Welcome to the Dr. Gendry podcast. Well, by now you've heard me talk a lot about superfoods, nutrient-dense foods packed with healthy polyphenols and antioxidants. But it's also a term that gets thrown at a lot of foods these days. So on today's episode, I'm going to help you separate the real superfoods from the phonies. Because lately I've been seeing all kinds of misinformation out there, misinformation that could be keeping you from truly feeling your healthiest. Today I'm going to share the biggest superfood myth, the one super oil. Actually I'm going to tell you about two super oils that you probably never heard of and why some lectin-free foods may still be on the no-no list. You're not going to want to miss a second of this one. Okay, so let's start with an important question.  Well, it's almost a superfood is in the eye of the beholder. And I think we really have to be cautious with the term superfood at all. In general, superfood should be nutrient-dense and calorie-sparse. In other words, you pack a lot of great stuff into not a lot of caloric weight. For instance, the more polyphenols that something has, I consider the better the superfood it is. But there are some polyphenols in foods that have a lot of calories. So for instance, extra dark chocolate has a ton of polyphenols and cacao in it of itself. It's got some pretty great qualities as a superfood. But when you start adding sugar to that to make chocolate that you're probably going to eat, it may have an original ingredient of superfood, but it no longer qualifies as a superfood. Same way with coffee. There are so many great studies that the polyphenols in black coffee really qualifies a coffee bean, a coffee drink, black as one of the great superfoods that you can have. But if you then put several teaspoons of sugar and lots of junk and make a frappuccino out of it and ice it, it's now a 500 calorie sugar bomb that has nothing to do with the original ingredient. Plus, believe it or not, coffee bean is the bean of a berry and coffee fruit, the powder that we throw away for the most part, actually probably has far more polyphenols that are great for you than the coffee bean you're getting. Okay, so, in general, nutrient dense calorie poor is really one of the best ways to define a superfood. Okay, so now that you know what a superfood is, in my opinion, let's talk about some superfoods that you should probably never eat. Now, one of my favorites is goji berries. And any of you who have listened to me in the past know that one of the most momentous moments in my young career as a nutritionist was touting goji berries because they've got so many cool polyphenols. And I was actually on the phone with Lauren Cordain, the Colorado State Professor, who truly is the father of the paleo diet. And I was telling him on how great goji berries were. And he said, what, don't you read the literature? And I said, well, you know what I do? Of course I do. He says, no, I'm going to send you two papers to show you what the ding dong was wrong with goji berries. And these papers in humans actually showed that people consuming goji berries actually had more inflammation. So why? Well, it turns out that goji berries are from the United States. They're from North America. They were called the wolfberry. And they are a nightshade in the same family as tomatoes and eggplants and peppers. And I got news for you. You don't peel the skin off a goji berry. Now, do you? So that's why goji berries are unfortunately not the superfood they're cracked up to be. Now, there are some similar fruits that do qualify as a superfood. Right now, in most parts of North America, mulberries are coming into season. Mulberries, I have some of the coolest polyphenols that you can possibly imagine. I prefer you to use mulberry powder, but this is the time to eat mulberries. Soon in the fall, pomegranates will be available. And no, please don't drink pomegranate juice. It's pure sugar. But pomegranate and the oil in the seed has some of the greatest compounds that you will ever encounter. Much better choices. Wheatgrass. I see this all the time. Now, just remember that wheatgrass, the idea that we should actually be consuming wheatgrass, got its start at the Hippocrates Institute in Florida. And I have several patients who were former staff members there. And the idea originally was in people with cancer who were coming there.  And the founder noticed that when dogs want to vomit, they eat a lot of grass. And sure enough, as anyone knows, it will make a dog vomit very effectively. So they got the idea that grass makes people vomit. And in fact, wheatgrass is a very powerful source of gluten and gluten-like proteins. As is barleygrass, as is ryegrass. So please read the labels of your green drinks or your superfood drinks. And if you see the word wheatgrass or barleygrass or ryegrass, please run the other way. I have so many patients on a gluten-free diet who do not know that there is gluten-like materials in wheatgrass. And they have celiac disease. And when we take their green drinks away from them with wheatgrass, that was the thing that flipped the switch and made them no longer celiac. Want a better option? Moringa. Moringa is often called a superfood for very good reasons because Moringa is edible. It has a high amount of protein in the