I should do. Well first off, welcome everybody. Thanks for coming. Just a quick poll. Hands up if you've heard of the Linux Professional Institute before. Just a quick background about LPI, as most people know it. Well, first of all, hi. I'm Matthew Rice. I'm the Executive Director for LPI. I have been for the last three or so years. I am certified by the organization. That happened while I was still a volunteer. So, yeah, just so you know. The Linux Professional Institute was incorporated as a non-profit back in 1999. We do have regional offices in a couple of dozen countries. And in that time, we've developed a track, a graduated track of education standards that people can use to learn how to use Linux in a professional setting. This presentation here is going to be very brief because what we use the rest of the time for is an opportunity to dive into some of the objectives of some of the certifications. And it depends on what you guys are interested in, which ones we cover. So it's a very short agenda, a little bit about LPI, what exams and certs we have, most importantly how to prepare for the exam. It's one of our frequently asked questions, not just how to prepare but how to actually go and take the exam. For some reason, we make it hard for people. And as well, if you do go to take the exam, what you should expect, you know, format, how long the exam is, how many you need to take. And then also what happens afterwards, you know, how you get your results and what to expect. Just a standard disclaimer, I might not know what I'm talking about, but until you're certified, you won't know. Nah, joking, until you learn this stuff. A lot of people just use our objectives actually for a study guide. Many don't go on to get certified usually because they're already working in the field and, you know, they're happy about it, but they want to make sure that they're not missing anything. And for LPI certifications, we sort of cover, do the 80-20. You know, we cover the stuff that you need to know daily to do a job using Linux. And there's no way we could cover everything. So we rely on a group of volunteers around the world, sometimes up to 1,000 guys and girls, that answer some surveys, tell us how important certain things are and how often you have to use that knowledge. And based on that, that's what we use to create the objectives for various exams. So our mission is actually not to be a certification guide. Our mission is to try and get everybody using open source everywhere and not just for professional use, but home use, hobbyists, anything like that. They slipped this one slide in. That's why I did this earlier. All right. The other thing about our certifications is they're not tied to any particular vendor. We do cover the two main streams of distributions, you know, the RPM-based ones and the de-package ones. So by the time you're finished preparing for this certification, you should be comfortable in both of those environments. In fact, you're strongly suggested you use both of them regularly, you know, whether it's Debian or Buntu or Linux Mint, Debian Edition, which is my favorite, or, you know, Santos, Fedora, Sousa, any of those. We don't cover the gooey parts of configuring a system because to be quite frank, most of the time you're going to be using Linux on a server or in a virtual machine or using containers. And my personal preference is not to install gooey stuff on those servers anyway. So we do expect you to be very comfortable in the command line. This is a very boring map, but it shows you actually where we have at least one certification holder in any country. So any country in gold or yellow there, we have certification holders. There's 13 countries so far that we haven't been able to find someone, or they haven't been able to find us, but you know, it's the usual suspects, North Korea, Syria, Somalia, Central Africa, but we'll see what we can do. Over the last 20 years, we've had about a quarter of a million people attempt to get certified and 165,000 of them have managed to pass at least one of our certifications. We've delivered over 600,000 exams, and they're delivered in nine languages and growing. I'm hoping this year we'll be adding perhaps Arabic and Korean, but right now it's English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, I'm missing one Italian, and we'll add more as we can. So one of the benefits about our certifications is they're not tied to a particular vendor or their product. These are skills that, if you learn them now, you'll probably be using them still in 10, 15 years. I got my level one certification back in 2002, and quite frankly, underneath the hood, except for some fun things like System D, if you've heard of it. Linux is still the same Linux it was 20 years ago. Yeah, the other thing is certification is not a panacea. This is usually a warning to hiring people, HR managers, that sort. Certification is not the absolute proof that you can do a job, right? So it's an indication that they've studied, they've learned more than probably the person interviewing them, and they're dedicated to becoming professional and they're taking it serious. It is a globally recognized credential. Actually, we do have some partners that use these credentials as a prerequisite for their credentials. Good, I'm trying to think right now. I mean, it used to be Sousa did that, Ubuntu for a while, but also some partners that have open source based products where they have engineers going off into the field. They're not a distribution, they're just an appliance or something, and they think this is the appropriate preparation for those engineers, aside from getting training in their products, of course. We don't mandate any particular type of study or method. If you like video learning and you want to go to Linux Academy or Pluralsight or NDG, you're welcome to do that. If you like books, you can do that as well. If you want to set up study groups, lots of people do that to support each other and encourage each other to continue learning instead of, you know, get into it later. And some people just like to print out our checklist for the objectives. For some of the exams, it can run into six to ten pages of details of exactly what we expect you to know for the exams. We try not to surprise anybody. We tell you exactly what we think you should know. And we don't try to trick you with tricky answers to the questions. You either know it or you don't. And we try and keep it fair. Yeah, so this is our current track, okay? We do have an educational certificate, so if you're brand new to Linux, you've never touched even the computer or you've never touched a Linux desktop. We do suggest you take a look at Linux Essentials first. It covers the very basics about getting around on command line, some background about open source and free software. And it's a very gentle introduction to using Linux. We do target it more towards, you know, high schools and universities, but also a lot of professionals that are, you know, switching careers will take this as a, you know, get a taste of what they're in for. We also find that if you don't have any prior experience in Linux, it also does improve, you know, how well you do on on LPEC-1. Whether you actually go and get the certificate or not. It's not a requirement. It's really just to, it's one of our ways that we use to get, you know, Linux and open source education into, you know, high schools. You know, it's some education standards. Just teach this to them. And at that point, they'll be informed enough and know whether or not they want to continue. On the professional track, we have LPEC-1 that's been 1999 or 2000 when it was first launched. It's now at version five. Okay, Linux does change a little bit. So every three years, we take a look at how, you know, whether it's versions of software or brand new changes. And we adapt the, what we expect you to know. So once you know your system well, then we start getting into other things like network services and some advanced topics, which is LPEC-2. And then we get into the enterprise level, which is mixed environments, mostly a sound before exam at this point. Security, enterprise security topics. And one that we're actually breaking into two different certifications later this year, virtualization and high availability. In two years ago, we also released a DevOps tools engineer certification. The reason LPEC-1 is not a requirement is we recognize that these tools are not always just used on Linux. So we recommend, though, before you do it, that you're extremely comfortable in your operating system of choice. And then you go and tackle DevOps topics. And trust me, it's easy to just jump to the fun stuff, which is, you know, they'll pick two topics in the DevOps, but it means you'll be missing a lot of stuff that you don't know you don't know, which come in very, very handy later on.  So for Linux essentials, again, this one breaks the mold for our professional track. In this one, it's a 60-minute test, and there's 40 questions. If you're prepared, it's plenty of time. I've never seen anyone that's prepared for the exam run out of time trying to answer the questions. And again, it's a completely separate track from the professional level track. Although some groups do use it for help desk level type jobs, where someone just needs to know enough Linux to get on to a remote server, maybe check some logs, run some sudo. Do you guys say sudo or sudo? Okay, I don't know why I say sudo. Well, because I call the command su. Someone should be sudo. All right, we won't belabor that point. The DevOps Tools engineer, it's exam 701. It's a completely different track from the Elpik ones that we call our open technology track. I don't think there's any slides on it, but later this year we're releasing a BSD Unix certification as well. There was a group that's been going for 15 years or so called the BSD certification group, and they've merged their efforts with us, you know, mostly so that we could help them get that certification more broadly available worldwide. The Elpik one, each exam is 60 questions, 90 minutes, but for level one there's two exams you have to take, and we break it up so it's not too much studying at once. You can just tackle half the subject area and then, you know, get an early win, take that exam if you want, or, you know, continue on and prepare for both at the same time. Level two, the same thing. This one, oh, sorry, I forgot to mention. Again, Elpik one, you're still on your own system. You do set up a few services like making sure that your own system always has the correct time, but it's just more things to keep your own server internally managed, but it lets you attack the network, right? So some advanced system topics, but also, you know, setting up web services, FTP, DNS, you know, essential network infrastructure that Linux has been doing since the 90s and doing very well. The thing I should mention is because this is a graduated certification track, you do have to have your Elpik one in order for us to award you an Elpik two, and the reason is it's a cumulative knowledge stack. And just because, you know, how to set up an FTP service doesn't mean, you know, and understand permissions, ownership files well enough to make sure that you're going to be doing that securely. Usually once, unless someone's a dedicated student, you know, if