Thank you Emerson and Let's start because it's a little long presentation, but I think is worthy. He's a very unusual Discussion of a subject that probably has not come to the attention of most of the audience So we need to start from basic and go gradually to full-blown Comprehensive discussion of the condition that came to the literature in the last 20 years Maybe and it's still very confused and very Interesting intriguing It was a color on the background today after seeing the weather. It's great Tending to blue because tomorrow is going to be beautiful, but today is a good day to be in a conference This is a picture that will give you a basic idea of what we are going to discuss today it's a noon compaction left ventricle which is basically a condition identified by the presence of a lot of bundles or muscles or presume muscles inside the Normal compact myocardium Outside, this is something that obviously has been present all the time But until recently nobody they did give a name and no one understood what it meant I had any interest in Dealing with it because it seemed to be quite irrelevant for the majority of the province They are not really inside them main cavity, but in the wall itself Well, let's see if we can advance the discussion in view of important Discoveries that we have Published last year in the final form After seven years of collecting data in a large study that we did by cardiac MRI In the Houston community in the public school in Houston By using MRI to identify risk factors for high risk cardiovascular condition for sudden cardiac death in atlas one of the surprises of the studies is Exactly the incredibly high incidence of or prevalence of high Non-compaction cardiomyopathy or non-compaction left ventricle that is a more proper main We're going to touch several points both The basic data from this study that we Referred to and then we'll go to non-compaction as it shows in the Embryology of the heart in normal and in animal We're going to discuss the spectrum of presentation in nature of this condition because many animals have predominantly hyper-turbiculated ventricle and not compact muscle in the heart We're going to eventually come up with a major Discussion in the Refine analysis by MRI of what is non-compaction in its entity or lack of entity in the muscle of the main Pumping chamber of the heart the left ventricle Eventually we're going to this Discuss specifically the prognosis and the clinical implication of this condition and Try to come up with the final theory on what is really this condition Should it be called cardiomyopathy a disease entity or just be a Unusual variety of normal anatomy because This is basically what Arts study NIH promoted Called the Mesa trial started introducing in the literature some 10 years ago 15 years ago eventually in 2012 they came up with a new Report that in the general population of people studied at 65 years of age they were looking for factors promoting Events in cardiovascular disease of the atherosclerotic kind They described this and described that that if you assume two segments of the heart to have high Neutrulations 6% of the general population in the population of about 1,000 persons Had non-compaction and they call it non-compaction cardiomyopathy and that was a little Douthful if it was a cardiomyopathy They describe it as Peterson this is a name they were recurring in many slides Peterson criteria to identify non-compaction by a ratio between the compact and non-compact Myocardium if the non-compact thickness is more than 2.3 times the normal Compact myocardium we call the condition as a non-compaction Also as a secondary feature They discovered and is a main point of our discussion That when there is a non-compaction the compact myocardium underlining the non-compaction is thinner than normal As an average many reports were given none so precise and extensive as in our study But it's basically half of the normal thickness in other segments of the heart So it's something that could lead to eventually cardiomyopathies by hyperplasia of the compact function in myocardium but this is pretty much the result Inclusion of our study 5,169 kids age 11 to 18 years of age We are dividing here in two in two groups to see if there is a progression with aging but basically the news and the main news that they want to get from this presentation that 1.47 of The patients at these ages have High risk cardiovascular conditions and we did not call non-compaction cardiomyopathy as a high risk but after coronary anomalies cardiomyopathies EKG and normality is leading to a high risk of sudden death There is a condition here non-compaction live ventricle. That is amazingly frequent 959 cases in the 5,000 kids is totally unexpected and reported previously This is something that we are going to see in different category and different subgroups of our Paper but is by itself something that requires some attention Here is an interesting sub-analysis if you look at the total number of 5142 they had diagnostics Value of MRI the males had 21 percent While the female had 16 percent prevalence of non-compaction cardiomyopathy in different subsets of the ethnic or racial Courts you can see that the ratio difference Between male and female is confirmed Both in half for American the mean is still 18 18.2 But in female only 14 percent had non-compaction like 21.5 percent of the males had it So this is also true for Asians Hispanics have the lowest Probability having no actually the highest probability of having non-compaction Cardiomyopathy 23.7 male the 20.4 The white people Are something like 30 percent in the used to schools have also a significant amount with the same difference So between male and female with aging the incident the prevalence of this condition is basically the same So the first conclusion on the S2p screening to prevent study was that Unespectedly in non-compaction left ventricle is the most frequent anomaly in the human heart anomaly in the heart and This can occur in two conditions one is should be called as being frequent and benign garden variety non-compaction left ventricle and another one much less frequent non-compaction Cardiomyopathy that is less than point one percent of the cases in this context the Peterson criteria was the one that we used also in our study with two point three to one non-compaction to compaction layer And the eco criterion as you know is that two point zero to one Is observed in insistently which is as we will describe the major technical mistake But the important thing that describes a non-compaction cardiomyopathy is not so much the presence of Trabaculations, but the presence of a left ventricle ejection fraction or less than 40 percent that defines basically simply cardiomyopathy This could be associated with exercise and one of the surprises of our study is that to find out that in Houston 60% of the kids They do the did this study Basically is the general population had the free study that doesn't hurt. It's very simple and is very Potentially useful or curious to have 60% do more than six hours of running a week So it's not Definition of an athlete but could be related to the manifestation of this Condition in a little higher degree than another but most likely this is not the true Clarification of the the reason of why this Prevalence is so high. Let's start to go then to embryology. How does a non-compaction or high Trabaculation appear in in human embryo in the first week of Development we recognize the heart initial presentation as a straight heart a straight tube Where the layers of the heart are basically three an outside clean surface no a Epicardium Then a single cell layer of myocardial cells Then jelly and then an endocardial layer inside This goes on for the first week or two and eventually the Epicardium they call it also a picardial organ a layer of cells that come from the liver travels Around the coronary sinus from the back of the heart to cover the whole extension of the heart to give a Third layer or the epicardial layer. This is a very important Population of the traveling cells That comes from the liver but is destined to form especially the coronary arteries 90% of the coronary arteries Have this origin of the cellular cells So this is a population of cells covering the heart. There has a lot of the coronary bound stem cells They have also cells for the adventitia for the media Not only for the endothelial part of a coronary artery Eventually this heart monolayer muscle becomes Proliferating actively And at the end of the first month that we can see that the inside of the vessel while the outside increases by five times the number of layers of myofibers the inside of the Cavity of the primitive leth ventricle or common ventricle is Filled up with the trabeculations. They call it embryonic trabeculation Structure that is not functional It's in the middle has a capacity of acquiring energy and nutrient from the direct transference of the oxygen and but also Glucose and anything goes on in the blood for its own nutrition It keeps the viability is the logic viability But functionally there is nothing to do to be coming in the early embryo from These trabeculations is the muscle that is compact that starts beating at the end of the first month. There is also already heart beating At the end of the six week There is the most critical event that occurs in the embryo This regard which is the appearance of the aortic valve the separation of Comontrancos in two arteries so the art and pulmonary artery Leads to the formation of the aortic valve and the aortic valve is essential for the coronary circulation to appear and function properly because it gives us a high diastolic pressure otherwise before The aortic pressure is the pressure in the ventricle. There is no separation between aorta and left ventricle So this is the issue of The first month Anatomy the presence of an aortic valve a high diastolic pressure goes with a An attraction that this cell cells in the probe picardium and the picardial layer of the heart have to reach the outlet the aortic and the pulmonary outlet of the heart At that point the coronary arteries are organized in local known functional no circulation Primordial vessels or lakes that eventually touch and enter into the aortic wall and start the Circulation and in a few days Even in human that has a longer gestational period in a few days Yeah, see the appearance of coronary arteries from the art coronary veins to the coronary sinus and Capillary network around each cell. There is a system of vessels that Provides a local distribution of the nutrients So it's a very important We call it miraculous time that eventually The plex also in terms of maturations of this Trabacule embryonic Trabacule inside the main pumping chamber At this time the condition for Compaction transformation of the Trabacule into compact myocardium that exists for sure It is a normal phenomenon in embryo in human the condition for this to be cut to occur is the presence of coronary arteries You will see how amazing is the formation of the coronary arteries at the intra myocardial level It uses the intertrabacular Spaces the space where blood of the main leventical cavity Surround the Trabaculations. There is a period around the end of the first month and a half of the embryonic life in which the compaction becomes quite aggressive and quickly doubles or triples the Thickness of the compact myocardium