive that this occurred in three children and in none of our controls. Moreover, we had done exome sequencing in another code or horrid of children and looked at copy number variants using exome sequence data. And we had identified a substantial copy number variant that also deleted one copy of RBFOX2. And interestingly, all four of these children had exactly the same clinical phenotype. Something that I would suggest is highly unlikely to occur by chance. They all have hypoplastic left ventricular heart syndrome. And as you can see here, there's virtually no ventricular chamber on this schematic from the CDC. Moreover, RBFOX2, some of you may know, is an RNA binding protein that's important and has been hypothesized to be critical for alternative splicing, in particular in development. And so with that piece of information, we then asked, what are the targets of this molecule? And when we looked at those targets, we saw an enrichment of damaging mutations in the target of RBFOX genes that also were in the same cohort with congenital heart disease. So a lot of basic information that these are likely to be contributing to disease. But then we felt it was important to go back and really consider clinical phenotype. And I told you that often these children have not only a heart malformation but something else as well. And when we looked at who carried these damaging mutations, what we found is that there wasn't enrichment in the cohort overall, but it was strikingly increased if the child had an additional abnormality. And as you can see, parts in these right bars, if they in particular had an abnormality that involved just neurocognitive abnormalities, neurocognitive delays, rather. And I will remind you that because these were newborns when we recruited them that we could only restrict those analyses to children who were over 18 months of age and who had neurodevelopmental phenotypes. But we had about a third who could be classified, a third in whom we were certain did not have MDD and a third who were just too young to call. And when we only looked at those in who we could definitively look at their other abnormalities, be it in neurocognitive function or malformation, the enrichment was highest in those kids with both. So why is that? Well, if you look at the developing transcriptomes in the heart and the brain of a mouse, you can see, and it's hard to project, I apologize, but there's a smattering of gray dots across this graph which represents all of the genes of expression. In the top-core trial of expression in both the brain and heart, there's significant overlap of these genes. And the blue dots here represent those genes that are mutated in our children with congenital heart disease and as well are previously recognized to be mutated in children with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The size of the dots reflects how often that gene was repetitively hit in the purple hue. Moreover, when we then took our children and said if we looked at genes known to be implicated in neurodevelopmental abnormalities and highly expressed in both the heart and the brain, we can see again that the children who have these neurodevelopmental abnormalities are increased in comparison to those without neurodevelopmental deficits, suggesting that there is a genetic link between these two clinical phenotypes. Okay, so what does this tell us? Well, if you then go back and do a bit more bioinformatics, not surprisingly, you take all of the mutated genes and congenital heart disease, you put them through David and the like, and you'll find that neurodevelopmental is one of the hits of the pathways that are activated. So two, cardiovascular development, again, not a very big surprise. But perhaps the most surprising was that we also had significant enrichment in pathways involved in chromatin modification. And this is where things began to all make sense. Clearly these are molecules that are critical for regulating transcription at the most primordial stage and are involved in morphogenesis of virtually every organ in our whole body. And yet this is exactly where the vast majority of these mutations were identified in the genes in children with both NDD and congenital heart disease. So what's the evidence when you find this in a cohort study that these are pathogenic and not just a variant of unknown significance? Well, from a pragmatic point of view, it's unlikely to have a chance occurrence of de novo recurrent mutations in genes that are genes and residues that are constrained across evolutionary principles and the co-occurrence of severe critical congenital heart disease. We also know that when we look at these, they're highly expressed in the tissues where the malformations arise. They might explain the unexpected phenotypes that we also observed in these children, namely extracardiac anomalies and as well as neurodevelopmental delays. And as well, when we see recurrent hits in the same genes and those children have like phenotypes, I think that adds to the supposition that these are probably pathogenic. Moreover, from a pathway analysis, when we take these proteins and we see that they are de novo mutations and ask do they function in the like pathway they do, indeed it's a very appealing faction observation to me that these chromatin modifying genes now link de novo mutations that cause these heart malformations with the very rare cases of familial congenital heart disease because these turn out to be mutations in cardiac transcription factor genes. I think that this also alludes to the fact that the ability to modify these phenotypes may reflect variations in many of the different molecules that participate in these broad translational and transcriptional pathways. What's the evidence that they're not pathogenic or that they don't fully account for all of these phenotypes? I think it's important to look in the flip side of that coin and I point out to you that of the 69 genes that carried 85 mutations in children with congenital heart disease or in children with neurodevelopmental deficits, the vast majority of these children in particular with NDD did not have severe congenital heart disease. That's not a phenotype you're going to miss when you're evaluating a child with autism spectrum disorder, for example. So too, not all of the children who carried these mutations and had congenital heart disease have any evidence of neurocognitive abnormalities. And so I think that we have to recognize that these mutations are not predictive of the full spectrum of phenotypes that can arise. And I would suggest to you, we've actually known that for a long time. This is a child with Holt-Orham syndrome and this is a Mendelian mutation in the TBX5 gene and we still to this day don't understand about the profound asymmetry of the limb malformations that most Holt-Orham patients exist. And yet we'd like to believe that this child's background genotype is all uniform across all organ systems. So the final thing I want to point out is it's important to recognize given these complexities, can we identify de novo mutation that is actually diagnostic in a single person? And I would suggest to you that that is to me a great challenge and something that we have to be very, very prudent in terms of putting on a patient's chart. Because if you give a parent the identification from clinical treatment that a child has a severe heart malformations and then also predict neurodevelopmental abnormalities that will ensue perhaps lifelong, the ramifications of that association are very, very profound and personal. So how do we get a better handle on it? And I'm going to transition a little bit in terms of the next session after lunch. One of the things that we've been interested in is whether we could build better models to understand the consequences of these mutations. And so we've been doing developmental transcriptional analysis at the single cell level in the mouse heart beginning at E9.5. And suffice it to say it's not sufficient to know that a gene is expressed in the heart. It's important to know at which time it is expressed. So in atrial genes, the blue represents genes that are off. Over time, these atrial genes turn to be, some turn to be turned on. Some are highly on early in development and are reduced later on. And some are increasing all throughout development. So too in ventricular cardiomyocytes, we see waves of development with gene transcriptions from E9.5 in deep purple to the lavender color here at 14.5 and again at P0. But there still is evolution into P21. 21 days after birth, the transcriptome is still continuing to evolve. And so when we think about new models using this information, we'd like to believe that we could begin to incorporate things like IPS cells, which are human. They're not models of a different system. They are derived from patients or are isogenic, which is what we tend to use into the lab. And as all of you know, we can now introduce these mutations. It's easy to say that we have to do a lot to make these begin to look like adult cardiomyocytes. But we now have the capacity to not only have them look morphologically the same, but we can measure force and contraction in a dish. That being said, when we look at the genetic consequences, the transcriptional changes in response to these mutations, we see vast changes in each and every mutation. I won't spend any time about this except to point out one feature. These model systems are a new way to interrogate different mutations in the same gene. I pull your attention to a KDM5 loss of function mutation in a heterozygous state. We've produced that in an IPS cell and turned it into a cardiomyocyte and in a missense mutation in the same gene. And the congruence of transcriptional changes are exactly the same. So while this is all well and good, it's not necessarily going to be the answer for the best model system. This is a linear representation of the transcriptional changes that occur from E9.5 over time. And when you look at mouse cardiomyocytes differentiated from IPS cells or human IPS cell derived cardiomyocytes, we see that these only make it to the very middle stages of embryogenesis. And so they are not going to, in my opinion at this time at least, be a good model for adult onset diseases. Moreover, when we do the same kind of experiment in a mouse that carries a definitive mutation in NKX2.5, which we know is a cause of congenital heart disease, we can see that the mouse cells have a delay in the maturation of their transcriptional profile at E9.5, but slowly over time it catches up. And so cells, alas, are not going to provide, I think, a definitive answer of what is the pathogenic mutation or whether, in fact, over time there can be resolution of the phenotype that may contribute to the human diversity that we, that I've tried to tell you about. So I've tried to tell you a lot about how we use de novo interpretation to inform our insights about new disease genes, and also as well how we can begin to use new strategies to interrogate these. But I would, again, end by telling you it's a long way to take that information in terms of saying that this functional annotation will tell you the outcome of this particular patient. And I'll stop there. Okay. Thank you. Questions? Yes. Sorry. That was great. I wanted to ask you for the de novo mutations that you identified in the CHD cohort. How much overlap is there between a particular gene and the phenotype? So you know, you have all different phenotypes in that collection of patients, and you identified these high-impact variants. So I'm just wondering how much overlap is there in terms of phenotype overall between all the different variants that were recovered? So the one gene that I showed you, the Arbifox mutation that all causes hypoplastic love heart syndrome in four children, that is the only close correlation that we've seen in all of the other mutations, de novo mutations that we've identified. The range of malformations range from conotrunkle to outflow tract obstruction to some of the hetero-taxis. This hetero-taxis are probably with more enrichment of that cohort, possibly defining a genotype-phenotype correlation, largely I suspect because those are recessive mutations. But for the most part, we are seeing no precise correlation. And that speaks to the complexity of these pathways. It isn't just a mutation in one gene, it's the interaction of that mutant protein with the surrounding molecules that are going to modify transcription and translation, I think. So just a comment. So I think, so I really appreciated that you went back and forth and tried to caution, yes, you won't always see these things fully associated, not fully penetrant. But we ran a study for the sequencing centers to look at, across bio-view, just a polygenic predictor of autism, so what other phenotypes would be associated. So people can think about what kinds of phenotypes you wouldn't want to use in controls. And congestive heart failure is the first medical conditions that are associated with autism across bio-view. So I think the possibility that there's more overlap in these genes is a really interesting one. Because these, as the kids age, they'll be at higher risk for cardiac phenotypes potentially because of some of the overlap to the congenital heart defects. I would agree with you, Nancy. I would also say that the highest pickup rate of mutation was not just with NDD, but NDD with any of their morphologic phenotype, an ear, an arm, a spleen. So what that says to me is that there are going to be broad developmental pathways that can be perturbed, but the nuance of which one is perturbed is yet really to be understood at a single-person level. So, Cricket, I was curious about the really elegant work that you did in cardiomyocytes, IPS-derived. Is similar work going on in neurologic cells, which obviously, there isn't as nice a phenotype that you can characterize, but is that work going on, too? Very, very much so. And in fact, I think this is something where scientific groups need to collaborate because we would love to have these same cells differentiated into neuronal cells and understand what are the consequences there and what we can learn from that. I would also say that one of the remarkable progresses of IPS-derived, any differentiated cell type is that it's human. But the barrier of not getting it into an adult state is problematic. Part one. And part two, it is a pure culture. The ability of cells to catch up, in my opinion, may as much reflect the cells that are surrounding that cell as compared to the intrinsic cell machinery and mutations that that particular cell burdens. So, more to do. Okay. Yes. So, we can just open it up for discussion. I think I could go, yeah.


