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A very good evening aspirants, I welcome you all to the Hindu Daily News Analysis brought to you by Shankarai's Academy. Today I am going to cover important news articles from the Hindu News paper dated 5th of February 2023 and displayed here are the list of news articles that we will be discussing today. You can go through it and those who haven't yet subscribed our YouTube channel do subscribe and hit the bell icon button to get regular notifications regarding our content videos. Now let us get into our first news article discussion. Now have a look at this FAQ article. This FAQ article is about mangroves and its importance. Mangroves have been in the news for the past couple of days because in our 2023-24 budget our government launched a new scheme called MISTHI. MISTHI means mangrove initiative for shoreline habitats and tangible incomes. It is due to this reason mangroves have been in the news. The FAQ article here talks about characteristics of mangroves, types of mangroves, its distribution in India, its importance and about the recently launched MISTHI program. So in this discussion let us see all these aspects in detail. Before that the syllabus regarding this discussion is displayed here, you can go through it. Now let's start the discussion with some basics about mangroves. Mangroves are salt tolerant plant communities. They mainly occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is between latitude 24 degree north and 38 degrees out. Within the tropical and subtropical region they mainly occur in intertidal zones. Here the intertidal zone is the area where the ocean meets the land between high and low tides. These intertidal zones are marsh in condition. The conditions in the intertidal zones include lack of oxygen, high salinity and diurnal tidal inundation. These conditions are not ideal for normal plants to grow. But the mangroves thrive in these conditions. How? This is because the mangroves exhibit various morphological and physiological evolutionary adaptations to survive in these harsh conditions. Now let us see the adaptations that the mangroves have and how the adaptations help the mangroves survive. The first one is the salt glands in the leaves. Now look at this image here. This is how these salt glands help excrete excess salt from the plant. The second adaptation is the specialized lenticel glands. Now look at this image here. This image shows the lenticel gland of the mangroves. The lenticel glands are located in the bark of the tree and help in exchange of gases. The lenticel gland in the mangroves is specialized to allow for only gases exchange and it prevents the entry of salt. Then the third major adaptation is the stilt roots and butters roots. Now look at this image here. This is the stilt root system of mangroves. And this is the butters root system. See the soil in the swamps is very loose. So these adaptations provide physical stability to the mangroves. Then the fourth adaptation is pneumotor force. Now look at this image here. These are called pneumotor force or breathing roots. All tissue of plants require oxygen including the underground roots. In places that are waterlogged, the soil has less oxygen. Since the mangrove grows in waterlogged areas, they have an adaptation. Which is the breathing roots or pneumotor force. The pneumotor force extends upward from the underground roots above the soil surface. So during low tides, air is taken up through opening passages in the pneumotor force and transported to living root tissues. So this is about breathing roots. And the last adaptation is VV parry. VV parry is reproductive adaptation. In a VV parry type of reproduction, in which the seeds while remaining attached to the parent tree start germinating into propagule. Now look at this image. Here you can notice that the seeds have started germinating while attached to the plant. After sometime, they are dropped in the water below. Once in the water, the half germinated seed either takes root in the sediments near the parent tree. Or in some cases, it is disposed with the tides and currents to the other shorelines. So these are all the major adaptations of the mangroves that help them to survive in harsh, intertidal zones. Now let us see the types of mangroves. The mangroves are classified into true mangroves and mangrove associates. The true mangroves have the following characteristics. Firstly, they are root D. Secondly, they occur only in mangrove ecosystems. And finally, they have morphological adaptations like stilt roots, butters roots, nematophores, vivipary and salt exclusion glands. Only if your plant possesses all these characteristics, it is called true mangrove. The common examples include avicinia, aficinolis, and rhizophora, mucronata. Unlike the true mangroves, the mangrove associates did not show higher salt tolerance. Although the true mangroves can grow in salty conditions, the mangrove associates grow best under fresh water. Some common examples include allangium, salivifolium, and theespecia papillonia. According to the botanists, the number of true mangrove species in India at about 42 and mangrove associates at 68. For a stable, resilient mangrove ecosystem, the mangroves must coexist with each other. Okay, now having seen the types of mangroves, now let us see the distribution of mangroves in India. India has about 4,992 square kilometers of mangroves, according to the Indian State of Forest Report 2021. Mangroves in India are distributed across nine states and three union territories. Among the states, West Bengal has the highest mangrove cover in India. The table below, which is taken from the Indian State of Forest Report, shows the distribution of mangroves in India. As you can see from this table, compared to the 2019 survey, there has been increase of 17 square kilometers of mangrove cover in India. This is positive news, but still the mangroves are facing various threats. Now we will see the threats one by one. The first threat is the reclamation of mangrove land for agriculture. The second threat is presence of aquaculture or fisheries in the coastal areas that obstruct the tidal flow and the flow of sediments. Thirdly, mangroves are also cut down for timber, fodder and fuel load. The last major threat is the increase in industrial activities and the discharge of untreated waste in mangrove areas. These are the major threats faced by the mangrove ecosystem. To address these threats and to increase the mangrove cover, our government has taken many steps. The recent one is the MISTI program. Before looking at the MISTI program, let us look at the importance of mangroves that prompted the government to take steps for its conservation. Firstly, the mangroves play a major role in combating climate change. According to the state of World Mangoes 2022 report, the mangroves hold up to four times the amount of carbon as some other ecosystems of similar size. For example, if one