This is stock number 10348 we are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin near new and used heavy-duty truck headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2014 Chevy Silverado 2500 crew cab short box. This truck has the 6.6 liter Duramax diesel with the LML motor which pumps out 397 horsepower. From this HD video you will be able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out. Deep ruby metallic is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it's definitely your best way to check out the vehicle before seeing it in person. And if you want to check out more photos of this truck in the upper right hand party screen is a link right to our website click that and check out more photos in the description there. Powerful aluminum rims, wild country radial tires these tires have right around half the tread left and the rims are in nice shape these are 27570R18 tires I didn't see any denser dings on that front fender headlight lenses are nice and clear factory fog lights front bumper and grille and lower valence are all in really nice shape I didn't see any denser dings on that front bumper and the hood is in excellent condition as well this one's definitely all chromed out they got the chrome on the hood pieces there on the mirrors the vent shades bed rails lower rockers gives it a nice little accent pass passenger side front fender no denser dings on that and the passenger side rim is in nice shape as well as you go down this side of the truck take note of how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is we take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down you can still see the truck you can still hear the truck and you can have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here in fact we offer a summit auto fast pass option in the upper right hand party your screen link right to our website where you can apply for financing get pre-approved and even find out an approximation on your trade all on our website at the summit auto fast pass so click that has all the remaining factory exhaust frame and underbody is exceptionally clean lower rockers all look really good as well it does come with the factory chrome step bars back rim is a nice shape as well and the back tires about as much tried as the front tires once again those box rails and frame are an excellent shape we want to make sure that you get the most accurate representation of vehicles possible so that when you get here there's absolutely no surprises this one comes with a full towing package which includes receiver hitch and seven pin wiring the tailgate is in really nice shape as well as a locking tailgate and the backup camera spray and bed liner the bed itself is an excellent shape that bed liner is pretty nice to passenger side or driver side is just as clean as that passenger side no denser dings in the box and for full disclosure this back rim is in nice shape as well you can see the wheel well is in nice shape no major rock chips or anything like that really nicely taken care of and tell me that this had a lot of highway miles on it has the telescopic tomers with the built-in directional signals inside the LT one package gives you the black cloth interior there are no rips there are no tears on the seats they're in excellent shape has weather tech floor mats power driver seat comes with the factory brake controller auto head lamps power windows power locks and power mirrors as you hop inside the truck here you can see that this one only has 25,000 31 miles probably why it's in such nice shape instrument cluster is absolutely perfect and it comes with a leather wrap steering wheel you have Bluetooth audio controls on the right and cruise controls on the left six speed Allison automatic transmission with the optional tap shift turned out four-wheel drive AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities dual climate control you also get stability controls factory exhaust brake and a USB jack and an aux jack carpeting and passenger side floor mat are in excellent shape passenger side seat no rips or tears on that this truck of smells very clean inside I don't think it's ever been smoked in the headliner is in great shape and it does come with the snow plow prep package when it's got this button here that's how you know it has the snow plow prep package you get the on-star capabilities in the rear view mirror and that rear view mirror also has a backup camera on it which is a really nice feature we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood back seats are just as clean as the front seat snow rips or tears back here it does have the latch child safety system fixed glass rear window with the frost these seats do fold up for extra storage no rips or tears in the back seats and we got a weather tech floor mat all the way across back here keeps your carpeting like new and finally it does have the child safety lock right there for the back door and we'll take a quick look under the hood I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out under the hood we have the 6.6 liter Duramax diesel LML motor everything is stock under here this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks SUVs minivans Wranglers half tons three quarter tons one tons you name it we got it go to our website www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left and the bottom hand right a link to more heavy-duty truck videos like this one on your right if you haven't been our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2014 Chevy Silverado 2500 crew cab short box LT1 Z71 thanks again


I'm going to have my notes because I have a lot of important data and credit and I don't want to mess anything up, so don't be distracted. Today I want to remind everyone that the most successful organizations are research led. They reduce risk for their projects and their organizations, and they optimize with a bias towards action. There are very heavy costs associated with delivering a poor user experience, and we're going to talk about what those are and who they impact. We will also count down 15 ways user experience can influence business success. You're going to need your phones. So grab your phones, have your phone handy, and feel free to take pictures. We'll start with the uncomfortable part first, where I'll talk a little bit about me and give you some context on where my perspectives come from. So five years before the internet became available in households in the U.S., I graduated from college. I was the first person in my family to graduate from college, and I went to art school and it was a huge disappointment for my entire family that I would waste university on fine art, but in the end it turned out to be the right path for me. In 1997, I opened my studio. I studied drawing and sculpture and performance art, so I figured I could make a living as an illustrator. I was optimistic. Opened the studio in 97, completely analog, so just drawing. By about 2003, my studio had become half analog and then half digital. By 2003 was when the Adobe Creative Suite became available, and that's when I sort of transitioned to a graphic designer. Of course, WordPress 1.0 was released at that time, and by 2005 my studio was completely digital. I had to make a website for myself to get my illustration portfolio online, and sure, as soon as you can make a website, everyone in your town thinks you're a web designer and you can make their website, so that's just sort of how my career evolved. Another inflection point that I've witnessed was in 2007 when the iPhone was introduced and everybody was mobile and bringing the Internet with them, WordPress REST IPA came out in 2010 approximately, and by 2012 I was at a point where I was collaborating with other developers and front-end engineers, and SVG animation was really an exciting part of the work we did, and scaling up my projects. Then we started creating mobile apps for customers. I began to realize that myself and all of my clients were heavily dependent on WordPress, and it became a huge sense of responsibility to recommend that to people. Their livelihoods depended on it, so I began to contribute back and participated with the design team and making core contributions, and actually made lifelong friendships and colleagues that I could collaborate with, and we subcontracted work with each other. In 2018 I also worked on the WordPress governance project, and by 2020 I collaborated with two other designers, and we opened up a UX design collective. All of my businesses were not successful, some of them were kind of successful, and some of them were, but it looks like I was a huge success. I pretty much learned everything the hard way. The next inflection point is sort of where we're at now with AI, so it's been very interesting to see all these inflection points in my career. I'm the senior manager of UX research at Pantheon. So let's talk about user experience design. CX, so many acronyms, right? Customer experience, user experience, user experience research, user experience writing, end-to-end user experience design. One of the reasons I highlighted user experience design is because I'm surprised by this. I still have to remind a lot of people that visual design is only one aspect of user experience, and research is really just critical thinking. We all do research. We all do discovery, and everyone making decisions that impact the user experience or the customer experience are making design decisions. So design is something we all make design decisions, no matter what our roles are if we're developers or designers or project managers. I'm less interested in roles people have, and I'm really much more interested in the work that they're getting done together. As a famous quote, I've got to read the quote from Albert Lee on the future of design in startups. Sales with the highest investment in UX are referred to as design unicorns. They saw their sales increase by 75%. It's a lot. We know the costs associated with poor user experience. They're costly. Before we identify those 15 great ways we can influence business success, let's review quickly some of the costs. They include lost sales due to demos and free trials that don't convert or retention issues because the product is just too complex to use. Support costs due to problems users can't resolve without asking for help or due to complexity that makes it hard for them to figure anything out on their own. Productivity costs are very expensive, and that's due to users needing to go through extra steps just to do very simple things. Developer costs, poor user experiences due to having to work on features that don't produce value because nobody's using them or having to redo work because the previous version didn't meet the user's needs or users couldn't figure it out. There's resource costs as well. Product managers and team members can be spending too much time in damage control mode rather than working on new value for customers. We've all been there. They are also a cost of focusing on escalation issues instead of working on new capabilities. These are very costly for organizations. Businesses that invest wisely in user experience research and design deliver useful and compelling experiences for users, and they positively impact their company's success as well as the experience for the end user. Okay, so let's do the countdown. 