Welcome back. We have provided a proof of the Carnot theorem. That is not the only way to prove Carnot theorem. We have adjusted the working of the two engines that worked between the same T1 and T2 such that Q1 equals Q1r. You could have started by assuming Q2 equals Q2r or third option is assume W equals WR. You will take three different algebraic roots. However, whichever root you take while assuming eta is greater than eta r, you should be able to come to the conclusion that we can set up some entity, a one T heat engine for a refrigerator without work input which violates the second law of thermodynamics. I will leave this to you to try it for yourself. Now, what we have done is we have proven the Carnot theorem for engines, but there is also a Carnot theorem or what we call a Carnot theorem for refrigerators. Let us understand what it means. Again, let us assume that we have two reservoirs, one at temperature T1, another at temperature T2 such that thermodynamically T1 is greater than T2. And now instead of comparing engines, let us say we have a refrigerator r and we have a reversible refrigerator. Let me call it rr. This refrigerator absorbs it Q2 from the low temperature reservoir, rejects heat Q1 to the high temperature reservoir and absorbs work W. The reversible refrigerator absorbs Q2 r from the low temperature reservoir, rejects Q1 r to the high temperature reservoir and absorbs work equal to W r. For our refrigerator, the COP is defined as the heat absorb divided by the work required to run the refrigerator. That will be Q2 pi W. For the reversible refrigerator, we will have a COP for the reversible refrigerator equal to Q2 r by W r. The Carnot theorem for refrigerator claims that the COP of any refrigerator must be less than or at most equal to the COP of a reversible refrigerator working between the same two fixed temperatures T1 and T2. We can prove this exactly in a similar manner that we used for proving the Carnot theorem or the Carnot theorem for engines. You should be able to do it yourself. So, I will leave this to you to do as your homework. It is not difficult at all. I recommend that all of you try to do it. Thank you.


Now that we're dealing with an additional degree of freedom, we've now got latitude to deal with. We'll have to do a little bit of geometry. We have to take into account the geometry of Earth's tilt and the variation in incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere as a function of latitude. So all those calculations, the geometry and the distribution of insulation as a function of latitude is calculated in some subroutines, and that is incorporated, of course, into our solution of the one-dimensional energy balance model. So let's actually run that model. It's simply run by me executing the command one dim ebm, one-dimensional energy balance model. Okay, and what it's done, first of all, it calculates the insulation at the top of the atmosphere as a function of latitude, where we, of course, have very high values of solar insulation near the equator, very low values near the pole. And it is now varying the solar constant. We're describing that through a solar multiplier. So it varies the solar constant from 40% larger than its current value, a multiplier of 1.4, all the way to 40% lower than its current value, a multiplier of 0.6, and a multiplier of 1 is the current value of the solar constant. What the red curve shows is what happens to the temperature of the Earth, the average temperature of the Earth, which is constructed by averaging over all the latitude bands, each of which has its own temperature, as you lower the solar constant from a value that's 40% larger than it is today to, let's say, the current day value. By the time you decrease the solar multiplier to the current day value, you get a temperature somewhere in the range of 15 degrees Celsius or so, which we know is, in fact, a pretty reasonable estimate of the average temperature of the Earth. And as we decrease it further, the temperature, of course, decreases, but something very interesting happens. Suddenly, we reach a critical point where the temperature drops quite rapidly. To well below freezing and, of course, continues to drop further as we lower the solar multiplier further. What's happening here is as Earth temperature is getting colder and colder, the latitude zones that are occupied by ice are spreading further and further towards the equator until eventually we reach a point where the entire Earth becomes covered with ice and the albedo plummets dramatically. Sorry, the albedo increases dramatically in Earth's temperature, therefore plummets dramatically. Now we have an ice-covered Earth. As we continue to lower the solar constant, it, of course, continues to cool, but the ice cover isn't changing. We have a frozen Earth. Now what happens if we instead start out with a solar constant that is 40% below the current value and continue to increase it? Well, that's what's shown by the blue curve. And something very interesting happens. As you start with a frozen ice-covered Earth, solar constant 40% lower than today. It, of course, warms as we increase the solar multiplier, but it's still ice-covered, it's still ice-covered, it's still ice-covered, and it actually remains ice-covered and the temperature remains very low. The average temperature of the Earth remains well below zero, all the way until we reach a solar constant of 30% larger than today. At that point, we now suddenly begin to melt away the ice fairly rapidly, and as soon as we do that, Earth's temperature increases very rapidly. Now we have an ice-free Earth and we're back where we begun, and if we increase the solar multiplier to 1.4, we are precisely where we started out.