hectare of a terrestrial forest can hold up to 10 tons of carbon, then a mangrove of the same size will hold up to 40 tons of carbon. So the mangroves are one of the world's most efficient carbon sinks. As India plans to become carbon neutral by 2017, the mangroves will play a major part in it. Secondly, the mangrove helps cushion the blow off cyclones. As the mangroves are very dense, they reduce the speed of cyclones and help reduce the impact of cyclones in coastal areas. Thirdly, the mangroves also play an important role in controlling coastal erosion. The mangrove with their tight network of roots prevent the coast from storm surges, currents, waves and tides. And finally, mangroves also helps in conserving biodiversity. The mangroves provide habitat for a large number of birds, fishers, invertebrates, mammals and plants. See these are all some of the important advantages associated with mangroves. Now let us look at the misty program. See under the misty program, mangrove plantations will be taken up in coastal areas and in salt pans. The plantation dry will be carried out through a convergence between MG Narega scheme and Kampa fund. Once implemented, this scheme will help increase the mangrove forest cover in India. But the issue with the misty program is that it is just a mangrove tree plantation drive. The survey rate of mangrove seed plantation is 50% and the survey level of mangrove saplings is about 60%. It takes 3 years for a new mangrove plant to stabilize. So a contract-based one-time plantation under MG Narega and Kampa may not work. As the seeds and the saplings might get destroyed due to lack of attention. So the efforts under the misty program will not turn fruitful until the government educates the local community about the importance of mangroves. So people must be educated about the importance of mangroves. This will encourage the local community to take ownership of the local mangrove forest. And this will also help to increase the mangrove cover in the long run. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about mangroves. Then we saw about the adaptations that the mangroves have. Then we saw about the types of mangroves. Then we moved on to see about the distribution of mangroves in India. Then we saw the threats faced by the mangroves. And then we saw about the importance of mangroves. And finally we saw some facts regarding the misty program of Indian government. See this topic is very much important for your both preliminary and main examination. See UPSC may put a question regarding the importance of mangroves and the threats faced by the mangroves and so on. So make note of each and every point that we discussed. Now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this news article. It talks about the issue of censorship of BBC documentary relating to Gujarat riots. See the Indian government banned the publishing of the BBC documentary using the emergency powers granted to it under the IT rules 2021. The ban has been questioned by a wide set of population in India. In this context only more than 500 scientists and academicians across India has showed their dismay towards the government regarding the ban of BBC documentary. They contended that the ban has violated the rights of Indians to assess and discuss important information about their society and government. This is the crux of the news article given here. Now in this discussion we will understand about censorship, then about the need of censorship, then about the laws governing censorship in India. And finally we will also learn about the positives and negatives of censorship. Now firstly let's see the meaning of the word censorship. See censorship can be defined as an activity which is used to prohibit the circulation of a content which is considered harmful for a society. Here the content which is to be censored can be an advertisement, film, series, music, speeches, reports, debates, magazines, newspapers, plays or any form of art, literature, documentary or oral works. This is a brief about censorship. Now let's see about the need for censorship. Firstly censorship plays a key role in national security. By censoring certain types of material, government can ensure that sensitive information does not fall into the wrong hands. For example the details about airports, atomic power stations and so on needed to be safeguarded. So any information about them in the public domain needs to be censored to ensure national security. Secondly censorship is necessary to promote social harmony. Censorship can be used to prevent the spread of dangerous ideas that might cause chaos, unrest and discord among the public. Take speech with an intention to create communal hatred falls into this category. Thirdly censorship is needed to protect children from viewing inappropriate content. Finally and most importantly censorship can be used to contain the spread of misinformation. In the era of defects this becoming difficult to segregate real information from the false ones. If the spread of false news is allowed it will lead to multi-dimensional problems. So censorship plays a key role here by blocking the spread of misinformation among the public. So these points provides us the reason for the need of censorship. Now moving on to see about the various laws and agencies which are imparted with the functions of censoring content in India. Firstly let's take the case of print media which includes newspapers, magazines etc. Newspapers in India are legislated by the press council of India. Secondly let's take movies. See the movies which are releasing in India are censored by a statutory body called a central board of film certification. Now thirdly coming to the social media intermediaries like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and so on. False contents which are posted on these platforms should be taken down to the government of India issues a censorship order to the platforms. Government of India gains the power to censor false contents present in online platforms through the IT rules 2021. Here note that the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting directed YouTube and Twitter to take down links sharing the BBC documentary under Rule 16 3 of the IT rules and Section 69A of the IT Act 2000 that allow for emergency blocking. So these are all some of the agencies and laws which are imported which are the function of censoring content in India. Now talking about the advantages and disadvantages of censorship see the advantage part was already discussed in this discussion. We saw about the need of the censorship right that points provide for the advantages of censorship too. So in short censoring certain content is necessary to maintain social order and to promote national security. With this now we'll understand the disadvantages of censorship one by one. Firstly censoring goes against the provisions of Article 19 of the Indian Constitution.  