why? Tendentially the compact compacted Trabaculation Disappeared being acquired by the compound myocardium and at the end of The first month of life of the first month and a half of life Most of the Trabacule are already part of the compact myocardium and normally this embryonic Early Trabacule disappear from the mature heart Give an idea. What is this Trabaculations? This is a state 17 This is a picture from the Carnegie collation of human embryos at this stage as you see there is already a Almost compact myocardium in the septum a compland myocardium of four or five cells The myocardial fibers in the outside of the main cavity This is the left ventricle separated by a primitive ventricular septum. This is the right ventricle and These are not functional functional myofibers. They are actually cells primitive cells but not functional myocardial cells The myocardial cells my myofibers are here in the outside But this is a dramatic picture of a day or two in the life of an embryo that for some reason Inspire a lot of people and you see it Frequently in YouTube in Google and nobody knows where it comes from But it's an incredible picture to show how compacted myocardium occurs by while coalescence of this Trabricular embryonic structure inside the muscle and The organization of these white lines are the early intramural Vessels artery veins and capillaries There are obviously the transformation of the intertrabricular spaces into vessels So the endocardium Layer the inside the endocardial Layer is transformed into a vessel. This is amazing, but this is well described and confirmed Recently with the dramatic increase in in Sophistication of astrology This is basically the work that is done not only but mainly by these people are led by Dr. Christie Red Horse Stanford University This shows that the heart of the end of a month and a half of life In human but is in embryo is eight days of life in this is a mice and It shows in red what is the Pro-epicardial layer Originating coronary arteries and the part of the heart that the anterior and the septum comes from the Vessels from the endocardium intertrabricular spaces and here you see exactly the magic moment where a Picardial this is the outside of the muscle and this is the inside of the muscle where the compacting of the trabeculae becomes a Compa myocardium and the intertrabricular spaces become the lumen of vessels that separates heart muscles from Vascular space But this is definitely something that is confirmed to occur with very sophisticated Cellular and molecular Astrology Later in life the ventricle walls normally increase in thickness by Multiplication of the cells existing there besides acquiring compact a non-compact Myocardium these trabeculations into the outside wall in a normal human being at the end of the fetal period at birth the Ventricular anatomy basically is established the left side of the left ventricle or The ventricular septum is smooth and clear of the trabeculation The rest that may have minor Trabeculations, but not the compact a Consistent layer of non trabeculation non compact myocardium as we see in this 20% of the normal population in in the school from analyzing the histologic molecular and Gross anatomy of Development in embryo and in early Development after birth we can say definitively that two myths there are in the literature about the possibility that non-compaction left ventricle Appears and disappears cannot exist you cannot expect compact myocardium to lose the complex intrinsic Population of cells Vessels cannot become endocardial layer these two possibilities that Compaction and the compaction occurs and disappears and recurs in relation to a pregnancy typically hyperthyroidism typically athletes under severe stress and Exercise conditions cannot make their heart develop and then D Decompact the left ventricle. This is on genital occurs before birth is a Genital defect not necessarily a genetic and we will talk about the genetics of non-compaction in The presence or absence of cardiomyopathy now we call for the animals General to show what they can do in the absence of compact myocardium This is a group led by dr. Jensen Danish the lives in England and is a friend of dr. Peterson So they did the MRI histology and gross anatomy of embryos and adult mammals and fishes or sort of animals Where the heart is fairly large and at different dimensions and you can see how frequent plus is the presence of Non-compaction myocardium both in human both during development and at the end of development There is a certain probability of having non-compaction Here it says the ship and see it doesn't have developmental Non-compaction. I'm not sure but in general we can prove from this Summary of the situation in the animals in total that the mice is a good example of similar Panel pattern of Organization of the left ventricle in both in development and in embryonic development and in adults They have a certain probability of non-compaction. They are simple animals like Fishes that have a very highly Traboculated myocardium 90% of the muscle is there and only 10% is compact myocardium And they work pretty well is the way they measure as Peterson was advising the Part of the ventricle that they call non-compaction with respect to compact myocardium. This is a normal heart the space between the popular muscles and the wall of the Heart is not really known compact myocardium Compact layer of the left ventricle, but this is obviously different in animals or human they have Multiple trabeculation inside the compact myocardium. So this is the most extreme case of the pig where there is no absolute any Trabaculation inside the main pumping chamber of a normal adult pig in sheep and see is frequently and normal to have Half a 50% of the muscle to be highly Trabaculated but in zebrafish is the redfish there are plenty of of Trabaculations you see there is a progression with the evolution of the species They show that the more evolved the animals have more frequently only partially Trabaculated heart in the majority of the heart is compact myocardium and eventually simple animals they will have mainly non-trabaculated myocardium business histology finally something solid to show what is the In animal with high level of the known compaction This is the shark and the trout if you look at the compact myocardium a lot of inter muscular vessels if you look at the Very high percent of the left ventricle is full with the fine Trabaculations the tabiculations are Disorganized are like in a sponge not in a muscle that has to have some structure to produce if there is contraction a systolic production of blood pressure Here there are some fibers But it's not clear if it is functional muscle in the absence of the functional result of the Muscular effect. This is a another Mention of this group Dr. Jensen and collaborator that came with the a general theory of what is a normal embryo and a Normal adult especially in human, but especially they looked at the purkinje fibers because one of the Utilizations that is given by people that started talking about non-compaction cardio myopathy is that arrhythmias are more frequent sudden death it's more frequent and They are talking about the need to put in plant of a defibrillator in people with non-compaction Reality it's important to see where the purkinje system is subtle in a normal anatomy in human compact myocardium is Below the small tabiculation the residual there is are present at birth and the Purkinje fibers comes from the AV node artery on top of the muscle organized muscle compact myocardium and it's Endocardial structure when you have as it is a non-compaction Leventric or a lot of tabiculations a lot of tabiculations the purkinje fibers appear and Disorganized rare and probably non-functional this muscle doesn't have Coordinated activity if it has any active obviously in totally Non-compacted muscle like in the simple ectoderm Animals there is no purkinje fibers system now in animals specifically In mice it's easy to do experimentation Changing the genes so this is what they have done in an incredibly popular theory philosophy The basic embryologist experimental embryologist started affecting deleting basically genes that affect the normal development of the heart and it has been Now 20 years since these experiments were started and we'll see the list of the experiments Well, there's something like 30 different gene deletion that lead to non-compaction most of the time non-compaction comes by application of these deletion Techniques affecting some genes applied in the first few days of life of the mice not in the late age of the embryonic Development or feet of development the conclusion by all these studies is that it's easy to see Non-compaction as a side product of any genetic influence in the heart but Only one study has Produced the human what we saw in the MRI study Example of non-compaction of ventricle with the normal function of the heart and that was Described later on by John. This is a first part of a list of 26 different studies that a year and a half ago were Reported by this group in Indianapolis all sort of different genes deletion applied by viruses will lead to this kind of an incredible Pathology this is a normal animal and this is the animal given this Intervention in this case. It might be one mutant Where you basically affect the notch? Organizing system of the human embryo heart in in this case After applying this deletion the heart to cannot Basically form a compact myocardium even the ventricular septum is quite incomplete and It's a very thin Free wall of the left ventricle compact layer. This is the normal aspected and eventually The mortality in in this experiment is something like 25% spontaneous abortion but at the end who has Survived in this series Has Trabeculated are free in the ventricle and don't really make any action For the function of the heart as a pump the conclusion of this studies seen from a Functional or clinical eye from as mine Is that you can indeed cause easily non-compaction? malformation of the heart, but usually they come with other important and anomalies like the ventricular septal defects Like cardiomyopathy also hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It's a different disease state Then the benign non-compaction that we're seeing human. This is another idea of what is histologically the non-compacted Ventricle in human. This is a best anatomic study. I found in the in the literature this is Bill Roberts a famous pathologist from Washington and eventually now in Dallas that does Describe the correct way for pathologists to find Non-compaction cardiomyopathy or non-compactual a ventricle in in autopsies What you need to do is a cross-section of the heart if you don't do this you will describe that Network of the trabeculae but don't understand the importance of this if you do cross-sections you will see With some frequency the presence of a layer of non-compaction inside a muscle that is Frequently or usually thinner than at sites where there is no non-compaction like in this This is the septum no non-compaction and this is the free wall with Non-compaction and thinner wall You know we did the study simultaneous with the MRI study in the forensic center in Houston and reviewed the reports of The autopsy in 7,000 autopsies in three years in Houston Not even one Diagnosis of non-compactual ventric pathologist don't know what it is or don't think