they're doing this during their work life and they're, you know, adding skills as they go, normally it takes about five years of experience or so. Again, depends on the person before they're ready for some of these enterprise-level topics. So how to prepare for the exam? The minute, 60 questions, except for essentials. And we have two main formats of questions, multiple choice, believe it or not, it's harder than you think. And each of those multiple choice questions will have four or five potential answers. You just have to choose the correct one. If there's more than one correct answer, we tell you. Again, there's no tricks. If there's two correct answers in that list, we'll ask you to choose two. All right, if there's three, right. And then we also have the fill-in-the-blank ones. The answers to the fill-in-the-blank questions are always the technical term or, or file name or something like that. We do that to make sure that it's easy to translate because otherwise, you know, written English or French answers, it's, it's tough to, to score automatically. Okay. Now, again, there may be multiple correct answers. You know, if you get a question asking you a, you know, a basic tar command line, there's usually about 12 to 15 variations that would be acceptable. You only have to put one in. Some people will try to answer, you know, this is the answer and then they'll put a comma or a colon or something and this is the answer and this is the answer. And if you're taking the test through the, through the VUE network, which is regional, local test centers that are set up with partners of theirs, one thing to know is, it's kind of like that joke, what do you call the guy who finishes last in medical school? Basically, you get a pass or fail. We, we do what's called scaled scoring. All right. So the score is always between two and 800, a 500 has passed. It doesn't mean 50%. It doesn't mean 75% of the questions were right. It depends on each version of the exam that is given because each set of exam questions have different difficulties. All right.  If not the same score. Again, assuming you didn't learn anything those last three months, that's covered on the test. And we do this so that, you know, you can tell, you know, how well you did relative to the pass. And relative to, to be honest, everybody else. We put the exam objectives up on our website, but we also have a more printable version that you can get on our wiki. It's also where we put updates and new versions that are in draft. So if you want to see what's coming, if you're, you know, if you know that we're going to be releasing an update to the exam in three or four months and you want to see if there's some additional things you should be studying, take a look at the wiki. We'll be putting all the, we put all the information there. The other thing is we have versions for these. So right now we're at version five for LPIC one and LPIC two. And if you're going and buying books or anything like that and, you know, they're discounted, they're probably discounted for a reason. You know, they're back on version four, version three and they're, the publisher's just getting rid of some stock. Okay. So always double check before you take the exam which version you're studying against. When we do release a new version, we leave a six month overlap so that people that are going through say a high school or university program that's a four or five month semester, they still have an opportunity to take that exam even though they were studying the previous version. But again, Linux doesn't change a whole lot every, you know, week or month. So, you know, an old version is still okay. Hopefully you'll take a look at what the changes are between versions. We do print a diff for everybody so that you can just study the updated materials as well. The other thing we do, and we'll be doing this actually if you want. Okay. All right. The other way we deliver the exam is not just at events like links fest, scale, CBIT, next year, hopefully false Asia. But we also do this with some partners in remote areas where, you know, quite frankly, the test centers and the networks, they just don't have any test centers there. But we have some partners that are teaching people there and we'll arrange for them to do a paper version of the exam. The only downfall to this approach is that they do have to send the answer sheets to us and we scan them in and, you know, score them that way. And so we tell people it'll take, you know, up to a month for them to get the results. It's quite often less than two weeks, but people usually want to know right away. Although that's not how it worked for me in high school and university. But, you know, people are used to taking it with view where you get your score immediately. They're disappointed when they find out it doesn't work that way with the paper. If you take it through the Pearson View test network, the easiest way to book the exam is just go to view.com slash lpi. Over on the right side of the page, you'll see find a test center. There are quite a few, there's a few at least here in Singapore. The nice thing about it is they don't have to be a, you know, quite often it's a training company or school will set up a view test center. And they actually quite often make it available for any test that views delivering for the partners, you know, whether it's Cisco test, Microsoft, IBM, ours. Most of the tech certifications out there right now that are generally available to the public, they're available through the view test network. So on exam day, try not to stress yourself out, rest up before you do it, don't cram, do any last minute cramming. Never helps.  You guys know all these things, right? The other thing you'll have to do is bring some photo ID, all right? You are verified, it has to be something usually issued by the government, whether it's your license or your passport, citizenship card, residence card, anything like that would be acceptable. The other thing you need to know is your LPI ID. It's a nine digit string and you can get that, well, you can get that by also just going to LPI.org slash register. I think it'll redirect you to this one. If you do go to view, and that's especially important if you come into a paper version of the exam. If you go to view and you just take the exam and you ignore that question because they do ask for the ID, we'll automatically assign you one. So read all the questions carefully, okay? We don't try to trick you. But, you know, sometimes something does look like a correct answer. But it's not. In my experience taking tests, the first answer I pick is usually the right one. And then I change it. And multiple choice, there's always one correct answer. Again, unless you see in little parenthesis, please select X number of. For the fill in the blank ones, if we if you're expected to know the path to a file or a directory, we'll be explicit and say that. If we if we just want the command name or an option name, just put that part. People miss this part of the question all the time. I don't know why.  Take the time, review the answers. If when you're going through the exam, if you're not certain about an answer or a question, you can skip it. You just come back to it later. You know, take the easy ones, do the ones you know, and then you can focus on the ones that you're less certain about. Or might need some math because we're asking about subnets. You're also not penalized or penalized if you answer a question incorrectly. So there's never any reason to leave any of the answers or any of the questions unanswered. Again, for some reason, people do we do we use something called psychometrics to make sure these exams are fair and consistent between versions. And we factor in the, you know, 20% of guessing answers will possibly be correct, which is why if you get 20% of the questions right on the exam, you actually get the same score as if you got zero, right? Number of people spend a lot of time pouring over these questions as not just as we write them. But if anyone challenges, you know, the validity of some of the questions, we are constantly reviewing them. And just because you think there's no right answer, that doesn't mean there isn't one. The other thing is proctors are not allowed to answer any questions about the content of the exam. You know, this happens sometimes because you know, you'll have a proctor who's technical as well.  We won't interpret it for you. But please, you know, if you do think there is a problem with the exam, let us know. So once you're done the exam, we'll get the results from view within 24 hours. I think they promised 98.5% of the results will show up within 24 hours. Probably over the last 15 years, we've had to ask them where one of the exam results were after three or four days. And the candidates wondering why they haven't received any, any emails or notice from us. But most of the time, you'll get an email from us within 24 hours. Either congratulating you or yeah, so you'll get a score report, it'll tell you how you did in the major areas, as well as whether you passed or not. If you as this one show it, if you achieve the certification, as well, you'll get a separate email telling you about that as well. Right. So the first 101 exam won't get you certified, you get the 102, and then you'll get the certification. And they're, they're good for five years as well, or they're active for five years. We never expire them or delete them from the database. It's just after five years. If you haven't moved up the level or retaken the exam, which I'll get to the how to avoid that later. We just market inactive. The other thing is you don't have to take the exams in order. If you go and take the level two exams and you pass them, we don't award certification until you go and take the level one exams and pass those as well. And then we'll issue both at the same time. Quite frankly, it's most people are way more prepared for level two, because that's where the fun stuff is. I'll pick one it's kind of like, you know, taking algebra and boring subjects before you get to go build stuff, you know, as an engineer, some people. For all of our professional certifications, when it is awarded, we'll also mail out. So do make sure your registration has a real proper snail mail address. We'll mail out a congratulations letter, a full certification paper that you can frame or laminate or make it into a t-shirt. I haven't seen that one yet. I'm sure they will. And we'll also give you a wallet size card for that certification as well. If you don't receive it within a month, let us know. Double check your address and then let us know and we can always resend it. As well, you can also download a PDF version of it while you're waiting. The other thing you'll notice if you go and check your certification online is there's some verification codes. So if you want to let your employer, friends, you know, see that you really do have that certification, you just have to let them know your LPID and one of those codes and they can see the certs that you have. And this is the URL to it, lpi.org, slash verify. I believe if you just go slash your ID slash that code so you can just put the URL and people don't have to enter it, it'll work as well as the form. So update this in. So after five years, your certification's inactive. We, you know, use to recommend recertifying every two and a half to three years or moving up a level, which is actually way better than just proving that you knew how to do, you still know how to do what you knew how to do three years ago. But we actually are in the process of changing our model for governance. So like the PMI, the Project Management Institute, if you know them, or the ISC2 that do the CISSP, certification holders are the ones that are going to be the members of, or eligible to be members for the nonprofit and they'll be the ones that get to vote for the board. Anyone could be a board member because we need more than just tech guys on a board to make it functional, but it's the certification holders to get to choose them. So if any of you are certified and you don't want to retake the test, I'm in that boat, we will be using a more professional method for maintaining your credentials. We're just calling it that PDU system, Professional Development Units.  