Censoring too much may result in dilution of the right to free speech and expression of an individual. Secondly censoring may cause chilling effect on the population. When censoring is coupled with criminal prosecution people may fear to create or share content which are against the government. See the term chilling effect refers to a phenomenon where individuals refrain from engaging in free expression for fear of running against a law or regulation.  As a result individuals they themselves will try to curtail their speech and expression to escape punitive governmental action. This concept is only known as chilling effect. So too much of arbitrary censorship may result in chilling effect on the population. Thirdly only by meaningful discussions and deliberations society will move forward towards the next level. If too much censorship is made part of the law of the land then it will curtail the discussions which are against the order of the day. This is all about the issues associated with censorship. And that's all against the discussion. This discussion we saw about the term censorship. Then we saw about the need for censorship. Then we saw about censorship laws in India. And finally we saw some disadvantages associated with arbitrary censorship. See this topic is very much important for your main exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this snippet here. It says that Chile has declared a state of disaster in several central and southern regions. This is because of forest fires caused by a devastating heat waves. Forest fire is not just an event in some part of the world. Even in India there has been a 10-fold increase in forest fires in the past two decades. And reports say that more than 62% of Indian states are prone to high intensity forest fires. Now in this context let us learn about forest fires in detail. First of all what are forest fires? See forest fires are any uncontrolled burning of plants in a natural setting such as a forest, grassland, brushland or tundra. The forest fires spreads by consuming the natural fuels in the forest. Forest fires can be incited by human actions such as land clearing, extreme drought, heat waves etc. In rare cases forest fires are also caused by lightning. Now how do forest fires occur? Basically there are three conditions that need to be present in order for a forest fire to burn. They are fuel, oxygen and finally a heat source. Here fuel is any flammable material like trees, grasses etc. Then we take oxygen, it is supplied by the air and as we all know oxygen is needed to burn. Finally the heat sources. It only helps to spark the wildfire. As I told before natural factors like lightning, hot winds and even heat waves can provide sufficient heat to spark a forest fire. Then campfires, cigarettes, land clearance for agriculture like the stubble burning or some anthropogenic causes. Also frequency of forest fires is growing due to climate change. Hotter and drier conditions are drying out ecosystems and eat increasing risk of forest fires. This is all about the causes. Is every forest fire dangerous? To understand that you should know about the types of forest fires. Actually there are three basic types of wildfires. First is the crown fire. It burns trees up their entire length to the top. They are the most intense and dangerous wildland fires. Secondly there are surface fires. They burn only surface later. These are the easiest fires to suppress and it cause the least damage to the forest. And finally ground fires. It is also sometimes called as underground or subsurface fires.  These fires move very slowly but it can become difficult to suppress crown fires. This is all about types and we can witness that all forest fire is not dangerous. Now what are the consequences of forest fires? Forest fires can disrupt transportation, communications, power and gas services and water supply. They also lead to loss of property, crops, resources, animals and people. Then forest fires impact weather and the climate by releasing large quantities of carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter into the atmosphere. This results in air pollution which can cause a range of health issues like respiratory and cardiovascular problems. On the face of it it looks very bad right but there are some good consequences as well. Forest fire removes low growing bushes, it cleans the forest floor of debris and opens it up to sunlight. Besides this forest fires nourishes the soil also. It reduces the competition for nutrients and allows established trees to grow stronger and healthier. So you should know about this aspect of forest fire also. Now finally let's see about the measures of Indian government to reduce forest fires. The first is the national action plan for forest fires. See this plan was started in 2018 with the goal of reducing forest fires. It aims at informing, enabling and empowering forest fringe communities and it also incentivizes them for collaborating with state forest departments in controlling forest fires. Then there is the forest fire prevention and management scheme. Know that it is the only government sponsored program dedicated to assist states in dealing with forest fires. And that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion we saw about what are forest fires. Then we saw how forest fires occur and we also saw some causes of forest fires. Then we saw the types of forest fires and finally we saw some consequences and benefits of forest fires. See this topic is very much important for your main exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now have a look at this news article here. It says that the Supreme Court appointed committee has recommended to protect the endangered great Indian buster which live close to the proposed power lines in the Thar and Kutch deserts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. The committee said that the lines should be re-routed or made to go underground. However the private and public power companies contented that shifting all overhead lines to underground would be expensive and would significantly increase the cost of solar power. So this is the issue. Now in this context let us learn about the great Indian buster in Prillam's perspective. See the great Indian buster is one of the heaviest flying birds and these birds are endemic to the Indian subcontinent. The adult males are around 120 to centimeter tall and of 11 to 15 kg of weight. The adult females reach up to 90 to centimeter height and weigh about 4 to 7 kg. This species is known for very slow reproductive rate. It lays only one egg for one or two years. And the success rate of these eggs under idle situation is around 60 to 70 percentage. Because of such slow reproductive rate and specific habitat requirements the species is found to be highly vulnerable. This is a brief about great Indian buster. Now how do they mate? See during the mating period the males display themselves to attract females. The males have a gular pouch. When they wish