I was once talking to a patient who said that they had no idea that herbs could be used to improve depression. Now in reality, depression has existed since the dawn of human history. As long as humans have existed, there have been reasons to be depressed, both real as well as the chemical reasons. Now TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine, has come up with many ways to treat it that we are talking about in this video here today. Hey guys, I'm Dr. Alex Hain, author of the health book Master of the Day and Doctor of Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine. So before we jump in here very quickly, I've put together two very important links right below the video. The first is for a free guide, four daily rituals that could potentially help you add years to your life with traditional Chinese medicine. And the second is if you'd like to become a patient of mine locally in Los Angeles or virtually via telemedicine, you can reach out to my practice right below this video. Now when it comes to depression, there's something scientifically called the Bio-Psychosocial Model. Now the Bio-Psychosocial Model is something that's very, very important because in my observation, sometimes psychiatrists can reduce depression just to become a chemical imbalance and deny that there are other factors that may be involved. And this model, check out this research paper here on ScienceDirect, Bio-Psychosocial Model in Depression Revisited. Now I want to draw your attention to this one line that says there are two fundamental ideological perspectives about mental disorders, biomedical, i.e. chemical, physiological and psychosocial. The Bio-Psychosocial Model has claims to integrate these two perspectives in a scientific way. Now what does this actually mean? When we talk about bio, we're talking about biological factors like physiological imbalances, chemical imbalances, changes in neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine. When we're talking about psychological factors, we mean, for example, you're living in a bad part of town and you're walking home late at night as a woman who is a single mother with two children and you've been mugged once a week for the last three months. That's a very powerful psychological reason you have to develop depression, right? And then on top of that, there are social factors. Social, you know, obviously psychological and social can go together. Psychological can just purely be you are afraid of things that are real or imagined that can lean to a certain kind of helplessness. And socially it can be you live in poverty, you live in a war zone, you live in an abusive relationship. So the bio, psycho, social model of depression is something that I think is very, very evolved by conventional medicine standards in terms of why depression happens and why it sticks around. Now in traditional Chinese medicine, very often we're using acupuncture and internal medicine, these traditional formulas that have been used for thousands of years to treat certain patterns of depression or anxiety. Now check out this one paper here, for example, this first paper, traditional Chinese medicine in depression treatment from molecules to systems. And I want to point out one line about a compound in ginseng called ginsenocides. So these ginsenocides that exist in the ginseng plant, Renshen as we call it, work on several different physiological pathways that can benefit depression, both the HPA axis as well as brain derived neurotrophic factor. So there are lots of single herbs that have shown real scientific merit in terms of treating the symptoms of depression. Ginseng is just one, chihu, buplurum, high doses of cinnamon bark or cinnamon twig are also used, as well as fuzzi, which is aconite. But I want to point out how we actually treat it in TCM because we never just give ginseng like people will buy on the consumer market. We give these formulas and these herbs based on a pattern differentiation. So I want to give you a few examples of what those look like. So the way traditional Chinese medicine approaches depression is the way that we frankly approach treating any internal medicine disorder, which is that, of course, we are treating the biological factors here, right, biopsychosocial model, those are the things we work on with the patient or the patient has to work on in their own life. But the biological factors, the physiological factors, the neurotransmitters, that's what we are working on on one level, right, the most material level. So when I look at patients that come in with depression, there are three main buckets of pattern differentiations that I tend to see. The first is what we call heart kidney not communicating. Now the heart kidney axis is not only where cardiovascular diseases are and kidney issues, but it's also where chronic nervous system disorders are. Now these are people typically with a lot of nervous system symptoms, signs of sympathetic dominance, where they have an elevated heart rate throughout the day, right, prolonged chronic stress response. So they have tachycardia, their heart rates in the 70s, 80s, 90s, sometimes hundreds. They have palpitations, so dysrhythmias. Sometimes people like this also have just a general feeling of anxiety along with their depression. I mean, in ancient Chinese medicine, you know, this term shin fan literally is heart vexation can sort of subjectively describe that sensation quite well, a feeling of just unease in the chest, a discomfort there. So heart and kidney is number one, the most common pattern that I see. Now in the heart kidney pattern, typically we are using formulas very high in this medical grade or medicinal cinnamon bark or cinnamon twig. So dosages from nine grams to, you know, 10, 20, 30 grams even. Now that's bucket number one. We traditionally and typically treat it with this high dose of the cinnamon twig decoction kind of base formula. Now the second one is what we call spleen sheet efficiency. And it's typically someone presenting with symptoms of anxiety or depression, but who also have a lot of pronounced digestive symptoms at the forefront. So these people typically have lower no appetite, they're prone to bloating or indigestion or food sits in their stomach, they can be having loose stools, food sensitivities, SIBO, sometimes prone to catching colds easily. Now, this bucket is very distinct because we often treat this with high doses of wrenching, ginseng, which we just talked about with the ginsenocytes. Now the third bucket is what we call something related to liver cheese stagnation, right? Now this is issues with the liver, gallbladder and triple warmer in traditional Chinese medicine. Triple warmer is potentially something intersecting the lymphatic system. And these three organs we say, not only can these patients show up with upper GI issues, acid reflux, indigestion, there's lots of stomach issues. There can be wildly varying bowels. Women can have menstrual changes or irregular menses or painful menses or mood swings. And in general, this one is more pronounced in a certain population that we say is prone towards internal tension, right? So whereas the heart kidney is sort of like a deflated person who's truly exhausted and the spleen deficiency person is really more digestive focused, this one is a pattern of constraint where someone's nervous system is just shaking and buzzing like this all the time. And this one is more treated with high doses of buplurum, which is chaihu. So, guajir, wrenchen and chaihu are the three most common herbs in formulas always that I am mostly seeing that we treat depression with. All right guys, I hope that helps. Make sure you check out these related videos right here and check out the free download link right below this video and I'll see you soon.


Good afternoon. My name is Tao Tavengwa. I'm at LSE Cities. This is the last session of the day and I think it's a good place to end because so far all the conversations that we have had have sort of like had one thread and that thread is about I think it's sort of like ramping up to the idea of housing and how that is actually quite an essential component of the entire discussion we're having because whether or not you're talking about about work you're talking about life quality etc. Ultimately you're talking about where people live. It's a place I think housing more than just being a to borrow I'm going to borrow quite a bit today I have no original thought whatsoever. To borrow from a few people housing is it's not just habitat is what we'll say it's not it's not it's not it's not just an artifact it's it's it's it's essentially as opposed to a system that links up a whole lot of things it's how you make a living how you relate to other people and a whole range of other things so I think this is a good place to to sort of like I think start threading some of those conversations we've got a really great panel quite global in perspective multiple perspectives and what we're going to do with this last session is that we're going to stay at the table we figured it's a good way to sort of like at least create some kind of intimacy so this session I don't think is really about trying to compare anything what we're trying to do here is present multiple perspectives on several systems approaches to housing as well as all these different delivery mechanisms as well as responses that have happened I think it's very appropriate that we're having this conversation here in Addis because obviously housing is looms large on a lot of the conversations that we're having we also just to just to end I should I should I should add that I think we've got talking about cities in Africa and housing in general we have got the benefit of a lot of experiences from other places a lot of success failure all manner of things that have happened before so the questions are where how do we learn and I think what we should try to do this session is just really have a conversation that tries to answer some of those questions so we're going to start off with Gautam Ban.