Oh, what was your favorite moment in Alaska? Yeah, yeah, what was your favorite moment? No, no, no, he's asking, they're asking you. You're asking me? Okay, so I don't know if you guys know about this, but we got engaged in Alaska, so obviously that's my favorite moment. Damn straight. Okay, so outside of being engaged in Alaska, what was your favorite moment? Almost dying in the car on the highway. I'm joking. I think the HIT was really cool. There were a lot of really neat things, like Alaska had a lot to offer. I'm sure I didn't want to steal your thunder with yours, but I thought the Harding Eyes Field Trail was great. And just going through like the different stages of that hike, all the way down to the bottom, seeing the front of the glacier, then moving up through, what was it, there was like the field of lilies or whatever it was. And then kind of up through that garden area, and then you got to like this void plain where it's like the glacier had been just scraping back the earth over the past couple hundred years. And it was just empty. It was just rocks. It was like being on the moon. And then getting to the top and seeing this just plain of ice. It's just something you would have never known. That was my, I was pumped up about that. It was mind-blowing. For me, I said congrats. Thank you, thank you. Yeah, the Harding Eyes Field, I can't compare it to anything that we have experienced before. So definitely it was really mind-blowing just to look at how much ice, and you just look at the ice field and to a point where I don't know where's the sky and where's the land and where's the ice. And it's just amazing. My favorite moment, wow, everything. Yeah, the Harding Eyes Field. If you guys, I mean, there is a video that I shared just about the whole trail. And then on the Harding Eyes Field Trail, we had our first very close bear encounter, like literally just steps away from where we were. And you will see if you go and watch that video. And I was so very scared. Not only was she scared, Habiba reverted to some like primordial bear training, where all of a sudden we realized there was a bear there. And she's like, start clapping, start singing bear. And we were having a ho-down for this bear. And meanwhile Habiba's like dancing and doing bear stuff. And like this like six-year-old kid's just like, I know, he just walks right by the bear. And I'm so, like it's not, it wasn't my first time seeing a bear ever. I saw the first one grizzly in Glacier National Park. But that was like, we were by our car and then we can see it right there. Right there. But this one we are hiking. And we are like in the heart, in the middle of the hike. And then the bear is just right there in the bush. And I'm just so very scared. And he's like quiet, we're making enough noise. And then there's this family behind us. I think mom and dad and then two teenagers and then the little guy. And I'm the only one who's making a scene out of everyone. I'm like, I'm waving at the family, I'm waving at the kids. And I'm like, what's wrong with her? We're over here. Please stay on the low end of this switchback. But it was so close. It was so close. I think that was one of our favorite moments in Alaska. There's definitely a moment where pulled like the bear sprouts. Like, okay, wow, we're like, it's there. It's preoccupied, but it's there. Ashraf Sabri. I can't see the... You had to hit the comments thing right there. Top chat, some messages. Live chat, live chat. I am Hasnah. Hasnah, Ashraf Sabri. Hello, Bint Bladi. I'm from Safi and I live in New Mexico. Is that NM? New Mexico? Live chat. Hasnah. And yeah, nice meeting you, Hasnah. Nice having you here. I'm trying to think... Bint Bladi, if she were from the same country. There were some other less hiking related exciting moments. We were the moment where we were driving the car.  We had a bear spray. And Habiba was primed and ready for this bear that we encountered on the Harding Icefield Trail. And she took the safety off of her bear spray. And she didn't put it back on. So we put it in the car and it set it down on the back of the car. And we made a turn rolling around. It must have hit the side like just spray it some out. And we start coughing and dying right... In the car like... Did we hit coronavirus in the past 20 seconds? Like what happened? Because it was like in the beginning of the pandemic. When our beginning was in July. And then we just like hit a turn and then we're choking. We're literally choking. And I'm like, oh my God, did corona just hit us out of nowhere? I was like, that can't be possible. But we figured it out after a bit. But we definitely had some laughs at the fact that it was strange. Yeah, so when we did the hard turn, just the bear spray sprayed and then we almost choked. But that was actually a good experience because we learned that it's really effective. It works because we were coughing, coughing so hard. Especially if you get mugged, I mean by a person, you know. If you get mugged by a bear, I guess that's also something to talk about. Yeah. Mark Nelson, any thoughts of trekking on East Coast's Smoky Mountains? So I've wanted to do the East Coast for a while. Originally from back there. But the Appalachian Trail had a lot of appeal to me earlier. Just because it's got a lot of connections to a lot of cities and towns. You don't get too far away from the world. As you may on the Pacific Creek Trail in some spots or in the Continental Divide Trail. I can't say I'd picked out the Smokies as anything. I think I was more excited about Pennsylvania where the Poconos were. But I don't know if you go through there on the AT. And then cotton stuff would be always fun at the top. I have actually a friend who invited me about two, three months ago and she was actually going to adventure in that area with her boyfriend. And they invited the two of us and I was like, oh, I really want to go. But I think we had something else going on. But we talked at some point. At least I've been thinking about, you know, because we're still working from home. Both of us are working from home. And I was just thinking what it would be like to just take a six months or four months road trip in the East Coast. Because there's so much to see up there. And I'm not very familiar with that area. I lived in Chicago for a little bit. I know that's not the far East Coast. But still, I feel like there's so much hiking to be done there. Maybe we, I don't know. Maybe in the future we can consider just, I would love to do a road trip. Just work from home or Airbnbs or camp or something like that. And then just see all of the states in that area. I think it would be some nice culture to get exposed to. All that to say, I don't think we've picked out anything with the Smoky mountains yet. We certainly have nothing against the Smoky mountains. And maybe we'll go look some stuff up here and be able to talk about it next time. I was looking for hikes. Awesome. I'm so happy to see that we have a lot of new friends here. Priyomf across America. Hi there. This is Raphael. I'm cycling across America. Ever considered bike packing? Dude, so this little wristband on me is Ride Idaho. My family loves to cycle. There's a lot of long state rides and such. So we did a bike ride around the upper peninsula of Michigan, just as our family over the course of six days. And we did Rack Bride a few times. And this is Ride Idaho. I think we had two Cat Ones on this one. You know, biking to the top of the ski slope and such. Habiba met my family on the bike ride, Rack Bride, across Iowa. It wasn't much of a cycle or until then. No, I actually, even when I was a kid back home, I didn't have a... I had the bicycle when I was a kid, but growing up, I didn't have a bike. I didn't bike to go to school and stuff like that. So I wasn't comfortable riding and sharing the road. And then when I met Alex, he was like, oh, actually no. So he tricked me into this. When we met for my birthday, for my first birthday when we were together, he said, I'm going to get you a gift. I got her a gift. So he got me a gift and I was like, what is this gift? So he got me a bicycle and I was like, oh boy, this is not going to go so well. So I didn't know his intentions. He got me a bike. It was a nice, fancy bike. And I was like, oh my God, this guy, he must be crazy. He's putting so much money into this bike. He's a giant avail. So I was like, whatever. Because to me, I never had a bike. I didn't even know how much a bike cost. But anyway, so he got me the bike and then later on he said, well, now it's time to meet my family. I'm going to introduce you to my family. It's like, yeah, that would be so lovely. So it turned out the way he wanted to introduce me to his family is by riding across the states of Iowa. And that's like 400 miles? 460. If you do the 70 miles over seven days. If you do the carousel, which is 485 or something. So it was a long bike ride. And I'm like, oh my God, I don't know if I can do this because, you know, it's not easy. But we did it. And we bike across Iowa. Yeah. After I bought her the pedals where I have to clip in, she realized things were getting serious. And that's when she realized I really bought that bike for me. Yeah, I know. So Rafael, I feel like we talked much about ourselves here. But good for you for biking across the country. I think it's such a great achievement. And we certainly wouldn't think about it. Don't get me wrong. We don't have to get bigger seats. I think I ride on like a bomb guard. I remember the name of the seats, but they're pretty thin. We probably need to get a couple of different setups with some peneers if we wanted to do real long-term biking like that. Yeah. But it's a great way to see a lot of, like to cover a lot of miles. So certainly not against it. That seems like that would be a blast. Yeah, so we bike a little bit. The last bike ride that we did, we biked in the Petrified Forest National Park here in Arizona. So it was a really nice bike ride. We biked from south to north and then north to south. It was around 50 miles. We did it in one day.  I would love to do more biking. I don't really like sharing the road. The organized ride in Iowa was nice because there are like thousands of riders with you. But when I have to dodge my way through with cars and then clip to the bicycle, I'm still not super comfortable with it. Yeah, I've been biking for a while. He's the biker. He's fast. He's more comfortable on the bike than I am. So who's that just said hello to us there, by the way? So we have so many messages.  We have so many people today. So that's... Okay, so Ashraf Sabriyes. Formats. Definitely check out NC. North Carolina, right? Yeah, and then Ashraf Mitu. Northern New York next on our list. Mark Nelson, Maine and Northern New York next on our list. Sun is stationed at Fort Drum in New York. Beautiful country. New York's got a lot to offer. I remember, I grew up in Pennsylvania, and I remember thinking that I was impressed that for me, New York was just like right around the corner, even though it felt like Pennsylvania was such a big state. But New York's actually huge with that T-shape. You know, if you're over by the lakes and such, you might be able to shuffle through pretty quick from south to north, but New York's got a lot of hiking in it. We also heard that there's some good ice climbing up in upstate New York. Oh yeah. One of our friends, when we went ice climbing in Alaska, I mean the guide kind of became friends. Another good moment in Alaska.  