to attract females they inflate the gular pouch like you see in this image. The pouch helps them to produce a resonant booming mating call to attract females. The sound of the mating call can be heard up to a distance of 500 meters. Now talking about their habitat the great Indian buster usually inhabits open habitats like short grasslands, open scrub and rain-fed agriculture. They breed in traditionally selected grasslands. More than 90 percentage of the total birds in the world are in India. Very few birds are also seen in Pakistan. In India the largest number is found in the third set of Rajasthan. Few birds are also found in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. This is about their habitat. Now we will see about the threats faced by the great Indian buster. The threat is that these birds are prone to collision with power lines as mentioned in this article. This is because of their poor frontal vision and their inability to see power lines from a distance. Further because of their larger size it becomes difficult for them to shift trajectory quickly after seeing power lines. Many a time there is a huge impact with these lines and even if there is no electrocution these birds die because of the impact of collision. Sometimes they also die because of electrocution. The problem is that the habitats of great Indian buster have a high density of transmission lines. This is because of the potential for renewable energy production in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Recently a unique initiative was brought in. This initiative is aiming to install Firefly bird diverter for overhead power lines. Now look at this image. Firefly bird diverters are attached with or installed on power lines. These diverters are called fireflies because they look like fireflies from a distance. They shine on the power lines in the night. They work as reflectors for bird species like the great Indian buster. But the Supreme court appointed committee argues that bird diverters are a stop gap measure that is temporary solution and they cannot entirely guarantee and end to bird hits. This is all about the threats faced by great Indian buster. Now finally talking about their conservation status. The great Indian busters are categorized as critically endangered under the International Union for Conservation of Nature that is IUCN's Redlist of Threatened Species. They are also listed in Appendix 1 of Sites that is Convention on International Trading Endangered Species of Wild Fawn on Flora. Apart from this the great Indian busters has also been identified as one of the species for the recovery program under the integrated development of wildlife habitats of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the great Indian buster, its habitat. Then we saw about the threats faced by the great Indian buster and finally we saw the conservation status of great Indian busters. See this topic is very important for your prelims exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now have a look at this news article in the 2023-24 budget our government allocated rupees 7000 crore for the third phase of the E-Course project. The news article is regarding this allocation. The Chief Justice of India, D. Y. Chandrachuth welcomed this move of the government and he further said that the E-Course project will ensure that courts are accessible to every citizen and it will also make the judiciary more efficient. This is about the news article given here. Now in this context let us see the basics about E-Courts. See E-Courts or virtual courts is a concept that aims to limit the physical presence in court. In case of E-Courts the adjudication process takes place over the internet. In our country we undertook the E-Courts project to transform the Indian judiciary by ICT enablement of courts. The Indian E-Courts project was conceptualized on the basis of national policy and action plan for implementation of information and communication technology in the Indian judiciary 2005 report. This report was submitted to the committee of the Supreme Court. See the E-Courts mission mode project is a pan India project monitored and funded by the department of justice which is functioning under ministry of law and justice government of India. Now with these basics about E-Courts project now let us see the advantages associated with E-Courts project. First let us see the advantages the E-Courts project will bring to the citizens. Here the first one is improved accessibility. The accessibility is increased due to better scheduling mechanisms and online digital filings. In addition to this digital orders in multiple regional languages will significantly improve understanding of the process which in turn will increase the access to justice. Next it will bring down the cost of justice. E filings and virtual hearings will reduce travel costs thereby reducing the cost of assessing justice. The next advantage is the E-Courts will increase transparency. E-Courts initiatives like live streaming of cases and open data will make the judicial process transparent. The E-Courts will also help in research. Accessible open data due to E-Courts will enable researchers, academics and civil society to better understand the functioning of the judicial system. Finally E-Courts are environment friendly because minimizing paper based processes will bring a significant reduction to the environmental cost of the judicial and legal system. This is about the advantages the E-Courts will bring to the citizens. Now moving forward let us see the advantages the E-Courts project will bring to the lawyers. The E-Courts will help draft better legal strategies. See greater access to information through E-Courts will support crafting better legal arguments and strategies for the lawyers. Secondly since the court records are updated digitally in real time the need for inspection or regular updation of case files by the lawyer is brought down. Also this will avoid issues arising from loss of case records or the need to reconstruct case files. This is about the advantages to the lawyers. Now let us see the advantages the E-Courts project will bring to the judges. The first advantage here is better tracking of cases. A unified digital platform will enable courts to track the progress of cases from the court of original jurisdiction through appellate courts. Secondly with digital courts there will be greater access to information. This will help the judges make well informed decisions very easily. Finally E-Courts will help in efficient delivery of justice. See seamless integration of the judicial system with the tough police, prisons, prosecutions etc which will improve the speed of information sharing and make the judicial process more efficient. See these are the major advantages of E-Courts but it also has some issues associated with it. The issue include low penetration of the internet in India, then low digital literacy, weak digital infrastructure and