What's up everybody, Jason here for jazzymskatesprac.com, 2021, Upper Deck, Allure, Hockey, 5 box, half case break, 2 random teams each, number 5 just sold out guys, fresh case here, and again 15 total spots here because 2 random teams in the NHL, all card ship, and the combo team is Ducks and Yotes, Ducks and Yotes, so here's the Dice Roller, here's the customer name, Matt Buckler, down to Kevin, and we've doubled up your names of course, and then you go Ducks, Yotes, Winnipeg, Jets, should be up low in Razzarra, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, I can check it right now, once I get done with this video, Dice Roller and it is a 4 out of 3, 7 times, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, down to William, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, Pittsburgh Pirates, down to the, oh sorry, Pittsburgh Penguins, down to the Washington Capitals, so Kevin you have the Penguins as well as the Blues, Arthur with the Sharks, Matt Buckler with the Canadians, Karen Steve with the Nucks, Kevin Kelley with the Panthers Devils, Bennett with the Lightning, Steve Birch of the Rangers, Arthur with the Dallas Stars, Steve Birch of the Jets, Kevin with the Knights, Bennett with the Oilers, Steve with the Sabres, Kevin with the Black Hawks and Wild, Todd with the Hurricanes, William with the Red Wings, Bennett with the Bluejaggers, Todd with the Predators, Karen with the Ottawa Senators, Kevin with the Avalanche, Matt Buckler with the Flames, Scott with the Bruins, Bennett with the Islanders, Scott with my Kings, Matt Buckler with the Ducks, the Olds Combles, Steve Birch of the Flyers, Matt Buckler with the Leafs and William with the Washington Capitals. So again if anybody wants to make any trades, I'll give you guys a quick minute and let's see if that video is uploaded in a second. All right for some reason it's stuck in the processing part. Let me quickly reupload it again. All right give it a few minutes, Rosario, and it should be up, okay? It's only like a three, four minute video, so it should be up in a minute or two. Scott if you're listening, Kevin, say if you want Chicago, or Vegas for Go Kings Go, almost that time of the weather where I can start bringing my King's jerseys to, as my work uniform, because it would be cold in this damn store. You fouchy? All right let's just close the trade window guys. All right good luck everybody. So this is a fresh case and I actually haven't seen any alerts, at least 2021 I have it. Nice, make David's on the box. Boxes look a little bit smaller, I like it. All right, so it's a five box half case break. One, two, three for the left, four, five, six for the right. Let's see if I can get it right in there. Four, one, two, three, four, five, six. We'll go with the right side. These will be for the next one and I'll post it up again so we can run it back, tape on the sides now. All right let's go with the first box. Calipol Mary, Black Rainbow, and Reimsdyke, Rookie Nick Robertson, Jacob Verana, Red Rainbow. All righty, and our first autograph is a Victor Sodastrom, Grand Entrance for the Yotes, that's a combo team going to Matt Bookler.  Igor Shosturkin, Nick Robertson Rookie, and a Dylan Kozen's little, this is normal rainbow, no just silver maybe. Roman Yossi, Lutali, Martin Barzell, a city silly, Brandon Gallagher, Alexis Lefernais, Yuly Sen, a rainbow with a bigger part, Mike Calberdon for the Winnipeg Jets, a lot of really nice cards actually. My first look at this. Tomas Chabot, Red Rainbow, and a Kiefer Bellos autograph, Rookie Red Rainbow for the Islanders, Islanders with Bene Page, George Norris Rookie, Orange Slice Die Cut, Kiefer Bellos, Lefernais, Artemis Panarin, and Vitali, the 99 Green Quartz, Mike Calberdon, Sebastian Kauff, Calvin Turkoff, Vitali, we got Yanni, Jake Aunger, Carter Hart, Iced Out, Caliburn Mary, Orange Slice Die Cut, little city silly, Connor McDavid, Folino, and Philip Kurnishow for the Hawks, Kevin, trying to trade Kiddish Red Mojo, the 299 Red Rainbow autograph, Lefernais, Matthew Barzell, Payne Krebs, and a Payne Krebs Rookie, Pink Leopard, that's awesome. McDonnell, Lexiyev for the Washington Capitals, Bull Horvath, Diagnostics, Connor Hullabuck, and Joseph Hull. Oh, there you go. Three boxes in the books. It's my first time seeing this year's Allure, so I wouldn't know. But he is a nine to ten million dollar man now. Jake Aunger, Jason Robertson, and Nick Robertson autograph. Love the colors that they're using now. And a 35 blue line autograph for the Maple Leafs. Matt Buckler with that one. Igor Zamolo, Sebastian Nikov, Mike Albertin, Nick Suzuki, Martin, Jake Evans, Zach Parise, Diagnostics, Suzuki, Lefrenier based Dylan Strom, and a Connor Ingram Rookie. I love the color. It's a 99 green quartz. Patrick Kane. Oh, okay, so they're really, really sharp part of that, which is funny because it's pretty much all the biggest players. Colin Sarogan, Capricelle, Suitzel. So they did that on purpose. Yeah, that's what I'm saying, yeah. The one thing is that a lot of these cards, and it's cool for anybody, this goes for all the companies, they create these cards like up to six, seven, eight months in advance. So it's, you know, they're already locked and ready to roll. So what they can do is potentially add redemptions in, add specific cards back into the production run, but it's really tough. That's box guys. This has been some nice stuff. Iced out, Igor Shusterkin. I love the color in this. I like that they created another product with a lot of color. And Timothy Lindgren, nice. Nice break for the Maple Leafs, Matt Buckler, Jake Evans, Pazio, Kiefer Bellos, Anders Lee, City Selly, Nick Fellino, Tyler Benson, Giver Valardi, William Carlson, and there you go. All right. So there you go guys. I actually really love the Solora. I think it's great. I think that I love that they added all this crazy color, you know, besides Opiechi Platinum with color. It's always great to have another one. There you go. All right. So there you go guys. That was the Lore Hockey number five. Number six will be the second half. I'll upload it again and we can get this rolling, guys. Appreciate it. JasperCaseBricks.com.


Yeah, talking about the one that can't find the trash can? The one that we had. Yeah. He's like back talking. The pancake breakfast is the best part of the Old North End in the spring. It's a great community event. Mm-hmm. Yeah.  Yeah, I get a plate. Yeah, I get a plate. Yeah, I get a plate. Yeah, I get a plate. Oh, can I get a sticker like that? Oh, a super key.  Welcome to the 15th Annual Sustainability Academy Pancake Breakfast in Silent Auction. Today is May 6th, and we are so psyched. We are in our fourth hour of serving pancakes. We've had about 35 volunteers. Probably about 350 people come through. Our silent auction is rocking, and we are just so happy to bring everyone together to eat some pancakes with some yummy maple syrup and to raise money for the parent-teacher organization at the Sustainability Academy. This is our president, Stephen Smith. Stephen. Hey, I'm so glad that this lovely community event is continuing. Erin was a huge part in making it happen, along with lots and lots of volunteers, people who have been putting this on for decades, including the Lucy family, a staple of the sustainability community for years and years. We're so thankful for everyone that can come out and support our school. The PTO does a lot to support the community, community members, teachers, so that we could just enhance what the teachers do here. We bring extra supplies. We sport field trips. We support the space in the yard. So all of this money goes straight into the school for a great cause. And so we're just so happy to have the community here and have this event going on. It's an amazing part of our year, and it's a great cap as the end of the school year comes up. Hello everybody. May I please have your attention? Great. All right. All right, we have a very special guest who's going to read those winning tickets. The winner is ticket number for $50 at a single panel. If you don't know, this is our fabulous friend. All right, Ethan's going to pick. All right, Ethan. Ethan is a kindergartener. Drum roll please. The winner is ticket three, three, five, zero, six, seven.