15 ways UX impacts and can influence business success. It shows up like companies are able to solve problems and reduce risk with evidence-based techniques together. We can foster a culture where continuous learning is valued. The best jobs are jobs where you learn together and you grow in your career through project work. Teams that do great job with user experience can attract and retain the top talent for their companies. They can communicate better with customers and they can show up the competition. Solving the right problem with the right solution is the secret sauce. I love this hill chart. This changed my life, this chart. This is a diagram by Ryan Singer from Basecamp. Understanding users' needs measured in time and progression towards a feature delivery. So when we look at this chart over time, the whole 50% of this side is research and discovery. We are working from we know nothing about the problems our customers are facing to the middle of where we understand the problem we want to solve. And then the second half is getting to the right solution. When we really understand the problem we're trying to solve, the solution is really evident. If you're really struggling to find a solution, you're probably not as focused on the right problem as you need to be. And then the last section is getting it done. Pushing code, A-B testing, creating prototypes, that sort of thing. So moving from the unknowns to the knowns, half the job is research and discovery. And we all rushed through that far too much, I think. And so this changed my life. It gave me opportunities to make impact through value delivery. Delivering value doesn't change over time. Tools change, technologies change. Everything's always changing. But if you and your career can focus on your ability to deliver value, you transcend a lot of that. I have another quote. According to a study done by Forrester, which is a secondary research analyst research, every dollar invested in UX brings $100 in return. Now this is an average figure, but it's an ROI of an impressive 9,900%. OK, back to the countdown. Coming in at number 10, we can unlock revenue for innovation or unique allocations when we're doing great user research. We can lighten the load on our support teams. We can easily report outcomes to impressed stakeholders and investors. And we can increase existing business. So that would mean renewals or upsells. And we proactively decrease long-term costs. How do teams do this? How do they do this for their clients or their products? They use frameworks. They use scenario-based user groups and other models. We'll look at some of those. This is important. If it's not secure, performant, and accessible, it's not usable. We shouldn't ship it. This was a motto of our team. Formally known as UX-ATT, we created this usability diagram. Monique Doublemann and Jackie Dillia and myself built this as a framework for which we would work through. We would work with clients who met this criteria and we made sure we held ourselves accountable to these standards. Ethical, sustainable, and inclusive was the foundation of anything that we worked on or produced or shipped. It had to be secure, performant, and accessible. And we used the 10 interface usability heuristics to measure the quality of our work. If it was websites, it had to be findable and discoverable. And UX writing was really important. There's a lot of hats we had to wear. I'm slightly dyslexic. I was not in charge of UX writing. But it's incredibly important to user experience. All of our projects were research-led. We look at projects through three levels, too. We look at projects through the interface level. So one example I like to share with people is the Google SiteKit plugin. The interface is incredibly delightful to use. It's very clear. It's very informative. We look at that experience on the interface level, and it's very usable. So the interface level, one view at a time. The next level would be the journey level. And when we review software or look at software, we look at it through the journey level. So an example of that would be level, level has the alley collective. And it might be the journey a customer takes through a subscription from when they sign up and the courses they take. And if that journey has an endpoint or if they come back. So the journey level, the interface level, and then the relationship level. And this is really powerful, especially if you plan on being around for a while. The example I'll share about the relationship level is the Gravity Forms plugin. Back in the day, it was the first paid plugin I ever purchased. And it was a big deal at the time that I'm paying for a plugin. But that plugin was incredibly valuable. I could sell products through it. I could do a lot of things very early on. And I sold it over and over and over again to my clients. And they loved it, and they bought it. And then later in my relationship with Gravity Forms, I saw online that they did this huge accessibility work on their plugin. And they marketed with that. And they even shared what they did so I was able to inform some of my development teams how to do that work. And so my relationship level with Gravity Forms and that trust I have is the third level. We look at things through. The purpose of UX research is often to support decision makers with the valuable information they need to reduce risk in many areas. Even organizational UX research is important work. This brings me to a possibly well-known model. It's called the Exposure Formula. I didn't invent these models. Oh, we all want to remove friction, shorten tool time, and increase goal time for customers, of course. This is important. We know from research that everyone spends at least two hours every six weeks exposing their work directly with customers. If you fall below that, the quality of your work drops off. You can do more than that. And you can get some improvement. This was like a magic threshold. The key is to interact with someone, ask them to show you how they would do something using your software, and be in a place where you can ask questions. It's very humbling. It could be done on Zoom. It doesn't have to be in person. But not only will improve the quality of the software you deliver, we know from research that as teams go through periods of growth, they lose contact with customers. And they also lose the meaningful nature of their work. There's sense that what they do improves someone's life in some way. And this is really important. I find that the developers and the engineering teams that I work with really need to have that connection and know that their work is meaningful to people. And this is one way you can keep that healthy and thriving. There's a famous Amazon button story, a simple change of copy, and the addition of a continue button on this retailer site netted an increase of $15 million in sales in the first month and $300 million in the first year. And you can read more about that from Jared Spool's article. User experience matters, and it really influences business. OK, let's continue the countdown. We can increase long-term sustainability for our organizations. We can improve cross-team performance. Coming in at number three, we can reduce churn. We all want successful business metrics to report, and we all do research. Hopefully just enough research. It doesn't have to be research theater. This can be very scrappy. But we also know that not everyone has the same amount of skills for research. So let's take a moment of reflection. Literacy is defined as detailed knowledge of what differentiates good quality from poor quality. Pretty literate. It reflects that motion from unconscious incompetence to conscious incompetence. Painful. I thought I gave all my friends these biscuits, but I put way too much salt in them, and now I'm aware of it. It's like that painful thing. And we loop through this on all the different things we learn. It's not just one linear time you go through it. Fluency is defined as a repeated practice of procedures to create good quality outcomes. And it's the motion from conscious incompetence to conscious competence. I know the things I didn't know before, and I've moved out of that awkward, painful state of conscious incompetence. And then mastery. Defined as comprehensive knowledge and craftsmanship for intuitive work, you move into unconscious competence. I think of my grandmother making biscuits from scratch. She didn't have a recipe. She could do it like this, but she couldn't really teach me how to do it because I didn't have a recipe, and she didn't have one either. So that intuitive way of working feels really good. But be careful. You want to be able to teach what you're doing as well, probably. We all loop through this over and over and over. Every time we have to learn something new. And everything's transient in technology. We're always going through these stages. It's exhausting. Our work requires a lot of endurance because of this. Courage and bravery and resilience. It's important to stay informed about theory as well as technical achievement. So I hope to unlock an opportunity for us to be intellectually and emotionally honest with ourselves about the value and the quality of the solutions we deliver to our customers, to their end users, and to each other as well as we work on WordPress core. Research is a team sport. And there are many kinds of research. I won't go through all of them, but this is one of the trifectas of joy that I like to work under. And that's where we have UX research working with structured data or telemetry and voice of the customer. And these have different inputs. And when they come together, we can measure our work. We can expose our work to customers. And we can test it towards growth. This is an example of a customer acquisition cost diagram. So by using frameworks, we can hold ourselves accountable and make really informed decisions about how we move forward and how we choose not to. So the customer acquisition cost diagram is how we measure the cost of customer acquisition, how it's paid back over time, and then measure that data towards lifetime customer value that will help our teams avoid risk. So