vulnerability to hacking and cyber security. This is all about issues and that's all we got in this discussion. In this discussion we saw about E-Courts then we saw about the advantages of E-Courts. See this topic is very important for your both prelims and main exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now have a look at this news article. This news article is taken from today's Tiruvanandaburam edition of the Hindu newspaper. It says that the 12th annual final survey of the Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary was jointly conducted by the Forest Department, Travancore Nature History Society and other non-governmental organizations. The survey documented nearly 450 species of birds, odonates, butterflies, archnids and mammals. As many as 165 butterfly species including the Malabar Raven, Malabar Banded Swallowtail, Reddisk Bushbrown, Shayadri Grass Yellow, Golden Tree Flitter and Travancore Evening Brown were documented. Rare species such as small palm bob, purple spotter flitter, Rama swamis six line blue and Shiva Sunbeam were also spotted as per the news article. You should know the names of these species from the example point of view. That's why I told you. So take a note of them. Now it is also important to know few facts about Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary. See the Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary is a productive area in the western Ghats. It is located in Koldam district of Kerala as you see in this map. It comes under the control of Agastiyamalai Biospace Hub. The Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1984 spanning an area of about 172.403 km2. The sanctuary owes its name to the endemic species Gupta Travancorica locally known as Chenkurunji. Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary is rich in biodiversity and lies on either side of Shendurne river. It is also known for its artificial lake and reservoir of the Tenmaladam. Now talking about the floor and fauna, the Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary is a biodiversity hotspot with 1257 species of flowering plants with 309 species being unique to the western Ghats. Then the sanctuary is also home to 267 species of birds which includes many migratory, endemic and endangered species. Also the majority of the sanctuary is covered in tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. And another important fact is that the sanctuary is known to have a population of the highly endangered lion-tailed macaque. Then other common mammals include elephants, gaur, sambar deer, wild bear, malabar jain kuril and neelidhi langur are also seen in the Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary. That's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the names of butterflies that were spotted in Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary. Then we saw about Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary, its location and finally we saw some facts about flora and fauna found in the Shendurne Wildlife Sanctuary. See this topic is very much important for your prelims exam, so try to remember the butterfly names we have discussed. Now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now have a look at this news article. This news article gives us data about the enrollment of Muslim students in higher education. This data is taken from the recently released All India survey on higher education report for 2020-21. The survey shows that the states such as West Bengal, Telangana and Kerala have contradicted the national trend of the number of Muslim students enrolled for higher education. So in this discussion we will understand the data provided in this news article. Firstly the All India survey on higher education report shows that the proportion of Muslim students enrolling for higher education dropped from 5.5% in 2019-20 to 4.6% in 2020-21 in India. This is the percentage. Now talking in terms of aggregate numbers, the enrollment of Muslim students dropped from 21 lakh in 2019-20 to 19.2 lakh in 2021. Here we could witness a decline right. This is overall data. Now coming to state specific data we saw in the beginning that the states such as West Bengal, Telangana and Kerala have contradicted the national trend right. Now we will see the data with respect to these states. Now firstly let's take West Bengal. See in West Bengal about 2.38 lakh Muslim students enrolled for higher education in 2020-21 whereas the number of Muslim students who joined higher education in the year 2019-20 was 2.35 lakh. The enrollment has increased right. Now talking about Telangana in Telangana the number of Muslim students enrolled in the year 2020-21 was 1.28 lakh as against the 1.21 lakh in 2019-20. Here also we could witness some increase right. Now finally coming to Kerala, Kerala marked an increase in the enrollment of Muslim students from 1.66 lakh in 2019-20 to 1.7 lakh in 2020-21. Here also we could see a slight increase in the enrollments. Now moving on to see about the states in which the enrollments have declined. Among the states that recorded the sharpest decline in the number of Muslim students enrolled was Uttar Pradesh. In Uttar Pradesh the enrollments were dropped from 3.57 lakh in 2019-20 to 2.99 lakh in 2020-21. It is a huge decline right. Apart from UP in Jamun Kashmir also the enrollment dropped sharply. In Jamun Kashmir the enrollments dropped from 1.78 lakh in 2019-20 to 1.31 lakh in 2020-21. So the worrying fact is that the decline in enrollment of Muslim students comes when there has been a 7.5% increase in overall enrollments across the country in 2020-21 from the 2019-20 figure. So to say simply the overall enrollments in the higher education across the country has increased to about 7.5% but we can witness the decline in enrollment of Muslim students in the country. This is all about the data. See some political analysts are saying that these figures might be looked at from an economic perspective because they are among the communities which are economically lagging behind when compared with other communities. The analysts further says that due to the increasing trend of privatization in higher education the students from the Muslim community are getting fewer opportunities. The analysts also pointed out that in the states where the enrollment has improved there may be more straight-run higher educational institutions and less private institutes. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw some data relating to the enrollment of Muslim students in higher education across the country. See you can use these points while writing your main answer. This will enrich your answer definitely. Now with these key points in mind now let's move on to the next part of the news article discussion that is to discuss preliminary practice questions. Now look at this first question. This question is regarding Great Indian Bustard. Now let's take up the first statement. It is the state bird of Gujarat. See this statement is wrong because Great Indian Bustard is the state bird of Rajasthan. So statement one is correct. Now coming to the second statement they are carnivores preferring to feed on insects and beetles. See Great Indian Bustards are actually omnivores.  