leaves. And Moringa is your new wheatgrass. And Moringa is readily available and look for it wherever you can find it. One of my favorite, chia seeds. Chia seeds have lectins. I'm sorry, folks. Chia seeds are from South America and Central America, and they do contain a lectin. Now the great news is there's something a whole lot better that works even better than chia seeds, and that is basil seeds, sweet basil seeds. They actually plump up faster, they don't have a lectin, and they have some fantastic health-promoting compounds in them, polyphenols that chia seeds do not contain. And so if you're looking for the chia experience, please get yourself basil seeds. They're really cheap, you can get them on Amazon. I shouldn't tell you that because now I probably won't be able to get any. But they are just fantastic for every place you would consider using chia seeds. How about quinoa? Now quinoa also is a South American pseudo-grain. Yes, the Incas use quinoa. They used it as a major grain fuel source. But the Incas did not just throw quinoa in a bucket of water and boil it. They soaked quinoa first, then they allowed it to rot. They fermented it, and if you listen to me enough, fermentation is a very effective way of diminishing the lectin content of any food. Bacteria like to enjoy eating certain lectins, so bacterial fermentation of quinoa made it then much less harmful to them. And you don't see the idea of fermentation on the package directions. Now there's a much better alternative to quinoa, and that's millet or sorghum. Neither of these have a hall, they don't have lectin, and you can use them really interchangeably any place you'd use quinoa. So please stay away from those ancient superfoods. And while I'm on it, ancient grains, I see this all the time. This is made of ancient grains. Well, number one, grains aren't very ancient in the human diet. We've only been eating grains for about 10,000 years. Rice has only been around for 8,000 years. And if you think that ancient grains are any more helpful, let me remind you that the Ice Man, the frozen man found in the northern Italian Alps, who is about 5,000 years old, who was riddled with arthritis and apparently a fairly young man, he had ancient grains in his pocket of his wrap. And I got news for you, that's where he got his arthritis. So there's nothing ancient about grains that make them any more healthy. They are not. So just when you see that buzzword made from ancient grains, they're going to make you ancient sooner than you would want. So here's another myth I want to address. And this keeps coming up, particularly in my patient population. And some people think that if a starchy food doesn't have lectins and it appears on the yes list, then it's okay for them to eat and to eat in abandon. So let me explain why that's not true. So remember that a resistant starch or a starch is eventually going to turn into sugar. And how fast that starch becomes sugar is predicated really on how fast that you actually digest those starches, those long sugar molecules apart. So it's one thing to, let's say, take a taro root, cassava, and cook a cassava and eat it whole. And it's quite another thing to grind that cassava into a fine flour and then use it as a flour. What you've done in the process of mechanically breaking those starches down is you've broken those starches into finer and finer and finer molecules so that you're able to digest those starches quickly, as if they were sugar. And food companies have known this for a very long time. We didn't know they were doing it. But for instance, you can take whole grain wheat or whole grain oats and pulverize it with a Swiss roller mill and make it into ultra fine starches, after all, wheat's mostly starch. And you will absorb that faster than if you actually ate straight sugar. And it will go into your bloodstream as glucose faster than if you ate straight sugar. So I see so many of my patients say, oh, look, you know, cassava chips, those are fine or plantains, they're fine.  And when they come in, number one, they've gained weight. Number two, their triglycerides are up. Remember, we convert these things first into triglycerides and their insulin levels are up and their hemoglobin A1Cs are up. And they're shocked because they're eating safe foods. Well, they're not safe if you adulterate them into something that they originally weren't. So, buyer beware. You're getting that plantain chip to dip it into guacamole as a way of getting guacamole into your mouth.  You're getting it to get guacamole into your mouth. Not to eat these things. And I just see it all the time.  