there's lots of different frameworks, lots of different researchers provide support to organizations with. That includes primary research, structured data, analyst research, strategic marketing, corporate research, A-B testing, win-loss marketing, all kinds of research is happening. If you're not aware of it, get excited about it. It can really help you further your career to have some strengths in your research. Oh, I went too fast. User experience research is best measured by its impact on the roadmap. This happens by way of features ratified for the roadmap as is, features altered based on insights derived through research or features removed from the roadmap entirely. These are the key takeaways. We know the heavy costs associated with delivering poor user experience. The most successful organizations are research led and they reduce risk and optimize with the bias towards action for their teams. Two wards and coming in at number two is increasing new customer base and increasing revenue. We do far too little research or discovery and this forces teams to have to spend way more effort compensating for not having the information they need. Okay, you're gonna need your phones now. Some field research for WordCamp Europe. I have this six question, two minute survey. No spam, you don't have to give your email. We will share the findings from this with the community. Essentially, the survey is based on the way we each interact with WordPress and it's designed to surface any questions we currently have or any observations we have made about the usability or the technical requirements we need the platform to meet for us. Again, you will not be spammed and we'll definitely share the results out and maybe we'll unlock some useful insights. I'll share my deck slide out with links to the survey as well after this and the hashtag social channels. There are three potential reasons that customers fail to convert according to Laura Klein. They don't understand what you're offering them or they don't want what you're offering them or they are not willing to pay what you're asking for what you offer them. Luckily, these problems can be addressed and there are important steps towards achieving this and it all points back to spending that time up front working on identifying the right problem to solve with the right solution. Don't rush through the research and discovery. It's way too costly and that concludes this presentation. Happy to take questions. Thank you. Thank you. Yes, so thank you very much. That was really nice. I loved it. If anybody has questions, please remember that the microphones are on the sides so you can walk over to them and to speak up because this is a very interesting topic and we all need to learn a little bit more about UX. It's everywhere, everything needs it especially in what we work, what we do. So thank you, thank you for doing what you do, what you say. I have a question that maybe relates a little bit to what you said last is how can people become a UX researcher because we are all, but I am sure there's more to learn. Good question, good question. So I find typically people land at UX research from one of two areas. They either lean into UX research from design, which is my path from a designer into designer researcher to full-time researcher, or they enter into research through academic research. So they may not have anything to do with WordPress or technology or anything, but they bring rigorous research skills to projects. So either of those two paths, which is very productive if you can have multiple origin points for your research team, yeah. Okay, okay. Does anybody have more questions? Because otherwise I can't keep asking. And for people that are maybe not yet in US research, how can they, where can they go or how can they integrate a little bit more about learning more examples of... Yeah, the Nielsen-Norman group online. I mean, I didn't invent all these frameworks. There are lots of great resources to learn about the 10 heuristics. I think the most important thing you can do is just expose your work to people trying to use your software. Just dive in. You don't have to have a fancy education or super, super analytic chops. Just really need to get in there and watch people struggling to use your software. It can be humble. Yes, yes. I think we have some questions over there. Hello. So as a former graphic designer, now as a developer, I wanted to ask you, what's the best practices when you're doing the research? I mean, okay, we have surveys, but is there anything else except surveys? Oh, yeah. I mean, I'm using a survey as a last resort, to be honest. The surveys are not as reliable quantifiably as actually doing a semi-structured interview with someone. So I do semi-structured interviews with customers and also with stakeholders, the developers, the people making decisions about particular feature work that's underway. A semi-structured interview, it sounds fancy or jargony. It's just a series of questions that we're gonna ask to answer our research question, like is this usable? And we ask them some questions and then in every interview, I ask them to show me how they would do something. And we usually have them show us how they would do something through a prototype. So figma prototypes, you don't have to invest a lot of money, but every time I interview someone, if we include them showing us how they would accomplish a task, it's gold. So at least five interviews per topic. That's the core of it. Thank you. Hello. Hello. Nice presentation. Thank you. I wanna ask, most of the businesses out there are feature factories. So how do you convince them in a sentence to stop creating unvaluable features and invest more time to provide value? Nobody listens to me, I swear. Really, being able to measure the whole, if the whole team and the company does not measure their work and the impact of their work, it's a bit of an uphill battle because we're just growing towards feature bloat and things are gonna, the experience wrought is just gonna keep going down, down, down, down. And so we use really direct language. Sometimes in my role, I'm sort of a people pleaser by nature, but sometimes in my role, I have to really address and ruffle feathers a lot and say, this is creating a very complex situation and we have to get people to stop doing it. And if your teams you're working with are spending at least two hours every six weeks watching people try to use their software, they're gonna see it themselves. You don't have to convince them. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you, Cathy. Please give her a round of applause. That's for you. Thank you very much. That's awesome.


You six in 21 says, for where your treasure is, there where your heart be also. And one thing we treasure more than anything is our time. Hi, I am Corey. This is Sydney and Amy, and welcome to Hope Today, where we're talking about some time management. Because I know for me, managing time, everything is like eating out my time. Everything is saying, spend more time with me, whether it's social media or my job, or family, or time with God. But today, we're going to talk a lot about time with God. I'm learning how to manage my time. Any tips here from the ladies here? Oh, yeah, I mean, this is exactly why we have our very special guest and author, Sandra Bird, with us today with her devotional. Talk about taking time and spending it with the Lord. Do you want to elevate your prayer life? Do you want to experience God's presence in your life in a greater way? This new devotional dwell 90 days at home with God.  I want to watch squirrels. I want to make a pound cake and just fill the air in the home. I want to be a foodie. So what she does, guys, is take our practical, every day moments in life. And she brings God into it. And it is really delightful. Because you know what I think? A lot of times when we look at worship, when we think of worship, it's not just praying to God. It's not just going to church and singing the songs. But worship is a way of life. And everything that we do, there's ways that we can practically and just intentionally bring God into the mix. And so even I know something that I do that you guys, well, if nobody hears me in the kitchen, shake me here and be like saying something. But one thing I'll be doing is I'll just start like I'll be cooking or I'll even ask God. I'm like, OK, what do you want me to add? Like certain spices and season. Let me tell you, ask God how to make some food and he'll make it just right. And then also I'll just be singing or just different things like even something I do that recently, just even managing my time or just even bringing God into our home, is that on Sundays, that's when I clean. Like right before church, it's just a practice that I've got into and I'm not kidding. It is so relaxing to me. And it's just I think it's because I'm cleaning the physical house, then I'm cleaning my spiritual house. So I think there's a reflection. Yeah. So those are two little tidbits that I've just been doing that has really made a big difference in my life recently. So yeah. See, that's incredible because I clean. It actually stimulates me and gets my mind going. But the main thing I do is I write things out. Literally the night before, I'll write out the next day. I mean, by half an hour increments. So it's really exciting to do that, to help manage. So I'm excited to hear from our speaker today. Well, speaking of writing, our next guest is an author of more than 50 books and has built a loyal following for her heartwarming, insightful devotionals. Sandra Byrd's latest is called Dwell 90 Days at Home with God. And she joins us now to share how we can elevate our prayer life, experience the presence of God, no matter where we dwell. Sandra, it's so good to have you with us here on Hope today. Morning. Thank you for having me. It's delightful to be here. Let's start with, first of all, 50 books. Now as a, right now, everybody's reading books. Everybody's loving historical fiction. Everybody's reading, it's summertime. You have both fiction and historical fiction books that you have written. Can you tell us just a little bit about them? Yeah, I started out writing for children. I started out writing tween books, mainly because that's where I learned to love to read. And I wanted to pass that on as it were. But after a number of years, I started writing my books for adult women, mostly. Started with a foodie series that's called The French Twist, Let The Me Cake. And I did plenty of eating cake and baking cake when I was writing that series. And then I delved into my true love, which is historical fiction. A lot of them set in Great Britain. And then my most recent one set right here at home. I am totally going to be