Welcome back. We're glad to know that you're still there and watching the breakfast on plus TV Africa right now We're going to be looking at what is happening in the school system and see if there are other solutions We are in the country where the school system is epileptic the infrastructure is decaying and the standard is going down. Well We're thanking God that at least there is the private sector that will tick off the burden a little bit from the government But is there something else that we can still do about the educational system? So we are here to discuss with The CEO chief executive officer of global international secondary school and college in the person of Madam Paula G. Osime. Welcome to the program. Thank you so much Okay, one of the solutions that people feel that should be introduced in Nigeria if it is not there already is Homeschooling as it stands now. Is that something obtainable in Nigeria? Is it having a legal backing that you can homeschool your child? I don't think he has a legal backing Because every child is supposed to be in school in the traditional setting of schools But remember what happened during covert because everybody go homeschooled So coverage changed a lot of stuff it changed a lot of things and he opened our eyes to let us know that There are alternatives to traditional education and in other countries. There's homeschooling and if they're doing very well So when you do not have the infrastructure and you don't have the Facilities to be able to educate all your students Then you have to look at alternatives and that's what Nigeria is not doing effectively So it's unfortunate that we have over 20 million out of school when we can look at alternatives To you know to ensure that they have an education. It's very important Let's first of all start by enumerating some of the things that Have brought the educational system in Nigeria down to its knees remove the private sector for instance and then give us a The reason we are where we are educationally, I think it's unfortunate we are where we are We shouldn't be where we are There's a lot of funding that goes into education through you back particularly There's a lot of money that is available for education and the SDG is very clear that you know in terms of education is very important A nation that does not educate its citizens is a nation that is going to fail anyway So the challenge is that we do not have enough schools So when you look at the kind of money that has been pumped into education that you ask yourself How come we don't build more schools? How come the governors do not have on their manifesto when to go for You know, they say all of those things but when it comes to reality, we do not see the schools So you go to areas very rural areas no schools at all So the kids are there they're out of school. They're on the roads and then you set yourself This is the human capital of Nigeria 30 million out of school if they were in school and they were skilled then Nigeria is better off for it How come government cannot connect the dots to say if I do not Educate my citizens then I am doing myself an injustice because at the end of the day They're going to build the economy of Nigeria. They're going to improve the GDP if they're skilled Nigeria has so many resources and our unemployment is 35 percent Poverty rates is 40 percent So we need to think and say the most important thing that we need to do for our children is to ensure They're educated. We do not have a choice. Why are people all living the shores, you know People are living Nigeria and they're going to have other nations.   Well, you are in this sector and you are privy to all that you are privy to and Some of which you are letting us in on right now But you also interface with government officials who are in charge of policies and all of that. Am I correct? Yes Have you done anything with regards to Suggesting the that homeschooling be legalized seeing that it could bridge this gap Now that you've made up to realize that it's not legal yet the country. Have you suggested that it be legalized? One of the things we're doing we have a foundation called text foundation Which actually was set up by the vice president. So I'm part of it I'm one of the trustees and one of the things that we're doing in the north east and the northwest of Nigeria a Thousand students were using the radio program to actually educate them So most of them can actually be a home as well So in effect, the thing about Nigeria is that when you want to legalize something you go through a lot You have to go to the Senate You have to pass a bill because as far as the Nigerian education policy is concerned Students have to be in school. In fact, if you are not in school, they can arrest your parent That's what the law says so until the government and what we're saying to government is with technology now You can anybody can be educated anywhere in the world So you can be at home and a teacher can be teaching you in fact My teachers can be teaching from my classroom and teachers students all over so the critical thing that government needs to understand How am I going to give access to the millions? We have 60 percent of 200 million that are young people in Nigeria How do I give access? What are the options? Then they should speak to private sector. We're we're engaging government all the time We talk to government all the time. We provide the solutions. We say to government. Why don't you have broadband in schools? Why don't we get a corporate organizations to give devices? Why don't we partner with MTN to give low internet, you know, not cost-effective or even zero internet So if we can say to ourselves the most important thing is that can we get our students educated actually and even the ones in school When you even look at the ones in school, they're not even getting the education because literacy and humance is very very low in Nigeria So we have to really as a group not just what you're doing putting out there very important But everybody has to come together corporates because at the end of the day the corporates are the ones going to hire this young people And when they hire them they complain all the time that they are not fit for purpose that they cannot use them Some of them cannot write letters and they have left university Do you understand? They have gone through four years of university half of the time universities on strike anyway So what on earth are we doing? So you've made the suggestions with the government. What are the responses and how do you read their Responses or lack of response. Is it a lack of political will? Is it corruption? How do you assess their response or lack of it? I think if you remember that the Minister of Education himself had mentioned the current one that one of the regrets is that he didn't do anything about out of school eight years eight years so You know I don't you see on unless you have the the point is if you're in power and you're a minister You are the one that can do something we can suggest to you, but we cannot force your hand Do you understand? You know we had I've had occasions to meet with many many government officials and we are profiled solutions from private sector And we are saying even private sector. Nobody is supporting us, but we are doing our best to educate the Nigerian child But we do not have the capacity You know to take every student who wants to come if I had the capacity and government can say I will give you Scholarship I will take all of the out of school into my school. I will educate them in my school But I'm going to have to pay teachers to do that So basically government has to look at it and say if Nigeria is going to move forward because it's like we have a time a bomb that is ticking and we are not even aware and These kids if you do not use them they become liabilities twenty million can either be the best and be a gold Mine for Nigeria or it can be a serious liability It can these are people that Bukoharam and all of these people are recruited So why are we not connecting the dots to say we need to educate the skits We need to educate the girl child We need to ensure every child has skills and they have a job reduce unemployment and make sure everybody's productive And then we have a good society. It's so easy. It's so simple that you wonder why we're not paying attention to it So it worries me all the time and I really I would say political will is lacking in most cases Some governors are doing excellently. Well, I know Lagos state is trying very hard The commissioner is very forward-looking and she's doing her best and some other states But we need to do more from federal as well. The policies need to change for example our curriculum now We're talking about 21st century. We're talking about AI. We're talking about robotics We're talking about coding any job you're going to take if you don't have text those you're in trouble Yet we have not Reviewed our curriculum to include all the skills in it. So how are we saying we're educating for 21st century? How we think we're educating for jobs that are not even we cannot even imagine Why are we being left behind when everybody's moving forward? It's very frustrating You know, so those are the things that we just have to look at alternative technology has given us an opportunity To do so much now to educate the 20 million in the in with their parents only challenge Sometimes when I look at homeschooling is When there's at home who is going to sort of teach them? He has to be their parents So government has to have a plan if they're going to use homeschooling because homeschooling is important It's it makes a world of difference when our students during COVID were at home They did they did well their parents were right beside them. There was no destruction. They had to focus on their work So I know that if the parent does but most parents go to work But if you're not even going to work, can you be trained by government to actually teach your child? Can we have retired? teachers or principals to be involved in the communities to gather these kids together Numeracy and literacy early education. Let them have that foundation. Can we do that? It's so easy to do so you just wonder why These things are not in place. You know, that's that's that's just the issue You are in the system yesterday, which was techno file to stay on the breakfast I had a web designer who's also into coding and I did ask this question about the curriculum and how You know inclusivity is of AI and he was going to position to give that answer So I'm happy you are here But one of the things he said is that Most school owners are in it for profit and may not have included some things. So you are here. Tell me how What is the curriculum? Is there a unified for the private and the public schools? And if it is not what do you have in your curriculum in the private sector? I do about four curriculums. I Do the British I do the American I do the Nigerian and I think what was the first one again? No three curriculums Nigerian British Canadian and Yeah, Nigerian British Canadian and American I do four curriculums and the reason why I do four curriculums is that a lot of my students Go abroad and I don't want them to be shocked. For example in yack. There's no calculus in yack There's no advanced function in yack if you want to be an engineer you must know this thing So unfortunately a lot of the students will go to Canada. They'll get there High school