Their insulin goes up. So, beware. Just because it's lectin-free doesn't mean it's safe to eat in abundance. Okay, now there are some foods that really can be good for you if you eat them the right way. And first, let's talk about legumes or legumes. And these are the bean family. And as most of you know, I have nothing against beans as long as they are prepared correctly. And that is traditional cultures always soak their beans for at least a day. They change the water every four to six hours and pour out that water because soaking does reduce the lectin content. And then they tended to cook these beans a long time. There was always a pot of beans on the stove. And so prolonged cooking also decreases the lectin content. But the best way is to soak your beans and then pressure cook them. That's the quick and easy way to de-lectinize beans. Why are they a superfood? Well, it turns out that beans, lentils, actually have what are called polyamines, which as I showed in the longevity paradox, really actually prolongs lifespan in all cultures and all studies. Also, you're going to learn in the energy paradox that there are some very interesting phospholipids in beans that may be of real importance to you and your mitochondria. Now, there are plenty of other ways to get phospholipids in your diet. And stay tuned, we're going to do a deep dive into phospholipids. But there are interesting phospholipids in beans that are worth your attention. Additionally, beans are loaded with prebiotics, prebiotic fiber. Remember, prebiotics are the sugar molecules that you and I can't digest, but our gut buddies think is the best thing that ever happened to them. And that's why that famous song that you all learned as a kid actually has some meaning. And you're actually going to learn more about that in the energy paradox. Beans, beans, that wonderful fruit, the more you eat, the more you toot. That's gas, the more you toot, the better you feel. So let's have beans with every meal. Pressure clock gone, but don't have them with every meal because you don't need that much gas. Next, let's talk about the elephant in the room and you know what I'm talking about, fruit. Those of you who remember my first book, Dr. Gundry's Diet Evolution, one of the mnemonics was give fruit the boot. What's so bad about fruit? Isn't it nature's candy? Well, in fact, it is nature's candy, but nature's candy has been bred to make it even more candy. So blueberries now are the size of grapes and you can eat them by the handful because they are so sweet. And they are loaded with sugar. As you're going to learn in the energy paradox, the main sugar in fruit is fructose, aptly named. Fructose is so poisonous that your body has a complete system that takes fructose and doesn't let it much of it into your bloodstream as opposed to glucose which goes directly into your bloodstream. The most of fructose goes to your liver and your liver, remember, is where things get detoxified and it goes to your liver because it's a toxin and it's turned into two primary substances. One is triglycerides which you have measured on your cholesterol test every time you have that measured and uric acid. Uric acid is what causes gout which causes kidney stones and which raises blood pressure.  And spoiler alert, the more palmitate running around in you, the less energy you're going to have. So fruit, if you're looking for energy, fruit is probably the worst choice for getting more energy. Now are some fruits safer? Well yeah, some fruits are safer. In the berry family, which are the safest, the safest are blackberries and raspberries and mulberries and pomegranate seeds as I mentioned before. Try to stay away from healthy apples for instance. They again have been bred. Remember, honey crisp kind of tells you what that apple is all about. There weren't any honey crisp apples 30 years ago. Wild berries are available. Wild blueberries are available frozen at many of your supermarkets. But the idea is not to use these things as a huge pile of a snack. You can use them as a flavoring and salads for instance. You can put a few as we do in our blueberry pancakes made out of safe material. But you're not supposed to eat huge amounts of these things. Cherries, a few cherries is a wonderful thing. But when I see the people going out of Costco or Trader Joe's with gallon of cherries and I talk to my patients and I see their blood work and see their triglycerides going through the roof and seeing their blood sugars going through the roof, I know where they've been and what they're eating. Finally, tomatoes. Remember, if something has a seed, it's a fruit.  Tomatoes are a nightshade. They contain lectins in the peels and seeds. So yes, you can have tomatoes if you peel and de-seed them. But here's the deal. I see so many people saying, well, tomatoes are so good for you because they have lycopene. And yeah, lycopene is a wonderful substance that may protect your prostate, may be useful for other things. But you don't need to get lycopene just in tomatoes. My problem has been is when people, even with a de-seeding and peeling them or eating a lot of tomatoes, I start seeing that their triglycerides are going up. I see that their hemoglobin A1C is going up. I see that their fasting glucose is going up. And I see that their fasting insulin is going up because these are still fruits. Here's a tip. Get yourself a tube of tomato paste from Italy. The peels and seeds have been removed. The tomatoes have been concentrated. And you can squeeze out a little tomato paste and you'll get all the benefits of the flavor you want in tomato, the color you want in tomato with none of the downsides. So that's my tip for the day on tomatoes. Okay, there are also some foods that are great for some people and actually harmful for others. Oxalates are getting a lot of talk. Oxalates certainly are very high in spinach. Spinach is number one for oxalates. They're also quite present in kale and chard. Some of the cruciferous vegetables are high in oxalates. Now oxalates, if you are sensitive to oxalates, oxalates can have an effect very similar to the effect that lectins have on people. Certain kidney stones are oxalate stones.  