reading those as soon as we're done with this interview. So this devotional is so, it really is heartwarming. It's just, I feel like I know you in a way. It's very awkward. It's like, oh, I feel like I could sit down at her table, bring up stories. And like I said earlier, I feel like I want to sit on a cozy couch. I want to bake a pound cake. I want to watch the squirrels. And I want to hear God's voice. Why did you write this dwell and being at home with God? What does that mean? Home is the place that we feel the most comfortable. We can take off our suits or our skirts. We can put our yoga pants on. I love that Sydney said she talks to God about recipes. I do that too. Sometimes I tell him a joke. I'm like, yeah, I thought this was funny. We're just intimate with the people that we're at home with. And God tells us in his word that he's come to make a home with us. So it's kind of a two-way interconnection. He makes this home with us. And we make our home with him. So we know that spiritually he dwells in us and we in him. But we also dwell in physical places while we're here on Earth. And in a way that we might ask the Lord not just to bless our food, but we invite him to the meal, that's kind of how I want to get for us to see at home. It's not that we just want him to bless the things that we're doing. We want him to invite him to live in our homes with him in the moments that we're cleaning on Sunday or weeding or disciplining our children or whatever we're doing at home. We're home mostly. So can we have eyes to see and ears to hear their God as he's there with us? And Sandra, you bring up that there are many seasons of being at home. Even now I'm walking through a season where I'm only getting one kid ready to go back to school versus three. And the other one is launching into adulthood. It's like, I don't know if I like this season. I want to keep him at home with me. What do we do when those seasons, we know there's a change. We know there's a shift. How do we embrace it and see it through God's eyes? One of the most important things to remember about seasons is like you said, they're a shift. They're cyclical. Where I went into trouble is when I think winter is going to last forever. This is a terrible circumstance. I'm always going to be lonely. Or this is a financial challenge. But you know what spring always follows. Cleasiasties tells us that. And also we've observed that in our own spiritual and physical lives. You can also get in trouble when you think summer's going to last forever. Oh, there's never going to be a challenge. Life is perfect now. I've wrinkled. I earned out all the wrinkles. Everything's going to be fine. So I think if we know that God guides us through the winters, he always brings us into spring. He enjoys the summers with us. And he brings maybe rest and renewal in fall. I think if we can begin to look at them not as things to grit our teeth through in the hard seasons and then maybe kind of feel entitled to in the easy seasons, we see that he's growing something in each one. I love the example of dormant roots. Sometimes you see a plant in the winter. It's doing nothing. It's spindly. There's no leaves. There's no flowers. But at that time, the roots are growing deeper. It's getting firm. All the action is happening underground that then later allows for that blossoming, allows for that fruit. So if we can kind of look at that in ourselves, hey, this is a tough season. God's with us. He's doing something. He's growing those roots deeper because when spring comes, he's going to bring some fruit and some flowers. And you know, seasons are moving and time keeps chugging along whether we want it to or not. So how important is that quiet time with God and really sitting down with your Bible, sitting down with the devotional? Give us an idea of what that looks like, sounds like in the day in and the day out of all of our busyness. So when I go to Bible study, I generally go to a passage or a chapter and I'm kind of digging in like an exegetical way to see what's there. And I profit by that. When I go to a devotional, it's almost like meeting with a prayer partner. It's somebody who opens up scripture and away with a story or an insight from everyday life that I might not have thought about. And then that person or that book that devotional says, hey, have you considered this? And then I talked to the Lord about that. When I have my quiet times with my devotional, I try to involve all the five senses. For example, I drink jasmine tea, which smells wonderful, it tastes wonderful. It kind of ushers me into God's presence in a way that doesn't otherwise because that's the only time that I drink jasmine tea. I have that soft sofa that you were talking about. I might have quiet worship music on in the background. So I involve all of the senses that bring me into God's presence. That becomes a set aside time for me and the Lord.  Sandra, I am a firm believer that the world needs more stories about squirrels and you have several of them in your devotional. I mean, there is just nothing like when you stop and you're watching nature. Can you share maybe just a few of those great squirrel stories and how in the world you connected them with God in faith? Well, I gotta tell you God helps me connect them. I think people might think I might have a little bit of a, maybe I've got too much time on my hands if I'm always watching the squirrels, but basically that's what's happening around us. And as I was out in my garden or something, one of the squirrel stories is they were digging up bulbs and they were burying them in other places because they wanted to put them where they could eat them later. But that meant that I ended up with like a crazy pattern of flowers. So I had some of my garden that was very planned, very orderly, very tidy. And then I'd end up with, you know, daffodils someplace that I hadn't expected. But I feel like that's kind of like life.  And sometimes I end up with crazy quilt stuff that I actually do something and someone comes in uproots in an unexpected place. I've got a daffodil or a tulip or something, I can look at a circumstance and say, hey, I worked really hard on that. And it didn't, it didn't turn out the way I wanted to. And God could be like, but hey, yeah, did you see those flowers over there? They look pretty good. And if I'm willing to put my eyes on that, I can say, yeah, it does look pretty good there. You can turn all circumstances into something beautiful. That is a great squirrel story. I would love your thoughts on this scripture in Deuteronomy 6, verses seven and eight. Repeat them again and again to your children. Talk about them when you are at home and when you're on the road, when you are going to bed and when you are getting up. Tie them around your hands and wear them on your forehead as reminders. I saw a key word in there, Sandra, at home. What are your thoughts on that scripture? Well, I don't know if you guys have ever noticed, but when I was raising my children, if I would be telling them something, I could hear the Lord swing it right back around in my ear and say, did you hear that? Like, you know, you need to do this. And the Lord was saying, yes, Sandra, do you hear that? I've kind of understood that the things that He wants us and the ways that He wants us to teach our children are also the ways that He's needing and loving and teaching me. So this kind of, this verse is the undergirding of all of the devotionals that I write. It's not just one focused moment on Bible study or half hour worship, which is all very profitable, but it's seeing Him at work, loving and leading and teaching us when we lie down, when we stand up, when we're at home, which is much of the time. So if we've got those eyes to see and ears to hear Him and I ask Him, Lord, show me what you're doing in this situation. Show me how you're at work in my garden and how that shows you how you're gardening in my life. If we keep Him before us all of those times in that Deuteronomy passage, we will be so blessed because we will feel His presence with us constantly and He will disciple and love us through the day. Well, Sandra, listen, as you're talking, I'm really feeling this deep sense that you have curated your life to be a place where God can reside. Was there a time before that where you had maybe a casual relationship with the Lord and then something happened to cause you to have more of a devoted relationship with the Lord? Can you talk about that a little bit? Yeah, I've had many opportunities like that and I'm very grateful for it because each one brings me deeper. We can keep God on the peripheral. I mean, we can keep Him to His allotted slots and I did do that. You know, you get Sunday morning, you might get Wednesday night. When I'm in trouble, you get time there. But one of the things that was so important to my husband and I is we were reading in Numbers 28 and that's a strange place to draw inspiration from. Maybe we're not in Numbers a lot but what happened is the Lord would ask His people there to bring Him a sacrifice of food at dawn and in the evening and what the sacrifice was was what they were eating and it hit us, hey, He wants to eat with them. He wants to join them at the table. He wants to eat what they're eating. He wants to be present. He wants to be a part, not just Lord bless my food and then we carry on with what we're doing but come to the table, be with us, share our meal, share my life, share when I'm doing a recipe and Sidney says, hey, do we put garlic, salt or lemon peppering here? What works? He wants to be deeply involved and then when you've got that depth situations, we've all got those winters. My husband has had cancer twice and it's still not resolved. So he's now living with us deeply in those difficult circumstances, just as much in the everyday ones when we're at the table because we've cultivated that constant presence. Sandra, if I said lead us through a devotional right now, what would that be? Well, right now out of my book, there are all the ones in home but I'll tell you one that was happening in my life yesterday. I'm here with my family and my daughter and my granddaughter who's 20 months as you know and she's got to learn to discipline herself. The big thing she's working on is walk, don't run. Like when you're at the pool, walk, don't run. And when you want to do something and other kids are in the way, walk, don't run. And my daughter explained to her how she had to obey but then she said to her, you know what, big girls have homework. And I thought, that's true, big girls have homework.  