So he told us that he's from New York, or he was living in New York before working in Alaska as an ice climbing guide. So he told us that he used to ice climb a lot in New York. What's up, Arnie? By the way, shout outs. Yeah. Okay, we have the word. Hi, I'm a Moroccan guy. How are you guys? We're doing good. We're doing so good. By the way, it's the end of Ramadan. Let's see. Triumph Across America. That's great. You guys are awesome. Love the content. Thank you so much. Appreciate it. I'm going to check. If you have a YouTube channel, I'm not sure Triumph Across America would love to see the bike ride and if you ever share anything about it. Yeah, I'd be curious how you deal with battery power and storage when you're on the road like that. You just put everything in the cloud if you're recording stuff, I guess. Yeah. But we've been debating for one of our longer upcoming trips. So we're going to Kilimanjaro in mid-August. And we debated taking our home NAS with us. We have a smaller one and we just bought a bigger one or whether we're just going to take just a really big solid state. But we just hate to run out of space while we're there or just make things so... Yeah, I'm just curious what you guys do for your storage solutions. Yeah, I'm going to keep the notes of your name and then just look up your... I think I'm Triumph the dog all the time, which is what I think. The word, are you visiting Morocco? Are you a Moroccan girl? Yeah, I was born and raised in Morocco. And I'm living here in Arizona. We are not visiting Morocco anytime soon. I was in Morocco in December. Just over Christmas holiday. I went there to see family. And then, yeah, so not anytime soon with the state of the word than with what we already have planned for today. Triumph, it's really hard to read because the sun is so strong. I take a lot of trips from you. I put something together. All right. Looking forward to see that. Yeah, so what was I saying? Morocco, Morocco, not anytime soon. I don't think, maybe next year. So, it would be nice to go to Morocco. I think it's not been to Morocco yet. Not yet. I can't even, I feel like it's a sin for me. I was excited with our trip. I'll stop talking about Kilimanjaro in a moment. But going to Kilimanjaro would be my first time in Africa. The first time I was south of the equator is when we went to Peru a little bit ago. But really, we were originally supposed to swing through Istanbul as well. I don't know if that's happening now. But it's going to be my first time in Asia as well. Or at least in... Well, Istanbul age, some of it is in Asia. Well, the thing, I forgot to share that. Actually, with our upcoming trip to Tanzania, we booked with the Turkish Airlines. They actually canceled the flight. So, right now we don't have a flight ticket. And we talked to them and basically said, we can give you a refund or you can wait until they reschedule the flight, which is not a guarantee. But I think at this point of time, we're just going to go ahead, get the refund and then book with someone else. These things are great tickets. And that's why we're thinking they're like, oh man, like business is booming again. We got to cancel, let it die for a month, because there's probably some expectation or some professional thing, and then they'll probably bring one back to life. Yeah, such a bummer especially, because I always fly... When I go to Morocco to see my family, I always fly with the Turkish Airlines and then there's a layover in Istanbul and they give you free hotel and you spend one night if you have the time you go out and explore. So I told Alex, oh my God, it would be really fun to spend one day or two in Istanbul, but then they just cancelled the whole thing. There are a lot of families and kids here, so you might hear stuff in the background. Yeah, I'm excited to go to Africa. I really am. But at the same time, there's just going to be so much culture that I've not... I've done a lot of European travel when I was younger and Iceland is one of the things of the effect of that. But as an adult though, it's a different perspective. And I'm sure I'll find Alaska to be quite entertaining. I think I didn't know about Turkish Airlines though and you'd said it. But apparently they'll give you free hotel if you have a layover that's anywhere more than 12 hours but less than 48 I think is the way that they said it. Yeah, they have a rule around that, yeah. So no more than two days or I guess max two nights, I'm guessing, of a hotel if you have a layover. But we were like, give us a layover. Yeah, we'll take a long one. We'll just cruise around the streets. And so there are like few airlines. We want to go with a good airline because right now with the pandemic, you at least want to know... And I think this is a tip if you're traveling probably. You want to make sure that the airline you're going with is reliable and has good standing so that if you have to cancel or you're stuck somewhere in the word they can back you up, you know. I'd love to get travel insurance for that too though. I'll double down on that. Yeah, so with travel insurance. So we didn't want to go just with some hobo airline. You made the point earlier too about like if they lose your bags and such too you want a good airline that has that infrastructure to find your stuff. Yeah, and the Turkish Airlines is one of the star alliance airlines and there are some of the best airlines in Europe. So that was the reason behind the choice. But yeah, Morocco, we would love to come and do some hiking in Morocco. Honestly, I've never... I've done... When I went back in 2018 I went up hiking in Northern Morocco but it would be nice to go and do some more hiking. I know that there are some fabulous mountains in Morocco. There is Mount Tupqal, the highest... swag. There's Mount Tupqal, the highest speaking... What's the highest speaking North Africa? Yeah, Tupqal. You said how many countries have we been to? I feel like the chat's going by faster. Yeah, what is your favorite... No, okay, so let's go one by one. How many countries you visited in your life? We both have different numbers there. Yeah, I honestly, I think that's one thing that people... A lot of people just by way of seeing that we make content about adventure travel... Okay, I'm going to talk about myself. So by way of... A lot of people see pictures and they see that you make content about adventure travel and they think that I'm a well-traveled person. I don't think I'm a very well-traveled person. I've only been to less than six countries and actually I can even count them. I've been to obviously Morocco, the US, Istanbul, Mexico, Peru, and that's it. So I've not been around many areas, many countries in the world and just started traveling around the US back in 2017, so... Yeah, I've done a lot of traveling when I was younger. So I've been to most of the states, or not most, but I'd say probably about 38. A lot of the Northeast, there's a lot of small ones that I just haven't snuck in, but we're going to get there. In terms of countries, though, again, I guess a lot of Europe stuff. There's this board that I bought in Romania outside of Dracula's Castle, and then obviously I've been up on the Eiffel Tower. Twice been to Louvre, been to UK. Our family got lost and separated in like Piccadilly Circus. Been to Iceland and traveled around there, and we did a lot of driving around Europe as well in order to get from a lot of these places. So when I was young, you know, we drove to Romania in that regard, so we swung. I know we took the ferry across from UK to Ireland, and we did that and kissed the Blarney Stone, and then I think that was a different trip, probably started in France. I don't remember. I was pretty young for some of those trips, so I guess I can't really recite them. I'd say I've probably been to somewhere about 25 countries, though, just because there's a couple that we've just touched on in good regards, though. But like I said, a lot of Europe and a lot of North America, obviously Mexico can't. I've been to Canada. Yeah, which is pretty nice. We talk always about what it's going to be like for Alex to go back to these countries as an adult and what is the experience going to be like? I'm excited most for Iceland, because they had like this crazy stuff. I could dip my hot dogs in this crazy ketchup mayo mixture thing. I was like, Iceland had some hot dogs. I remember that was my key takeaway. That in Pokemon Red. I had Pokemon Blue, actually. So what do you do in Iceland? I play Pokemon. Okay, next one. What is your favorite meal while out on the trail? Fair enough. So I'm going to answer two different ways then. If we're camping and you're talking about like backpackers, sort of meals and such like that. I usually like the lasagna. Where's that back house? Mountain house. Mountain house. I like their lasagna. I like their lasagna. Everybody likes the lasagna. I can't stand some of their other ones where it's like make potatoes and such where like I have to open the bag halfway through and like dump something else in this trailer. No, that's crazy. In terms of snack food on the trail, I'm content with cliff bars. I like trail mix because I usually find that if I'm hiking too long, I'll get the full spots. And we've started like in my eyes or such if I'm like moving around too much. And they say that's from like sweating out all that salt but not putting it back in. Yeah. So we started using the noon tablets. Yeah. I would say for me to give you a hard answer, I like cliff bars. They're my go-to. You can say they're glamorous, but I'm pretty much a functional person in that regard. Mixed with the noon tablets for hiking and then the backpackers or mountain house. I feel like I'm mixing two. Mountain house meal. I think you're mixing two brands. Mountain house and backpackers kitchen. Backpackers meal or whatever. Mountain house is the one I like the most. So next thing. Okay, for me, the snacks. I like, it just depends. So if we're going just for a day hike or like couple of hours hike to one of the mountains, I like taking fruits. I like taking some peach or some oranges or something like that. But then if we are going on long hikes, I like to snack on dried apricots and I like to snack on dried prunes. So prunes and apricots, I like the fact that they are still dry, but at the same time, they have some moisture in them still. I don't really like the usual nuts and stuff like that, but I like dried fruits and what else. And my, ooh, I like Pringles. I love Pringles. Oh, the cheddar cheese ones. Oh my God, the cheddar cheese Pringles. That's, when we're hiking, especially like long, stringy hikes, that's the only, that's my guilty pleasure. Oh, that Pringles feels so good. I tell you, here in New York State, I do like the peanut butter ones with chocolate. I will say Habiba's hidden snack. She likes those Gatorade, like goo tablets.  