Those things show that you're not only just actively using what you certified in, but like most professions, you're going beyond the certification, which is really just a minimum. Like this is the minimum you should know to really be a professional with these tools in this field. But, you know, just like any other profession, whether it's a doctor or a lawyer, we expect you to go beyond that. And so do your employers. It is a tough exam. A lot of people get offended when they don't pass. And usually it's because they've been using Linux for five or six or eight years. And they figured, I know all this stuff already, and they just wing it. Most of the time, that's not a good approach to taking the exams. If you do fail an exam, you have to wait a week before you can take it again.  And then 90 days. Because there are some guys that will try and just retake the exam over and over, you know, once a day. And they're just throwing their money away and then trying to brute force something that they just don't have the knowledge for yet. So we try and slow people down from, you know, same sort of thing in a casino, right? We don't we don't want your money. We want you guys to learn this stuff. And and then we want to help you prove it to the world that you do all this. So that's about it. If you've got any questions, we can answer them now. If you'd like to look at some of the details of the various certification exams, we can look through that, discuss some of the topics if if you like. But otherwise, I'll let you guys go early. I did bring some discount codes. So if anyone is interested in taking the exams before September of this year, there's some 50% discount codes to basically just cover the hard costs of delivering the exams. So don't forget to take some if you if you're interested. So any questions? So historically, we divided that world into two sides. The skills assessment, the testing and the training. And we don't do any training. It's it's a, you know, the firewall that you you don't cross, right? Because otherwise, there's a trust issue, right? We don't want people thinking that we're just doing this to get training revenue or something. And so yeah, we're just the test. Now that said, there is that sort of middle ground, which is the learning materials, right? The courseware and things like that. Historically, we stayed away from that as well.  That worked the first decade. But we're now at the, you know, the tipping point where everybody realized, yeah, we got to learn this stuff. And so everybody's trying to set up education programs for this and having a lot of difficulty. So last year, the board changed the policy and we're now creating a base set of learning materials that will that will be, you know, free to use for any student that wants to. And then our partners as well would be able to use that in commercial settings. And we're doing it that way so that, you know, we have a relationship with the people that are using it for teaching others so that we can make sure that they're aware of updates and things like that. If you, if you go to learning.lpi.org, that's where we're going to be releasing that, those learning materials. The structure for them is, remember, there's 60 questions on the exam. So in the, actually let me just pop up a, so you'll see it's broken down into some major topic areas and then they're further subdivided. All right, so for instance, let's take this, managing shared libraries. You'll see it's got a weighting of one. That means there's one question related to that topic area on each exam. All right, and again these are the things you should focus on while you're studying. You're welcome to learn more, but these are the things we'll be asking you about. And so for those learning materials for each weight of the exam, we're going to write one lesson plan. It's structured very academically because a lot of it, this is actually an exercise that's coming out of our academic advisory committee. And so each each lesson plan is fairly standalone. There'll be about four or five pages of content and then another four or so pages of guided exercises. So questions and exercises with the answers. And then for anybody that gets past that, you know, so if they're in a school setting and some guy just runs off and gets it all done while everybody else is still working on it, there's then going to be another set of exercises without any answers, which we encourage everyone to do because honestly that's where you're going to do your most learning. It's going off to look for answers that you just started accumulating side knowledge which will come in handy later. That answer question? Sorry that was a long answer. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, tons of them. Yeah, that's, yeah, they, we don't tell them how to structure their education programs. I mean sometimes help them set some up.  Yes, in a while, on our exam development list, which last time I checked, eight years ago, there was over a thousand guys, sorry, a thousand opinions on that mailing list. You know, quite often they'll look at this and they'll say, Hey, this is all out of order. You shouldn't be teaching it this way. And then we point out, this is not the, this is not a teaching thing. This is just a list of what you need to know. And you structure it in an order in any way you want.  And I usually leave the installation for last. Right, because that actually requires a lot of knowledge about the hard disks and partitions and formatting file systems. And you name it that. Why do you start with, Hey, let's install Linux, right? Better to learn all the components. And then the installation is easy. Right, not to mention, if you mess up your installation, you now spent the next two days trying to figure out why you can't install Linux, instead of actually learning all the content. So we are actually, if any of you guys know this material well, we're constantly looking for more writers to help. It is a paid gig. We do pay people for this. And it's broken up in very chunkable bits. So people get to cherry pick what they, what they teach. And here's a sample, actually, of one of the lesson plans. They, and we're still working on the template and everything for it. But I'm told that a significant portion of it's going to be released sometime around June. But by the end of the year, we want to have full coverage for all of our exams. And then afterwards, we won't release a new certification or anything without this content as well. And, and we're starting with the lower level stuff first. So Linux essentials, that's why this example is Linux essentials. Linux essentials in LPIC one will cover first usually because that's the one that people need the most help with. All right, quite often LPIC two guys, they don't, they often don't go take courses. They just start learning it on their own because, you know, they boot strapped their knowledge enough that they can deal with problems as they go. And usually, you know, stack exchange or credit or wherever they can go and ask some questions. And there's lots of people that actually I've learned that the best way to get an answer is to go on there and say, this sucks. I can't even do this. And then people will go, yeah, you do this as this. Whereas if you just go and say, hey, how do I do this? Nobody wants to answer those questions.  That's not an official way to get help. The, oh, my email address is not on there. But if you do have some questions, you're welcome to email me. It's matt at lpi.org. Officially, it's M R I C E M rice at lpi.org. But because I had that address before we established our email policy, I still got to keep the old one just in case, you know, someone from 20 years ago wants to email me. You never know. Long lost friends. Someone that went to, you know, or we've got what we call a good job in consulting and stuff. You know, there's highs and lows. And so a good job stands for get out of debt.  Once you're your spouse is recovered, triggering any nerves there. Was there anything from this presentation you were expecting that we didn't do? Quite often people come here wanting to, you know, thinking it's going to be a class. And there's just way too much to cover even on Linux essentials to make that sort of exercise worthwhile. So usually we'll use this to try and help organize some study groups or things like that. Through view. Yeah, actually, let's do a live demo of that. Go to view. And so technically view is our partner, right? They promise to deliver our exams everywhere they can. And then they set up the relationships with training centers and universities, military bases, you know, random hot dog vendors. So you can see the exams here, although they're also listed down here. Oops. Here, click on find a test center. Oh, OK, they really mean there are test centers here. Yeah, and actually, if any of you are going to some of the universities here as well, through the World Skills, do you guys know the World Skills Competition? They actually use our L-PIC to as basis for their Linux competition. I didn't know that until two years ago, but they've been doing it for a long time. And we were actually talking to some of the universities here about helping them set up for that Linux competition. But, you know, non-profits are sometimes slow-moving trains. So we'll get there. Well, we're also trying to we're also trying to convince them to add some of the dev ops topics to the, you know, and so are some of the people in the World Skills, you know, the tech guys are going, yeah, it's time to change this around a little bit. And, hey, fortunately, we managed to, you know, match their zeitgeist and and, you know, our dev ops certification is what some of the people want to. But, yeah, once once this sites back up, I'd be surprised if there were fewer than five places in in Singapore that you could take the test. And regardless, we're talking to Mario. We're hoping that we'll be able to do some paper versions of the test here as well and also help reduce the cost for people. All right.  And I do have some voucher codes for people if they if they want a few additional ones that'll get them the the exams for half off went really high tech and burn a bunch of slips for everybody. So anyway, thank you very much. I actually appreciate everyone showing up. Quite often, this is voted the most boring presentation of any conference. Got that part of the video. All right. Thanks again, guys.