It doesn't matter if you're an adult learning how not to envy or how not to gossip or how to give, you know, your time and ties in the way that the Lord wants you to do. Big girls have homework. And I think if you have ears to hear things that are going on around you, the Lord will bless you and give you those insights. So it was not only me being proud of my daughter for the way she was raising my granddaughter, it was God saying to me, it's okay, Sandra, you don't have to be perfect. Big girls have homework and there's stuff we can work on together. Oh, homework, no. What do you do if you wanna run away from home? Yeah, I wrote about that, don't I? I do sometimes wanna run away from home. I think we all do because we are so intimate with God and because we know he has the power to do anything, we can be hurt or angry when we pray and beseech him and ask for things to happen. And he says, no, I wrote a devotional about how when I was maybe six, my parents had told me notice something and I put my doll in a brown paper bag and threw a couple of clothes in there and I was like, I'm just gonna leave town then. So I walked outside the door and we had a door and a spring door and I closed the door behind me and I stood in between that little place because it was raining. And I thought to myself, even as a girl, okay, now what are you gonna do?  I had a brown paper bag and it was raining out. So I turned back around and I came back in, I unpacked my stuff, I sat on my bed and the Lord does that with us now. He's like, you know what? The circumstances aren't always going to be great. Come in and sit down in your home where I am, where we are together. Even in the circumstances that are difficult, you don't need to run away from me.  Yes, Angie, we just so appreciate your whole conversation, your wisdom and your insight that you're sharing with us about dwelling in our homes and bringing God into our homes. And I was just like sitting here. I just really felt the Lord wanted us to pray for you because you just shared about what you're walking through and going through with your husband and your family and that I just felt just to take a moment, if it's okay with you, just to pray. Yeah, thank you and I would be blessed by that. Yeah, so Father God, we just thank you so much for Sandra. We thank you so much for her ministry. We thank you so much for her family, Father God. And right now we uplift her husband to you, Father God. Lord Jesus, we just pray that your healing bomb of Gilead would touch him from the top of his head to the soles of his feet. Father God, we thank you that by your stripes, Jesus, that he is healed. And so, Father God, as their family is walking through this time, Lord God, we pray that you would be close to them. We pray, Father God, that you would wrap your arms around them, Father God. And we just call on your name, O God. You are Jehovah Rafa. You are the Lord that heals. And so, Father God, in the name of Jesus, we pray that you'd be in this situation, that you would be in this circumstance, Father God. And we thank you so much for this family and the impact that they're making for the kingdom. In Jesus' name, amen, amen, amen. And Lord, help Sandra to write more books, devotionals, historical fiction, contemporary fiction. In Jesus' name, Micah River. Thank you so much for coming today. Thank you. Lovely to be here. Well, stay with us because when we return in 60 seconds, we're going to share our final takeaways and provide insight to what it truly means to experience God's presence in our daily lives. We'll be right back. Remember your childhood joy and excitement when being invited to a party? You felt valued, included, wanted, and ready to have a good time. Bestselling author Bob Goff believes that every day of life can be lived with the same childlike enthusiasm and sense of humor. Inside, love does. You'll learn that love is a verb, not just a feeling. His insights and joyful reflections will help you discover what it means to live fully alive, even as you serve others. Prepare to encounter remarkable stories from Bob Goff's life as he shares how living and loving to the fullest is the best way to make Jesus known in this world. Request your copy of Love Does when you give your best gift this month. Your gift today will help Cornerstone Television show the life-changing love of Jesus through Christ-centered TV programs. Call us at<PHONE_NUMBER> or give at ctvn.org slash donate. What an incredible interview about spending that quality time with God, intentional time with God. And you'll notice that in that interview, Sandra said one thing that was so important. When she spends time with God, she shuts the phone off. I think it sets precedence for us when we say, God, this is intentional. If you've ever been on a date or if you're married or whatever you're doing and you're at the dinner table and you just pull out your phone and you have that like half attention, but you're still texting, it doesn't make that other person feel very valuable.  It starts to really highlight the value that you aspire God's words to in your life. Because a lot of people are talking, self-help, do this, do that. YouTube updates and ads, all kinds of things that are happening that are pitching at, this is the right way to go. But when you really need time with God, when you really need God to speak, just like Jacob, he put everybody else before and he literally stayed in a place with God. God, I'm not moving, I'm not letting you go until you really speak to me. Because I know for me and the ladies may share as well, wrestling with anxiety and wrestling with the pressures of life, that consistency that you have to pay the bills and you have to be present and the phone rings, you gotta pick it up, the texts, you have to respond, emails. This can really divide our time, which causes us to be internally divided. So one thing I would say is one thing that I did, and just the other day I was driving with my kids, it was a very hot day, it's been a heat wave, and I was driving with my kids and I saw a beautiful sunset. I mean, the sky was so perfect. It was so beautiful that I turned the car around, pulled up by the side of the road and it was hovering right over a wheat field. And I got out the car, my kids are like, da, da, what are you doing? And I was looking at the sunset and tears begin to flow down my eyes because I stopped looking up. I used to look up when I was a kid. And when we look up, I hear the words delight yourself in me, delight yourself. When we delight ourselves in God's creation, His presence is in that because we're taking a moment, not to look down in our phones, but to look up at the beautiful creation that God has made in taking that moment to separate our heart from the world and just surrender it back to God. Whatever you need to do to have that moment of time with God, whatever you need to do to separate, say, you know what, I'm gonna do a, what do we do with finances? I'm gonna do a time budget, right? I'm gonna budget out my time and I'm gonna figure out where my time is going. Even with money, if you don't tell money where to go, it's not gonna tell you where it went. If you don't tell time where to go, it's not gonna tell you where it went. And people are time stealers and time vampires and they'll call you with all kinds of drama. But if you say, listen, this is the time that I want to spend with God for God, for me, for my family, for everyone that is connected to how I spend my time, you will begin to find the benefits of internal healing, even physical healing, because this stress and anxiety it kills, it's causing strokes, it's causing aneurysms, causing stress and tension. But time with God will produce a rest and a peace that surpasses all understanding. I'm talking about the bills can still be due, but you got peace. The car got repowed, but you have peace. You might even be going through a relational situation, a divorce and trying to figure out how to work things out with the kids. God will give you peace and he'll give you clarity of how to move, how to be, and how to rest in him and get a good night's sleep. And not really worry about what's gonna happen because God's gonna work it out. I feel God speaking to one of you ladies, go ahead and jump into it. I just really love what you just shared about just resting in God, dwelling with God, just even being the midst of his nature and his presence and even that whole time management piece.  And I just took, honestly, I shut everything down for like three days. It was just me and God. And let me tell you, it was amazing to just be in the presence.  And you know what? It wasn't so much about like, God, I need break through this. He just started speaking what was on his heart. He started speaking to me. I was like, I need you to intercede and pray for this. I need you to see what I'm seeing. And I think sometimes it's like, he says like, seek first the kingdom of heaven and all these things will be added unto you. But when we seek him, it's amazing the things that transpire and take place. And it was amazing even in that little time, the things that he told me to pray about for the nation, for certain people, the names would just start popping up, the breakthrough that I saw after that that he did on behalf of my family. And so I just wanna just encourage you today that will you take time to dwell with God? Maybe it's in your place of prayer, maybe it's at your kitchen.   Whatever you need to do, invite him. He's at home within us. Take that time to seek the Lord. Amy, what are your thoughts? Oh, my thoughts are there is beauty everywhere. There is wonder everywhere. And I do believe that God is not hiding from you that he is revealing himself to you in a million different little ways. So I think today it's a great time to stop. It's a great time to be still. It's a great time to listen and honestly start noticing the things that primarily go unnoticed in our life, that kind neighbor that did something for you, that beautiful random flower that popped up that the squirrel planted for you.  And I believe sometimes it's in the little things that you'll find the really big things that really matter. So today I just pray that you get at home with God. Maybe you're far from God. Maybe you've been running away from God. Now's a great time to stop. Get back with God.  Spend time with him. There is nothing like him. You can search the world a million times around. Nothing compares to Jesus. So I pray today for you and your family that you find hope today. On tomorrow's Hope Today, experience the transformative power of God's manifest presence. Author Roger Helen shares the keys to pursuing a deeper relationship with God and experiencing an abundant life filled with daily renewal and joy. Don't miss tomorrow's Hope Today. Cornerstone Television wishes to thank all our faithful viewers, whose consistent prayers and financial support have made this program possible.