She's like, I don't know what I'm feeling like. Is the elevation getting to me? I think my heart's hurt. I just ate a whole pack of goo tablets. They're so good. And I'm aware of the fact that you shouldn't be consuming that much, but sometimes like, oh, that's so good. Just one more, just one more. Not the squeezy goo things, but they're like little like gummy tablets, like chewy fruit sort of things. Yeah. All right. Dinner time. All right. Take care, Mark, if that means heading out. Unless they're talking about us referring to dinner. Oh, no. Oh, one second. Yeah, we're good. Cool. So that's that. I see it now. Yes. So, yeah, that's meals. What time is it right now? It's 6.26 here. We're probably going to end up going to the food truck. Snack trucks. Yeah, I think that the po-boy wants probably going to speak your language. Yes. Or English. Which means all of your language. Cool. Cool. So yeah, that's that. So we, maybe, I don't know, I don't know what else to talk about, but we have made the reservation. Can we share with them the protocol? Of course, yeah. Okay, go ahead. So Habiba's been working more with some of my family, in this case my dad, to square away some of our practice hikes for Kilimanjaro. I'm going to go try the malaria pills and some dimox for you. They might make you a little queasy. But also to get some hiking as a family since we're a little separated right now. We're going to head to Pike's Peak in Colorado. I don't think you guys know that Alex is dead. Yeah, my dad. So we started bragging to our family that we were going and my dad jumped in and he's like, Well, I'll do that. I'm going. Definitely. I just came out of like three surgeries. He's the bionic man right now, which is great too, but putting in the effort. I'm excited. So excited. To do that with him. Yeah. It will be really neat. So Alex's dad is joining. And our friend Doug is coming with us. And our friend, I don't think you guys saw. I don't think. Yeah, one of our hikes, we had our friend Doug in there. I'm just trying to remember in which video we had Doug with us. He was in for like a brief moment in the ridgeline trail. The ridgeline trail. He ran ahead. Yeah. He just, he did his Doug thing. He hikes fast. Faster than me. Anyway. Anyway, so yeah, so it's going to be the two of us and then Alex is dead and our friend. And anyway, so I interrupted you. You were talking about Colorado. Oh, no, no. So yeah, we're going to go to Pike's Peak. I guess it's technically, are we doing three days that we're going to be there? We're going to get there the first day, hike six miles. Then the next day we're going to go up to the peak and back down and stay. Then the last day we'll hike out and then roll out. I think it's like 612-6 are the miles per day. So we have a long day in the middle but we're going to camp twice. Yeah. And that'll be a good thing for altitude, for change of altitude. And I remember when we did Humphreys peak the first time and we went, we live at about 1600 feet or so and Humphreys is 12,336 or 23 or something like that. The altitude really got to us when we got to the saddle. And I think this would be a good practice for us too, especially for some family and such for us to all see what it's like to do that again. It's going to be hard to acclimate for Kilimanjaro. You might do Colorado stuff a bit but I think really we're going to have to trust on the hike giving us a lot of the right profile to acclimatize. Yeah. So hopefully that's going to be a good train in hike, foam mat, jealous that you get to hike with family. All my family is like, no solo trips for me. Well, every time our family would come out here, mine would. We would take them on a hike and they started catching on. They were like, ooh, slow down. Yeah. Everyone's going to Camelback with us now. Yeah. I mean, with my family, no one is a hiker obviously. I didn't grow up a hiker either. So, yeah, I think when my mom came here, my mom came to visit me in the U.S. back in 2019, I think it was. So I took her to like a very, very easy hike in Papago Park. It's a beautiful scenic hike, but it's so easy. So she did that one. It was less than a mile, not even a mile to get to hold in the rock. Oh, I thought you were going to say hey mountain. So that was... Yeah, hold the rock. You walk around on the other side of a big mountain. It was really easy. So she did that one and my mom thought and the second one, I took her to a mountain near Arizona State University, which is, it's an easy hike still, but it goes all the way up to, you know, it's high up. So she was very afraid of heights, but she did it and I was trying to push her all the time. So my family's not the type that would hike anyway. And a mountain's pretty neat too because it's right in path with the airport here in Phoenix, which means if the planes are coming into one of the runways actually, they'll fly right over your head and sometimes they're no more than a couple hundred or above your head it feels like. Yeah. So that's usually pretty exciting too. I saw somebody ask where we met the first time.  Sorry. We met in Arizona for the first time. Yeah. Am I married to her? Maybe we will make a separate video or a live chat where we answer all of those personal questions. Yeah, yeah. As far as how we met, where we met, how are we related to each other by any means? I guess the first time we went to chop shop is actually where we went for... I'm getting off topic. Another video for that. We'll tell you about chop shop and all the fancy. What do you think about? Hood hood? Isn't that a bird? No, we live in a hook with content creations. Come back next time. Come back next time. Press like and subscribe in the next video or next week. No, I'm not trying to do that, but I'm not trying to get off topic either. Yeah, so that's that. What else? The big thing for us right now with our travels is insurance and just international travel or travel in general. Have you guys gotten any COVID vaccines? Oh. We're in a spot where... Let's talk about vaccines. Yeah, where we're split on that right now in terms of where we are right now. I have the vaccine. Hi, Mike. Hey, Mike. Good to see you again. I was wondering where you were. I have it. And I get the feeling it's going to be helpful when we're doing some traveling, but it seems like still a lot of places in Europe are shut down and we're trying to figure out with our travel insurance. We want to get it before we fix up our flights again. We might not be so lucky with the next one giving us stuff back or get partway through. So that's the stuff we're trying to figure out right now are just logistics and how they play with the status quo that COVID has brought around. You have both those? So much. You have both those with the vaccines. Good job. So the vaccine, Alex got... Are you comfortable sharing? Yeah, so he got both of his doses of vaccine. Thanks for being specific. I didn't get... I think I did. Whatever they put in me, they shot me in the arm place. I didn't get mine yet. So I'm going to... I don't want to start that conversation. You know, I feel like this is not going to go so well. I think... I think the vaccine is important, especially with travel. It's going to be necessary right now in the travel... in the travel world, there are even passports or travel passports that you will have to... to have with you to show that you got the vaccine and so on. So I think with the type of activities we want to do and traveling, international travel, I have to get the vaccine. It's just a question of time. So I'm working on it. I'm getting there. And it's weird to think about it. I'm like, you'd have to get it again in a year or something, right? Yeah. So... But I'm guessing it would kind of help after you've done it the first time, maybe that you just... maybe they got a booster at some point. But... Yeah. Either way, we got to hook up for some other stuff, too. We can't decide if we're going to travel to another country or not on our trip or not. And some of the countries in Tanzania require you to have just certain vaccines and some of the surrounding countries require a couple more. I think Yellow Fever is the one that we're juggling right now. So we got to figure out if we're going to get a couple more, but we're going to use passport health. If you guys have any recommendations as to... Good ways to get vaccines. Yeah. We've heard that GoodRx is a good place to go to get some discounts on a lot of prescription stuff like that or vaccines for that matter. We're not just talking about COVID vaccines. There are like a lot of the... Hepe, Hepe, Hepe... Playfoid. Typhoid. Malaria pills. They are pills and vaccines. A lot of things that we have to look into. I actually don't get excited when I start just thinking about all of the vaccines and pills that we need to acquire. It's not that I don't have like one of these giant horse pills that I got to stick up my nose in order to take it today. Which is funny. I want to show you guys this actually. The other day... Oops. I'm going to end this chat by mistake. Oh, don't do that. So the other day I was actually wearing this dress yesterday and Alex was like, what is this thing? So I don't know. Can you see it? I have a little scar right here. Wait, those are for powers. Can you see the scar? It's a little dot. Maybe if I put like... I know we're outside. Yeah, there's like... There's a little scar that I have right here and this scar... Alex was like, this is from vaccines when I was a kid. And it's not just me. I feel like every single Moroccan person that I know, they have a scar right here in the left arm. I don't know if they used an elephant shot to get us vaccinated, but pretty much every... like all of my family members, my siblings, everyone has a scar here. I was like, what? That's funny. Okay, so let's see... Okay, do you have any children? We don't have any children. Hike with Mike. I don't do any overseas travel, but I do go out into some dangerous areas to hike with many even animals and venomous animals. So through work, I get the helicopter rescue insurance. Oh, there you go. It's good to have. That is awesome. Especially with the canyoneering stuff that you do. I could definitely see that being helpful. Did you say canyoneering? Well, I remember Mike saying that I thought he did canyoneering back in the day. So that's really interesting. And who's that? FOMA? I was saying that you think you were wishing you turned into a superhero? You're on the fence? Yeah, I know. You were talking about a friend that you had that some works and such were requiring it for you to come back into certain offices and such, too. And I didn't know if the stigma matched up to the amount of things they could impose upon you. Some people picking not. I didn't really know how passionately people were about that yet, but it seems weird for companies to say that you must. Yet. But I'm guessing eventually maybe they could. Either way, I'm comfortable having got the vaccine. I don't feel any worries. Yeah. I just, sorry. I was still reading through FOMA's message. Yeah. I think I should just go for it. That's right. They put the microchips.  