Good morning. You are back with the Vermont House Government Operations Committee. We did a little bit of work late last week on some bill language that had been set aside last year when the pandemic hit in order to give us time to focus on COVID relief. So we've got a little bit of bill language that we went over last week and it is my hope that we can move through this and get this bill moving on to the floor of the house. And so we have Carol Dawes with us today. The bill as was contemplated last year made some changes to town clerk fees and I just wanted to give you a few moments to chat with us about your thoughts on the fact that we had left those out of the first round of the bill. It's kind of, I've got two different points of view. One is darn it got left out of the bill because in many ways it really is just an administrative fix. We, you know, it was something that when we adopted the fee bill two years ago it was something we overlooked. And it has to do with recording documents associated with tax sales, which are handled the same way as other land documents and so should be charged at the same $15 rate. And so it just was correcting that, that thing that we overlooked. So it was nice to have it as part of this bill. But on the other hand, I certainly can understand that it doesn't really fit into a bill that deals with mausoleums in columbaria and vital records and you know which seems to have sort of a, you know, a theme to it, a bit of a theme to it. So we have shared the language with Ways and Means and are hoping that it's something that they will be able to incorporate into some of their actions this year. Excellent. That is good to know. And I will touch base with the chair of Ways and Means at our weekly meeting and just give her a heads up that, you know, this is something we'd like them to take a look at. And I do believe it allows for a more streamlined path for the language that we have in this bill, if the bill isn't taking a detour to Ways and Means because of that. And Tucker, I guess I would go back to you at this moment and say, have you been made aware of any questions or concerns or flags that we should be aware of here as we look at moving this bill? And those that were raised during the last discussion. The last time you met and discussed the bill, the repeals section from H932 had been inadvertently left out. I added that repeal section back in. I can walk you through that. The question that had come up last time was from Representative Higley, whose hand is up now. And that question was about whether sheriffs could serve process and whether any language would have to be added to allow sheriffs or other authorized law enforcement officers to serve process of a health order or an emergency provider. And the answer is that the statute already provides for that. The statute provides that service can be accomplished, according to the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure. VRCP rule number four provides that service shall be accomplished through a sheriff, deputy sheriff, constable or other authorized officer. Does that help you? I thought it did, but then I'm still going back to the actual wording. So on line 17, it says an emergency order shall be served in person by a health officer or, okay, it says or. Okay, I'm happy now. I missed the or, I guess. Yep, thanks. And that is for those of you following along at home, that's on page seven of the draft. All right, any other questions from committee members, before we jump in to taking a peek at what Tucker put back in. All right. Tucker, why don't you point us in the right direction, we'll call it up on our secondary devices and scroll to the right page. And if you all go to the very last page, page eight of eight, section nine, there is a new reader assistance heading which reads repeals effective date. And section nine has been updated to repeal 18 VSA section 5574, which related to the inspection of mausoleums and column barrier that was brought up by the Department of Health. And this time this was discussed. Second, it repeals 24 VSA section 2654, which required that the Department of Health record in the Secretary of State or send a record to the Secretary of State. Each time an emergency management district formation was approved and determined by the Department of Health. And that was flagged last time by Tonya Marshall. And those are the only additions here. All right, any questions from committee members. All right, so the next, the next thing that I need to do as chair is, is identify which of you lucky committee members is going to carry this bill through its floor passage. So before I do that, I guess I would pop to David Englander and say, what do the members of this committee need to be focused on as they think about how to explain the value of this bill to their colleagues on the floor of the house. Well, I'd be happy to provide some talking points off the top of my head. I would say that this is in the case of the, the, the mausoleums and the column barrier, this is removing a barrier to municipalities, you know, having the opportunity to make changes to their cemeteries. It's something that is no longer concerned. There's no help. There are no health concerns. I could say this more articulately if given another moment and I'm happy to write something as I said. And so the first thing is that it's an unnecessary, so in terms of the column barrier, it's an unnecessary step. It provides headaches for for towns and provides a burden on the Department of Health that doesn't have value. How about that for more concise and in terms of the vital records. This is really, I would say it's some housekeeping that was necessary as a result of a wholesale shift in how the vital records law was changed in 2017. And in the case of the health orders, this allows for potential of public health hazards to be mitigated more quickly and without without the need and the expense and the time involved in finding a share of the service. Thank you. Tanya Marshall anything else that you would add an answer to the question. All right, so I should have looked it up and I can't recall off the top of my head who who carried this bill in the 2020 session. When it did not pass through to final passage. Anybody remember off the top of their head. I have an answer. So that's actually wonderful because this person happens to still be on the committee. And so I'm going to give Rob LeClaire first dibs at taking this through a second time. You know, I would be so honored and fortunate to do that madam chair thank you for this opportunity. It doesn't come along often. I am just beaming because of your gratitude. Excellent. So the, if the committee doesn't have any other questions, this is fairly straightforward. David Englander has offered to help Rob, you know, jazz up his floor report from last year, which I'm sure he has diligently filed away on his computer somewhere. Oh my gosh, yeah. Exactly. Under under the folder, the most important things I worked on in 2020 and fail that. Oh, the failure wasn't yours. It was a victim of COVID pandemic legislating. I do think that we can probably get this bill moving through the process this year. We have, we have fewer emergency COVID relief bills that we are working on as a house and senate and so I would hope that this can make it through to final passage this year. And so I'm just going to ask. Yeah, let me just in order. Yes, a motion would be in order. Let me just ask how first if he's ready to roll with the, with the committee record sheet. I am ready, madam chair. Excellent. So I believe that Peter Anthony wants to make the motion. He does thank you very much gladly. And I'm just so reassured that the man who knows a mausoleum from a column barrier will be will be reporting it out. And this is an opportunity to plant some really detailed questions with some of your friends out on the floor of the house. All right, Peter Anthony has moved that we pass out draft 1.2 of 21 dash 0448 is that correct Tucker. Yes, I'm getting a nod from Tucker. So draft one point favorably. This is a committee bill and so it will technically have to go to the floor for introduction tomorrow. And so when we get done with our work here today, let's see we'll need Rob and how to team up in order to get this to the clerk's office. So how when you are ready if there's no, I don't see any other hands last call for questions or comments on the bill. There's no, no arcane provision that floor report has to be given from someplace that isn't above 80 degrees. Well, we can certainly talk about that. So anyway, how when you are ready go ahead and call the roll. Okay. I will begin with cannon. Yes. Maricki. Yes. The Claire. Yes. Cooper. Yes. Colston. Yes. Anthony. Yes. The host key. Yes. Lefave. Yes. Piggly. Yes. McCarthy. Yes. Yes. Great. There are 11 yeses and zero nose. And the boat carries. Excellent. Thank you much committee. Thank you, David and Tanya for being with us this morning. And I'm sure Rob will appreciate any thoughts you want to send his way for his invigorating floor report. Thank you, madam chair. Thank you committee members. Great. So that completes our work on this bill, but I do want to take this moment while we have Carol Dawes with us. Of course, many folks heard the news report this morning regarding a lawsuit on the part of some, some title attorneys to compel town clerk's offices in Vermont to resume their pre pandemic office hours in order to allow for the research that's necessary to conduct real estate transactions. And, and so Carol, I just wonder if you have any thoughts on that. If you have any desire to dig deeper into this issue with us. So you have the floor. Thank you. First of all, I have not seen the news today I do believe that there was a was there a status conference yesterday on and I haven't heard what the outcome I've spent all morning in a dentist chair so do we know what the what the outcome of yesterday's hearings were. I didn't catch that in the news report but I was turning my car on as it as it came up to anybody else catch the news report. Okay. I'll try not to let my bias show because other clerks who have let their bias show are now being subpoenaed. So, um, yeah. Um, the, the, the clerks association worked very carefully very closely with the attorney title corporation, the bar association V sorrow we had a group of people that got together two years ago to pass the, the fee change and continued to work together on improving relationships between all the stakeholders. And we actually were working together last year in advance of right when COVID hit. We were in contact with the legislature about the, the funding for the part of the COVID relief funds that helped us with digitization of land records as a grant. And we were working together and, and then the Connecticut attorney title corporation has really taken the stance that we're not going fast enough, we're not getting digital documents up quickly enough. We're not opening our doors to them at any time that they think it should be available to them. And in a nutshell, I think that their concern, what they're looking for is to move Vermont in the same direction that most other states have moved, which is land records are on a more regional level. They're not on the local level like they are here in Vermont.  