And they'll tell you. So if it's a calcium oxalate, do be worried about your tolerance for oxalates. I've always felt that most people who think they're sensitive to oxalates are actually more sensitive to lectins. And when we get the major lectins out of their diet, most of my patients can tolerate the oxalate foods. But if you're one of them, absolutely. There's no human need for spinach, kale and chard. There really isn't. I happen to think they're great for you. Do remember, I've talked about this before, there is a lectin in spinach that some people do react to. So just beware. Okay, seaweed. Seaweed is everywhere. Everybody talks about how great seaweed is for you. Now, seaweed is incredibly popular in Japan. And there's some fascinating studies that show the Japanese through millennia have acquired a microbiome that can digest seaweed and actually digest it. A quick primer. We, all animals have no ability to digest the cell wall of a plant. The cellulose in a cell wall of a plant is undigestible by any animal. In fact, that's why all animals have bacteria in their gut to do the digestion of plants for them. Even termites cannot digest wood. Their little microbiome in that little termite does all the work. One of the interesting things that I subscribe to in evolutionary theory is the reason you and I have a much smaller intestine than a gorilla or a chimpanzee is not because we started eating meat. It's because we discovered fire. And fire, believe it or not, cooking breaks down the cell walls of plants. For instance, you could eat all the raw sweet potato in the world and you're not actually going to digest much of it because it's indigestible. But if you cook a sweet potato, you actually digest it very quickly and easily. In fact, there's a lot of sugar in a sweet potato as you'll learn in the energy paradox. So the Japanese acquired bacteria by eating a lot of raw fish from the fish guts that had bacteria that digested seaweed. And it's been shown that in fact Japanese have bacteria that can digest seaweed, but it's also been shown that unless you were born and raised in Japan or live there for a considerable part of your life, you don't have bacteria that can digest the cell wall of seaweed. And so it's just they're not there for you. Sorry about that. Okay, here's what you've been waiting for. My top five, maybe six superfoods. I can't tell you how much I think everybody should be eating mushrooms, should be taking mushroom tonics, should be having mushroom capsules. You've heard me go on and on about this. And something that you're going to learn in the energy paradox is one of the reasons that you have to eat mushrooms that you probably didn't know is that they contain melanin and melatonin. And no, they're not going to put you to sleep. We'll leave it at that. If you're going to eat fish, please stick to small fish like sardines, like anchovies. One of the most studied super long groups in the world, the Achiiroles in Italy, south of Naples, and I've had the pleasure of visiting their little city and studying them.  And they get all of their omega-3 fats, DHA, primarily, and EPA by eating sardines.   Okay. As you know, in the plant paradox, I told you about perilla oil. Perilla oil is the most frequently used oil in Korea and parts of China. Perilla oil is a fascinating oil that has a lot of alpha-linolac acid, which is a short chain omega-3 fat. It's also a very unique source of rosmarinic acid, which really supports brain power. We could go on and on about the benefits of perilla oil, but I'll refer you to a study in humans, which was called the Lion Heart Diet, or the Lyon Heart Diet, L-Y-O-N, but most from Lyon, France, but most people pronounce it lion. There, that diet in humans, who had a heart attack, they were put on one of two diets. One was the Mediterranean Diet, in which their diet was supplemented with a margarine that was made with alpha-linolac acid, the same fat that's in perilla oil. The other group was given the American Heart Association Low Fat Diet. It was a five-year study. The study was stopped after three years because the Mediterranean Diet group that was supplemented with alpha-linolac acid margarine actually had so few heart attacks, subsequent heart attacks, compared to the American Heart Association Diet that was unethical to continue the study. Now, most of the people continued on that study and they found that, in fact, the one difference of any blood marker between the two groups was the amount of alpha-linolac acid in their blood. That was the only difference in the outcomes between the two groups. So, that's why I'm a fan of perilla oil. Now, it's hard to get, so don't rush out and try to find it. I got a great alternative for you, sesame oil, particularly regular sesame oil, not the roasted or toasted sesame oil.  