students have already done this and they've done well So your parent goes and they spend such five thousand dollars the student feels sends back to Nigeria So our curriculum is not looking at the standard world standard curriculum What we should be focusing on is that what is the world talking about in terms of? Educating the child not just the Nigerian child because the world is flat So students should be able to go anywhere and excel and compete So that's why we're advocating that every curriculum day right now. They have not included what we do in global is as extracurricular Because the extracurricular we do coding we call Parties people who are trained as to come and train them but because it's extracurricular and it's not tested You know students just do it for the sake of doing it I'm somebody was just telling me a story the other day of the 16 year old Who during the holiday just finish yack went to the US did the course for three or four months in Hacking or some app development came back and when they wanted to hire her 16 years old not gone to university She asked for 66 50,000 Naira. So the her boss had to say to her that's too high We know you are worth it because you know your stuff. We will give you 350,000 Naira She has not gone to university when my university graduates are walking around the streets They cannot even get a job and this girl just did a six-month course So there are courses that will breach even post-secondary. What we are saying to government is vocational skills Nigeria and the job that they've just finished now It'll be about 1.9 million every single year that applies for jam out of that we can already take 600,000 Places so what happens to the 1.3 million that can don't have places? Why can't we have this post-secondary vocational skills and innovation skills so they can do short courses pending the time They go to university Why don't we make sure that we push that so that everybody is educated because at the end of the day We're going to grow the economy of Nigeria when we resolve the solutions the problems of Nigeria has Everybody's going to be happy the private sector. We make money government will know that we are moving forward So it's something that we have to pay attention to and that's what all nations are doing Okay, I'd like you to revisit what you have said before some of the challenges that might be faced if we Adopt homeschooling. What are these things that need to be addressed before we can succeed in it? Homeschooling you know like I said homeschooling is important in the sense that Like during the insurgency for example rather than the students to just not have any education Emergency times like that or areas where there are no schools, but like I said Government has to be deliberate about it because when they say that we're deliberate and intentional Which means we must train the parents in order to be able to you know Teach the kids because there's no point putting them in the home when the parent doesn't understand maths or doesn't know How to teach them so what's the point or we can say can we do a community program? whereby we can gather all those kids in the community center and then we can get teachers like you back trained a lot of teachers and we Can get some teachers to go there and teach them the radio program. We're doing now it is it's in collaboration with Besta, which is the program for World Bank and Teachers are there that are training them all over the place So there's nothing that cannot be done But whoever is training and teaching this Students also must be trained and must be able to teach and must have some kind of at least if they cannot have a Qualification we must know that this parents can actually teach they speak English. They write English, you know That's that's one of the the only drawback is that that's the drawback I see that whoever is at home with them might not be able to do it So we might have to supplement and get maybe other trainers to go into the homes Yeah, well time will not allow us to push this any further, but you know talking about the fact that our curriculum is still not Cannot compete with international standard is a major concern, isn't it? And that begins to raise the questions about those in charge of the education in the country Especially at the federal level. What would you say as we as we wrap this up in regards to that? No, the the reason why we have a high unemployment right now and we have high poverty rates It's the fact that we're not killing our students So the point is that government has to look at that Do you want to reduce unemployment? If you want to reduce unemployment include the skills that the private sector wants if Private sector wants to employ and they say I want you to be able to do fintech and all of that and you don't have the skills Then they will not employ you. So go to the private sector and say what are the skills you need? Then let us now connect to the private sector universities talk to private sector now review our curriculum not just at the K-12 not just as the secondary school level up to university Let's review our curriculum in line with what private sector wants a private sector can hire them That's what I'll say to government. So that must be there must be a connection from that point of view Okay, we would like to thank you for coming on the program. This is a apology of CME CEO global international secondary school and college Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Thank you for having me. Thank you We do hope that the relevant people are listening to this and they're watching us now Solutions have to come if we want our nation to grow because a nation that does not Educated citizens is bound to fail according to how This is a similar put it It's still the breakfast on plus TV Africa and we'll take a very short break now And we'll be joined by the sports person that will be taking us around the world as well. Stay with us


Right now at Appalachian Wireless, you can get the Samsung Galaxy S7 for just $99.99 and get a second one FREE! Service agreement is required on both devices, serving you for the last 25 years with better service and bigger savings. At today's Appalachian Wireless A Pike County woman was sentenced to 10 years in prison in Floyd Circuit Court today 28-year-old Sheena Dotson was originally charged with murder and driving under the influence after she was involved in an automobile accident in August of 2015 that killed 39-year-old Ronnie Mullins, a rival. As part of her plea agreement, the murder charge was reduced to a charge of manslaughter. The family of the victim says Mullins was a loving, caring and forgiving man. My son was a Christian, Ronnie was, and he would have warned her to serve some time, but he also would say today to her, Sheena, I forgive you for killing me, because that's just the way my son was. Floyd County Commonwealth's Attorney Brent Turner says this case is yet another example of the consequences of the drug epidemic in our region. It's a big problem in our area and it's tied to, of course, the drug problem that we have. More and more people that we see now, it's not always just alcohol. A lot of times it's prescription pills, and that was Ms. Dotson's issue. I assume she didn't set out that day with the intentions of harming anyone, but everybody loses all the way around. She's going to prison. The family will never have their loved one back, so it's just a sad situation all the way around. Although the case is now over, the family did not feel they received much closure. If I could have seen some remorse from her, but I don't think she showed much remorse at all. And the other time when we was down here, when she was doing the plea bargain, I didn't see no remorse at all. I just wanted to see a little remorse today, that she was sorry she killed my son. And I'm so glad that her daughter didn't die in the accident, because I would never wish that on no matter. Dotson will be eligible for parole after serving 24 months of her sentence. Reporting from Prestonsburg for EKB News, I'm Shawn Allen.


Welcome to The Future of Democracy, a show about the trends, ideas, and disruptions that are changing the face of our democracy. I'm Ashley Zahn, Vice President of Learning and Impact at the Knight Foundation. Before we get started, I want to take a moment to explain why we at Knight Foundation believe that these conversations are important. The Knight Brothers believe that a well-informed and engaged community is essential to a well-functioning and representative democracy. Non-profit newsrooms are becoming an increasingly important part of how we become informed in our communities. They aren't new. An article at the end of last year by Mark Glazier points out that public media honed crowdfunding long before Kickstarter and Indiegogo. And for decades, organizations like the Center for Investigative Reporting and the Center for Public Integrity have demonstrated how impactful the non-profit news model can be for deep dives into important topics. Knight Foundation has been investing in these developments in the non-profit news field and writing about its evolution. We'll share in the chat a link from our archives from 2013 when we were already studying the field. Today, we're talking about the latest trends in non-profit news. In particular, we're going to talk about a report from the Institute for Not-for-Profit News called the INN Index, an important barometer of what's happening in the field. And we'll talk about how these trends are showing up in newsrooms across the country. Today I have two incredible guests. Emily Roseman is the director of research at the Institute for Not-for-Profit News, a national network of non-profit, non-partisan news organizations. And Loretta Chow is vice president of strategy and startups at the American Journalism Project and her team works on incubating non-profit news organizations and understanding local news ecosystems. So welcome both of you. I'm so excited to have you both. Before we dive into far, Loretta, can you tell us a little bit more about AJP and what your team does? Sure. Thanks for having me. AJP is a venture philanthropy organization that is dedicated to sustaining local news. So we do that in a few different ways. We make transformational grants to local non-profit news organizations. We also provide venture support, including incubating startups. And we partner with local philanthropy organizations to make investments in their communities and assess what the community information needs that they should be investing in are. Excellent. Thanks. And Emily, tell us a little bit more about the Institute for Non-Profit News as well as the INN Index. Yeah, sure. So thanks so much for having me. The Institute for Non-Profit News, or we also call it INN, is a network of over 300 non-profit non-partisan news organizations across North America. And my job is the research director for INN. Our big research initiative each year is called the INN Index, which Ashley has mentioned. This is our annual deep dive survey of all of our members that we then turn into a pretty comprehensive report on the state of non-profit news each year. We've been doing it each year since 2017, but this year's index results for perhaps the most exciting yet. Excellent. So yes, let's hear about them. Tell us what are the kind of three most important things to know out of this year's index report? Yeah. So heading into this report, we didn't know what to