And I think that that's their ultimate goal is to try to come up with some uniformity. And that runs counter to what statute is at the moment clerks set their own schedules. The way statute reads is that we're, we set our own schedule to be, you know, whatever seems reasonable. And not every clerk is open 40 hours a week because a lot of the smaller towns the clerks are part time. But we have worked really hard, particularly during COVID to maintain as much access as possible while still protecting ourselves our staff, the people are citizens. And so it's a, it feels like we're being, we're being attacked for trying to walk that fine line between providing service and protecting ourselves our staffs and the public. I'm not sure my guess is there will ultimately be things that come out of this that that will end up in front of the legislature on one of the big pushes of courses for digitization, which is very expensive. We were extremely grateful with the $2 million grant that that we took advantage of and were able to many clerks started digitizing for the first time. We here in Barry City were able to expand our online document access and through grant funds. But there, there certainly is a demand out there from the attorneys from Connecticut attorney title corporation to, to have universal digital access. So Carol for the, for the benefit of folks who may not have ever spent time in one of our small town town clerks offices. Can you just describe a little bit about, you know, the typical layout of a town clerk's office and where these documents are held and why it presents such challenges in this era of this pandemic era of social distancing and safety concerns. We actually here in Barry City have a relatively large clerks office. And so we're able now under the current guidelines we're able to have a number of staff members, but our land records are held in our vault. And the vault is small enough that we cannot have more than one person at a time in there. Again, using a CDC and a CCD guidelines as far as the number of people per square foot. So because of that we have to limit the number of people who can be in the vault to one at a time which means we schedule so that we don't have people showing up and not being able to get in. We work, we work on a schedule that has been really successful for us. I know many other clerks are doing the same thing. Some clerks offices unfortunately are so small that having just the clerk in the office precludes having another person in that office at the same time. And if they under normal circumstances, someone coming in to do research in the land records would come to their office and then into their vault. They now have two people in a space that's less than 200 square feet and they're now in violation of the guidelines. Clerks have been working out all kinds of ways to they've set up tables out in the hallway and they bring books out to researchers so they can do the research out in the hallway and be it safe distances. Some clerks are doing a lot of pulling the documents themselves and scanning and emailing them to people who have who have requested them. But we're, you know, depending on the physical parameters of their office. That really is dictating what the individual circumstances are challenging. Thank you Carol Peter Anthony. What I'm about to ask maybe overly naive I I'm assuming even though the immediately named defendants would be towns that the Connecticut group is targeted. But really it sounds like it's an assault not only on the enabling statute, but also on the health orders that the governor and Levine have issued recently. I assume the state will defend on the behalf of the towns and or the clerks association. If they end up being named. I, I certainly don't know at the, at the moment the, the eight named communities, eight, I think it's a named communities are sharing a lawyer, who is Peter's doing representative Anthony's doing yeah. I'm sorry I'm just shocked out if the burden of this falls on the individual communities I think the least the state can be as an intervener and supply some of the legal horsepower. That's above my pay grade. Carol are the community spread out across the state big towns small towns centered in any geographic area. How did they choose eight. They're, they're pretty well spread out on, I believe that the, the choice and they range from Lincoln to South Burlington. As far as size is concerned, I do believe that every one of the ones named does not have any online land records access. I believe that that's, and that's kind of their baseline of determining my guess is that's what they use to determine which, which towns to name. They do, they do say that these towns are representative of a more statewide problem so that they seem to intimate that they could have picked pretty much any eight towns. I think that's what they need to communicate. Rob LaClaire. Thank you madam chair. I guess I'm going to come at this from a little bit of a different perspective as somebody who has had to avail myself of town records. Over the years in particular last year. It has created a really hard hardship for a lot of town residents to not be able to even get into the town clerk's offices. They do need to get in there and do title searches, and they can't aren't even allowed in say nothing about schedule, a time to get in. And I recognize that some of the clerks have tried to get them the information that they want, but there's a high level of discomfort around that because title searches can be very complicated, can be very cumbersome. And it just seems like if there's some clerks out there who aren't looking for a path forward to make this work. I had to get some death certificates here, not that long ago, wasn't even allowed in the office I had to do the exchange through the door, and when it was convenient for them. Recognizing we got into this thing very quickly. I'm not going to go into it slowly, but I have to say that I think that there's some clerks out there that could do better at making their offices and what they do more accessible to the end users. I, I agree completely. Unfortunately, there, there are instances where, where we, the association are aware of clerks who have been less than helpful. The, the challenge of course is that most of us are elected officials and unfortunately there are clerks out there whose attitude is, you can't tell me what to do. And that is a challenge for their community members for the people who need to use their, their vaults and for those of us clerks who are trying really hard to, to educate them on providing service to, to their citizens. But I, I would hope that we wouldn't all be painted with the same brush. Thanks Carol mark Higley. Thank you madam chair. I have to echo what representative of Claire was talking about. I'm sorry that it has come to a, a legal challenge, but I've been contacted by a number of constituents and, and this is this is a life changing issue for them when it comes to selling a piece and I can only say that my tongue clerks up this way have been more than helpful after conversations to make that happen to make it work to get the people in the office, however, they can. And so that's been a big help but these are these are critical issues for for folks across Vermont and, and I really feel for them and and I'm hoping that all town clerks can work out something in the event of these very important requests from constituents. Thank you. John Gannon. Thank you. So, I was just reading through the complaint, and it is based on statute that and I'm not going to quote the statute but it seems that clerks office have to be open for reasonable hours. So, given that much the law, the complaint is based on statute. Is there Carol a potential legislative fix to put some guard rails that that would give the clerks protection but still encourage them to be open. Actually, there's a couple things and and it's, it's prudent, not prudent, but it's nice to have Tanya is still on this call because one of the things that that she has been trying to move forward this year is the adoption of you para which is and I can't remember what the acronym stands for but essentially it's enabling language associated with electric recording of documents land records and would provide some some additional assistance in creating some uniformity across the state with regards to digital records access to records. And one of the nice things included in that particular language is the creation of standards committee or some kind of standards body that would that would work together clerks working very closely with them to develop some standardization for practice best practices recording practices across the board and the hope would be that that that would help address some of these issues. We still will always run into the few clerks who just aren't going to do what they should be. And they're a challenge for all of us to deal with. I was thinking more along the lines of a coven 19 piece of legislation, which might give some better guidance than current statute is to the hours that clerks need to be open. Do you think that would help at all. There, there has been talk amongst the members of the VMC TA members on their listserv about on what would happen if clerks were designated as essential workers, and perhaps had some guidelines associated with that. And at the moment, we're not considered essential workers and yet if you read through the ACCD guidelines, our work is considered essential and and it's a little, it's, it's, it isn't really clear. The guideline isn't really clear as to what we should or shouldn't be doing. I actually had several email exchanges with Ted Brady. You know, eight, 10 years ago, months ago about needing some more specific city with regards to the guidelines for access to land records on and, and that would certainly be helpful for clerks to hold on to to, you know, if it were more black and white. That would be helpful. Thank you. All right, thank you so much, Carol Tanya anything you want to offer for thoughts on this conundrum. Thank you, Madam Chair. As Carol mentioned, and I believe Deputy Secretary Chris Winters has reached out to you regarding a possible bill related to the uniform real property recording act. So the revised uniform law on notorial acts, the secretaries of states in all the states have been watching federal bill come through that would kind of push all this through within all the states in Vermont is one of the ones that does not have some this overlay law that can support the town clerks when it comes to land recordings and also remote online notarization so I think that's the overlap that Carol was mentioning as some possibilities to start providing some assistance to towns and also modernization were applicable for land records. Thank you. Thanks. Thanks, committee. Right well we'll keep an eye on this and john if you have thoughts on on prompting a further conversation about about COVID clarification you and I can certainly chat about getting that put together. Thank you for being with us today. Good job committee this morning. We are now into the lunch hour so I think we will sign off and I will see you all on the floor at 115. And then back in committee 15 minutes after the