So, please enjoy sesame seeds. Please enjoy sesame oil. It's probably one of the superfoods that doesn't get enough attention. Oh, and by the way, sesame oil does contain omega-6 fats, linoleic acid, and those actually block some of the effects of inflammation. Superfood next is prebiotic fiber. The more prebiotic fiber, soluble fiber, I can get into your diet the better. My favorite vegetables in this category are the chicory family. Most grocery stores will at least have radicchio, what many people call that Italian red lettuce. It looks like a dense red and white small head of cabbage. One of the best sources of inulin that you can find. All the other chicory family, Belgian endive, is really available. It's another chicory. Use that as a dipping chip for your guacamole. Now, I'm going to tell you about a nut that I'm also very fond of that doesn't get its due, and that's pine nuts. Pine nuts come from pine cones. There was some fascinating research looking at cultures who ate squirrels that lived in pine forests. They found that people who had a diet of squirrels as part of their diet not only lived longer, but were thinner than people who didn't eat squirrels that lived in pine forests. That prompted a great deal of research looking at what the hack was in pine nuts that might have this effect. Pine nuts actually have been used, and pine nut oil has been used to promote weight loss and to promote longevity. Here's the good news. You can even get big bags of organic pine nuts at Costco. I shouldn't have told you that either, because now I won't be able to get any. This is something you should consider adding a small handful to your regimen every day. If you don't like the taste, it's in pesto, and believe it or not, the pesto at Costco is pretty dug on good. It may be that all those pesto-eating Italians, basil and pine nuts and parmesan cheese and olive oil, pesto may be one of the greatest superfoods or combination of superfoods you should have in your diet, at least on a weekly basis. Lastly, another nut that many of you haven't heard of, but if you've been watching the podcast, you know it, barruca nuts.  So these have huge amounts of polyphenols. They have the most protein of any nut. They have very beneficial fats.  And if you haven't watched the barruca nut podcast, please watch it or listen to it. It's fascinating how these came about. I have barruca nuts every day. Okay, so that's it. The superfood myths, what they are, what they aren't, how to get them in your diet. And I really appreciate you asking all these questions because I'm here for giving you the best answers I have. And just remember, when I learned something that surprised me, that I thought I knew, you're going to be hopefully the first to find out besides my wife, Penny. Okay, it's time for the audience question. Today's question comes from E. Shapiro on the drgundry.com blog. Who asks, are squashes and pumpkins okay if, number one, no seeds or skin are eaten and two, they are pressure cooked and three, they are in season and local? This is a great question and the answer is yes and no. Yes, they're okay if no seeds or skin are eaten to their pressure cooked and they are in season and local. But here's the proviso. These are fruits. Any vegetable with seeds is not a vegetable. It is a fruit. Yes, I know we call them vegetables that they're not just like a tomato is not a vegetable. It's a fruit. Fruits have sugar. Fruits have fructose. And so I have a great number of patients who have prediabetes, who have type 2 diabetes, who are type 1 diabetics, and who have elevated insulin levels, particularly the type 2s and the prediabetics. And these still act when people eat these and they do as if they were actually eating fruit. So if you're part of the 80% of Americans who are prediabetic or diabetic, that's 80% of Americans with an elevated insulin level. Please, please, please, there is no need for these fruits in your diet. Yeah, they may be delicious. Yeah, I like pumpkin pie as much as anybody. But these are certainly not essential for your health. But more importantly, they may under the guise of a healthy food or even a superfood, they actually be hurting your health. And I recently spoke with Dr. Dale Bredesen, my good friend, who wrote The End of Alzheimer's, and I'm going to plug his upcoming book, The End of Alzheimer's Program. And he, like me, warns against these high sugar containing vegetables as really something we all want to avoid in our diet. Sorry about that, but it's true. Okay, finally, time for the review of the week. This week's review of the week comes from Thomas Nofziger on YouTube. I've been involved with the study of biology and nutritional science with sports nutrition formulation, mitochondrial research, bio energetics, and individual nutritional consultation. In all that time, I've not come across anyone as impressive, research, generous, experienced, and articulate as Stephen Gundry. The longevity paradox is a gem of gems, same for the plant paradox. I'm about to read the former for a second time. Inside is information that ought to be memorized and further research. Thomas, the check is on the way. Thank you very much. That's high praise indeed. And thanks. A lot of years of research go into this and I don't put anything into these lightly. And thanks for recognizing the work I'm doing because I'm Dr. Gundry and I'm always looking out for you and you, Thomas. Before you go, I just wanted to remind you that you can find the show on iTunes, Google Play, Stitcher, or wherever you get your podcasts. Because I'm Dr. Gundry and I'm always looking out for you.