So statement two is also incorrect. Now coming to the third statement they migrate to Middle East countries during their breeding season. This statement is also incorrect because Great Indian Bustard do not migrate at all. So statement three is incorrect. Now the question is asking for correct statements. Here three statements are incorrect so the correct answer for the question is option D none of the above. Moving on let's take up the second question. This question is regarding forest fires. Here five statements are given. We have to find what are all the consequences of forest fires. Look at this first statement reduces insect infestation. Actually this statement is correct forest fire kills pests and keep the forest healthy. So statement one is correct. Now coming to the second statement release seeds for regeneration. See some trees have fire assistant bark and cones that require heat to open and release seeds for regeneration. The plants include manzanita, chamais and scrub oak require intense heat for seed germination. These plants actually encourage forest fire by having leaves that are covered with flammable resins. So without fire these trees and plants will have no new generations to carry on their legacy. So statement two is also correct. Now coming to the third statement CO emissions that is carbon monoxide emissions. As we saw in the discussion itself forest fires will release carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. So statement three is correct. Coming to the fourth statement damage the habitat of animals. Yes this is actually true forest fires damage habitats of animals. So fourth statement is also correct. Coming to the fifth statement global warming. See forest fires happen trees would die so there would be a loss of carbon sink resource. And the forest fire would also increase the percentage of CO2 in atmosphere which in turn causes global warming. So fifth statement is also correct. Here the question is asking for correct statement. So the answer for the question is option D 1 2 3 4 and 5. And this is the quiz question for you today. I will post this quiz question in the community section. Try to answer it and don't worry the answer for the quiz question is posted in the comment section of the quiz question itself. You can verify it and display here are the main questions for your practice. Go through the questions write your answers and post it in the comment section. With this we came to the end of the video. If you liked our analysis please like comment and share and don't forget to subscribe to Shankar Ayes Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.


TESOL FUKET Our TESOL courses in FUKET Thailand are fully accredited both internationally and also by the Thai Ministry of Education. We therefore offer the highest standard of TESOL training available. The TESOL certificate you gain after completing the course is not only valid for teaching English in Thailand but also teaching English worldwide. The beautiful, tropical island of FUKET, fortunately pronounced as Phuket, is frequently and justifiably referred to as the Pearl of the Andaman Sea and is the largest island in Thailand. FUKET offers something for everyone and it really is the ideal location for a TESOL course in Thailand. FUKET is situated in the crystal clear, tropical waters of the Andaman Sea, just off the southwest coast of Thailand. Although classed as an island, FUKET is connected to the mainland by means of a bridge. FUKET has rightly become famous all over the world as a tropical wonderland and eye watersports paradise. FUKET offers a wide variety of terrain which includes gorgeous lengths of white sand beaches which are gently lapped by the warm and crystal clear Andaman Sea with forested cliffs and mountains for a backdrop, numerous waterfalls and a great variety of flora and fauna. However, FUKET isn't just about the scenery and beaches as it hosts an amazing variety of water sports, attractions, nightlife and entertainment. FUKET probably offers the widest variety of activities that can be found anywhere in Thailand. World famous diving and snorkeling facilities, sea kayaking, windsurfing, horseback riding, bungee jumping, elephant trekking and hiking through rainforests are just a few of the activities that you can take part in. As FUKET is a tropical island situated close to the equator the climate is tropical and as such the island offers warm hot temperatures 356 days of the year. Days are either hot and sunny or hot and rainy and while the temperature doesn't vary greatly during the year the hottest months are usually from November through March. Despite the hot climate, the sea breeze helps keep the island pleasant even during the hottest days. Thai culture is becoming increasingly known around the world and despite FUKET's popularity as a tourist destination, you will also have the opportunity to witness genuine Thai culture and lifestyle. There are numerous attractive Buddhist temples on the island, outdoor markets can be found in many areas in and around FUKET town. Thais love muay Thai boxing and you will have the opportunity of attending matches, visiting one of the many malls or just enjoy the simple life chatting with locals. Thai people are famous for being peaceful and friendly and it is for good reason that Thailand is named the land of smiles. FUKET is also an ideal location for visiting other provinces and regions of Thailand as well as for traveling to interesting neighboring countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, Burma. FUKET has an international airport and an extensive public transport system and so such travel is relatively quick, inexpensive and straightforward. This tropical paradise is guaranteed to please just about everyone and with the incredibly low cost of living, a tesol course in Thailand shouldn't work out any more expensive than taking a course elsewhere. There is a huge variety of teaching jobs available throughout Thailand and in the whole of Asia, including some of the best paid jobs in the EFL profession, FUKET is one of the most popular locations to take a tesol course and to find employment teaching English. TESOL San Francisco San Francisco is a city that needs no introduction, its use in a huge number of Hollywood movies means that much of this Californian city is instantly recognizable to people from all over the world. Whether it's the iconic Golden Gate Bridge or the infamous Alcatraz Island, nearly everyone has an image of this city in their mind. San Francisco has a long history of ethnic diversity and this can be seen in its inclusive atmosphere and the many distinct neighborhoods that make up the city. San Francisco's unique