There you go. Exactly. Maybe I have a microchip. I'm just kidding. No, I think I just, I was kind of just waiting together. It's not about courage. I don't know. I'm just thinking about it. I will get there soon anyways. Oh, swamp hiker. I apologize, Mike. That's where they put the microchips. Yes, yes, it is. Nothing wrong with solo trips. Always remember when you are alone you are in good company. That's true. I'm a swamp hiker actually. I think solo hiking is the, it has its own It's a different type of experience, I'd say. Yeah. And I used to take city hikes. I never went out in the wilderness just by myself, just because I'm not comfortable. And we talked about, you know, it would take for me to go on a solo backpacking trip at some point, just by myself on a familiar trail. And Alex's grandpa saw my post on Facebook where I'm expressing that I want to do it solo. And he messaged Alex and said, no, no, it's not worth it. Don't let her do it. And I thought it was so sweet. I feel like with the lifeline stuff that you can get on all trails or just like personal GPS, that stuff's okay. A solo hike, but still depending on where you are and what areas of, areas of the world, or versus if you're urban or rural or out in the middle of nowhere versus city hike. So many things that go into play. How do you, Baron? I'm gonna butcher the name. I don't know how to say it. Unpurchase. In the 80s, in the U.S., they used to stick you with a time test. More between. What's a time test? For T.E., which I remember left a scar. I guess that's what they used on me. Oh, is that where they do the little... No, I remember there's one. No, I guess I'm thinking more of like a glucose thing, but it looks like they literally just pulled up some of your skin and just took like a little snip off is what it looks like. But it looks more like a puncture. I have no idea. I'm really enjoying this chat. I was telling Alex that I, we missed the last Thursday because I was not feeling well and then this one, we were late. So I'm so happy that we got so many of our YouTube friends here. So happy to chat with all of you guys. You are awesome. The good thing about being recluse like me is you never have to worry about peer pressure. Yes, especially when your peer want to run up the mountain and doesn't want to take pictures and videos. Hey, just sometimes I want to work out and other times I don't mind the photo stuff, too. But we ran up Camelback a little while back and by we, I mean... You. So it wasn't much of a run. It's steep enough. I see these people running on the trail and I get it if you're running like up a thousand feet over a bunch of miles and such, but there are some spots in these trails that are so steep. I see these people running and jogging and doing everything. I'm just like, all right. You do that. I'm a hiker. That doesn't mean I'm the fastest hiker in the world. But I like doing it and I can get from the beginning to the end as long as there's enough daylight. Yeah. But I could not yet run uphill. That's just... Man, that just takes it out on me. I really got to work on that. But I don't know if a treadmill's a good way. We definitely have some indoor training prepared and then other stuff's just really going to be hiking hard every week. Like we're not picking cutesy hikes. These hikes are meant to make our legs hurt on Monday. And I'm kind of torn because I still want to document all of these hikes. And I know that I'm not going to be taking my Sony camera. So I think my plan for right now, the quality of the content is not going to be great. I'm just going to take the GoPro, just film and show you guys briefly what's going on. So it's not going to be any epic hiking videos. I'm not saying that my videos are epic anyways. It may be more like Craig Adams asks like silent ones where you just stitch it together. Yeah. Oh my God. Craig Adams is amazing. So what did I say? When you were saying... What did I say? He said if you see me running, you should probably be running too because something's coming. My dad told me that joke a long time ago. It's like two guys are hiking in the woods and they come across a bear and they both get ready to quiet and they start backing off. And I'm like, what do we do? What do we do? And the one guy really slowly starts to set down his bag and he takes his running shoes out of the bag and he starts kicking off his boots and his friends are like, what are you doing? Like you can't outrun the bear? And friends like without breaking eye contact they're like, I don't have to outrun the bear. I only have to outrun you. I remember... I always like that joke. It's a fun joke. It's an off-kitch. It's a good joke. Anyway. So we've got a lot of kiddos in front of us right here. I remember rolling down the hill like that when I was young. Let's see if I can turn to scream. Copyright. There we go. Oh my God, no. Am I going to get in trouble? No. Fulfilling kids in my live stream? All right, let's do it. Let's sneak again. Three, two, one. There we go. Here's a runner. I loved it. I missed a lot. I need to get back into it once. Things in life slow down. I used to run five miles every single day and loved it. So we did a Thursday challenge. Wait, wait. How much do you run? Five a day. Five miles a day? Every day. That's awesome, man. What caliber? Wow. Let's change topic on me quick. What caliber? So wait, let's talk about the running every day. Let's see. So back when we went to Alaska, we were in the middle of a 30-day running challenge. And we actually continued our challenge while we were in Alaska running by the... There was like an ocean side trail in Alaska. Oh, that's beautiful. Which is actually really nice. And we were running on it. And we were doing... We were doing two miles a day for 30 days. We went up to three toward the end a little bit, but it was just... It was difficult. I'm telling you. I don't like running, but I know that running is necessary if you want to do like high, you know, difficult climbs. Cardio's good. Yeah, Cardio's good. And it's healthy too. But man, five miles a day, Mike, I applaud you. But still, like, I feel like if I started doing that anymore, I would need to spend some money on some running shoes. Like, I'd need to treat my shins like kings. I need my heels to be on, like, a bed of flowers. I don't know what a bed of flowers is. A bed of flowers. I don't think the problem are shoes. The problem... Really, the problem's my brains, apparently, what the problem is. Oh, God. All right. All right. So that's the best funny shot you got in quarantine. I don't understand what that means. Somebody... Somebody asked what caliber pistol do you need for bears? 357, 44 magnum? No, just a little... 357. Okay, okay. You need... You need caliber 3652. 55. That's what you need. Do they have bear grenades? That sounds like a thing. Bear grenade. I'm just kidding. Fire in the bear. We understand... I understand. Nothing about what you need for... Okay. Suheil. Selam. Selam. Selam. Broccoli. Eid Mubarak. All right. These things are like climbing trees, rolling down hills and lying in a field and watching the shapes of clouds. This seems like a Calvin and Hobbes fan to me. It's what this seems like. That's really beautiful. And that's totally true. I don't know about climbing trees. I don't do that. But that rolling down hills and... Oh, I just like... I just imagine right now, just watching the sky and... Isn't the cloud in our sky right now? No. It's starting to get hot here in Arizona. We were at the special place. Yeah, it was really hot. How about you guys tell us where everyone is from or where you are right now? Where are you joining us from? Obviously, we are in Arizona. All you need is bear spray and keep an attitude that you are at the top of the food chain. I had a couple of bear encounters before. That's a great tip from Mike. Mike, I don't know if you were in the live when we just joined, but we were talking about our bear encounter in Alaska. Okay, let's do a recap quickly for Mike. We are bear spray drawn just because we were close. After we figured it out, it was so into its berries. We calmed down a little bit, but at first moment, we were like, ooh, a bear, this is a real thing. The bear was just right there. It was so very close. It's like very, very close. We got Florida. We got North Carolina. Let's finish about the bear real quick even though we talked about this just a couple of minutes ago. The bear was really close and then I was just acting or overreacting because we had the bear spray. He had the bear spray. There were people behind us. The bear was quiet. He knows that we are there because we were making enough. But I was the only one making a scene behind me, a family, a mom and dad, teenagers, and a young boy. They are hiking with no problem. The only one waving at everybody Don't turn your back on the bear. And they're looking at me and I was like, what's wrong with this lady? I was thinking the same thing. Don't worry. I mean, I'm not allowed to say that a lot of the time. But they said make enough noise, you know, not scream, but talk with the strong tone. So I was following the rules. I'm trying to follow the rules. I feel like if it's on you like that mountain lion was to that guy, like, yeah.  He just shuffled past. But I remember we were close to the bison in Yellowstone as well. Yellowstone. And you were definitely just as excited. But I tell you. This bison was probably three feet away. Yeah, the bison was three feet away. And it was even. There was no bushes between us. And you were like, wow, that could kill me right now if it was so chose to. Yeah. And I followed the rules. I always followed the rules. If the rules say don't go hike off trail, there's a reason. If they say stay this much distance away from an elm, there is a reason. So I tried to follow. But then the bison was only three feet away. And then so I waited. I waited. I waited. It's not going away. And then people are just going. Everyone is going. It's going. No problem. Like they don't have any fear in their hearts. Hey, baby. And I'm like, how's everyone just going with no issues? So I said, okay, fine. I'm just going to go. So I just walked by. The bison was three feet away. And then later I was like, that was dumb.  