So, the title of my talk is Wasting Pixel, and I'm going to try and practice what I preach and leave a lot of white space up there. Okay, a little bit about me. I do a lot of different things, consulting, blogging. I've spent about 10 years in technology and startup, big company and academic environments. For the past year or so, I've been on my own, mainly consulting independent, independent consulting and writing, and one of the places where I blog is Forbes, and I wrote an article there where I came up with the phrase public computing, and that's how Martin found me and asked me to speak at this session. So you've seen a lot of speakers at this conference. They all seem to do really exciting stuff, amazing stuff. I'm more in the category of the people who kind of free ride along and with brilliant 2020 hindsight come and try and explain what's going on after it's all happened. So, public computing, what do I mean by that? So I mean the word public in two senses of the word. One is public as in public utilities, electricity, sewage, that sort of sense, an intersection of technology infrastructure and human habitation like cities and so forth. And the other public is in the sense of extrapolation from personal and social computing. So if you think about the trajectory of computing, we started with PC's personal computing, which most of us thought of as our personal devices. Then we moved on to the social computing era and the software stuff was happening on the web, but in terms of devices, I think of the tablet as the quintessential social computing device because it's something that you don't use as personally as you use your laptop, for example. You might bring up like a page or a picture and hand your tablet to somebody to take a look. I've seen people who have tablets lying around their living room or offices, so it's much more of a communal device. So personal computing, it's your private stuff. Social computing, it's something you do with friends and family. Public computing is what you do with strangers and the infrastructure for that obviously is whatever exists in public spaces like the monitors over there, touchable big screens in public spaces and so forth. And when I started thinking about this idea of public computing, I was trying to think of what's sort of the high concept, the design principle that can help us think more, most effectively about the idea of public computing. And I was drawn to this quote from Alan Kaye. Raise your hand if you've heard this before. Alan Kaye's idea that we should waste bits. Who has heard the phrase? Okay, so Kaye was one of the personal computing pioneers in the 70s at Park and he was one of the leading figures who led the transition from an era where computing was a scarce resource where you had to go at midnight to the computing center with a bunch of punch cards and really compete for a scarce resource to an era where there was basically a lot of computing power and Alan Kaye's big insight from a user experience point of view was that you really should start thinking in terms of wasting bits. It's no longer a scarce resource that has to be conserved. It's something that can be wasted and you can start doing frivolous things like it like drawing icons, making the screen pretty with a blue color instead of having a monochrome screen, that sort of thing. And I've been thinking a lot about this phrase for six months or so now and I've really concluded that this is one of the most powerful principles in human civilization. A civilization is defined by the resources it can waste. So if you were at the Africa and China presentations earlier, I was really impressed but I was also at the same time shocked at living in the West.  So the things we can do are defined by the things we can waste and wasting bits is something that started in the 70s and the same principle applies to new resources that come online. Screens are more at a micro level pixels are something that used to be very scarce. We used to have like tiny screens. Now there's screens everywhere. If there's like 300 people in this room, each of you has probably one or 1.5 screens on you at this point. There's two big LCD monitors right there and there's that screen. So pixels are going through their own sort of Moore's Law variant and Sri who's going to speak later will have more to say on like how the costs are actually dropping but from the point of view of design and user experience, I think it's really useful to wrap your mind around the idea that pixels might effectively become as cheap as paint. They might become a resource you can waste. So I think the overarching design principle for living in a screens world is waste pixels. Okay, so why should we waste pixels? So let me try and illustrate with an example. How many of you have seen this web page? Raise your hands. Okay, so this is the famous million dollar web page which is a thousand by thousand screen. The guy was selling a pixel for a dollar each. This is scarcity thinking around pixels and it looks absurd to us. I mean, you can't, it's like a confusion and chaos of colors and it's absurd when you compare it to Google. That's not a one billion, one million dollar page. That's a 24 billion dollars a year page and most of the pixels are wasted. So this is what I think of as an abundance mindset around pixels. And of course, I'm making a little bit of a glib argument