and iconic attractions, blended with its a sigoing atmosphere, make it a great place to earn your TEFL Tesol certificate. Despite being first settled by the Spanish in the 18th century, San Francisco did not start to really grow until the famous Californian gold rush in the middle of the 19th century. Since then the city has grown and grown and while the days of the gold miners are long gone, the city still draws visitors from all over the world. For anyone visiting San Francisco for the first time a trip across the famous Golden Gate Bridge is a must as is a visit to the world famous prison on Alcatraz Island. In fact, there are so many well known landmarks your whole trip could be taking up visiting them all. You could head to Pate Ashbury to recall the heady days of the summer of love and soak up the bohemian atmosphere that still infuses the area. San Francisco is also home to the largest Chinese community outside of Asia and the city's original Chinatown is well worth the visit. When you consider all the attractions that San Francisco has to offer from its rich cultural history, iconic landmarks, modern infrastructure and inclusive atmosphere it is easy to see why the city remains a popular destination for visitors from all over the country and the wider world. It is also easy to see why our San Francisco TEFL TESOL course is such a popular choice with students of all ages and backgrounds. TESOL Columbus Columbus is the capital of Ohio and is the state's largest city. It is also home to one of the biggest universities in the United States and is therefore a city that caters to a large student population with all the resources and services associated with a vibrant center of education. The city also regularly scores favorably on a number of polls and surveys regarding quality of life, economic growth and crime rates. For anyone starting out on their TEFL TESOL career, earning a teaching certificate with us in the wonderful city of Columbus is a great first step. Since its founding as the purpose-built capital of Ohio 200 years ago, Columbus has grown out of dense forested hunting land into a thriving modern capital that is a bustling center of business, finance, education, science and more recently tourism. This economic diversity means that Columbus managed to avoid much of the fallout from the economic crisis that has affected many other cities around the country over the last few years. Columbus's continued economic prosperity has seen it emerge from the shadow of its more famous neighbors Cleveland and Cincinnati to become known as an increasingly interesting and pleasant city to live in and visit. Columbus is home to a plethora of museums and galleries including the fascinating center of science and industry which is popular with adults and children alike and the Columbus Museum of Art which is home to many interesting collections of European and American art. The city's numerous parks and gardens are a great place to unwind after a busy day and wet stone park is well known for its beautiful rose gardens. Of course, as with any big city, Columbus has a thriving nightlife with nightclubs, comedy clubs and a number of bars and restaurants as well as an exciting theater scene. Columbus is a great choice for earning your TEFL TESOL certificate as its university town atmosphere, clean and safe environment and many attractions all combined to make for a truly rewarding experience. In addition, our top quality training center and dedicated professional teacher trainers are here to ensure that you get the most out of your time with us and that you leave well prepared for the start of your English teaching career. TESOL Rome Rome is one of our most popular TESOL course locations. The combination of culture, history and the large number of English teaching jobs throughout Italy make it an ideal choice for a TESOL course. Our TESOL training center is in a perfect location, close to the Vatican in public transport and offers very modern training facilities and IT professional staff to ensure you have a memorable time during your course. It is easy to imagine sitting outdoors on a pleasant evening enjoying a refreshing ice cream while sitting on the world famous Spanish steps or overlooking the Colosseum and just watching as people stroll on by. This wonderful mix of the old and the new of culture and history and the unique delights that Rome offers makes it unquestionably one of the most beautiful, fascinating and famous cities in the world. Rome is widely known as the eternal city and is certainly one of the most important of all European cities in terms of the sheer wealth of history, culture and religion and has been so for thousands of years. It is hard to imagine that any other city could rival the overall depth of history and beauty that can be found here with wonderful architectural structures such as the Colosseum, Treaty Fountain, Spanish Steps, the remains of the Roman Forum the imposing presence of the Vatican and the masterpiece that is Sistine Chapel and that's just beginning. However, Rome isn't only a place to experience the past. There is also a modern lively feeling to the city and it is a wonderful location in which to witness modern daily life and see how it fits in comfortably against the backdrop of ancient culture and history. The many delightful old squares with their old fashioned cobblestone streets and courtyards are favored meeting places for both locals and tourists and are fantastic places for sitting under the warm Italian skies and people watching. Rome has a great many restaurant terraces offering authentic and sensational Italian cuisine yet at quite reasonable prices. Rome is situated along the Italian west coast and while the city is very large and spread out over an extensive area running down to the coast, the famous historical center is quite small and localized and it is certainly easy enough to visit most of the better known attractions on foot. The city, however, also has an extensive, efficient and modern public transport system for visiting further afield. Due to its close proximity to the beach, the city of Rome is ideally located for people wishing to experience a major historical city and yet at the same time have easy access to the lovely beaches of the Mediterranean. As there is a wide range of opportunities for teaching English in Italy, it is the perfect choice of location for your Tezal course. Tezal Barcelona Our Tezal center in Barcelona can arrange clean, comfortable and well furnished accommodation for our course students in central Barcelona. We are happy to find accommodation options to suit your individual requirements and budget. A wide variety of accommodation is available. Shared apartment You have your own private room in an apartment shared with other Tezal course students, about €500 total. You also have the option of staying with an English speaking host currently living and teaching English in Barcelona, about €350 to €450. Student