laying down that first bit of paint is really just sort of therapeutic. It clears my head. When I paint, I like to go for a really like bouncy style. I'll mix a lot of curves with sharp edges. Use a lot of colors and sort of just have fun with it. For this piece, I call them galaxy rips. These fun little swirls that kind of rip into space. Ivan's a free painter. He's a free designer. Style is original. It's coming from his heart. I'm a straight farm boy, but I love doing graffiti. I love skating. So whenever I go to the city, I'm like a city boy there. It's like an interesting juxtaposition between the land and the vibrant street art. I started doing graffiti when I was 10 years old. I just had to do it. Sometimes it was just like forced. I didn't even want to do it, and I would just be like scribbling in like textbooks. I got expelled from high school. When I came back though, my high school asked me to paint a mural for them. You don't have to do graffiti illegally to get your name out there. If I would have just kept doing like on paper, they still would have approached me. I know when my piece is finished, when I'm happy with it. They say like, when I'm happy with it or once I'm out of paint. Art can make you feel a certain way. It can motivate you. It can inspire you for some people to change their lives. I mean, I know it's changed mine. I'm Ivan Presciato. I'm Gath 1 from the J.H.F. crew. Thank you a lot, Brisk, and I'm out of here.


When I first joined social media, it was because I wanted to make Dawa to a cohort that I was part of and just help them see the beauty of Islam. In that time, I never put my face up and I was just like absolutely I would never put anything related to my person online. And I just want to share with you this development because I think it's important for us to think about all the different aspects if anyone's doing public work. Over time, as I was giving lectures, some of my lectures were shared online and so slowly my face is online more and more because people are sharing the lectures. And then eventually I started getting messages from sisters who were really struggling with being a visible Muslim. Just very, very, very hard. There was an era in which a lot of social media influencers who had established hijab companies and who had been kind of like the pillars of encouraging hijab were going through a difficult time and removing their hijab. And they all lost all of them and hijab is a very difficult subject in so many ways. So in that time, I was getting so many questions related to just hijab and being public and all of that. And so I started to ask my teachers and the people who mentor me, scholars who mentor me, about how to help women see themselves in different areas. And one of the pieces of advice that I kept receiving was they need to see other Muslim women who are in different spaces. It's one thing to see flowers with a caption and it's another thing for them to see someone who they can relate to. And I have to say that I don't post my picture unless there's a reason. It's a personal choice. I don't have the photo shoots of myself at the beach and respectfully to anyone who does it. That's just not my style. I try to make sure that what I post is with an intention that it's showing other women or it's talking about an aspect of character. That's a personal thing. Videos I've talked to Dr. Haifa about in the past, the style of social media right now is videos are here. And it was something I really struggled with because when I did take a video from, you know, like that pillar over there, people just felt like they couldn't connect to it. And I would get that feedback. And I want to say that I really dislike being social on social media.  I hate being in videos on social media. I would completely leave social media if it wasn't for the messages that I receive specifically from women who talk about how just seeing the visibility has made an impact on their lives. And it's not because I'm actually doing anything good or because I'm worthy of that. It's just literally sometimes someone needs to see someone else to feel like there's community. And they just feel that community. And so when I'm sharing with you this advice, I'm sharing it from a place of hating being public. I don't like to be public. And I wouldn't encourage someone to be public not because it's not helpful. I've told Dr. Renia to get a TikTok. I asked Dr. Haifa to get a TikTok. I think... All of us want to do TikTok. Okay. Let me just say, I told everyone but two of them actually did it. So what that says about them? Masha'Allah Tabarak Allah. Some of them are the chosen. I'm just kidding. No, I'm just kidding. TikTok is a beast. But the people on TikTok, are you young people? And the types of messages that they're hearing on there are from people who know nothing about Islam, who have 500,000 followers and who are like women who are the majority of health. I'm like, la hawla wa la quwwata illa billah. This is what young people in high school and in college are hearing about. Being is so supportive. Be whoever you want. Be whatever you want. Flaught what you got.  But in the Muslim community, no. Don't be whoever. You end up hiding everything about your existence because it's better for women not to exist in first place. And that message is really hard for a young person who's struggling to figure out what their identity is. And so why I'm telling you all of this? Because the benefit of being on social media, I have seen it. I'm sure anyone here, Dr. Renia, Dr. Haifa, anyone else? Oh, Sada Hussai. Why didn't I see you, Sada Hussai? Sada Hussai, may Allah bless them for the difficulty of experiencing the reality of social media.  The amount of nights I've waken up with anxiety in the middle of the night because my face is online is just so much. But what I've seen is the messages from sisters, especially younger sisters and older sisters. It's just been so worth it.  My recommendation is number one, make istikhara. I personally make istikhara before basically any post. I make istikhara multiple times before doing things and I ask for advice. I send what I'm about to post to other people, getting their feedback before I do. I think that that shura is really important and, you know, the intention thing. People ask me this. They're like, how can you maintain a sincere intention with like the more and more people that might see, the more and more people that, you know, it's about followers. It's about likes. And like really, I think the best advice that I can give you is be an extremely insecure person because nothing will impact. You will never be good enough. And so that's my advice. Just be really insecure and make istikhara. I like that only the people here are lacking because they know my insecurities. But I guess what I'm trying to say is, you know, at the end of the day, you always think like, this is not coming with me to the grave except to be a punishment unless you do it for the sake of Allah. You're not doing it for the sake of Allah. What doesn't matter how many followers you have? First of all, Facebook was a big thing. Barely anyone uses it. I mean, all respect to the people who actually do. And now, okay, so then all. Now what? Now TikTok is the thing. And 10 years, what it's, what's this kind of, no one's going to remember who we are this life. But we, most of our names are not going to be remembered except for, insha'Allah, all the sisters that everyone in this room and everyone we love. I mean, but the point is that I just really have a time for 20 minutes. Oh my gosh. Ask a lot of people. May Allah make you sincere and always ask Allah to purify your intentions, to be sincere and think about what you're doing before you do it. Make multiple intentions before you press post. Because really it doesn't benefit you in the long run for any other reason other than you doing it for the sake of Allah. May Allah's plan until I make us all sincere. I mean, also PS, please download Qariah, the woman Quran reciders app. Since we're talking about social media, it's on. App stores, both of them. Q-A-R-I-A-H, it's free. It's for women. Qariah, the woman Quran reciders app. I've met so many of you who are like, I love the work you're doing. I'm like, have you downloaded Qariah? They're like, no. I'm like, why? It's free. All right. I just add one thing. Yes. Zaki Lahiriya, Maryam. This was one of the best advice I was given 20 years ago. Don't learn to teach. And don't learn to be famous. Don't go on social media if you want to. Don't.  Because you're going to be drained. You're going to be following how many people they like me. They don't like me and the followers. Don't wait. If Allah wants to use you through social media, He'll use you. What I just shared with you. The TikTok that now I am on, Allah knows how many people 40 years they were after me. And I was absolutely against it. You know how Allah made me do it? You've talked to me, but I wasn't convinced. A 16-year, you know why? Because you always wait till Allah shows you. This is very important. 16-year-old boy, his mother sent me my clip. She said, someone put it on TikTok. And I said, really? It was not us, someone. And I said, and she said, please put yours on TikTok. I said, why? My son really loves it. Halas. Done. Did you see my point? So for the sister who asked, Allah gave you the knowledge, but He didn't tell you to teach. He didn't tell you to go on social media yet.  Because that's a dangerous trap. Social media, being popular, being famous. Don't you think it's easy to be in these shoes? You know what I'm talking about. So wait. If Allah wants to use you, You don't replace me. And He will use you the way He thinks thinks is the best way.