here. There's a lot more going on behind that one page. But the great scarcity and abundance behave depends on your perspective rather than literal things like how much advertising you can jam into a pixel. This is the most powerful advertising entity in the world right now and it doesn't try to do this. It leaves most spaces empty. So when you think of public computing, I think of it at a big picture level as trying to complete this ratio or, sorry, analogy equation where on the web we went from like the crazy chaos as a joke to Google, which is the truly effective model. Look at our physical environment and places where there's a lot of displays kind of look like the picture on the left which maps to the absurd million dollar page up there. But we really don't know what the world might look like once we really start thinking of pixels as something you can waste. But presumably it'll be something that follows the design principles of Google more than the million dollar web page. So why do we get trapped into this scarcity mindset and why do we create things like these million dollar pixel pages? And I think it's because we like to focus on interesting. Interesting to me is information density. For example, each of us in this session has 15 minutes so I'm speaking relatively fast. If I had an hour, I'd go much longer. I'd take longer pauses. We focus on interesting because interesting is the way our brains are wired to work around scarce resources. And what happens when you apply this scarcity mindset to screens everywhere? So this is something called the Fremont Street experience. I'm from Las Vegas. This is in Las Vegas. It's this huge warehouse-sized entertainment complex. That thing is probably about three times the size of this building. The entire ceiling, it's an arched ceiling, is covered in LED pixels. So I don't know, Sri probably knows the records on this, but this is probably one of the largest screens in the world. And because it's Las Vegas and the only thing they can think of when they have this much real estate is to try and go nuts with it, they have rock performances on the ceiling every night and psychedelic light shows. And I think this is good for Vegas, but for the rest of the world and the screens world, this is absolutely the wrong design principle to follow. This is closer to where I think we should be headed. Anybody recognize this picture? Raise your hand if you've seen this. It's quite recent. OK, so this is the famous MIT hack. The students took over a building and replaced an entire wall of windows with LED panels and turned the building into a giant Tetris game. Now, this is remarkable because it reminds me of Alan Kay's approach to wasting computing, the processing power in the 70s, where he said, all right, let's start doing frivolous things, which are actually really serious because the moment you start wasting things and get frivolous with them, that's how you catalyze creativity around a newly abundant resource. But for the most part, people are still going after interesting and this is one of the best and worst things that's going on right now. I think Google Glass is a phenomenal piece of hardware. All this augmented reality stuff, head-up display, amazing stuff. But what I'd really like to see is how we would use it if it were truly a non-scarce ubiquitous resource. But if you saw this video at the Google I.O. conference recently, they had these guys wearing the Google Glass' skydiving from a plane onto the top of the conference center. Then they rode a bicycle across the roof of the building and rappelled down. And all the time Google Hangout was running and they were talking to each other and it was very impressive and interesting, but it struck me as completely out of this world and sort of the wrong approach to user experience. So the other side of this idea that we focus on interesting is that we make fun of boring and we even have a phrase for this when it comes to surfaces, we have this phrase, it's as boring as watching paint dry. And I actually Googled this, trying to look for images. There are very few images of people watching paint dry, but this blogger apparently ran an actual contest and this is one of the entries of somebody watching paint dry. But paint is actually the right example in my mind about how to think about ubiquitous resources because you don't have to like pack everything you want into it. You can just say, all right, all I'm gonna do with a wall of paint is make it yellow to foster attention or maybe blue to calm me down. I don't know, there'll be designers here who know more about that than me, but that's kind of the mindset we have to think of because that's where life happens. Life happens around the more boring aspects of user experience around ubiquitous resources. And to give you an example of the sort of challenge you might wanna start thinking about, if you've ever stepped out of an elevator in a hotel, you'll often notice that there's a mirror there. Why is the mirror there? Because people, when they press the button for the elevator, they tend to get really impatient and keep jabbing at it, waiting for the elevator to come. And designers discovered that instead of doing complicated programming logic with the elevators, all they need to do is put a mirror across from the elevators and people