expect after just a year of crises. We were curious if we would see the field grow or retract. And overall, we pretty much saw growth on almost all measures, which was pretty astounding. First, we saw staffing projections across the field. So employees and leadership, those numbers actually grew in 2020. Secondly, with this incredible demand for news, we actually saw coverage expanding and audiences swelling to non-profit news. I have here a stat. Web traffic grew by 43%, which is just astounding to me. And then thirdly, we actually saw total revenue grow for non-profit news outlets. Close to two-thirds of outlets that we studied grew their overall bottom line last year. Things largely due to foundation support and individual giving dollars. Great. That's really great news. We'll dive into, I think, each of those pieces in a little bit. But Loretta, you spend a lot of time with nonprofit news organizations. So Emily shared with us the data. Tell us what this looks like on the ground and what you're seeing in the newsrooms that you work with. Sure. I mean, it really feels like we are in a historic moment for nonprofit news. It's like this combination of the need just going from a major concern to crisis levels of people needing information on how to survive the pandemic, how to thrive in their communities. And at the same time, there's a lot of philanthropic attention to those needs and how journalism plays a role in communities, too. And that really has led to, I think, this boom in people wanting to start organizations, join organizations, fund organizations. And we're seeing that in our work at AJP in terms of the applications that we're getting and proposals for organizations and in the sort of new startups that we're incubating right now. And we're also just seeing this sort of swelling of support from people who are just really grateful to have verified facts that they need to survive right now. So we're seeing a lot of that in all ways as you guys are talking about. Absolutely, for sure. And both of you kind of hit on startup news organizations. So I'd love to hear a little bit more about that. Emily, what are we seeing in the data in terms of how many organizations are starting up and how those trends are moving? And then Loretta, I would just love to hear about a couple of great startups. So Emily. Yeah. So startups are definitely one segment to kind of watch here. So about a third of INN's members, we have a little over 300 members, and about a third are less than five years old. Or to put it another way, which is kind of a mind boggling way to reframe it, a third of the nonprofit news outlets publishing today did not exist five years ago. So that's just such an incredible sign of growth. And we're also seeing the pace of those startups accelerate year to year. So on average, we see about a dozen or more startups launch each year. This has been going back to 2008 or so. There have been 26 launches in 2020 so far, sorry, 2020, and then another few in 2021. So we're seeing this kind of growth continue. And then I'll just mention a few quick stats about startups. So startups typically have smaller staffs and modest budgets. Most startups are local news outlets, which is interesting. Startups we're seeing are also leading the way in terms of racial diversity. Half of all INN member news outlets that are led primarily by people of color launched between 2017 and 2020. So I'll leave you with that fact. Yeah, no, that's fantastic. So Loretta, tell us about some of these nonprofit news startups. Why they're starting, how they're doing. We'd love to hear some examples. Sure. Well, just to name a few that we're working with, Mound State Spotlight in West Virginia was founded and then started publishing all within the course of the pandemic before their team had ever worked in an office together. Actually, they have yet to. So that's sort of one example. We're working with Capital B, which is soon to launch. But it is going to be a national network of newsroom serving black audiences with local news. And the really exciting sort of, and I think Mark's a trend is in Kansas. The Wichita Community Foundation just made a really historic investment in the Beacon. And it's going to be, which is also soon to be launching an independent newsroom in Wichita. So that's just like, I think what that really highlights is sort of all the various ways that people are coming into the startup world. But yeah, that's fantastic. Can you tell us a little bit more about the backgrounds of people who are starting nonprofit newsrooms or what brings them to make this leap? So what's really interesting is that they come from a lot of, I mean, many come from their talent from commercial newsrooms. Capital B, for example, was founded by two women. One who was, you know, Lauren Williams was EIC at Vox. And Anacodo, who was the managing editor at the Trace. And so nonprofit for profit, but coming together and really seeing that, you know, what throughout their careers, they saw this need that wasn't being met. No one was really stepping in to do it. Commercial models really weren't structured in a way that was putting them on a trajectory to do the job. And so that's why they started to do that. You know, in other cases, there's a lot of people who come from local news already who are just, you know, these papers are cutting costs in a way that just makes it untenable to do the sort of accountability and beat reporting and just, you know, original information gathering that needs to happen. And in a lot of ways, never really served all the communities in their sort of constituency. And so people are coming out and saying, like, well, what can we do to address that? That's fantastic.  So, Emily, tell us a little bit about some of the trends that we're seeing and how the different nonprofit newsrooms are using different revenue models. And then I'd love to hear from Loretta about how AJP supports revenue generation. So, Emily? Yeah, yeah. So that's a great question. And definitely one we're looking at carefully each year with the index. So fairly consistently year-to-year, the nonprofit news revenue pie usually breaks down like this. There's kind of a little less than half in foundation funding. That's a mix of national and local foundations. More than a third, about 36% in individual giving. So that's gifts from major donors, small-dollar donors, membership programs. And then we see for nonprofits around like 14% from earned sources. So that's advertising, sponsorship, underwriting. The really interesting trend that happened last year, revenue-wise, to Loretta's point on kind of community support and serving your community was in individual giving dollars. So in a year where so many people had to retract and, you know, maybe donate less to charity or nonprofits, we actually saw individual giving contributions surge to nonprofit outlets last year. I read that as a testament to the services nonprofit news organizations are providing to their communities. But two-thirds of outlets saw an increase in revenue from individual giving and small-dollar contributions were really impressively kind of rising as well. That's such great news. Loretta, like I know that AJP understands the value of revenue-generating roles in nonprofit news organizations. But for those who don't have that context, can you describe what you guys support and how you help organizations to think about those things? Sure. So the background with AJP is that we make sort of transformational multi-year grants that are meant to be investments in the business and operations capacity within these organizations. So, you know, with our cohort, we're seeing a lot of, you know, the INN data sort of being reflected as in, you know, five of the grantees that we've invested in have seen their operating budgets double over two years. And so it really is a testament to what you can do with the sort of large capital injection early on to sort of reach the sustainability rather than sort of building up slowly with, you know, just newsroom talent trying to do fundraising at the same time. So we've seen, you know, for example, like CitySide, CT, Marin and BTZ are all seeing really strong growth in audience revenue, but they're also, you know, making headway and major donors and incorporate revenue. And that is because they have people who are dedicated day in and day out to like really building those pipelines and cultivating them. That's fantastic. What are some of these kinds of roles that are important for newsrooms to have? It really depends on the strategy. So when we're talking about really ambitious growth, you know, you may need a, you know, a revenue strategist, a chief revenue officer, you may need a major gifts person. You may need someone who is capable and able to sort of pursue corporate partnerships or to generate local ad revenue from small businesses. And we've seen, you know, a lot of experimentation with that. I think we're really just at the beginning of figuring out what that means for nonprofit news. And I think it's really promising. Excellent. You mentioned local businesses. So, you know, AJP is investing in civic news organizations. I think everybody probably listening to this knows that Knight Foundation cares deeply about local news. Local news is just one slice of nonprofit newsrooms. But Emily, I'd love to hear what are you seeing as far as trends in local nonprofit news specifically? Yeah, local news is growing, which is so exciting to see, because I think there's an increased understanding of the need for high quality local news. You know, back in 2008, one in six outlets was local and INN membership. Now that's up to one in three. So just to give you a sense of that growth, we see that growth really starting to accelerate just a few years ago in 2018. And this kind of connects with the startup growth points I was making earlier. But we're now seeing an average of one local news outlet launch per month. This has been kind of the pace for the last three years, which is really incredible to see. Yeah. And then just a quick revenue wise, the thing to kind of look out for for locals is that they do tend to operate on much smaller budgets than, you know, larger nonprofit newsrooms that might serve a national audience. So you're looking at like a median revenue of around $250,000 per year. Yeah, we're seeing some exciting trends in terms of local news organizations kind of grow revenue year to year. So our more mature local news organizations, we're seeing make pretty significant revenue gains over the last three years of tracking their revenue, which has been really awesome to see. That's fantastic. Loretta, I would love to hear about just some local news organizations that you guys are supporting, really, like great examples, whether they be startups or maybe like Emily's describing, they're just having some incredible revenue growth. Sure. You know, we do definitely see that there is, there's just such a clear impact when you do make sort of hires that are specifically focused on revenue. So we see that across the board. As far as the types of organizations we support, it really ranges in size. You know, some, you know, we, our grantees include Outlier in Michigan, Cityside in California, in West Virginia, Mt. Valley, as I mentioned, the beacon. And so, you know, and there are also older organizations and startups as well. And really what they have in common from our perspective is that they are trying to, they are