Mae'r mannedd iau, well he kept you open pick for dinner team, which a lot of people thought he wouldn't do, and changed the back four off, obviously Luca Dime went back in at left back, he brought James Coleman into the start on the 11 and I'm hoping that Ben Godfrey had a knock and wasn't available for selection, I know he was on the bench but because that was a conscious decision to take him off the back four, it was one of the poorest Carlos made all season, to have no pace in that back line, you know for me was a massive mistake, yeah everything just didn't get going, really they had a lot of the ball didn't really do anything with it, first off just so frustrated to watch, so bitter, you know knocking it around to nobody, you know all along the back, no don't create chances and it's annoying, you know and the challenge not that best probably had a really good opportunity, we had a James Rodriguez, one of a lovely bit of play from Dominic Calvolume, it's that low shaped, but other than that it was all hitting hope and we've really lost our rhythm and obviously we had the corey back today which made a bit of a difference but the midfield, Sigarton was poor all day at Wobby at the back game, we just, there was nobody, I honestly study it, I don't think I can say anybody had a good game for everything today because I don't think anybody did, like the Charleston as you know what he's been of late was poor, Don was isolated, James was probably the best out of the lot but he was in and out of it, Keane and Mina allowed Wilson to do what he wanted so the frustrating day in Newcastle, thoroughly deserved the win and back to the drawing board for everything obviously, like I said the first half, they had the best chance Callum Wilson had it there but should have been a warning to Evan off a corner and he didn't heed that warning, got in nearly hard time and you're just thinking we'll come out second half and manage to put a rocket up them and he'll come out and we'll really get at them and we kept possession better in the second half but we still didn't create any chances and it was only when we went behind really that we put Newcastle under a sustained amount of pressure but it still was you know you couldn't look back at it and go oh you know we had this chance, we had that chance because we didn't, we're just not creating chances at the moment so we've stayed in games and sadly the way it is at the moment is the first goal generally undo us, it undo us against Leeds at home, it undo us against West Armour at home and it undo us today you know when we get the first goal then yeah we're able to hang on through it but that's the way it is at the minute you know we need better players to play better football sadly or we need our players who are out of form like the charlots and to get back into form and I think the manager's got a a tough decision now without a blender to styles because in between the two you know when we're really defensive we're looking to nick something off a corner or you know a little bit of brilliance on the counter attack but when we're playing against the team like Newcastle with 10 men behind the ball like the way today we we run out of ideas pretty quickly so there's obviously stuff you know we've got to make that change. Dayscore the goal got a corner which I don't think was a corner but it's irrelevant the referee of the line shouldn't give it corner come in, Edith, Callum Wilson free Edith cos it's the Alice and they can get close enough to him and it's past Pickford and it was over then once it went 1-0 it was game over Everton had a little flurry for 10 minutes but never looked likely to equalise and they broke off I think I don't know whether it was I think it was another one of our corners which we over it lost the ball on the touch line he broke and Wilson wrapped it up and to give Newcastle a deserved win because they come they had a game plan they had everyone behind the ball and they were aggressive on the counter attack and did work for them so they faced winning about 10 I think shocking, shocking defeat by Everton it's been a poor week after but started well again Sheffield Wednesday has ended with 1.6 from two home games when you get yourself in a great position in the Premier League you've got to be able to take it and we didn't we blew it we threw one in our net the other night when we were winning and we've not turned up today so it's on to Leeds on Wednesday and see what happens there but the way we're playing you know players going on the door we're going to need a new face at least one new facing by Monday's deadline to brighten it up cos it's a real that's a hammer blow today you know the home form has been dreadful this season for Everton really has losing to Westam Leeds and Newcastle at home isn't good enough when you're trying to challenge for your being places but it is what it is that's a man of the match I don't know whether I can give one hammers just because he's the face name that's come to me yet um yeah that's it not more to say very disappointed uh yeah see you later


Hello YouTube, this is a video write-up for the challenge baby crypto from the cryptography category of seesaw 2018 So the challenge prompt here is yeet Single yeet yeeted with single yeet is equal to zero yeet. What is yeet? Yeet is yeet. Yeet date yeeted yeet at yeet 942 p.m. I hope you guys like that sound bite Maybe you could just have a a loop of me saying yeets or whatever. So This is weird, right? We were given a file to download here, which you can copy the link and wget if you particularly want I do have it already downloaded. So it's just in my current directory here We can just cat it out and it looks like base 64 So we'll have to decode that and work with whatever ciphertext that we're dealing with But this challenge prompt is stupid and cryptic crypto whatever It says single yeet yeeted with single yeet is equal to zero That's the only kind of footing that I had here and the inkling that maybe this is x or Maybe that's okay like typical crypto challenge baby crypto Maybe that's just a simple simplistic solution that we may go or yield to is is x or Exclusive or and we've covered this in the tour of x86 and that if you x or something with itself or single yeet Yeeted with single yeet x or single something x or with single something is going to equal zero Maybe this is a single byte x or so let's go ahead and play with it and work with it What I'm gonna end up doing is just several ape dot pi. I'm gonna put this in a Script here user bin environment Python We can go ahead and use a context manager because people tell me that I should do that with ciphertext dot text as Handle we can say cipher can equal handle read and we can print out that cipher cool So if we wanted to we could go ahead and decode this with base 64 64 not three and We have all this information here. So this is our real cipher now, but it's raw bytes So what are we gonna do with it? Well, let's try and do a single byte x or so what I did was I ended up using a The poem library because that's awesome and you can just say let's do for I in range And when I did this originally I went for I in range of 255 you may notice my mistake in this But I want to just showcase my thought process and where I was going with this So the obvious if you know the solution to this This is a bad thing going from 255, but I'll show you let's go ahead and check it out Let's go ahead and poem dot x or the cipher with the current I or the byte that we're looking at And let's just go ahead and print that out I'm gonna do this in the command line.  