that is Severe enough or significant enough as to recognize it or even with the name. This is our pathology in Heart to usually come to our observation at the time of transplantation the extreme degrees of Non-compaction with cardiomyopathy. So these are very proliferative hyper-trophic Trabeculae disorganized non-functional the muscle this functional is this one Frequently with the endocardial fibrolystosis, you see this white part of this In there part of the known to make known in compaction to recollect frequently is very dense and Very small interturbicular spaces are left. So it's a significant Restriction to dilatation so important symptoms of the constrictive Cardiomyopathy that comes also in this kind of the hyper-trophic Proliferative Cardiomyopathy this they present in this review paper by our virmani as a typical benign 14 quote benign Cardiomyopathy is not really benign. There is a severe Dilated cardiomyopathy behind but that is the spectrum of non-compaction in human pathology Frequently, and this is what was previously recognized a non-compaction cardiomyopathy Typically, this is in the context of heart failure probability of sudden death probability of requiring transplants for probability of requiring implant of a defibrillator This is a typically fibro elastosis inside the Terviculations, so let's summarize what we know now about the spectrum of presentation non-compaction in human and We call this simple frequent but benign case that we found In 20% of the normal people in Houston is the garden variety defined by a non-compact to compacted ratio The value varies in our experience between one and five Dr. Peterson decided that more than 2.3 should be called with a name But actually it occurs with less than 2.3 or up to five times Higher thickness of the non-compaction with respect to the compaction part of the left ventricle. They localized less than two Segments of the ventricle with non-compaction Is rare but exist the proliferate obstructive is less than one per thousand hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is one thousand Many cases initially reporting the literature of non-compaction was in the context of neuromuscular dystrophy Congenital heart diseases, especially Epstein malformation the mitre valve of the tricuspid valve is the most frequent association in patient with non-compaction and Congenian anomaly. This is a recent review by dr. Aboustini of the University of Pavia that has a great Genomic Center very interested in the Mutation that you can find in patients with usually dilated cardiomyopathy. This is the first of three pages Only showing six cases of the 52 different mutants that can be found in non-compaction patients so many Genes something like 70% of the patients with cardiomyopathy of the clinical importance have genetic Identification 30% or so don't have it but in our population the benign variety There is no association with any genes Defect, let's see if we can go to MRI as we have very little time left See this is the typical example of How we studied the heart By trying to quantify the level of hypertrophy of the non-compaction and the function of the heart as a pump and The function of the heart muscle in terms of thickness of the compact myocardium because it's obvious that this heart with non-compaction have adequate muscle simply have Some decoration inside the muscle that my associate dr. Uribe that the fortune today is not here Describes as la barbita. It's a sort of a beer inside the muscle that works in In the non-compaction left ventricle without cardiomyopathy But if you look at the type of analysis they went through went through something that is absolutely ridiculous in the precision Important obviously not necessary in clinical cases, but we measure by a Cmr 42 it's a special program that does this automatically in cross-section of the heart in this case this section Sorry we Created the radial thickness 97 different Degrees of the circumference and found out what it means to call The index of Peterson non-compaction to compaction thickness in It's done in the astrolite But the astrolite has this thickness here and this thickness there and the lowest is there But it's not the usual non-compacted the level the thickness of the wall But the important thing is that the insist on it. This is the inside of the non-compaction With respect to the outside of the compact muscle that can be measured with the system The thickness of the whole thing is much more than usual But this part with the compact myocardium, which is this part is the only functional part. This is a typical movie of by MRI of the Longitudinal to chamber view that is the compact the Popular muscle the anti-lateral popular muscle that you see as he comes from Mitre valve apparatus touching the trabeculae It leads to hypertrophy of the head of the popular muscle But the base is still non-compaction base of the popular muscle is on Trabeculae and that could be a diagnostic Index of non-compaction. This is by cat's cat and geography. It is much more precise Unfortunately is only taken in the astrolite so it doesn't give the full story but you see very clearly in this condition the thickness of the Compact myocardium and end astrolite the fibers nature of this Uncompacted Fibers at a regular in the fact that the popularity muscle Stop at this level eventually continuing to their vaculations. This is what we see in longitudinal views With the longitudinal views you don't see so well neither the thickness of the compact nor the Extent of the hypoplasia as you can see in cross-section. This is the best way to really evaluate quantitatively the Muscle in non-compactional adventurer. This is an interesting Finding a kid that does 18 hours of sports a week. This is major both swimming and running and football a lot of work and The question was that this cause Dilated cardiomyopathy with a thinning of the comp of myocardium and it doesn't seem to be the case This is an end astrolite on the left and then sisterly in the right You see that the comp of myocardium with all these things this Measurements is thinner in end astrolite, but it compacts to a good thickness in sisterly This is what we tend to summarize in this table the compares the risk of using the Peterson criteria to identify non-compaction cardiomyopathy the Table that compares the Efficiency of four different observers of the our population and the consistency Goal standard being the study done with cross-section. There is much more precise and quantitative it's consistent with the aware doctors for non-compaction None aware cardio radiologists have a consistency of the diagnosis of non-compaction the ventricle of 18 to 58 percent of of the cases it's a very inefficient and Inconsistent diagnosis. Let's go to something more dramatic. This is summarizing in two cases The essence of what is non-compaction of the benign kind the garden variety two cases in Dastoli and in sisterly showing the non-compaction in those 97 segments of measurements by Peterson criteria. This would be a very severe non-compaction left ventricle with the ratio of Basically five to one or actually three point zero six to one that Incisterly actually goes to a normal Leventicola thickness all through the myocardial circumference, so the functional behavior of the residual muscle is not bad at all and in this hypertrophic or Super train the athletes and this was hypertrophy the typical athlete's heart occurs also in non-compaction, so there is something to explain why thinning in the astrolite eventually leads to systolic normal thickness and Excellent function. This is the most extreme kind of dilated cardiomyopathy with non-compaction. You see a fairly Thick non-compaction and very thin outer layer This is in cross-section much more precise But confirming the fact that there is too little compact myocardium to make it a functional Heart, this is an important conclusive slides where we compare the normal Leventicola mass only the compact myocardium in a normal heart and in the heart with non-compaction and you see This is the muscle. These are numbers of the grants They are very much similar to the normal for these ages. This is the studied at 11 to 16 years of age This is in non-compaction. It's very similar to the normal heart Doesn't seem like non-compaction of the garden variety is affecting the function of the heart and This is basically the same concept in the global not only transverse Sections, what are the potential clinical complication on compaction as a lady non-compaction can eventually potentially lead to dilated cardiomyopathy because of exercise hypertension or pregnancy or Athletic exercise This is not something that we could study in our population, but it seems like even in athletes for that age You don't see manifestation of dilated cardiomyopathy Rhythmias we obviously did only an EKG addressed in these people and We never saw a single PVC. I'm not sure that is correct because probably when there was a PVC they eliminated that tracing and put another one without pvcs, but This type of benign clinically number nine And non-compaction Leventrico is not accompanied by significant arrhythmias systemic embolism is Frequent in the bed dilated cardiomyopathy but not in the usual GV type of non-compaction Aneurysm formation is an interesting question and We saw several kids with less than one millimeter of thickness of the wall of the left ventricle some parts of the ventricle and never saw bulging like in In aneurysm a dilated cardiomyopathy we didn't see But this phenomenon in our population if you look at the younger with the older Comparing with the older kids 10% more of the kids have ejection fraction between 40 and 50 percent But none less than 40 percent Let's go to a final point that is quite important because we need to explain why there is this Dramatic incidents of non-compaction in a general population And this can be the reason these are experiments done with Mice but using food or medicine. This is retinoic acid of vitamin A given in excessive dosage in an embryo the normal comparison and the Effect of the vitamins either too low or too high in the body It causes it affects the compacted the compaction of the left ventricle look our severe Non-compact the left ventricle case it is possible that if the administration of excessive amount of vitamin A but potentially many other environmental insults can cause a late fetal type of disturbance in the compact and compacting process and cause the Non-compaction of the benign variety. Let's see if we can conclude with these projects that we have now active. It is about Presence of non-compaction cardiomyopathy late after a benign presentation initiative by Doing a studies at the higher age, and it will be down there to clarify Hypoplasia of the coronary artery is the cause of fibro-lastosis. This is a study done by pathologist especially dr. Massimilia and Booyah and Anna Segura in our hospital or in the Texas Art Institute We need to find out better histologically and Molecularly the presence of the prokinzy fiber The potential is that non-compaction affects the utilization of left ventricular cyst devices as the sucking Effect of this cannula the apex can suck in Tabaculate and cause the obstruction of the inflow of the machine in Euclid our nuclear cardiologist has disappeared but the nuclear Medicine is affected by this localized especially but also diffuse high pull development of the compact can cause false scars in pet scans or similar studies of left ventricular perfusion the last Mention here is of a study that we are developing at this time with the military people to see definitively if at a higher age and in the presence of aggressive exercise Could non-compacted the myocardium lead to Acquired the later cardiomyopathy a more dynamic cardiomyopathy So this is left for you to discuss if you have any more patience and time and interest, please. Thank you