creating local news for public good, and they're making it sort of maximally accessible to, to the people that they serve. And they're also really narrowly or sort of zeroed in on serving communities above all else. And that's sort of the, the, the main point of it. And that's how we look at the grants that come in as well. Yeah, I love what you said about they're narrowly focused on, on their mission space, which, you know, as vice president of strategy and startups, I think that's really important as we think about, you know, individual strategies and having a clear and defined focus. You mentioned a couple of great ones, Outlier, especially for those who don't know, can you talk a little bit about Outlier and any others exactly? What do they do? So, yeah, I mean, there are some folks like Outlier in our portfolio that are really not only just thinking about ways to generate original reporting, but how to distribute it and engage with audiences in, in groundbreaking ways that, you know, because there are networks of people that we see also in our research that were never really, didn't feel like they had a line into the legacy newsrooms, didn't feel like they could, they were being covered or represented and so were detached from what local news was happening. Outliers directly, you know, building a platform to engage with people through their phones so that it's like, it's more accessible. It's native to the way people like to communicate and share information. And so it's really exciting because, you know, this is just the beginning and they may, you know, we may see that model replicated throughout the country for local news. That's awesome. You talked a bit about audience engagement. What are some of the ways that you see nonprofit news organizations engaging with their audiences that are maybe different than traditional or legacy media? Yeah, so this is really interesting because I think traditional media, and also I come from traditional media, that's my sort of background. It was, it was mass media, right? It was like one, it was like your goal with audience was to reach the maximum number of people so that you could grow, you know, the people that were paying you or that you were monetizing with advertisers, but when community sort of service is at the core of your mission, then the way that you report is different, the way that you staff is different, right? You want your newsroom to be reflective of the lived experience of the people that you're writing about. And because you're ultimately serving them versus investors versus advertisers. So that's what's like sort of really exciting. And then what we see come out of that is like real conversations. We see like newsrooms that are getting a significant number of their story ideas from tips from their communities. For example, in Kansas, you know, the beacon is doing a lot of community listening in terms of like constantly having events where they're listening to their constituencies and hearing what they want to be covered. And then prioritizing your coverage that way. So I, that's a trend that I really hope will continue. And then also, you know, City Bureau doing documenters and having people report alongside the newsroom and actually be the ones that are going to meetings and documenting them is really exciting to see too. Explain that for those who don't know, how does, how does documenters work? Sure. So documenters is a network where they are, and it's actually in multiple cities now, but they start in Chicago where City Bureau is, they train people who are interested in journalism interested in in information gathering to go and cover meetings in their communities and creating documents so that reporters can develop content out of it or, you know, so that it's a public resource for people to use. It's just a really amazing way to activate people because, you know, at the end of the day, what are journalists with people who really care about their communities and transparency and, you know, the spread of information. So they're making the profession more accessible to everyone and just and have done it so successfully that a lot of communities around the country are asking them to bring that program to them too. Excellent. That's awesome. You mentioned the importance of the staff reflecting the community that they work in. So Emily last year, INN did its first report on diversity, equity and inclusion in the industry. And you guys repeated some of that analysis this year. So tell us what you found last year and and what you're seeing this year. Yeah, that's a great question. So, yeah, last year, as you mentioned, was our big kind of first deep dive into DEI across the field. We found that nonprofit news outlets are, you know, more diverse than traditional media. You know, that's not a great benchmark. We really are aiming to have these outlets reflect the communities they serve and their local audiences. Gender wise, interestingly, nonprofit news is really excelling. More than 75% of outlets have at least one woman in a top three leadership position, which is great news. But yeah, as I mentioned, racial equity is really where I think we should be focusing our efforts in the coming years. This year, so this past year in our most recent report, we did see some signs of progress in racial equity in 2020 over a third of outlets had a staff where people of color made up 40% or more of total personnel, which is roughly roughly representative of the US population. So that was that was a promising sign. The really kind of high need area is at the leadership and executive level.  And this this representation is highly variable from outlet to outlet.  Other other outlets have a lot of work to do and don't have any racial diversity at their top leadership level. So that's really kind of a place where we're looking and working on in the next in the next year or so. Absolutely. And I know both of your organizations are doing a lot of work in this space to improve the diversity of the field. So Loretta, tell me a little bit about how AJP approaches this. And then we'd love to hear a little bit more from Emily as well. Sure. I mean, it's it's basically a priority in everything that we do from grant making to sort of like internal operations. And I think the way we see it is also that there is not enough talk about how in the long term sustainability is important to diversity. Right. And I come from personally, you know, back an income and racial and cultural background where, you know, it cannot be overstated how important financial stability is when making career choices. And if we're going to make and build and continue to grow this The field and attract more talent to it in a way that is super inclusive. We're going to have to, you know, basically make sure that people are confident that our organizations are going to be around in 100 years that they're gonna That they're always going to pay fair wages and that, you know, people can have that jobs ability that historically journalists have not had So so that is something that we we think about a lot. And also, you know, beyond representation, it's really important in the coverage. So when we talk about You know, when we do our we do market assessments with philanthropic partners and what we often find looking at what the ecosystem looks like is that entire communities have just Never seen themselves in the coverage. Sometimes they don't even have access because of literacy or internet or language issues. And so I think all of that is part of the sort of full D I picture. Great. Thanks. Yeah, you guys are doing great work. Emily, I know you guys have been thinking about some resources as well. So share with us what I am and is doing also to help improve This Yeah, yeah, so I'm going to pivot away from the index report and talk about a new program that I am in recently launched called the racial equity and inclusion and nonprofit news program Abbreviation for that is rain. My colleague Sarah shariari leads that program. It is it is night funded. So thank you And it is really the whole purpose is to really help our members advance racial diversity equity and inclusion in their organization. And so we're really kind of targeting Nonprofit news leaders and just trying to give them resources coaching workshops materials that are that are for Specifically for for nonprofit news organizations and specifically for smaller kind of organizations with this mission. And The exciting thing is we've just seen an incredible amount of demand for these resources across our members. These are pretty small, you know, workshops and we've already seen more than 260 people from Across the IANA network sign up and attend one of these pretty intensive workshops. So yeah, shout out to Sarah and the rain program, I would say That's excellent. Awesome. You guys are all doing incredible work in this space. And so it's really fantastic as promised this time has flown by. So we probably just have time for one more question. We've talked about just the incredible momentum that's happening in the nonprofit news field. And we just left here from from each of you, you know, what do you think is needed to keep that momentum going. And how do we how do we keep the field growing. So Loretta, I'll go to you first and then to Emily. Sure. I guess what I would say is like, you know, this momentum is amazing, but it comes in the backdrop of like a real crisis where people, you know, they're just aside from used deserts. It's like everywhere is a desert in a lot of ways. And so I think that Thinking like really sort of kind of big about this and like long term about it and considering that we're all sort of like players in building a movement. I think that that we have to continue to go at it from all angles on educating people about why, you know, local support of local newsrooms is really important. But also, you know, making our organizations a friendly place to bring in the best talent from other industries and continue to grow and just imagine that, you know, just always think that growing. What we need to do is that in order to meet everyone's information needs. Great. Thanks so much. And Emily, what are your thoughts? Yes, I want to go back to an awesome point Loretta made just about like understanding the audience purpose of nonprofit news outlets because I think that cracking the audience piece of the puzzle for nonprofit news outlets is the key to understanding this momentum. So You know, nonprofits have a mission to serve the public that does not mean as Loretta said earlier, just like maximizing clicks from the most affluent people in your community. It comes with a really kind of nuanced need for audience research, you know, distinct marketing, distinct branding distinct kind of information needs research to understand what these communities need. So so yeah, I think investing in kind of audience research and growth work is a key to momentum. Awesome. As a researcher research nerd myself. I fully support that certainly. So, well, I thank you guys so much for this wonderful conversation. Thank you for taking time out of your day to join me this afternoon. We'll wrap up here for those of you who like to listen to Night Live. I encourage you to join our smart cities lab next week. And if you have any questions, you can always reach me and Ashley's on on Twitter and you can see this episode and many others at kf.org slash Night Live. So thank you everybody. And thank you all for joining us.