All Red Lake students were out of school after a water outage has left most of the Red Lake nation at a standstill. Our Brenda Mack spoke to residents to find out more. Me and my dad knew something would be wrong whenever our bus didn't come in. Schools closed, businesses shut. I didn't even go to work. An overnight water outage has left the Red Lake area with no choice but to shut down. There's no water at home either. It became a ghost town. All government buildings were also left empty. City officials say a main water line in Redby broke sometime last night. There was a text message I was sent out about boiling water. The Red Lake Police Department sent out an advisory telling residents to boil their water before drinking. The water was a brownish color. Due to discoloration and bacteria concerns, the precaution remains until the sanitation department receives test results. We're seeing faces that we've never seen here before. The shortage has also left residents flocking to the Redby area. We had our water out here at one stop but it came back on like a couple hours ago. And ever since then we had a lot of business and we sold a lot of gallons of water. Residents say a water outage is not common in the area. The first time it's happened this this year but it doesn't have it much. Now what we do know is city workers are working all day today to restore water and hopefully by tomorrow doors will be opened once again in Red Lake, Brenna Macklick in use. The sanitation department expects water to be back up later tonight. The school district has also removed its school cancellation notice from its website just hours ago. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Today we start the fourth capsule of this course in which the first lecture, the seventh lecture is on aerofoils or airfoils. This particular content has been essentially created by Shishir Damani, a summer intern who came and worked during this summer. Let us first have a very quick overview on what we are going to see in this lecture. First of all we will understand what an aerofoil is although many of us know about it but still we will go for a formal introduction to aerofoil. Then we look at the terminologies and nomenclature for a typical aerofoil. We look at some historical information about how aerofoils came about and how they were developed and then we move on to the bulk of the lecture which will be on the various types of aerofoils. So there is a list of aerofoils mentioned there, we will look at each category and try to understand the features and the requirement for each of these type and finally we look at some modern developments towards the end. So what is an aerofoil? This is basically a shape or a profile but then there are two spellings for aerofoil. Some people call it aerofoil, some call it aerofoil. The difference between the two is only the British English and the American English. In the American English we say aerofoil and in the British English we say aerofoil. They are the same. So basically an aerofoil is a cross section of the wing which is normal to the span. The span of the wing is essentially the lateral length of the aircraft. So the distance from one tip to the other tip is called as the wing span and if you take a cross section normal to that, now the span can also be like this, sweep forward or like this, sweep back. Whatever be the case if you take a cross section perpendicular or normal to the span you get a shape that shape is called as an aerofoil and there are different types of shapes which are different aerofoils which are prevalent. So let us look at the terminology. The meaning of the word terminology is description of various elements, various features and what they are called. What are their names? Because we will use these names and it is important that everybody understands what these names mean. So for that we have a short video clip. Typical aerofoil such as a wing from the side, several design characteristics become obvious. You can see that there is a difference in the curvatures or camber of the upper and lower surfaces of the wing. The camber of the upper surface is more pronounced than that of the lower surface which is usually somewhat flat. The two ends of the aerofoil profile also differ in appearance. The end which faces forward in flight is called the leading edge and is rounded. The other end called the trailing edge is narrow and tapered towards the rear. The cord line is a reference line drawn from the center of the leading edge straight through the wing to the trailing edge. The distance from this cord line to the upper and lower surfaces of the wing shows the magnitude of the upper and lower camber at any point. Another reference line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edge is the main camber line. This main line is equidistant at all points from the upper and lower surfaces.  You have an upper surface and a lower surface. You have a leading edge and a trailing edge. The leading edge is the one that is facing the oncoming wind. There is a line, a theoretical line, a straight line joining the leading edge and the trailing edge and as you can see that line can actually go outside the airfoil such as in the rear bottom portion of this one that is why we say it is a reference line and that is called as a cord. But you can also draw a line which is the blue line in this figure and that blue line is equidistant from the top and the bottom surface all along the length of the airfoil. So the vertical distance above the camber line to the top surface and the distance from the camber line to the bottom surface at the same location is going to be the same. So this particular line is called as the mean camber or the camber line and the maximum camber is the maximum distance between the camber line, the blue line in this figure and the cord line, the red dotted line in this figure and there will be one specific place at which this maximum camber will be located that is a very important point. It is called as the point of location of maximum camber. So as we move this point forward and backward the airfoil characteristics will change, the behavior of the airfoil will change. Further you can also from the cord line you can actually go perpendicular to the cord line along the length of the airfoil. But now in this case for example the distance between the cord line and the top surface and the cord line and the bottom surface at the same point it may not be the same. For instance we can see that in this case in most cases the distance from the cord line to the top surface is more than that from the cord line to the bottom surface. So this total distance is called as the thickness. The thickness will also become maximum at some point. That maximum thickness expressed as a percentage of the cord length is called as the thickness of the airfoil 15%, 18%, 20% and again the location of that maximum thickness may not be the same as the location of the maximum cord that also plays a very important role in the behavior. But not all airfoils have to be like this. This is a typical airfoil but today we will see some very interesting and very different airfoils about which mostly we do not see in textbooks. So I will once again repeat that the students who are attending this course you are expected to be going through the corresponding chapter that I am covering in the class from the or the main reference book by Anderson. You are supposed to do that as a self study, you are supposed to read it yourself and in the classroom we are going to try to reinforce some of the important points and also look at points which may not be explained. And of course as you all know there are student teams who are going to do the assignment on gathering more information on the topics which I cover in the class with more detail and adding it as their assignment. So this is a three level process of learning. The first one is what you hear in the class and then it is uploaded. The second one is what is there in the textbook which is a self study and the third one is through the step study folder that I upload for each capsule. And finally at the end of the course we will have content available. Very soon I am going to upload the assignments which other students have given. So let us see just like we all have families, Aerofoils also belong to particular families. Some families of Aerofoils are very well known. For example we have all heard about this NACA series, there is a NACA 4 