to the human-humane architecture to our volume two of the master's planning thing and we have the chance and are lucky to have been taken on an early spring break trip to Long Beach, California on the other side of the Pacific Ocean or on that other side by our friend Ron Lindgren, who's a lifelong friend and business partner of Edward Killingsworth. Welcome back, Ron. Thank you Martin. Can we quickly bring up page one and you quickly recap where we had stopped last time? Yes, I'm so honored in having the opportunity to show what I consider to be one of the most beautiful campuses and certainly in California some people have said even in the entire United States. There were reasons for that, enviable reasons, mostly because my boss, good friend, and design partner Ed Killingsworth was the campus master planner there for an incredibly long period of time, nearly 40 years. And here was a university willing to give real power to him and grateful for doing so. They supported his really unwavering clarity of vision for maintaining a certain single style of campus ambience that was based on Southern California mid-century modernism. And over 40 years in my mind it does not look passe, it does not look old-fashioned. It looks like a vital place for nearly 40,000 mostly computer students together for learning. Yeah, and I think it's due to the sort of clever trick of what I like to call architecture versus architecture, so replace the second C in the term with an X. I like that term. There's no question that this particular campus, California State University Long Beach, is a very successful hybrid of architecture and nature. One of the reasons that happened is that Ed Killingsworth taught the university into having a partner for him who was a very talented landscape architect, who was also given great powers to influence what the university would look like and how it would develop. And we'll see a few more slides of how beautiful the mature landscaping turned out to be. Yeah, and why don't we go and so this is the student union right there or the campus center right that you both designed first him and then you added on to that. What I have to say about the student union is always the most important building on any university campus, because it is literally the living room of the campus. And because there were so many students there nearly 40,000 today, there has to be a test of monument a monumentality in what otherwise was intended to be a rather modest looking campus with a very limited use of materials and so forth. So here's one way that students navigate from an upper campus to a lower campus. But nicely enough, that broad range of steps is so busily used as auditorium seating outdoors for a courtyard that you will see in the next slide where at the moment there are a lot of political actions going on at the university. But often there are musical events there and hundreds of students often during the lunch breaks are sitting on those steps and enjoying some sort of organized entertainment or informational event. Let's go to the next slide because we have a couple of them that show that theme. This is the opposite. This is cooking looking from from above sort of down into that central courtyard with all the trees and the umbrellas right Ron. Yeah, the fact is that from the from what is called the north campus, which is 30 feet below the southern campus, it does appear rather monumental, although we'll see how trees help to conceal most of that monumentality. But then from the south upper campus, this very large building disappears completely. There's a little pavilion to the left that turns out to be the elevator equipment overrun area, but it's just a roof of a building all used for a terrace seating because those terraces are adjacent to quite a few food venues to well, which would have been located left of that particular photograph. So monumental on one side, very retiring and very much lost in the greenery, which is what it prefers that buildings do. Let's move to the next slide. That sort of this helicopter or drone, we would say these days shot that shows again the sort of valley or the sort of bowl of activity framed with what you like to call structural expressionism, right? Indeed. And we can move to the next slide. Yeah, I'm assuming that next slide is suddenly all greenery and no architecture. Yeah, that's this one. We're on the right one now. You're right on. Keep going. This goes to show that because there is this great change between the two campuses, it was maneuvered rather handsomely with a series of very broad and shallow steps leading up down everywhere from terrace to terrace and all throughout the student union building, which is as I said the heart of the campus. Here's again what Ed always preferred to see when the mature landscaping finally makes its grand final statement. Here's an ally of trees and to the right would have been abused of the very monumental student union, but it's lost in the greenery and happily so. Yeah, that's there. And we already got ahead of ourselves. Sorry for that. But now we go to the next slide and you show us what happens when in the next slide, when other architects sort of take on and carry on the what we can call the genetic code of that ad had sort of implemented, right? Power station here. Yeah, right in the middle of the campus for very practical and technical reasons, all of a sudden the sort of code generation power plant had to be built on that grade change between campuses, which is walked next to by thousands of students each day. An architect came in with a very ordinary building.  Ed suggested that the roof of that particular code generation plant be treated as an enormous terrace. And so up in the upper left, you'll see how the architect responded to that criticism and idea by creating a raised stage area. And that is that the whole area is so heavily used again for musical theatrical productions and various schools in the spring use the roof as the site for commencement graduation ceremonies. And at the lower left, we see an architectural model of that again, been done by the pretty big fingers of as you call and characterize your partner and friend, Larry Stricker with his viking hands. He made this intricate tiny little model that we're going to see reoccurring through the show. So let's go to the next slide. And I think it's already yeah, there's at the very top left, you can see once again, this is from Larry's model. And now we're in Egypt, right? Here's, here's another case where Ed had a great influence on what an architect would do or should do or even could do in the midst of what was again, a rather low scale, fairly modest campus. There had to be an enormous building, at least in scale, at least relatively relative to the scale of all the other buildings on campus, to house indoor athletic activities like volleyball and basketball and so forth. And it could have been a behemoth that was just out of scale and was very problematic to the vision that he had had for the school. But his very good friend, an architect who he'd also gone to public schools with in Long Beach was easily convinced that he could have his ego monument, but at the same time it could become a background building. And by that, I mean that the pyramid is placed far away from the academic central portion of the campus. It's completely scale-less, so there's no way to know how large it is. And it just sort of fades away in the background. And it's hard to tell from the photograph, but that building is absolutely the tallest in the campus by far, because it's the very apex of the pyramid is 18 floors above grade. Yeah. And as you said, you know, probably not in this sky, but other sky where the sky is very blue, it kind of blurs and blends just into the blue sky. It just proves how open-minded and liberaritarian it was. And not authoritarian, right? We were just doing another show about the president and his sort of classicism and date, right? And he was open-minded and he understood, you know, superimposing his all brick and white metal over this too big mass would have been wrong, right?  Yes. And one of the reasons that you can have these happy relationships with other architects was that he had taught the art counselors of the university system into establishing that the only architects that should work on campus should be local Long Beach architects or architects in joining cities. And this meant that Ed had grown up with, who had been involved in professional organizations with them, knew their capabilities, knew their wives and children. And there was a very happy acquiescence among everyone to have down the egoism that can appear in buildings and instead look and maintain that larger vision. Yeah. And that could easily be abused by the sort of the auntie and uncle method, as we call it here, right? But there was a strong father, right? Ed and Ed sort of controlled them in a very sort of, again, as we just said, libertarian and very sort of warm, but sort of, you know, under a warm guidance, I guess we could say. And let's move on to the next slide here, Ron, which is again. I'd like to comment on the fact that the university was eternally grateful for Ed's 40 years of being such a diplomat that he could get everyone to work together so convincingly and relatively happily to create this wonderful campus. And this image on the left actually shows a brochure cover after Ed's passing, just a few years afterwards, the university had a sort of campus-wide celebration for what Ed had accomplished to him. And someone very cleverly used some sort of residentially-scaled aspects of Ed's own architecture. He did provide six buildings of his own on campus.  