The Defant Company of Wilmington, Delaware, maker of better things for better living through chemistry, presents the Cavalcade of America. Tonight's star, Jane Wyman. Tonight's story, The Dark Heart. And now to our story as narrated by Viney Burroughs, who plays Elizabeth Keckley. So much has been written about this woman, so much said against her that I feel I must speak. During those incredible dangerous years, when her every word became a scandalous headline, I believe I knew her better than most. As her dressmaker who was privileged to become her friend, I was present during the most dramatic moments of her life, moments that became American history. What I'm about to relate is the story of Mary Todd, wife of Abraham Lincoln. Not as the newspapers wrote of her, but as I knew her. It was in 1861, shortly after the inauguration, I remembered so well, that day Ms. Lincoln told me about her plans.  Oh, Elizabeth, the parties I shall have, the receptions, we shall have excitement and gaiety such as Washington has never known. Yes, Ms. Lincoln, when the war is won, not when the war is won, now. But Ms. Lincoln, the war is dreadful, I know. But that's all the more reason why I should give parties. All America, the whole world will see that the president is unafraid. Yes, ma'am. And I shall be at his side, Elizabeth. I shall always be at his side. Yes, Ms. Lincoln. How the Washington women must envy me. The first lady of the land. You wait, Elizabeth. You wait and see. They will sue for my favor. Well, I've done a great deal of so and for the ladies of Washington.  I'm the wife of their president. Yes, but I'm afraid. Oh, Elizabeth, there's nothing to be afraid of. Everything will be done my way and it will be wonderful. Because I will have it so. But it was not to be. During the days that followed the inauguration, Ms. Lincoln was the only topic of conversation. No matter where I went, for whom I sold, it always seemed as though the subject of Mary Lincoln always came up. The only point I'm trying to make about her, LaVinia, is that she... Elizabeth, don't you think that skirt should be lifted just a little? It could, Miss Evans. Just a bit here at the waist. There. How's that? Oh, that's fine, Elizabeth. That's fine. Go on, Margaret. Well, Mrs. Lincoln was, after all, born and bred in the frontier of Kentucky. Oh, Elizabeth, you've raised it too high. Excuse me. I'll let it down. Alice Lambert says that she is crude, even vulgar. Now you can't ignore that, LaVinia. Oh, nonsense. It just so happens that Mary Lincoln was gently reared and is at all times a lady. Now Alice Lambert is a southern sympathizer. Yes, and Mary Lincoln's family is fighting for the South. Her own brother. But it's hardly her fault. Oh, you're just being stubborn, LaVinia. Anyway, I find her arrogant and willful. In what way? Well, in the midst of a great and terrible war, Mrs. Lincoln plans to give a ball. Well, I'd say that was ill-advised. But not scandalous. Not scandalous? Well, the whole of Washington is shocked. With our soldiers defeated in almost every battle, with the city of Washington itself in daily peril, what does Mrs. Lincoln do?  And you're not going? Not going, LaVinia. Are you mad? I wouldn't miss it for the world. Elizabeth, I don't care what people say. It's going to be the greatest and most beautiful ball that's ever been given. And, Elizabeth, the gown you've made for me, it's so beautiful. Thank you, Mrs. Lincoln. It's easy to work well when I'm working for you. You have such good taste. Will the President like it, do you think? I hope so. I've looked forward to this so long, and I'm so happy. May I come in? It's the President. I don't want him to see my gown until the ball. Help me out of it, Elizabeth, quickly. Yes, that's better. Mother, are you there? A moment, Mr. Lincoln. My morning robe, please, and will you hand the other one in the closet? Shall I open the door for Mr. Lincoln? Oh, no, no, no. Just put away the gown. I'll open it. Come in, Mr. Lincoln. You thought to see my gown for the ball tomorrow night, didn't you? Gown. Oh, your gown for the ball? Yes, it's very pretty, Mother. No, this is my morning coat. Oh, well, it's still very pretty. Good afternoon, Elizabeth. Mr. Lincoln. I didn't mean to interrupt you, Mother, but Willie wanted... He was right here. Willie? My father let me ride the pony. But I thought you were riding the pony. He made me stop. Then he must have had a good reason. He's sick. Sick? Come here, Willie. Let me feel you for it. Now, don't squirm, dear. It's burning with fever. Oh, no, no. Of course not, dear. Mother was exaggerating, but... I do want you to go to bed right away. I'd be glad to put him to bed, Ms. Lincoln. Thank you, Elizabeth, but I think he wants his mother. No, he wants his father. Oh. Oh, I see. Well, of course, dear. Mr. Lincoln. I'll take him.  I want to speak to your father a minute. I want to raise Father. Well, some other time. Run along. Oh, all right. But hurry, Father. Mr. Lincoln, he does have a fever. He seems to feel well enough. And he was shivering. I better call Dr. Stone. Doctor?  How's sick? It's too soon to tell yet. Ms. Lincoln. But I should say there's nothing to be alarmed about for the time being. Excuse me, Ms. Lincoln, but the musicians would like to speak to you. They need your approval of the list of selections for the ball. Oh, yes. Oh, yes, the ball. Tell them to go away, Elizabeth. I'm canceling it. Don't you think it best, Doctor? Well, his room is far from the east room, so the noise won't disturb him. And as I said before, there's no cause for alarm at this time. Besides, all your invitations have been sent out. Oh, I don't know what to do. I don't want to have a ball at a time like this. I'll stay with Willie every minute of the time, Ms. Lincoln. I'll watch over him like he was my own. I know, Elizabeth. Then you won't cancel the ball? Well, we'll see. We'll see how he is tomorrow. The next day, the little boy was better, much better. And that night, the light of the ball was the happiest of Mrs. Lincoln's life. I helped to dress her hair a range of gowns.  Her only ornaments were pearls. She looked beautiful. Why, even Mr. Lincoln said, you look charming, Mother. Do you really like it? Very much. But my, what a long tail our cat has tonight. You mean my train? It's the latest style. Mother, it is my opinion. If some of that train was nearer the head, it would be in better style. Oh, have I offended you? Oh, no. I think nothing could offend me tonight. Willie is better. And all your fears? Were groundless. Your arm, Mr. President. A pleasure, Madam President. Mrs. Lincoln's party had been severely attacked, but all the important people came to it. The ladies looked lovely in satins and silks, but none looked lovelier than she.  Look, Livinia, everyone's here. Would you look at Mrs. Lincoln? She looks radiant. Her gown is beautiful. I wonder how much it costs. Oh, and do look at her pearls. Do you think they're real? Oh, Margaret, really. Come, we'd better go in. Mrs. Roger Evans. Miss Livinia coming. Well, I suppose we'll have to be received. I wonder how she'll patronize us this time. One bit hush. Are you afraid she'll hear me? That you'll know I'm as amused by her arrogance as by her extravagant taste and clothes. But even, Mrs. Evans. Why, Mrs. Lincoln, how beautiful you look. Thank you. Good evening, Miss Cummings. Mrs. Lincoln? I'm very glad both of you have come. We wouldn't have missed it. Would we, Livinia? Such a lovely party. So distinguished. Lovely. Miss Lincoln. Oh, excuse me. Yes, Elizabeth. Miss Lincoln, may I speak to your moment? Yes, what is it? It's William. Really? His fever has grown worse. He's calling for you. Calling for me? Yes, yes, of course. I'll go to him at once. Mrs. Evans, Miss Livinia, you must excuse me, but my son... My son understands. By all means, go to him, Mrs. Lincoln. You see, he's ill. Are you coming, Elizabeth? Well, please, hurry. From that moment on, the ball was forgotten. Everything was forgotten except her son. Willie was seriously ill now.  