family, there is a NACA 5 family, 6 family, 7, 8 etc. etc. But there are many other families about which perhaps you may not know and this is not the exhaustive list. There could be other families of Aerofoils which may be there and whichever team gets this assignment they would be requested to go and locate the detail about those families, new families or maybe elaborate on the families which are mentioned here but not explained. So because of limited time we will look at only a few families. Obviously I will not look at the NACA family because every textbook, every website, every source describes the NACA series so we will not touch that okay. We will just tell you that you look at this textbook, there is a chapter 5.20 on historical note and there these families are explained quite beautifully. We will look at some new families or families about which you do not know. Does anybody know about the Ceri nomenclature or the Ceri family, do you know what is Ceri solar energy research institute okay. So these are Aerofoils which have been developed especially for solar energy okay. So this is the agency that looks at alternative power generation systems, alternative systems and they have classified special Aerofoils for wind turbine blades. So for a wind turbine the purpose of a wind turbine is different from a wing. The purpose of the rotor of a wind turbine is to extract energy from the ambient air even at low speeds okay and also to ensure that as the speed changes we do not get too much of variation. So these Aerofoils have been designed based on these requirements in mind. So you have a thin Aerofoil family and a thick Aerofoil family, the thin Aerofoil family is used for the medium blades or small size blades which are going to rotate. The large blades are going to go going to rotate and when they rotate because of their size, their span they will generate a lot of power. So there they have gone for thick Aerofoil families okay. So more details will be available later on. I just want you to understand what are the characteristic features provided in these particular Aerofoil okay. So for example you have locations in the front or near the root where you would like to have power produced even at lower winds or medium winds okay. So the cross section at the location near the hub belongs to a particular type as well as at the tips you are very far away from the root anyway and by virtue of 2 pi r effect, the rotation effect itself you are generating power. So we would like to control the peak power that is produced by the rotor. So there there are different types of Aerofoils. So as you can see there are thicker Aerofoils towards the root and thinner Aerofoils towards the tip. So using various Ceri family members along the span you can custom design a blade for a turbine and this is a huge area of research and in our department also we have some of my colleagues who specialize in design of wind turbine blades as well as in the fabrication and testing okay right. I want to also introduce you to a very interesting family which is popular with the people who do Aero modeling. They are called as Klein Fogelman Aerofoils based on the person who suggested. So they were devised around 50 years ago and they are interestingly Aerofoils with steps okay. We are all conditioned to understand that Aerofoils should be smooth but here we have intentionally provided steps one step or two steps okay. So we need to understand what these are and that is a very nice video which shows the aerodynamics of these Aerofoils. Can we introduce the audio which is a utility Aerofoil very popular on scratch built planes. This Aerofoil is known to have a higher stall resistance than a conventional Aerofoil. Some speculations on the mechanisms behind this Aerofoil suggest that a small trapped vortex forms behind this step which somehow increases the lift being generated. As we can see in this test however the area behind the step forms a pocket of air which appears to be stationary with no vortex present. When the Aerofoil stalls an air flow separation occurs the pocket quickly disintegrates. At lower angles of attack we can see a significant amount of turbulence being created in the wake far more than observed with the regular Aerofoil. So this is a very special Aerofoil series mostly designed for model aircraft. They will have a very poor lift to drag ratio because drag will be quite high and lift is going to be relatively less. But as I heard and also you must have heard these Aerofoils are much better at higher angle of attacks they are able to withstand and the reason for that is the mechanism of creation of a vortex bubble in the region behind the step. So these are very common for remotely controlled planes also we have not seen many aircraft flying with these kind of Aerofoils. But if you look on the internet if you look at the forums which talk about RC planes apparently these are very easy to make it is like layering up material Balsa slabs can be simply layered and stuck with little bit of rounding. So it is very easy to make and there are many series as you can see there are some which are having two steps on the top one on the bottom like the KFM 8 series there are some which have got curvature also. So this is one very interesting series and then you have KFM 11 which has got not one but 1, 2, 3, 4 steps on the top surface and the bottom surface is flat. So the mechanism of generation of lift and the mechanism the aerodynamics of this particular configuring of this particular layout is such that it is helpful in a certain class of aircraft mostly for remotely controlled okay. Alright let us look at another interesting series called as the Gottingen Aerofoils which were created in a university in Germany mainly through wind tunnel testing because in 1910 we did not have CFD available to us. So these were very painstakingly developed through minute and very careful wind tunnel testing okay. So they also have 1 digit, 2 digit, 3 digit numbers okay. So this is one cross section, Gottingen 622 aerofoil we observe here that the bottom is almost flat, slight curvature in the front and the top one is having a good curvature. Now what is meant by this one series 1 digit, 2 digit, 3 digit. So this is something I want you to find out and upload on Moodle. So you are going to search for this kind of aerofoils, you are going to tell us what are these 1 digit, 2 digit, 3 digit numbers and what is the relationship. So for example Gottingen 622 does the number 6, 2 and 2 mean something okay just like in the NACA series you know that each number means something. So do they mean something here all those details I would like you to upload on the Moodle grid. Moving on to another family called as the Epler aerofoil family. Now this is an aerofoil family which has been designed using mathematics using what is called as a conformal transformation or conformal mapping. So what is conformal mapping something has to conform or remain the same. The base and the map surface. So in this case what we do is we consider a domain which is a simple rectangular domain. Here we see in the top half of the figure you see a simple grid with perpendicular lines horizontal and vertical. On the bottom the same grid has been transformed using a mathematical transformation okay. So y is equal to a sin theta x is equal to or you know something like that some kind of a transformation can be used to create something. So each point or each intersection in the bottom grid corresponds to a particular point in the top grid and the transformation happens through a function f. But notice that the perpendicularity at the junctions is still maintained okay to a large extent the perpendicularity is maintained. So this is the meaning of conformal. So using some mathematical expressions you have a transformation available but the functions are such that they preserve the local angles. So using these kind of expressions. Now when the initial studies of aerodynamics started there was a huge contribution by mathematicians. So when we were students for example there used to be a subject called as wing theory and this there used to be Zhukovsky aerofoil and some other aerofoils which are very theoretical okay practically you do not see these aerofoils exactly. Because for example if you take a classical transformation you will find that a Zhukovsky aerofoil has got a cusp at the trailing edge. It is very difficult to make a cusp at a trailing edge in a practical aerofoil. So these are theoretical aerofoils but they were suggested or proposed by mathematicians to do a analytical study of aerodynamics. So for details there is a YouTube link which I will put here and you can have a more look at it. The practical application of such aerofoils is fairly limited okay except for certain applications but basically they are meant for some theoretical optimization. So here is one aerofoil which is an Epler 1211 aerofoil again you will tell us what these numbers mean and what the categories are okay. So then there are so many so many other families we will not spend too much time on other families.