A real living memorial to Ed, however, is to the right. The woman architect who now owns the former Killings River Office building built this drive-through university public information building. And she pulled all the stops using every sort of architectural strategy that Ed used on the buildings that he designed all into this very small drive-through structure. Nice homage, yeah, definitely. Let's go to the next slide, which is sort of concluding our sort of retrospective reflection, which shows we're talking at the very bottom. These are all on the right are buildings by the architects again. They run at the bottom, an older one, and the very top one. Here's one shared with me who said, probably Ed would have been a little bit more strict with a colleague about maybe a little bit too expansive a palette of materials and how the brick boxes are jammed into this sort of alakabund elevator shaft. So maybe here we were talking if we call this genetic code, maybe this is a little mutation, but the organism that came out of the genetic code is so strong that these sort of little system eras don't really matter, right? You know, I always go out to the campus really quite often and see what's happening, and especially I'm interested in new construction sites. The very new lab building on the upper right still has the very congenial hoots-brick material, but it slams into some kind of metal tower, no doubt an elevator tower in terms of something that hadn't been used on the campus before. And there are some cracks in maintaining that limited palette of materials, as sort of clear glass is replaced with black reflecting glass, which has no place on this campus. But as you say, Martin, the vision is holding as the years go by, we can only hope that it continues to hope. Yeah, there is hope for that. Let's go to the next slide, which gets us to the conclusion. It's about universities run on the principle and method of peer review. So if you do something as part of the university and academic and you say I did something great, the kind of university says prove that. And so you have to have equal peers and share with us what a great peer view this one here is of this of this work. Yeah, very happily, not long after Ed made the first master plan presentation for the campus, and that is shown in the lower left of John Intenza, the owner, the publisher of Arts and Architecture Magazine, an extremely powerful design magazine for all new ideas in the arts, cited on a two page spread of what the campus might be developing into. And he highlighted three drawings that Ed actually drew himself, I'm happy to say. So here, the peer review is that is that John Intenza saw what could happen at Cal State Long Beach if this plan were carried out by Ed Kelly. And this we're going to take a breaking point here of from the sort of documentary and you sharing this wonderful campus and the sort of story of success behind to getting you and our third kids from the block to Soto who is stuck at the Bishop Museum with technological problems and lots of projects he has to accomplish.  But I'm going to drag you off your documentary role, Ron, and share me here on a panel discussion that we're going to have because we want to compare this to our campus, the University of Hawaii up at Manoa. And let's go to the next slide. We want to sort of introduce And even before that, I'm happy to see your example of University Campus Architecture in terms of a kindergarten building, which also in essence became a hybrid of architecture and natures. If you could tell us about that. Yeah, thank you. And I don't want to, there's probably not the place, but thank you. And I call I have a name for that too. I call it Archescape. So it's a hybrid between landscape and architecture. This was us at Germany's oldest university in Göttingen. We're charged to build a kindergarten for the kids of students and teachers and equally sort of harmoniously work it into a arboreum campus. And so the building at the center picture so next to me, that green thing is actually the building, but it's the roof and you don't see it's a building while up there is the southern facade, which is in the temporal climate is harvesting the sun as to heat the building in the wintertime. In the middle there is an upcoming publication in this topology. Again, this is sort of explaining why I'm on the panel because I've been doing buildings or this building here on a similar campus. Let's go to the next slide. And this sort of method of Archescape reminded us we now want to walk through several buildings on the UH campus again. And this is actually campus center. And also the architects have done use the same strategy of basically sort of very cleverly taking advantage of a change of grades of the building having been sort of ungrade accessible on one side on the other side, as you can see on the top left is the sort of cascading downstairs. And our friend Don Hibbard had just collecting materials for buildings that earned 50 and are from the 70s. And he claimed us to be a Wernicke. And Wernicke is who Richard Lowe at the top right had worked for. And Wernicke was the architect of our capital. And as you pointed out, Ron, before that there are the living rooms of campus centers and student unions are the heart. And you call it the living room. Or we can say here are the capitals of universities. We're going to throw in and we're going to explain in a minute where we pulled this from, but there's this little plan. And in this little plan, they promised us they color coded they won't touch the building, but they have green washed, repainted it. It was formerly beige, the infill. And now it's green. And now they're doing some pretty serious kind of construction. So we're hoping they're doing it within the genetic code of that. Again, once again, not, not insignificant author, or call Wernicke. Let's go to the next slide. And our third panelist qualifies because he and with my support has been doing three shows about the history of the University of Hawaii, Manoa, and walking through each and every building. Also on the new campus at West Oahu, designed by Miami and John horror, which you can see at the bottom right. The next slide is is a bitter pill, because we had to say, this is a exemplary for what we can call the evolution at the bottom right, something that started out great. This was a young upcoming firm, same era as you guys had started that campus mid century, a group 70 lab with Gordon T R the arts building. And then within the firm, the business people took over is something that impresses me that you guys have always avoided, by the way, over half of a decade of almost 2000 buildings. But in many of the local firms, somehow business took over the arts. And so the School of Architecture is a victim of that, as we had reported before. And other buildings here, like, you know, Edward Durrell stone had been sort of a microwave banana has been jammed into that in a law school building addition. And then there is a life science building under construction. And while we're very suspicious of what you see at the middle on the left, or from the renderings in reality picture at the top right, actually turned out to be even worse. This is the newest building and the neighbor is I am pay and he recently, you know, lives in his grave and probably would turn around because this is so so ashamed and you what was in the rendering already visible, kind of glazing fixed glazing to the south becomes, you know, detrimental true in the reality. And then some stucco and plaster and fixed frame windows with these sort of mullions that we were talking a while ago, you don't need anymore because we're not in the medieval ages. So this is something. Yeah, chip in run. Let me jump in on that photographs at the upper left. Here is where technology sort of is is doing the expression of architecture because of instead of using such simple things as expansive roof overhangs or maybe some elegant wide prela shading devices. The architect is is putting glass right, you know, right to the plane of the building's wall is using no doubt very expensive triple pane glazing so that the building can can perhaps stay comfortable inside. But he's doing it in a way in which shaving devices are not used and thus the humanizing aspect of those are lost through what becomes a kind of bald faced architecture. No, thanks for that critique and we have to add and there's no secret because we've been referring to that before that architect of that firm used to be the campus architect at the time when he mandated the school of architecture almost what Trump wants to mandate now to be classicism but not cultivated classicism but uncultivated in that. So there was no plan to begin with but there was a planner and then the whole thing you know his plan that he didn't had gets increasingly out of control and that's really something that we're worried about right. Let's go to the next slide and this is where you know we pulled from this was distributed sort of amongst the deans at some point some few months ago here so there's a plan and the plan is color coded and to the right is the legend so everything that sort of has no color is no worries because they're not going to touch it but then when it has a color the darker the better because they it will be retained and then the lighter it gets in the more colorful in the yellow the more worrisome and the bright yellow is the most worrisome because then we're going to lose it so go to the next slide this is actually not even on campus it's just off the but it belongs the university left school and and you look up the map at the top this is entirely to be raised and not that U shaped building which is a WC Dickey so the father of all modern architects on the island here he designed that so they're going to spare this out but everything else and the brush here on the right was done by our school of architecture so many years ago and it also points out that the master plan was by Dickey so just erasing that is is is questionable to begin with at least we want to know some more information about that go to the next slide and further down further up the road just one block over on the other side one of the underwriters of this program here is the etherton family and this is the etherton house this pink house that was built at the last turn of the last century and all of a sudden you you said Martin this is very fuzzy yes because it's spyware because there was this sort of informal pre-presentation at the very bottom and I just had to try to increase that so what you barely see but you see it shocking me is that like Godzilla is sitting on that poor old building and on the right side is some kind of attempt to make the inside of Godzilla looking modern so this is like very very kind of suspicious to say the very least and next slide this is the etherton why and the etherton why it's going to be bulldoze down and there's denises with his coffee line in there and he's an institution and his institution in the building is published in the wallpaper fade and magazine so there are people from all over the world that come here they want to see that and if we don't have that anymore or anything better that we have to show and the tradition of campus unfortunately doesn't have a good track record with that as we just talked before then they're going to be really disappointed about that one so the next slide and then we as you already suspected we didn't make it through nearly as many slides as we wanted but we will do in the one last shot we have in the volume three of this one here so we're going to leave it with this one here we're going to look at other sort of rumors and hints before we then next show show the reality because the university came out of the bushes and out of the closet and presents us with what they want to do we're going to be the three architectural critics to talk about that again everything and you know in front of the background of that beautiful campus that you had shown us and that you had designed with ad and that's the benchmark so until then thank you all for having been here thank you Ron you have a presentation coming up this Thursday in Ed's former house right yes to some some new owners who nicely enough are going to give the house over to visiting scholars to stay at the public tours and for holding a great many no doubt parties as philanthropic and charity events all right well good luck with that I wish I could be there but you will be back here we'll be back together next week so join us again for volume three of this show and until then stay as masterfully as Ed and Ron bye bye