start doing that and they occupy all the time they need. And if you think about applying scarcity versus abundance mindset to this surface and replacing it with an LED screen, for example, what would you do with it? Would you show like a riot of television ads because attention is scarce and so it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy? Or would you do something like, all right, it's an LED screen, but it still behaves like a mirror, but maybe superimposes a new hairstyle on you, something like that. So it's hard thinking around resources you can waste. So this is an example of normal and boring. Another is street signs for traffic. This is a crossway walk sign in America. I don't know if it's the same in Sweden, but this is not something I want to be made interesting. I don't want this to become like a TED talk of jazz and so forth. This has one function, it's got to get me safely across the street. But again, when you start thinking of this sort of pixel becoming very ubiquitous and cheap, you can start thinking of all the crazy but boring things you can do with it. Like a lot of us walked from the hotel about a mile away to this venue this morning.  Like in a little arrow turn right here, turn left here. That could be done. It would be kind of boring, but that's what I think public computing with ubiquitous screens should look like. So boring is normal. Here's a very boring bathroom. I like this sort of thing. So not much going on. The information density is very low. There's a few colors. There's a few platonic shapes. But the point is we like it this way. Would you really want your bathroom to be completely plastered wall-to-wall with advertising? No. So you have to rethink this around pixels. So there are smarter things you can do with pixels that you cannot do with paint or wallpaper or more traditional media. But the principle that you should keep it boring still applies because we like it that way. So the challenge becomes, how do we do smart boring? How do we create a new normal that's not trying to excite and stimulate you all the time? And how do we waste pixels? That's, of course, the overarching question. So I'll give you a couple of examples that I think represent the right kind of thinking here. So doing nothing beautifully. I'm sure you guys have seen apps like this. This one is called invisibility. And it basically does simulated transparency. And I think this is a brilliant use of what the iPad can do. And imagine if you could use this to create simulated windows. We are in this room here, and that wall faces an interior, but we could put up an LED panel and make it look like a window. Or if you're in a museum, you could make that like an x-ray device that looks behind, say, maybe there's a submarine or ship that you're walking through as a museum. You can look behind and see the wiring and plumbing. So these are sort of the things you can do if you do nothing really well. Another is wasting time well. So you can clearly see I don't believe in attention scarcity or attention economy. So this is a screen that you'll find at the Los Angeles International Airport. It's a big touch screen and it has a Chinese Tangram puzzle on it.  So I never get to play it, but this is sort of the right approach to thinking because we think of attention as scarce, but once we start thinking in terms of normal, boring, everyday interactions, children playing, you get things like this. Another good example is every sort of surface covering medium in history starting with cave paintings has always attracted graffiti. If you go to cave murals, you'll see graffiti. X loves Y, that kind of thing. And of course, we have to invent digital graffiti. So I hope next year when we have this conference again, we have this big digital graffiti wall where we can all scribble, right? Okay, so let me try and contextualize this for Sweden. This whole design challenge of doing nothing well and wasting pixels, I think Americans would be really bad at it because we like to kind of jam-pack everything. But Sweden I think is already really good at it. So I haven't yet, this is my first visit to Scandinavia and I'm gonna stock home next and I mean to go and see this. It's some designers wanted to get people walking on stairs more than taking the escalator as a health thing and they made a small change. They made the stairs look like a piano keyboard and when you step on them, they make the musical notes. And when they did this, they found that behavior changed and a lot more people started taking the stairs. So this is the kind of really muted background, wasting pixels type of thinking that I think Swedes are really good at. And of course Ikea is I think a byword for boring in America but it's boring but everybody buys it, everybody uses it to furnish their homes and I think that's its trend, the fact that it's boring and normal. Okay, so the big principle here and I'm hoping Dan will have more to say on this but I really think information overload and the attention economy are missframings of important human behaviors. It's really a matter of perspective, empty spaces, negative spaces, transparency, things like that. It's all about working with the attention economy in a way that you just let it go and that's kind of how you actually deal with attention. So I'll stop here.