If the bison had chosen to attack me or charge, that wouldn't have been, you know, a nice story to tell. You know what I mean? He's not like a pure vegetable like grass died. I wasn't worried about him charging. I was worried about him farting at the time. Because Lord knows, I've been next to a dog. That probably would have been dangerous. You would have found me collapsed on the side of the trail. Okay. So the word best funny shots I ever got at confinement. I don't understand. Yeah. I don't think I understand that one. Can you elaborate a little bit more? And then we have Suhail. So you type it. Suhail. And we are very charming. Thank you. Let me ask people where they were. So Mike's in Florida, right? In North Carolina, taking antibiotics with direct sun warnings in the sun for 45 minutes start to burn. Oh, wow. And then we got Triumph is coast of Mesa, California in Lafayette, Louisiana. Nice. Mike is the last, the most beautiful place I spent a month on the Kenai Peninsula. Oh my God. That's the best time of my life. Oh my God. We feel the same, Mike. There's nothing. So there is this saying from John Muir. John Muir. John Muir. He says, I don't know the exact words, but he basically says, you should not go to Alaska as a young man because you will never find any place like Alaska. And I think it's so very true. Are you sure he didn't say always carry a bear grenade? He didn't say that. I thought that was what he said. He was not sure. Oh my God. The Kenai Peninsula. I was literally telling Alex earlier that I'm looking for, I'm looking for houses in Seward. I was like, okay, I want to see. She was. I was literally looking for houses in Seward, not that we're going to Seward or buying in Seward. I was like, I'm just curious to see what it's going to be like. So I found some, some houses that they were 100K, $100,000, $200,000.  It's nothing like the Kenai Peninsula that you imagine. But anyway, we love Alaska too. Mark from Minnesota? Well, we have no filming. I always love. And they say, hey bear. Mark from Minnesota. Hi, Minnesota. Hike with Mike. I had one bear circle me in the middle of the night in the green swamp. I got out of my tent, banged the fire ring with the pine log and sang Led. Led Zeflin's immigrant song. I don't know this song. That's how I remember my major seventh interval. I took, I was in for music when I was in college at some point and that was my major seventh reminder was the Oh, I would have. Oh my God, I can't believe it. Like just. Okay. Can you imagine just a bear going around your tent? If the bear was singing the immigrant song, I'd be more impressed. I will, I will become an immigrant to the other life. Homer. So we have gotten over. I wanted to go out there because Homer's where the spit is, if I remember. That's where they feed all the bald eagles. We saw so many bald eagles already and bless it. We found like bald eagles everywhere. Now we were just like kayaking on the Colorado River underneath the Grand Canyon. Just the other day. And we saw bald eagle. We saw bald eagle. It was, we kayaked from the base of Hoover Dam all the way to Willow Beach in Nevada. I don't have the videos uploaded because I still have so much to edit. But towards the end of our kayaking trip I'm just looking up there and there's the bald eagle. I feel like we've seen so many bald eagles. But so, so just real quick on what happened with Alaska. I mean, we definitely wanted to go to Homer. We didn't have time. So the way, the way Alaska went, I'll explain the trip to Alaska. We went up there. The initial plan was only four days. And that's where we got engaged. So that was like his plan. We went to Alaska four days and then we were up there and we're like, oh my God. Well, we're working from home. Why don't we just work from up here? So I started looking for Airbnb's and then I found an Airbnb in Anchorage and the price was a little bit over our budget. So I reached out to this older lady and I said, hey, this is, I just basically told her our story. We came to Alaska for four days. We loved it so much and we just want to see a little bit more. We're working from home with the pandemic and everything. This is a little bit over our budget. Can you give us a discount? Which you can always, in Airbnb, you can reach out to the host and communicate with them. So I told her, can you give us a discount? And she gave us a discount. And he basically matched the price that we had within our budget. So we stayed with her. She had like a little cassira. She had like three different places at her bed and breakfast there. So she was living there and then we had like our little kitchen and kitchenette and we had like one, it's like two rooms that are separated and then there's like a kitchen, you know, dinner table where we would work. So we stayed there for one month with her and then we would just work during the day, hike every other day and then during the weekend we would go and, you know, just explore. And obviously we knew we were thinking about staying up there for a while. That's why we had our work stuff. But the best thing for us about being in Alaska was we could work a full day and with the length of the days at that point. The sun is up. Sometimes the sun would still be up at one, two in the morning, which presented us with the opportunity to do a full day's worth of hiking. I'm okay for now. And then still go out and do a full hike and not really feel like we were out of bounds. The real interesting thing was you could conceivably go on a hike and watch the sun set and rise on the same hike. It's amazing. It's really kind of neat. Ooh. We're getting some text messages. Okay, so let's see what else we have here. Yes. Uh... Crazy Shoe Production. Hope you're doing well. Nice to see you here. It works. Speaking of Alaska, I come from the land of the ice and snow. Come from the... I need to do the immigrant song again. Oh, it's the immigrant song. See, there are a lot of pop culture references that I don't understand. That's what... That's Alex's role to explain to me. Format. That's awesome. Oh, man. That was like the best... The best thing ever. The best place. The problem for me was it was so big that I felt like we only even went south a little bit like... No, none of this problem. It's not a problem. But just like we had to definitely plan each trip because like if we went from Anchorage down to Seward or we wanted to go Anchorage over to Kenai, like they were not around the corner. Like we had to definitely take a day to work from on the road or like work in the morning then drive at night in order to get places. And Highway 1 got backed up a few times when we were trying to go places. It's like a one-lane road just along the water there that you're on for a couple, like for an hour and a half even. And if somebody gets in an accident... It's a problem. You're going to be on the road for a while. You're going to be stuck for a while, yeah. So... It's amazing because when we went the flight was very cheap and then even the accommodation was very cheap. Not cheap, but it was reasonably priced. And I feel like a lot of people when they think of Alaska they get discouraged because you know Alaska is unlike any of the lower 48 states and it's a little bit intimidating. I mean, it's Alaska. But I feel like even... You can explore it by land.  It wasn't as intimidating as you would think. I will say Anchorage definitely gave me a bit of a bad taste in my mouth originally compared to what I was expecting but the rest of the state was great. Everybody in Anchorage said that's just where the airport is. Once you kind of break away from Anchorage it was great. I loved Alaska. I would go back a million times. I thought it was fantastic. Yeah, definitely. I'm surprised you didn't say Reed's Lake, by the way, too. Oh my God, that's... We can talk about Alaska for a minute. Yeah, exactly. I feel like we should... Okay, so next one let me ask you when you flew to Alaska was the only car available for you to rent a Subaru? When I was there in 89 Subaru because they had all-wheel drive were the only option to rent. We had a Kia. Is that what I think we rented? So no on the Subaru spot. But it was like a four-wheel drive vehicle, right? Yeah, it was a little guy. It wasn't like the biggest car in the garage. Oh, no, you're fine. Oh, no, no, it's facing us. No, you're fine. I was like, sure. But... But anyway, so the car was just... It was still... I don't know if it was four-wheel drive. It was front-wheel drive but it had a high enough clearance that we could park in a couple spots. It was worth having and a good mileage which definitely helped us out while we were making those long trips. I think definitely all-wheel drive is the way to go. So... We're from home and my kids were remote learning but my wife was in health care. If not for that, we would have been nomadding a bit. Aw, yeah. Anyone speak French?  Visit French? Are you from France? I gotta do that, like partial translation in my head. Anyone speak French? I speak French if you have a question. Are you visit French? We've never visited France before. I mean, I haven't. He had. Sorry, I keep forgetting. He's been to France. My sister... My sister actually just moved to France last year and she's going to school there. So I'm trying to find, you know, just whenever they're open, they... I think they're still in quarantine right now.  So unfortunate. It's funny. She moved to France and I feel like her degree is gonna be almost... she's gonna wrap up all of her, you know, education, whatever, I think it's two years. She's still stuck inside. I'm trying to think, so other things that we've been doing, do you mind if I just talk about some other stuff? Uh, sure. So I was thinking, some of the other places I've been, I had been to Greece and we did a horse ride in Greece and Habib and I did a horse ride a little bit ago while we were here in the area. But this thing still that I thought was exciting was the canoe trip underneath the Grand Canyon. They dropped us off at the base of the Grand Canyon. We did a two-day trip, I think it was 13 miles down the river, dove in a few times. It was pretty awesome. Yeah. And we'd like to do it again because there were definitely, we didn't get to see everything we wanted to the first time around. Mm-hmm. But there was a place called the Sauna Cave. Oh. They talk about when you're at Arizona Hot Springs or the Sauna Cave that there is something called a neglaria.  You're dead.  You're dead. And it's pretty much actually in every water source... Over 100 degrees or something like that. Over something degrees. I don't wanna give you wrong information but usually hot springs, it's something that you wanna... But either way, it was a sort of thing where one like seven million or something like that, like it was hardly a thing. So they said, don't put your head under the water and you're fine. But either way, there was a Sauna Cave where I guess when they were originally making like diversion tunnels for them to build Hoover Dam for the water to flow around while they built the dam, they were going in with just dynamite and all sorts of stuff to blow holes in these rocks and they got back and warmer and warmer because of the hot springs there and they got so hot that they had to stop eventually. So there's just this like 100 foot deep tunnel that it's not lit at all, like you need to take a light and it gets pitch dark.  And it's just, it's cooking.  