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Coming up on DTNS, everyone gets a refund for cyberpunk 2077, an AI copilot for fighter planes, and teleportation helps advance the quantum internet. This is The Daily Tech News Show for Friday, December 18th, 2020 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt. And from Studio Redwood, I'm Sarah Lane. Also in Los Angeles, I'm Lamar Wilson. Drawing the top tech stories from Cleveland, I'm Len Peralta. And I'm Roger Chang, the show's producer. If you want to hear us talk about tires falling from the sky and the worst places to drive, you've got to get good day internet. That is our wider conversation today. You can become a member and hear that at patreon.com slash DTNS. Let's start with a few tech things you should know. Twitter announced a new feature called Spaces last month, offering users voice-based chat rooms. The company now says it is testing the feature. Twitter said that users will be able to create spaces and the test group will be very limited at first. These users can allow anyone else on Twitter to join. Spaces offer host control of who can speak, offers blocking and reporting, as well as the ability to send emoji reactions, share tweets within a space, and a very early test of live transcriptions. Currently, Spaces is only supported on mobile. Amazon began rolling group video and audio calling on Echo devices after originally announcing the feature in September. Calls now support up to seven participants. Users will be able to set up custom groups in the app for easier calling, and Amazon plans to let callers be made directly from the app as well. Group calls are available in parts of Europe, Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Mexico, New Zealand, and the United States of America. Bloomberg sources say that Microsoft is working on in-house arm-based processor designs for use in servers that run the company's cloud services. Microsoft is also supposedly investigating design in its own arm-based processors for use in a surface line of computers. Apple has clarified that when the new AirPods Max headphones are taken off but not put in their smart case, they enter a low power mode after five minutes of being left stationary for three days, then enter an ultra low power state that disables Bluetooth and the Find My location to preserve battery life. If the AirPods go into a smart case, low power mode is immediately activated, and ultra low power mode kicks in 18 hours later. Mac rumors notes in its testing that AirPods Max battery drains only slightly faster when you leave it outside the case. And people love that case, don't they? Yep, they do. Alibaba said in a statement that it is dismayed about a facial recognition algorithm developed within Alibaba Cloud that can identify a person's ethnicity and specifically whether or not a person is Uyghur, which is a minority group in China. Surveillance industry publication IPVM, rather, originally reported the feature. Alibaba says, quote, we have eliminated any ethnic tag in our product offering. The trial technology was not deployed by any customer. We do not and will not permit our technology to be used to target or identify specific ethnic groups. Good luck with that. All right, let's talk a little bit about Cyberpunk 2077. Ah, yes. So Sony announced that it has removed Cyberpunk 2077 from the PlayStation Store and will offer refunds or offer customers for refunds for the game. Now we're talking about the digital copy here in this instance. Today, I believe, Microsoft announced that it will offer refunds too, but it has not pulled the listing, which Sony did pull the actual listing. So the U.S. retailer Best Buy will also set returns of the Xbox One and PS4 versions of the game, even if you have opened the package. That's new. And if the retailer you bought the game won't give you a refund, Cyberpunk 2077 maker CD Projekt Red says to email help me refund at CDprojectred.com with valid proof of purchase. Now you have till December 21st to contact the company about getting your money back. Wow, this is bigger than I thought. So the Xbox One and PS4 versions of the game suffer from poor performance, low frame rate, and text pop-ins or texture pop-ins. The game seems to run smoothly on PC and through games during the services like Stadia, etc. CD Projekt Red has issued small fixes and promised significant patches coming in January and another in February. So where do we start here? I mean, that's unprecedented. First of all, it's just unprecedented for Best Buy to proactively say, if you open something, we'll give you a refund. I mean, they are notorious at like, if there's a crack in that shrink wrap, you can't return it. So that's huge. So as Project Red just coming out and saying, we are going to back you if you need a refund. If you want a refund on this, you get it. I mean, I get that it's buggy and it does appear to be unplayably buggy for some users, but just offering a blanket refund like that, that's crazy. Yeah, and also Sony just making an unprecedented move of pulling the, you know, it off their store. That's huge. I mean, that was really big news when I dropped that they did that. And, you know, so people were waiting to see what Microsoft was going to do.  Yeah, the retailer surprised me too with that. Expect Amazon and Walmart and others probably to do the same thing at some point. But my only, I said this before the show, my only, not negative, but like wondering, you know, that will the average person really even know about this to do the refund already already have they kind of set in a hit? Okay, we might get 10% you know, other people 20% maybe, right? Or even if they know about it, will they go through the motions to do it or say like, well, it's going to get patched and it's not that bad. I guess I can keep playing it. Like, I don't know, because this only applies to the console versions. It does not apply to the PC version.  I have had no problems with the game. It plays. I mean, I have some issues with the game mechanics, but overall, I mean, I have not seen any of the problems detailed here for game consoles. And it might be very well that the team focused heavily on the PC version to get that right and kind of did the consoles as, all right, we finished this. Let's see how we can massage this. Well, they optimized for the higher because it doesn't seem to be having the problems on the Series X and the PS5 as much as on the PS4 and the Xbox one. So it seems like they optimized for the high performance, right? Not for the older hardware. Exactly. And the game, at least on the PC specs are pretty high.  And if you want to do 4K, I mean, you're going to have to spend out at least four, 500 bucks for a 2000 or 3000 series Nvidia or Radeon equivalent. Yeah, I was surprised to see the Stadia getting kind of a good rack pair. Like, you know, they're obviously running on PCs and full disclaimer, I have done brand deals with them, sponsored things with them. But it's not just me saying that. Like, people are like, oh, wow, this one is actually, you know, pretty stable. And yeah, it's not the console version. So, you know, plus one for Stadia, they need it. Yeah, yeah. And then negative several thousand million dollars for CDPR, right? Even if only 10% do it, it is going to cost them a pretty penny. And yeah, it'll be interesting to see if after January and February patches, if this turns around, like yeah, usually what happens is you have a rocky launch and then eventually everybody forgets that's actually happened to CD Projekt Red before where they had rocky launch and everybody forgets and talks about how great the game was because they love the game. This is this is a much bigger thing to get people to forget and come back to the game for. Yeah, I think a real quick, another conversation I think we'll have in the future is will people finally stop pre-ordering games? Oh, yeah. Well, this, I mean, they won't stop, obviously, but will this dent it? Will this reduce the number of people to do it? Yeah, yeah. Another story making some waves today, the US Commerce Department added 77 entities to its entity list, 60 from China, but also companies from Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Malta, Pakistan, Russia, and the United Arab Emirates. Among the companies are SMIC, that's China's largest chip maker and drone maker, DJI. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross said that SMIC was added because of evidence that it supplies its chips to the Chinese military. SMIC is subject to an additional provision specifically denying technology required to develop 10 nanometer semiconductor processes or below. This is significant because the chip maker is struggling to get beyond the 14 nanometer process in order to provide chips to Huawei. DJI was added to the list because of alleged human rights abuses, including, quote, through abusive genetic collection and analysis or high technology surveillance. The province of Jin Zhang reportedly used DJI drones for surveillance of the native Uyghur population. US companies will need to obtain a license to sell US-made components to the companies that are now on this list. Yeah, so if you're unfamiliar with the whole Huawei situation, they have been added to the entity list and what that means is a company needs to get permission in order to sell to Huawei. Now in practice, some companies have been given limited permission. Google got some limited permission to provide Android. Qualcomm has got some limited permission to provide certain chips to Huawei, but by and large it has really hurt Huawei because the chips that you need to make network gear, not as much for the phones, but to make network gear are the ones that the US is cracking down on. So it'll be interesting to see what they do here. With SMIC, it feels like they're really just trying to stop Huawei from having a way around by saying, well, we're going to crack down on the supplier of chips that you were going to now that TSMC is not allowed to sell to you. With DJI, I don't know what the end game is here. I don't know what they would like to see DJI do, and that's going to have a huge impact because this is a very consumer-facing brand. And I don't know if it's just... You also have a lot of folks saying abusive genetic collection? So they're accusing them of helping to connect genetic information, probably using the drones to transport it, to test if people are Uyghur or not. And the whole crackdown on the Uyghur population, probably just mentioning it as one of the things that's gotten daily tech news show banned in China. But it is human rights violations, people in work camps, reeducation camps. And there was recently a lot of reporting about them being used forced to labor on cotton production in China. And China is a huge producer of cotton for the worldwide market. So it may be that they're really not so much trying to stop DJI from doing anything, as much as they are really trying to use a very popular brand as a lever to push China on the human rights abuses in Xinjiang. That's so terrible. A question. So does this stop the sales of DJI here in the States, like the drones that are popular? Do they get taken off the shelf? Good question. No. Any DJI stock that's out there you can still buy. What this does is the other direction. So a company that supplies DJI can no longer sell without permission. So DJI can keep selling drones as long as they've got them. But if they don't get the parts, they won't be able to make them anymore. And then that's when you'll see the quadcopters disappear from the shelves. Interesting. Yeah. So I guess it's a good opportunity for other non DJI quadcopter companies to step in. But yeah, I'll be curious if they provide more licenses, how they approach licensing DJI. Because with Huawei, what they wanted to do is stop people from using network infrastructure from Huawei because the US accuses Huawei of putting back doors in. There's no evidence that they do it, but that's what the US says. And so I get why they're trying to stop them from building and selling network infrastructure. With DJI, it really does seem to be about putting pressure on human rights.  