That's very not okay to read So let's pipe this to strings and see if we get anything worthwhile I'm gonna less through this so I can work through some things and you can scroll through There's a lot of garbage data in here, right? Eventually we get to what looks like English letters and if we keep scrolling down we can find something particularly here eventually I Promise okay cool. It says Leon programmer aspires create programs that help people less once so we know we're getting English Or we know we potentially have a hit as to what this could be so what I did at this point is I tested if programs is in Let's say like message can equal this if it's in message. Let's go ahead and print out The eye that we're working on and then the message that we have to work with and let's just return break out of the program so immediately we can go ahead and Ape pie we will just go ahead and run exit not return. So now it says This happened all with two two three That was the index that was a bite that we worked with it says Leon is a programmer who aspires But we have a lot of null bites in here and you can see the flag is the very very end But it says Diffie Hellman crap Blah blah blah with more random bites at the very very end. So for a little bit of time I genuinely thought this was the flag. I genuinely tried to Correct those strange bites and munch something that I could submit But I asked around the IRC and they told me like no, that's it's actually in the real flag format So I'm an idiot whatever figured I'd play with it for a little bit But then what I thought was that oh I can assume this is supposed to be in regular English So what I'm going to do is I'm actually just gonna go ahead and cipher or take take an X or of our cipher with Pwn dot X or Cypher with what we know the first part of the Actual I'm sorry. Yeah, the actual message should be so we know that should be Leon in Capital L and then lowercase space is following that let's just let's just see what we have here It looks like at the very start of it. We have X FF X FF. So the last bite or 255 In when we're counting from zero to 255 in ASCII or again bites hexadecimal zero X FF That was a horrible realization and epiphany for me and that when I went through this for loop for ion range of 255 Range is non-inclusive. So I went up to 254 I did not touch 255 so if I wanted to fix this loop I could go ahead and say for range 256 and then I could go ahead and print the message each iteration and Then you will go ahead and see when I run this at the very very end If I run strings at the very very end will have the original plain text Leon is a programmer who aspires great programs that help people blah blah blah real flag real flag in the correct format And that's what we would submit So if you wanted to you could carve that out in Python make it a real get flags or put whatever you wanted to But we could track down that zero X FF or 255 is the single byte key for this XOR So interesting thing I went through a stupid rabbit hole some hurdle that I was not smart about and didn't even realize But I thought I had a little bit of intuition where I could figure out that okay I know the text is supposed to start with Leon like Presumably in like what should look like English with regular Regular cases uppercase lowercase letters and spaces not null bytes So figured I'd go for it with the properties of XOR and we got the flag out of that cool Quick shout out to the people that support me on patreon. Thank you guys so much I cannot say this enough this list is getting longer and I have to split it up into two columns and that's crazy So please keep rocking. I it's just Blows my mind All right One dollar a month on patreon will give you a special shout out just like this at the end of every video five dollars or more Patreon will give you early access to everything that are released on YouTube before it goes live If you did like this video, please you'll like comment subscribe join our discord server link in description It's a community of CTO players programs and hackers you want to hang out with me or other cool people That's the place to do it. We'll be jamming together for seesaw red this weekend Pico CTF and other upcoming competitions and games Thanks again guys. Hope to see you on patreon. Hope to see you in the next video. Love you. Bye


We were looking at the solution to the Cauchy Poisson problem for a delta function initial condition where the interface at time t equal to 0 was perturbed as a delta function at x is equal to 0. I showed you a movie of the solution as a function of x and how the interface propagates in time. We saw that it evolves in time. This is a snapshot of the interface. In particular I had mentioned that the dispersion relation predicts that longer waves move faster than shorter waves. So, at any instant of time if you take a snapshot we see that the longer waves are the most outward ones are the longer waves. The inward ones which are closer to the origin are shorter waves. So, we get longer and longer waves as we go to the right and we get shorter and shorter waves as we go to the left and this is true at any given instant of time. Now I also said that what will a local observer who moves at a constant speed observe? So, for reference we had two observers indicated by the two red dots. Both of them were moving at two different speeds. Observer 1 was moving at unit speed and observer 2 was moving at twice the speed of observer 1. We were asking what does the observer observe locally? So, let us see what the observer observes local. So, as an example let us focus on observer 2 who is moving at a speed of 2 units. So, you can see that this observer observes a local wave packet. So, I am plotting the wave packet from trough to trough. So, this is approximately the wave packet. It is we can think of this as approximately a Fourier mode. Obviously, its amplitude is not exactly constant, but you can see that I can think of this as a local Fourier mode of a given wavelength. I urge you to go back to the video that I showed you from which the snapshot has been taken and follow this observer as the observer moves outwards. You will find that the observer does not observe a point of constant phase or in other words if you look at the crest of this wave packet at this instant. So, if you look at this point after sometime you will see that the observer will move to the right, but the crest will move also to the right, but faster than the observer. However, as the observer moves the observer sees approximately this wavelength. So, this wavelength can be expressed as some amplitude which is not a constant, but will modulate as a function of both space and time into some local wave number cos k naught x in minus some local frequency. These local wave numbers and frequencies as we will soon see will also be turned out to be a will also turn out to be a function of space and time. So, let us make an estimate of this wavelength from this picture and let us try to understand what determines this wavelength. So, you can see that this wavelength is so, this point is slightly more than 30 and this point is about 42. So, approximately this wavelength I will take it to be 10 it is slightly more than 10. So, this in SI units this is let us say 10 meter. Now similarly let us say what observer 1 observes. So, again you can see that the same structure is observed here also I can think of this as a local wave form with an amplitude which is modulated. So, A is a function of space and time. So, once again some local A x t into cos and this will be a different k naught. So, I will call it a k naught prime x minus a different omega naught clearly this k naught and omega naught prime are different from that k naught and omega naught. So, now let us estimate the wavelength here you can see that this is approximately 2.5 a single the distance between 2 things. So, this distance is 2. So, it is slightly more than 2. So, we will take it to be approximately 2.5. Now I claim that this wavelength would be observed this is the wavelength that moves whose group velocity is 2 for observer 2. Similarly, this is the wavelength whose group velocity is 1. We will see how we obtain this conclusion, but let us first verify this. So, we know the dispersion relation omega is equal to omega is equal to square root g k. We have seen that the group velocity in this case is half the phase velocity. The phase velocity was square root g by k. So, c g is half square root g by k. Let us say that my claim is correct, which means that if the group velocity in this case the observer was moving with speed 2. So, if the group velocity is 2 then what is the wave number whose group velocity is 2. So, that is given by this simple relation. So, this implies g by k is equal to 16. From this if you determine lambda you will find that lambda turns out to be approximately 10.28. This is close to our estimate. We can try this exercise for observer 1 as well. For observer 1 we do the same exercise we say that the wavelength that observer 1 sees is the wavelength whose group velocity is the same as that of the observer. Since this observer moves at a speed of 1, so the relevant wavelength would be given by the equation this. And so, we would observe g by k is equal to 4 or in other words 1 fourth of this value. So, approximately lambda will be approximately 2.5. You can see that this is very close to this estimate and this is very close to that estimate. How do we know this? For that we need to go back to our expressions and we need to work on this a little bit more. Pay attention that these conclusions that what the observer observes is valid as time gets larger and larger. So, let us work on those how did we reach these conclusions? For that let us do a simple exercise. So, our solution to the Cauchy Poisson problem is always expressible as a inverse Fourier integral of this form. We have seen this before. Now, in this particular case eta 0 tilde of k was a constant because our initial condition was a delta function for eta 0. However, we can make some general conclusions about the structure of these integrals. So, let us see how. So, let us assume that we can split because we have taken eta 0 of x to be a delta function and a delta function is an even function. So, in general we can split eta 0 of x into an even part and an odd part. By definition the even part satisfies this relation and the odd part satisfies this relation. Because we are dealing with a delta function initial condition we will assume that our initial condition is even. So, eta 0 only has an even part the odd part is 0. Then it can be shown. So, eta 0 tilde of k by definition is just an even part plus an odd part which we are going to take to be 0. This is the definition of eta 0 tilde of k. Now, if I set this part equal to 0, then it is easily seen that what is left behind is just the even part into e to the power minus i kx dk. Now, I can write the e to the power minus i kx as cos kx plus sin i sin kx. You can easily see that the second term which is a product of sin kx into eta 0 even of x is an odd function. So, let me write this cos kx plus i sin kx dk. The second part which involves the product of this and that you can see is an odd function. Why? Because at x when I replace x with minus x this part will not change sin whereas, this will change sin because sin is an odd function. So, you can see that the product of the 2 is going to be an odd function. When we are integrating it from minus infinity to infinity, the second part will go to 0. The first part will only survive. Because the first part is an even function, I can do the same thing as before. I can write it as 2 times the same integral from 0 to pi instead of integrating from minus infinity to plus infinity, we integrate it from 0 to infinity. So, I write this as, so I have pulled the factor of 2 outside and the 2 and the square root 2 got cancelled and made the prefactor square root 2 by pi. And so, we just have eta 0 even of x into cos kx. This is just telling us