She held him for hours at a time. She held him and counted every breath. And then came the moment. Are you all right, son? Keep fighting, Willie. Mother. Yes, my darling. Well, what be long, dear? I can stop fighting. No. Willie, Willie. He wants to rest, mother. Then sleep, Willie. I told you close. Safe. Safe in my arms when nothing can hurt you. Ever again. Rest, my son. He's going, mother. Let me hold him. Let me hold him a little longer. The Cavalcade of America. Jane Wyman is starring as Mary Lincoln. And now our story continues as narrated by Elizabeth Keckley. Mary Lincoln's seamstress. After Willie died, there were no more receptions at the White House. No parties. Miss Lincoln received no callers. Day by day we watched her retreat further and further into a world of sorrow. The president became more and more concerned. Mother. Yes. Walk through the window with me. There's something I want to show you. There is nothing I wish to see. Come, I'll help you. Take my arm. That's it.  I see it. Why? It is an asylum, mother. Yes, I know. You must try to control your grief. Or I'm afraid. Cool thing to say. It's cruel to want you to live for the sake of your living sons who need you. For my sake. I'll try. From then on, she did try. In an effort to become a part of what was happening, Mary Lincoln now turned her attention to her husband, not only at home, but in his official life as well. I'm afraid she didn't make things easy for him.  But you say the same of General McClellan. If I listened to you, mother, I should soon be without a general. Well, you must listen to me. General Grant is not fit to head an army. He's been very successful in the field. Yes, but at what cost? He loses two men to the enemy's one. He may depopulate the north. You exaggerate. You don't know the facts. Nevertheless, General Grant... He's winning. Oh, you won't listen to me. You never listen. Never, never listen to me. To her grief for her dead son was now added the feeling that her husband didn't want to help. Once more, she was quite alone. In this mood of despair and this black melancholy, Mary Lincoln found no relief. She performed her official duties unsmilingly. She was never heard to laugh. Until... Oh, my Mr. Wyckoff, you're quite disreputable. It's the secret of my success, Mrs. Lincoln. Henry Wyckoff, clever, polished, a man of the world, had been Ms. Lincoln's friend. He now became her advisor. The sparkle returned to her eyes, lasted to her lips. Ms. Lincoln became herself again. Now the help I require, Mr. Wyckoff, will take all the imagination and talent you possess. I am at your service, madam. I was thinking that it was time again that Mr. Lincoln and I gave a ball. Not just an ordinary ball, but the largest and most beautiful Washington has ever seen, with flowers and music and wine. And so it began once more, littering parties, teas, music was heard in the East Room, and always Henry Wyckoff was among the guests, paying Ms. Lincoln extravagant complements, laughing at her witticism, taking note of the other guests, listening, observing, and then one day the blow fell. Be true, it's on all the papers, Ms. Lincoln. I can't believe it. I won't believe it. They arrested Mr. Wyckoff this morning. He used to be brought to the bar of the house charged with contempt. But why? The charge is that he took a copy of the president's message to Congress and caused it to be printed in the paper before the speech was made. Mr. Wyckoff stole the message? Some say he did. Others say... say what, Elizabeth? Well, people always talk, Ms. Lincoln. You can't stop them and they say that... well, that the message was given to them. Elizabeth! Oh, Ms. Lincoln, I know you didn't. Everybody must know I didn't. I wish that trial were tomorrow. Order! Order! Mr. Wyckoff, you'll answer the question. Was the person who gave you this information a resident of the White House? I can only tell you, sir, that I received my information under an obligation of strict secrecy. Now everyone was certain Mary Lincoln was the guilty one. The talk grew louder and louder. The gossip became slander. Some people even called her a spy. But I'm not a spy. Then why don't you fight? I don't know how anymore. If Mr. Lincoln were to speak, it would be so simple. Not a word to Mr. Lincoln, Elizabeth, not one word. He has enough word to worry him. And besides, I don't know how he feels about this.  The days went by and still the president said nothing. Ms. Lincoln carried the burden alone. Yet we both knew that he must have heard the vile accusation, even threats directed against Ms. Lincoln. The bitter animosity against her was everywhere. In the newspapers, in the streets, in the very air of Washington. Would Mr. Lincoln ever speak out? The attacks came to a head, when one day an unheard-of thing happened. In one of the committee rooms, a secret meeting was called. Are we all here? Well, then I suppose we should begin. I don't know how to do this. Well, why don't you conduct it as though it were an official meeting? I don't know. I suppose... gentlemen, as members of the Senate committee on the conduct of Mr. Lincoln, we have met to consider a case of possible treason. It is unnecessary to remind you that... who is that?  President Lincoln. Gentlemen, it has been brought to my attention that you have called a meeting on a subject that is very close to me. I want to give you my silence. I want to give you my solemn word that no member of my family is engaged in any reasonable activity whatsoever. Mr. President, none of us actually thought that Mrs. Lincoln... By all we would not have had this happen with you, sir. It's all right. It's all right. But Mr. President... I apologize for interrupting. Please go on with your meeting. Well, gentlemen, there is no longer a reason for this meeting. I suggest we adjourn. In the eyes of the world, Mary Lincoln was now vindicated. The President's action meant even more than the later discovery that it was the White House gardener who had given out the President's speech. But to Mary, the fact that her husband had defended her meant more than anything else. Mr. Lincoln, you stood by me before the world. Did you think I wouldn't? You can't know what these months have been like. I thought... What did you think, Mother? That you didn't care. Or that you believed what they were saying. I only learned of it last night. Why didn't you tell me? I couldn't. Pride, Mary? Yes. Pride. It's caused trouble all my life. And no matter how hard I try, I can't seem to help it. I've lost so much because of my pride. But it doesn't matter. Because I haven't lost you. With you beside me. Close to me. I'm so happy. So, so very happy. Mary Lincoln, one of the most controversial figures in American history, accused of so much arrogance, extravagance, heartlessness. So many felt justified in hanging her. But when you, Judge, if you do, remember with me those who loved her. The dying little boy who found peace in her arms. The kind, tired man in whose hands rested her entire happiness. And I loved her too. That is the story of Mary Todd, wife of Abraham Lincoln, as I knew her. Thanks to Jane Wyman and the McCavocate players for tonight's story, The Dark Heart. Tonight's Defunded Cavalcade was written by Edith Sommer and Robert Soderberg, was suggested by Revely in Washington by Margaret Leach, published by Harper and Brothers. Original music was composed by Arden Cornwell, conducted by Donald Boris. The program was directed by John Zoller. With our star Jane Wyman, Vinnie Burroughs was Elizabeth Keckley, and Carl Weber was Lincoln. Others in our Cavalcade cast were George Petrie, Dick Wiggington, Joseph Bell, Ann Tobin, Ginger Jones, Haskell Coffin, and Daniel Arco. Jane Wyman will soon be seen in the New Warner Brothers Technicolor motion picture, the story of Will Rogers, in which she is co-starred with Will Rogers Jr. This is Cy Harris.