halls of residence during the summer months only. Rates available upon request. Guest house, very succording to location. Hotel, very succording to quality, location and season. Tezal Georgia Georgia is among the US states with the most exciting attractions including history, nature and urban adventures. That's why Georgia is a great location to take your Tezal course. Georgia offers a great selection of historic attractions, as it was among the original 13 colonies. Moreover, the state boasts over 60 major parks from the northern Blue Ridge Mountains all the way to its splendid Atlantic coast. You can say Georgia is a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts with countless unique opportunities to engage in leisure activities and nature. If you sign up for our Tezal training course in Georgia, you will not only earn one of the most valuable teaching qualifications out there, but also spend a month in an exciting US state. Go out and about in Georgia and you will find plenty of things to see and do. From fancy national and state parks, adventurous trails or hidden paths, Georgia gives you plenty of options for outdoor fun. No matter where you are, you will find that Georgia is blessed with exceptional flora and fauna with tall pine trees, wildflower meadows, colorful foliage and exotic wildlife. The Appalachian trails are a popular destination for many nature lovers seeking untouched landscapes. The trail leads to Georgia all the way from Maine, covering more than 2,000 miles of trails. In Georgia alone, you will have the chance to explore around 80 miles of thrilling hiking trails of the Appalachians. If you are looking for water sports, head to Chattahoochee River and its surrounding areas. Many choose to stay a few days at the many premier camping grounds to fully explore the area. Head down to the southern tip of Georgia's Atlantic coast and you will find serene beaches, dunes and marshes at Cumberland Island National Seashore, the best sunset location in the state. History lovers will love Georgia and its many historic sites and landmarks, including history and heritage museums, historic homes, civil war attractions and fascinating trails and tours. One of Georgia's proudest sites is Old Fort Jackson. The brick fortification was constructed in 1808 and is the oldest one of its kind in the state. Located on the banks of the Savannah River, Old Fort Jackson was used to protect Georgia from any enemy vessel coming into the region. Another interesting site is the Old Governor's Mansion that was home to several governors from 1839 to 1868. The building is of significance due to the many historic events held there and its fascinating Greek revival architecture. Georgia cities are filled with a unique culinary scene influenced by southern ingredients and recipes. If you are in Georgia, be sure to eat your heart out at the many local restaurants, bars, diners and bakeries offering local specialties. If you are looking for casual or fine dining options, you will find it in Georgia. Our TEFL Tezal Center is located in downtown Atlanta, the capital of Georgia. Our local staff works hard to offer you the best training course in the field and to provide guidance towards your international career of teaching English as a foreign language. Tezal, Indiana If you are looking for a U.S. state offering the perfect combination of nature and city life, Indiana is a great destination. Located at the Great Lakes Indiana is one of only eight cities with a border to the lakes in the Midwest. In the south, the Ohio River makes up the border between Indiana and Kentucky. These natural features make Indiana a great destination for outdoor fun. Indiana is also home to several national and state parks that you shouldn't miss during a visit. The parks also feature man-made artifacts dating back to 8000 BC when Native American tribes lived in the area. Join our in-class course in Indiana and you will have a month to fully explore the state. Besides the natural scenery, Indiana's cities also feature first-class museums, historic landmarks and homes, parks and great zoos. Throughout the entire year, there are several exciting sports events and festivals you can take part in. Indiana is also popular for its extensive shopping facilities including large malls, outlets and small craft shops in the cities. In Indiana's winemaking region, you can even stay for a relaxing getaway and wine experience tour. Lake Wawasee is one of Indiana's most popular destinations for outdoor enthusiasts seeking to spend a weekend or longer in pure nature. Surrounding the lake, you can choose between several modern camping locations to set up your tent or you rent a wooden cabin by the lake. You can also visit Lake Wawasee to take advantage of the wide selection of activities offered, such as boating, water skiing, lazy paddling, fishing or swimming. Many bring their own boats and visit the free boat ramps around the lake. Others rent a fishing or pontoon boat and explore the area. If you are looking for something more relaxed, head to the sandbar, a part of the lake only 3 feet deep and perfect for sunbathing. Lake Wawasee throughout the entire year and have a great time, one of the busiest periods is the 4th of July weekend as there is a large fireworks display held at the lake. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore is a unique nature preserve area with 15 miles of bleach white beach covered in fascinating sand dunes. The main attraction in the area is Mount Baldy, a 120 feet tall sand dune. If you are looking for lush forests, head over to Hoosier National Forest and you can explore 200-00 acres of different woodlands. To keep you safe while exploring, you better follow the 260 miles of designated trails through the National Forest Park. Most people come here to take out their mountain bikes, hike or even set out camp. Our TEFL Tezal Training Center in Indiana is the perfect location to become a certified teacher. Our local staff has worked as teachers and trainers in the field of ESL in various locations around the globe and is ready to coach you. Upon completion of the program, you will hold in hand a valuable teaching qualification and set out on your exciting adventure of teaching English as a foreign language. TEZAL PORTLAND You can use the training course in Portland as a stepping stone towards your international career in teaching English as a foreign language. The city is filled with interesting sites, including the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, Pittock Mansion, the Pioneer Courthouse Square Oregon Zoo and Washington Park. Providence Park hosts some of the best soccer and baseball games in the region. Oregon has a wide range of natural scenery to offer. You will find splendid beaches, lush forests and tall mountains across the state. Many people visit Oregon to go surfing, whale watching, hiking and biking. Throughout the entire year, Oregon is the perfect vacation destination.