that if eta 0 of x is even, its Fourier transform eta 0 tilde of k is also even. So, now let us use that fact and let us write down the Fourier integral. So, we have seen before that eta of x at any time t is 1 by square root 2 pi into and now we are assuming that the Fourier transform of the initial condition is even because my initial condition is even. So, it is just an even function of k cos omega t. So, you can readily see that this is an even function. This is also an even function because omega is equal to square root g into mod k. So, when k becomes minus k, this remains the same. And this has two parts to it, a cosine and a sine part. The cos part multiplied by the other 2 makes the entire integral even, whereas the sine part makes the entire integral odd. So, once again by the same argument, it is easy to show that this can be written as just this. For even initial conditions we get. Now, we once again have 2 by pi to the power half 0 to infinity dk. And now I am going to keep the eta 0 tilde even as k as some arbitrary function, some arbitrary even function. And I am going to write cos kx cos omega t as a sum of 2 travelling waves. So, I can write it as cos kx minus omega t plus cos kx plus omega t. And then we can write this as 0 to infinity dk eta 0 tilde of k into the real part of e to the power i kx minus omega t plus e to the power i kx plus omega t. Now, we can plug in our initial condition and work on these integrals. You can see that this is a right travelling wave and this is a left travelling wave. We have seen this earlier. If the initial condition is perfectly symmetric as it is in this case because we have assumed it to be even. So, what will happen is one part will propagate to the right another part will propagate to the left. They will just be mirror images of each other. So, we can focus on just one part. Let us say that we are propagating on the we are focusing on the right travelling part. So, we are essentially interested in this part. So, the first term so, this is not equal to. So, the first term is of the form dk into real part of or rather cos kx minus omega t. So, we are interested in integrals of this form and as we said we are interested in what happens to integrals of this form for even eta 0 tilde of k at large times. This if we understand what is the behavior of these integrals then we would have understood what we saw in the last slide where we found or rather we claimed that the every observer moving at constant speed sees a local wave number whose group velocity matches the speed of the observer. Looking at these integrals in the limit of t going to infinity will lead us to the same conclusion. So, let us look at it how? Let me write the integral using still complex exponential notation, but we will take the real part of it. So, we are focusing on the right travelling wave. So, 0 to infinity dk into eta 0 tilde which has been assumed to be an even function of k into real part of exponential i e to the power i kx minus omega t and we are interested in this integral as t goes to infinity. Now, so, you can see that I can write this integral as I can pull the t out and I can write it as k into x by t minus omega. Now, we are interested in the form of this integral as t goes to infinity. Now, I will show you one particular method that method is called the method of stationary phase. This method is an is a perturbative method which allows us to evaluate the leading order contribution or the leading order value of these integrals as a parameter which in this case is time go becomes larger and larger. This method was used by Kelvin to evaluate integrals of this form in the context of water waves. So, let us understand the basic idea of the method and then it will become immediately clear that when the observer moves with a certain speed the wavelength that the observer sees at any instant of time is the same wavelength whose group velocity matches the observer. So, how do we see this? Let us say that we have to evaluate an integral of this form. So, we essentially need integrals of the form 0 to infinity. I will I am ignoring this factor this is not so important for the analysis and then we are we have some function here this is what I am calling f of k and then we have e to the power i t into some function g of k. So, whatever is written here is my function g of k in this case g of k is a function of x and time as well. So, this is the kind of integral that we would like to evaluate for time going to infinity. Now, it is useful to think of these integrals because I have to take the real part of this exponential at the end it is useful to think of these integrals as an area under the curve. So, let us get taken simple example. So, here I have plotted a simple example. So, what I have done is I have plotted this quantity. So, let me write the integrals here. So, i in this case is 0 to infinity dk my f of k is k square. So, I have just chosen it to be k square it need not be k square it can be any other function any other well-behaved function of k and then I need to take the real part of the exponential. So, I have just taken cos and time. So, cos t into some function g of k which is this. So, t into 1 plus k minus 1 whole square I will tell you why I have chosen this. So, in this case f of k is k square and g of k is 1 plus k minus 1 whole square. This curve is a plot of g of k as a function of k. You can immediately see that g of k has a minimum at a k equal to 1. Now, if suppose we want to evaluate this integral for larger and larger values of the parameter t, t will turn out to be time in our earlier example, but we can think of time as a parameter. So, we want to evaluate this integral for larger and larger values of t. So, I have plotted for example, t is equal to 500 here. You can immediately see that if I did this integration and if you think of this integration as an area under the curve. So, I have to integrate all the way to from 0 to infinity from 0 to k equal to infinity. You can see that this integrant is extremely oscillatory and the more the value of t in this case it is 500. Suppose you make this 600 or if you make this 1000 these oscillations will get faster and faster in k. So, you will see that everywhere almost in the entire domain as t becomes more and more these oscillations become more and more intense. So, you will have very closely spaced oscillations. So, you can see that if I think of this as an area under the curve, then successive oscillations will just cancel each other. So, this is a positive area, it is cancelled by the immediately negative area, then the next is again a positive area, it is again getting cancelled nearly by the negative area. So, in almost this cancellation will happen more and more as this number becomes larger and larger. And so, this entire integral the dominant contribution to this integral as you will see will come from this region because this is the region where the oscillations are the slowest. Now, what is this region? This is the region where g of k has an extremum in this case g of k has a minimum. So, you can see that g of k is 1 plus k minus 1 whole square. So, g prime of k is twice k minus 1 and if I set this equal to 0, then k is 1. You can check that k equal to 1 is a minimum by taking the second derivative. Now, you can see that the place where g of k has an extremum the integrand oscillates very, very slowly around that point. And so, if I integrate this area under the curve and if I obtain the area under the curve, the most of the contribution to that entire area is going to be from this region. So, I am just going to highlight this region in yellow from this region or from this region. Now, that forms the essential idea of how to estimate these integrals. What one does is one calculates points where g of k has an extremum and then one says that as time goes to infinity, the dominant contribution to these integrals come from those places where g of k has extremums. Now, let us remember this and let us go back to our original integral. So, our original integral was of this form. The original integral which we are looking at was of this form. And we want to now, you can see that our g of k is defined as x by t into k minus omega and omega we have to remember is itself a function of k. Now, given this form, so our f of k is the Fourier transform of the initial condition, we have assumed it to be even. So, the Fourier transform is also even. So, you can immediately see that the dominant contribution to this integral as time goes to infinity is going to come from the place where g of k has an extremum, a minimum or a maximum. For that, to find that out, we will have to take the derivative of g of k with respect to k. If we do that, then what do we get? We just get x by t minus d omega by d k is equal to 0. This is telling us that the dominant contribution to these integrals is going to be from the place where d omega by d k matches x by t. I have to mention that this limit is taken in such a way that x by t is held constant. So, t going to infinity, x by t held constant. So, x by t is some constant. This integral has a dominant contribution when d omega by d k matches x by t. Now, we understand why our what we did in the previous slide works. We had two observers. One was moving at x by t is equal to 2. We had the other observer who was moving at x by t is equal to 1. What the observer 2 would observe is a local wave number which satisfies that relation x by t is equal to omega by d omega by d k. In this case, x by t is 2. So, cg is 2. So, we have this relation. And from this, one can work out what is it that the local observer is going to see. So, in the neighborhood of this observer, the dominant contribution to the integral comes from the point where x by t is equal to 2. In the neighborhood of this observer, the dominant contribution to the integral comes from the point x by t is equal to 1. Or in other words, x by t is equal to the local group velocity is equal to 1 and the local group velocity is equal to 2. And so, that in turn determines what each observer sees locally. One can in principle reconstruct the entire profile by asking, by putting a series of such observers moving each of them at different speeds and asking what does each observer see locally. You can clearly see that each observer will locally see a different wave number. And as the observer moves, the wave number will remain constant. But the observer and the wave number is related by the fact that the observer speed matches the group velocity corresponding to the wave number.