So that all makes sense too. All right, folks. Listen, we have lots of conversations going on in our Discord. We had one about the Mandalorian going on earlier today. You can join those conversations by becoming a patron. Go to patreon.com, patreon.com slash DTNS and connect it to Discord today. All week long, updates have been pouring in related to this solar winds attack. Microsoft reports it has found malicious binaries in its systems as a result of the attacks on the Orion network management platform from solar winds. But contrary to some headlines, Microsoft does not say it has seen evidence of unauthorized access to production services or customer data. Microsoft says it found no evidence that its Azure cloud services were used in the attacks either. They're saying we found the code in some solar winds implementations, but there is no evidence it was used for anything. Now, what may have led to the confusion around Microsoft is the US National Security Agency, the NSA, published a security advisory Thursday warning about two techniques used by these attackers to escalate access from the compromised local network, once they got in through solar winds, to cloud-based infrastructure centered around Azure, but applicable to other environments. Now, I'm going to explain what these are, but basically this means once they got in, they could steal credentials for Azure, not that there was a vulnerability in Azure. The first technique involved compromising single sign-on infrastructure and stealing credentials or keys to forge authentication tokens, and the second technique involved compromising a global admin account to assign credentials to cloud applications that would then give the applications access to cloud resources, particularly email. Both techniques have been around for years. They're not new, but they all rely on compromising local network or admin accounts, not finding holes in Azure. So it's a it's an attack that took advantage of Azure by being able to log into it, not by finding a security problem. NSA is recommending countermeasures to detect these kinds of intrusions, and we got more disclosures about who is affected, the US Department of Energy, the National Nuclear Security Administration, three US states, the city of Austin, and Microsoft said 40 of its customers were targeted victims of the attack, 80% of those in the United States, but also customers in the UK, Canada, Mexico, Belgium, Spain, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates. In all of these attacks, there was only evidence that email communications were affected. They haven't found any evidence of anything else. However, the US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency or CISA said Thursday it had evidence of other vulnerabilities besides solar winds exploited by the attackers to gain access to other networks. The Wall Street Journal reports that the attack was only discovered at all because an employee at FireEye received an alert that someone had used their credential to log into VPN from an unrecognized device. That was the one mistake these attackers made. They tripped that alert. That got the folks at FireEye investigating. FireEye's team noted how well the attackers covered their tracks within FireEye and found no evidence of the attacks on other victims that were all aware of now. They didn't see that. It was what they called an exceptionally clean operation. Analysts had to scour 50,000 lines of solar winds code before they finally found a few dozen lines that didn't appear to have a reason to be there, which they then alerted solar winds, which led to finding the malicious implant, which led to them changing their updates. Now, despite the headlines indicating that a couple of Russian groups are thought to be behind these attacks, FireEye and Microsoft both believed the attack was carried out by a previously unidentified group. It could be Russian, it could be somebody else, but they don't think it's Cosy Bearer APT-29. They think it is a new, very sophisticated group. There is evidence that preparation for the solar winds attack began well before March, stretching back at least four years, because they're looking at things like the registration of the domain names that were used for external control once they got in to activate the malware. Yeah, I mean, when we hear about sophisticated attacks, whether it's state-based or otherwise on various networks, it's kind of like, okay, by the time many times we report about it, it's this bad thing happened. The companies have taken steps to patch the holes and everybody's better off because of it. There are more secure infrastructures in place because of this. I think a lot of people have, and especially like you mentioned, Tom, there have been quite a few stories in a short week of time about this, and it's escalated somewhat quickly. People saying, well, I mean, what data do they have, even if the vulnerabilities are no longer in place, these are not just like, oh, you got some emails and now we're going to spam you with- It wasn't where are we going for lunch, yeah. Yeah, malware stuff. It's the highest security organizations the US and around the world have, and how scary is that because that information has been obtained, whether or not it can't get obtained again? And the thing to remember is most of these agencies, if they've commented at all, say that confidential systems were not compromised because there were extra protections on those, but there's still sensitive information that goes around in the normal non-confidential email channels. So you can glean a lot. It's not like they got the nuclear codes. It's not like they got into energy production administration. None of that has happened. What they got was a lot of information, and it seems like that's what they were after. They were after information that they could use to gather intelligence. This was not about gaining control. This wasn't about hacking the nukes. This wasn't about hacking the power grid this time. This was about intelligence, and that's why they were so stealthy. They didn't want to get in and do anything. They just wanted to keep monitoring and see who was talking to whom. Yeah, I think hearing this earlier in the week, I haven't followed it closely, but you saw some tweets about the Department of Energy and you hear about the nuclear, like the everyday layman on Twitter panicking over that. There's some rightfully so. Understandably so. Yeah, I'm sorry. Understandably so for that. I like that we're at least having more transparency on this about what's going on. I just hope it can be simplified even more for regular people who are concerned about it, but don't know as much as we know because we're in the tech atmosphere here. So yeah, this is interesting. Yeah, I'm sure we're going to keep hearing about this for a while. Well, speaking of innovation, Hardy Har, scientists at Fermilab published a paper in the journal PRX Quantum demonstrating sustained long distance teleportation of qubits over 44 kilometers with more than 90% fidelity. Cubits are bits used by quantum computers. If you haven't heard of them, they are a little bit different. While an analog bit is a one or zero, think of things that way, a qubit can be a one, a zero, or it can be both. So what does teleportation mean then in this context? Quantum teleportation is the transfer of a quantum state from one location to another. In this case, two photons were entangled, so their state is the same no matter how far apart they are. This lets you transmit information from one quantum computer to the other. The team, which included researchers at Fermilab, also AT&T Caltech, Harvard University, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the University of Calgary successfully teleported qubits on two systems. One was the Caltech quantum network and the other was the Fermilab quantum network. So quantum networks don't work like the current network that you know and love. You won't be checking email, you're not going to be browsing the web using a quantum network. Instead, it will exist alongside the current network that you do use, the current internet, for specialized uses, though. So it's good for things like security, particularly quantum key distribution, also known as QKD. You can also link quantum devices that are physically separated so they can act as one big supercomputer, even though they're not in the same place, carrying out large-scale sensing experiments in fields like astronomy, materials discovery, and also life sciences. The U.S. Department of Energy announced a blueprint in July for a national quantum internet. This demonstration is part of that effort, laying the foundation for specifically, at least for now, Chicago area metropolitan quantum network. China has demonstrated a longer entanglement of 745 miles using satellites. That was one qubit, whereas the Fermilab experiment carried out one sustained teleportation. Yeah, so more multiple sustained teleportation. Yeah. This is the kind of thing that's not going to affect your life for another five to ten years at the earliest. But if you want to know what kind of internet stuff you are going to be experiencing ten years from now, keep an eye on this. A lot of people hear about quantum computers and they think, that's going to end security because quantum computers can crack current algorithms in a couple of minutes, which is true, but they also bring their own new security protections, and that's what the QKD that Sarah was talking about here is, is the ability to provide extra security. It's hard to wrap your head around, I know, but it's really fascinating that it's not just, it's not faster, although it is kind of faster on some things. It's different. It's capable of doing different things. Lamar, is your mind blown? Mine is. I was just about to say, I like turtles. That's all I have to say. Turtles all the way down. Yeah, I was just drooling on the side. It's like, I don't know what is going on with this. Well, here, let me put it in terms you can understand. The Chicago area metropolitan quantum network will usually be slowed down and backed up on the ease and hour expressway. Got it. Yep. Jokes. I understand now. Local Chicago freeway jokes are killer in explaining quantum teleportation. I thought I thought Sarah did a good job explaining this as much as you can if you understand quantum stuff. It's just, it's just so mind blowing because it doesn't work the same way, even though you're like, well, wait, if it's teleporting, why do you need the fiber? And it's like, well, I need a quantum physicist if I'm really going to understand that, but it needs it because you are sending the photon that was entangled. You entangle a