It's really neat. It's just like a quarter mile down from the base of Hoover Dam if you could drop it off at the bottom. Mike is saying that that amoeba is very common in Florida waters too. Yeah. I was, I was, I wasn't scared. I was just, when we came back from that trip, I was like, okay, I have to wait for two weeks. Am I alive? Am I dead? But it's, yeah, it's definitely something to keep in mind. The word, ah, okay, because I speak French and Spanish, but I don't speak English very well. Pas de problème, I know problema or I know problema. Speak to a... Don't leave me, I can help you. Eh, tu peux, tu peux nous parler en français ou en espagnol. Y a pas de problème. Va essayer de, de te répondre. De te répondre. Oh my God. Okay, so you guys must be in California. It's still, it's still sunny. Almost bad time for me. Mike, if you have to go, it was very nice chatting with you. California is great. And... I think that kid just did the thing where like the car is turning into a killer robot. I mean, that's what just happened. Yeah, so we, we will definitely come back to California. We were up there just last Thanksgiving. We were exploring Sequoia National Park. We went to Joshua Tree. That's for your birthday. Yeah, Sequoia for my birthday. Joshua Tree National Park. So we will definitely go back to California. It's, there's so many national parks that we want to see and some hiking that we want to do. But no, but we're, we're not in California. We're in Arizona. We're in Arizona, yup. Eh, freshwater, lakes, not the ocean, but spring, spring fed rivers. Oh, okay. Got it. That's where they are if it's hot enough. Seems like it. Where are you going? Cool, cool. Well, we've been going for one hour... 17 seconds, 19, 33, 20 seconds. So, unless we, we have any other questions or anything that you guys want to talk about, we will be happy to. Yeah. Otherwise, it's food time for us. Baby. Yup. We're going to get some of that Louisiana. Po-boy. Po-boy. And by the way, I don't know if you guys are, eh, okay, good, good, good. So the word is saying that I can answer or respond back in English. Eh, if you guys are on Instagram, I invite you to come and join us on Instagram. We share stories just from our daily lives and some behind the scenes and we would love to have you there as well. Let me see, kids are just running just because. You'd have to pay me to run just because. I know. There they are. Just running. Oh, man. Oh, no. A GeoGuessr guy could figure out where we lived just based off of that picture that you took. Really? Oh, yeah. Online on YouTube called GeoGuessr. If you check out his YouTube channel, GeoGuessr, he plays this game where you take pictures and then he figures out where you are and some of them you can move other ones you can't. He's got some TV or some videos too where he tries to cross countries in exactly straight lines like no more than 20 meters different and it's pretty funny. He's like crawling through bushes in the middle of an otherwise empty field. GeoGuessr, or GeoWizard is the name of the guy on YouTube and he uses GeoGuessr the website to play some of his games. It's pretty funny. That's my picture. No, no, that's fine. It's actually a funny game. I tried it too. Mike, good night. If you are still here, take care of yourself and see you next time. Thank you so much for watching this video. I hope you enjoyed it. I'll see you next time. Bye. Yeah, you're right. You'll probably enjoy that. Okay, so let's see. Go in once, go in twice, go in three times. Thanks, guys. Thanks for hanging out with us. It was really nice having you here and nice chatting with you and we will see you next Thursday. Indeed. I'll let you say on another adventure. Yeah, we do that. Okay, let's do it, let's do it. My name's Habiba. I'm Alex. And we are Shrek Impulse.


Hey everybody, welcome back to my Star Wars channel. My name is David and today we're gonna look at day three of my Dia Dostini X-Wing build Hey everybody, welcome back to the channel, thanks for being here if you love Star Wars know that I love Star Wars 2 I love Star Wars and been a Star Wars fan since the very beginning and then when you come to this channel and you watch these Videos just know that I'm never gonna hate on anything bag on anything It doesn't matter if it's a director or an actor or a product line. I love Star Wars. You put Star Wars on something. I Love it. That's that's all you really got to do and so this channel is just my journey Through toy collecting video games going to Star Wars Celebration. Oh my goodness. I hope Star Wars Celebration is still on Right so far they have not canceled it. They've been canceling a lot of other things I had tickets to a local Texas Magic Convention and that got canceled Luckily, that's the only thing I had tickets. Well, I had tickets for like musicals and things like that that of course got canceled But still crossing my fingers for Star Wars Celebration because it's gonna be a big one in California and Anaheim I'm gonna take my wife and hopefully you know spend some time at Disneyland as well. So really Crossing our fingers for coronavirus. Hopefully it goes away and if you're watching this and of course coronavirus has passed This is filmed during this time And so obviously our thoughts and prayers are with everybody that's walking through that right now And of course our hearts are broken for all the medical professionals and people out there that are on the front lines Fighting this virus every day United. We stand right we we will we will beat this and we will save the planet But that's why I'm here. I want to lighten things up talk about Star Wars something that we all love You didn't watch my previous two videos go back and watch those my brother basically gifted me this set It's a build your own x-wing set. He's actually building the Millennium Falcon So he's got a much bigger job than I do receive boxes periodically in the mail they come with a bunch of parts inside and a Magazine like a magazine build, right? We'll talk about those and I've just been filming myself as we go, right? And it's not the typical like Table shot, you know over over headshot and you watch me build and fast forward, right?  It lights up. It lights up in more than one spot So and we get to show you some of the lights to date So we're gonna cut over to that footage and I'll just walk you through it really fast and we'll get going All right, so the day to build and just a reminder every little package comes with the magazine instructions and then Plastic bag and you can kind of see there's only, you know, four or five parts that come each time well except for that month and You know, you're just getting a few basic instructions snapping it all together so here's the remnant of my wing from last month and This is what I have to do just kind of showing you the scale of it and then you can see the instructions Underneath there This is the size of it So again, you're looking at six parts right six pieces that come with every issue And you're just kind of snapping a few together and then just goes right back in a box and you wait till the next time So this is just the engine housing and that little piece on the right. I actually put it together wrong I actually put it together upside down and it was one of those Really sad moments where I had to take it all apart. This is probably the most tiny intricate pieces I've ever had to put on something. They all have to go on that Silver tube or all those holes are that align everything up with tweezers and snap them all into place So all that detailing I had to put why couldn't they just molded it? So the detailing was already on there made me put it all on there Felt like I was building a model car Frustrated that I had put the engine together. I just know that this is all gonna be somewhere locked up And I'm never gonna see it like this this little propeller blade It's all locked up inside the housing and you don't even get to see it. It's beautiful I mean they tell you in the instructions what all these parts are and what they do They give names to everything which is cool, but yeah, it all just gets hidden away inside the X-Wing But you know it's there, right? I know it's there. So I guess that's fun more stuff More engine work. I'm only really working on one wing one engine side Really so and I just cut all these open with Scissors spill everything out onto the table and then just trudged through every single issue and try to figure out You know where all of this goes and I'm only up to like what issue 16 17 something like that And I know this goes into the 50s. So at least so I'm gonna be doing this for Oh my goodness a long time, right? So it's gonna be a slow build, but it's a lot of fun Here's the size of just you know some of the little parts that have to go onto the side of this and Comparing it once again. Those are my keys and a quarter So you can just get the scale of how big this is but you can see some of the engine pieces going together Here's the LED for the engine light and I'll she turn the camera on and kind of spin it around so you can see That didn't bleed through which is nice didn't have to take all that apart again because that wasn't fun to put together So that's what the completed engine looks like, but it'll also go into a housing So a lot of that will get covered up if you're familiar with what An X-wing looks like it'll get attached right there and then Have part of it covered with some casing so this is Most of the unit right before I stick the engine on the front and you can see all the LED leads Sticking off the edges again.  It's crazy Right absolutely crazy, but still haven't stuck the gun on yet They're probably gonna wait for that.  I had to glue it back on. I haven't had to glue much But I did have to glue that because I snapped it off It was of course by accident, but it was my fault because I put it on wrong It had to go right there in the front see that see where it is in the front Yeah, and it wasn't lining up because I had it on incorrectly So it had to break off in order to fix it. So now this is where I'm at This is what I have left still haven't put the gun on but I'm looking forward to it All right, that was my build so far and I think the scary thing is I have one wing Right and you know the shape of the X-wing there are four there are four So I have to do this three more times and I'm not even done with the first wing I don't even know what they're gonna do at this point Are they just gonna send me the parts for the other wings and then just go you already got the directions You know what to do or they gonna send me Directions again That are identical to each because they're all the wings are the same really all the wings are the same So that'll be interesting and a lot of fun Yeah, I'm looking forward to it. Also, I'm actually doing a vintage B-wing restoration right now as well I got a B-wing the other day and never owned a B-wing before never even seen one before was happy to get it in the mail It didn't have all of its decals. It had a lot, but it didn't have all of them So I've ordered some reproduction stickers just to kind of complete it and to flesh it out But I'll be walking you through some of those pictures as well excited about that Thanks for watching guys. May the force be with you. I'll see you next time. Bye