photon, then you send the photon over there, then you can change the state and then it will change at the other end. So you're not violating the speed of light. You can't instantaneously send information, but it does allow you to do some things that you couldn't do otherwise because with the regular internet, you take a bit and you send it and then that's it. You can't change it once it's sent. Now you can change it after it's sent. Yeah, pretty cool. Yeah. For all of us who were like, well, is my browsing getting faster? No, that's not what this is about, but in areas like astronomy, for example, which was just one of the examples, it can be very freeing to be able to have this quantum capability, whereas before you were using the same kind of internet that we're all used to now. Yeah. And the security aspect of it. It's an arms race, of course, but it's going to make things more secure and you'll need that. All right. Finally, Air Force Assistant Secretary Dr. Will Roper told Popular Mechanics that an artificial intelligence algorithm served as a co-pilot for the first time on a U-2 Dragon Lady spy plane during a flight over California on December 15th. The algorithm is called Art Mew, R2 Mew. It's the Greek letter Mew at the end, ARTU Mew. And has previously been used to play games like chess. Now it's flying fighter planes. It was given control over radar, not the guns, and it wasn't flying the plane. It was just given control over radar during a simulated missile strike against Beale Air Force Base. So the fighter plane was trying to defend the air force base against simulated missiles. R2 Mew decided when to hunt missiles and when to focus on self-preservation of the plane. It did not fly the plane, but acted as mission commander telling the pilot where to fly. The co-pilot hints at a future of AI-assisted aircraft. That's one of the things that we're finding in a lot of these stories is AI doesn't replace people. It assists them. It gives them more information and helps them improve at what they do. I mean, could any story be more Star Wars than this? Yeah, I was losing. Oh my gosh.  Darn close. It's also called R2 Mew for that reason, I'm pretty sure. They knew what they were doing.  But in general, I think this is genius and it makes a lot of sense. And listen, when you're a fighter pilot, you can use all the help you can get in certain scenarios.  And the key to remember in the, what if it gets hacked and crashes the plane? It's not flying the plane. That is the, that's the firewall is a human is flying the plane. It's just telling you what you should do when you fly. And if it tells you to fly into the ground, the fighter pilot will probably not do that.  I'm not flying into that now. No, no, no, it's a great idea. Do it. All right, let's check out the mailbag. Oh, let's do it. This one comes from doctor. Doctor says a topic that seems to come up often on the show, especially with the recent antitrust lawsuits is breaking up big technology companies like Google and Facebook and others. Often the bell breakup is mentioned. And I always wonder what would breaking up a tech company entail with the bell breaker? Well, some time ago it was done by geography. I can imagine WhatsApp and Instagram being split from Facebook. But if Facebook is still seen as too large a monopolistic itself, how could it be broken up further? Could we have a Facebook East and Facebook West or similar to Google or similar situation with Google? How do you think this should be done? If at all, I mean, I love this idea of of southwestern Facebook and Illinois, Illinois, Google. Yeah. But, but what to answer doctor's question. And it's a great question. What people forget is they don't see the ad tech part of this. And if you look at the cases being brought, you'll see the parts that could be broken up. So with Facebook, yeah, maybe Instagram and WhatsApp, but I'm not sure that solves anything because the accusation with Facebook is that they abuse their monopoly to drive up their own ad prices. And the same with Google, these Google antitrust lawsuits that we had this week were all about Google helping its own ad revenue. And so what you could do is you could just break the advertising business out of Facebook or out of Google and say you can't own the platform and the advertising. You can even break the advertising divisions up into smaller pieces and say, well, the ad tech is one thing and the ad buying is another thing. But, but you at the very limit could just say you can't own the platform and the advertising company at the same time. Just like NBC, I don't think I probably should hold off on this, but most television networks, let's put it that way, don't own the advertising placement agencies, right? They take advertising, but they work with agencies on this and the accusation with Google and Facebook is they own too much of the process. So you should just break them up into that. Well, we appreciate everybody who sends us feedback. Good question, doctor. If you have questions or comments or ideas for anything that you hear about on the show, or would like to hear about feedback at daily technewshow.com is a great place to send your thoughts. We also want to shout out patrons at our master and grandmaster levels today. They include Ollie Sanjabi, Paul Thiessen and Kevin. And uh, Len Peralta has been busy illustrating today's show. What have you drawn for us today, Len? Merry Christmas, Tom and everybody else. Oh, it's Santa Len. Yes, it's Santa Len. It's my last appearance of the year as next week is Christmas. So I wanted to do a couple fun things. Quantum physics and everything else blew my mind. So here is virtual Santa. This is Zoom Santa. This is what it's like seeing possibly in the future seeing what Santa is going to be like. Robo Santa is sort of helping out the real Santa with a Zoom call and virtual rating rooms and space scans and all that stuff. This print, this Christmasy print, is available in my online store at LenPeraltaStore.com and also at my Patreon, patreon.com forward slash Len. Also, if you're a Patreon subscriber, there is something special for you at Patreon. I drew this this morning. A little Boba Fett image. Some people were saying, oh, can I get this?  Absolutely for free for download today. So check it out. Merry Christmas. Happy holidays to everybody. And we'll see you in 2021. I will at least. So thank you. Yeah, it's great. As usual. Also, thanks to Lamar Wilson. Lamar, we're getting to the end of the year, but you never stop working. Where can people find your way? I work everywhere. I am on TikTok. I know, and I'm his size too. I'm on YouTube. If you want to find all of my stuff, no matter where you are, go to LamarWilson.com. Lamar with two Rs. And it'll link you to all my different places. And I'm doing stuff almost every day. It's really cool. Man, holiday spirit is pervading all of us. So we're going to give you some Patreon loyalty rewards. And you know what?  And then that's it until next year. Well, forget that. We're going to be more generous this year. Now you can get a unique sticker, a mug, a t-shirt or a hoodie every three months as long as you stay a patron. Each one has unique art from Len, featuring the new DTNS seven-year anniversary logo. And then three months after that, you'll get one with the logo and Roger. And then three months after that one with Sarah. And then after that one with me, get the details at patreon.com slash DTNS. Hey, folks, we are live Monday through Friday for 30 p.m. Eastern 2130 UTC. Find out more at dailytechnewshow.com slash live and join us if you can. We're back on Monday with Ellis and Sheridan. See you then.


We are now finally moving after six months of serious efforts, the IEA is moving to the Zaporizhia nuclear power plant. As you know, we have a very, very important task there to perform, to assess the real situation there, to help stabilize the situation as much as we can. Do you believe that the Russians will let you see what's really happening at the plant? Well, we are a team of very experienced people. I'm bringing here the best and the brightest in safeguards, in safety, in security, and we will have a pretty good idea of what's going on. You know, without clarity, my mission is a technical mission. It's a mission that seeks to prevent nuclear accidents. We are moving. We are aware of the current situation. There has been increased military activity, including this morning, until very recently, a few minutes ago. I have been briefed by the Ukrainian regional military commander here about that and the inherent risks. But weighing pros and cons and having come so far, we are not stopping. As you know, we are going to start immediately an assessment of the security and the safety situation at the plant as it is right now. We are going to be liaison and consulting with the staff at the facility. And I am going to consider the possibility of establishing a continued presence of the IAEA at the plant, which we believe it's indispensable to stabilize the situation and to get regular, reliable, impartial, neutral updates of what the situation is there. I have just completed a first tour of the key areas that we wanted to see in this first approach to the whole facility. Of course, there is a lot more to do. My team is staying on. More importantly, and most importantly, we are establishing a continued presence from the IAEA here. With my team here, we have a lot of work in terms of a detailed analysis of some of the more technical aspects of what we saw. And I will continue to be worried about the plant until we have a situation which is more stable, which is more predictable. It is obvious that the plant and the physical integrity of the plant has been violated several times. By chance, by deliberation, we don't have the elements to assess that. But this is a reality that we have to recognize. And this is something that cannot continue to happen. The technicians, when there are two groups, there is a group that is going to be there until Sunday or Monday, continuing with the assessment, in a certain sense continuing what I started today in the same places I was looking today. We could draw up a number of questions and initial observations, initial assessments, and they are going to dig deeper into that so we can have a report. We had splendid support from the United Nations security team that is here with me as well. So I think we showed that the international community is there, could be there, and we are continuing this. I would summarize, I need to continue my trip now. I would summarize by saying that our work has only started now. We've just landed actually, I don't know, three or four minutes ago after what has been a very important week, I believe, for Ukraine and for nuclear safety. I have, from the beginning of this situation, I have been trying to describe what is going on and its impact on the safety and the security of the plant through a number of pillars that try to address the things that in any nuclear power plant, in any nuclear installation in the world, should be taken care of. What is behind here and sustaining here is a very thorough technical analysis, of course, of how we see the situation at the plant. What we are doing there is stabilizing, looking at the safety, at the security, at the safeguards aspects of the plant. In the conviction that if we get this right, this will have some bearing influence in what happens overall.