In appreciation of this commendable cause that the Dharma Foundation has taken up, I would like to say that for thousands of years, for the longest period compared to anything on this planet, this wisdom, this dimension of knowing has lived on without any kind of true organization or a certain kind of leadership or any other kind of organized support. Out of sheer efficacy of what it is, it's just lived on. A time has come in the world when… where even truth has to be protected. When we talk about East, we are not talking about a particular geography. This must be clearly understood. We are not talking about East and West as geographical features in the world. Any number of great minds in America have said things of great reverence and admiration for the so-called Eastern wisdom. Thoreau, one of the greatest minds America produced, went out to say, every morning I bathe my intellect. In this stupendous and cosmogono knowledge from the East, in comparison, all our modern world and literature is puny and trivial. I think Mark Twain went out to probably give out the best compliment to the East. When he visited India for a little over three months, he said, anything that can ever be done, either by man or God has been done in this land. Any number of others, Oppenheimer, Walden, Emerson, any number of people have said many, many things. Why? Why is it important, why is it important to preserve and nurture this dimension of life? The fundamental reason why it seems to be so significantly different is because it is not a product of human intellect. It is not deductions that we made out of our intellect. This dimension comes from a profound inner experience where there is no right and wrong, there is no up and down, just seeing things the way they are. And when we say dharma, we are not talking about a religion as modern translators went about interpreting dharma as Hindu dharma or whatever, another religion. Because they came from a mindset that everybody has to belong to some segment of humanity. They come from a mindset where humanity has to be divided one way or the other. Because they come from the surface intelligence of human nature, which we call as intellect. Unfortunately, the modern societies, modern education systems have entirely dedicated themselves to the human intellect, completely ignoring other dimensions of intelligence, which definitely exist within us. When you go by the intellect, the nature of the intellect is always to dissect and divide because intellect is essentially discriminatory in nature and intellect functions always with a certain identity. If you have no identity, you cannot use your intellect. So with individual identities, either of race, religion, nationality, caste, creed, gender, when you apply your intellect, it will split the world into many pieces. So the significance of what we are referring to as the spirit of Eastern wisdom is, it does not come from human intellect, it comes from a deeper dimension of intelligence within us. When I say a deeper dimension of intelligence, a simplistic way of looking at it would be, whatever you had for lunch today, if you had a piece of bread over the afternoon, this bread is being transformed into a human being. You definitely cannot do that with your intellect. There's an intelligence here which is capable of making a banana into a human being. You definitely cannot do that with your intellect. A dimension of intelligence which is beyond thought process, thought or the product of intellect is essentially always functioning from a limited amount of data that we have gathered. Now what we call as Eastern wisdom is not coming from a limited amount of data that we have gathered either from the books or our life experience, but simply by enhancing our ability to perceive life in ways that the five sense organs cannot function. Why I'm talking about the five sense organs is all the data that you have ever gathered which rests in so many aspects within you, which is the food for the intellect comes from the five sense organs. In the very nature of things, sense organs cannot perceive the entirety of anything. If you can see this part of my hand, you cannot see this part of my hand. This is the nature of sense perception. Even if you take a grain of sand, if you see one part of it, you cannot see the other face of it. Sense organs can only perceive in comparison. If there is no comparison, your senses are useless. Because there is darkness, you know what is light. Otherwise, you just would not know what is light. If light was on all the time and there was no darkness, you would not know what is light. Because there is silence, you know what is sound. If there was no silence, you would not have the idea of what is sound. So always in comparison, it is like, let's say you're six feet tall.  You went to another society where everybody is eight feet tall.  So what you perceive in comparison is a distortion of reality. It is not reality as it is. So whatever we perceive in comparison is useful for our survival process. But if we want to know the nature of this existence, sense organs are not sufficient instruments. What is light for you is darkness for many other creatures. You ever got into an argument with an owl? If you did, which is light, which is darkness, where would it go? It would be endless argument. Who is right, you or the owl? Oh, if you're saying both, either you belong to the diplomatic corps or you have a successful marriage, you have learned to say both, both, both for everything. You're right. Well, that is the basis of all the problems on the planet. I'm right and you're wrong. The fact of the matter is you are perceiving it as it is necessary for your survival. The owl is perceiving it as it is necessary for his survival. If survival is all you're seeking, your five sense organs and intellect are sufficient instruments. But if you want to know the nature of the existence, if you want to know the fundamental laws or dharma which governs life, the way it happens within us and around us, then you need an inner perception or another dimension of intelligence within you. Otherwise, you will only cut the world into pieces. In the name of religions, we have cut the world into humanity into many pieces because intellectually we have arrived at our own conclusions or deductions which invariably is bound to divide because intellect is essentially a knife which cuts. It can only dissect. By dissection, you can know certain things. But if you really want to know someone that you love, you don't dissect them, you embrace them. By dissection, you may know the kidney liver, heart, stuff, but you will not know that being in any sense. You will lose it completely. So dissection is the way of the intellect because it is a sharp instrument. It has to cut open everything that's given to it. But the East found another way. Out of profoundness of experience, you can know life. By turning inward, you can know life. When I say turning inward, you must understand that essentially the five sense organs are always outward. You can see what's around you, but you cannot roll your eyeballs inward and scan yourself. You can hear this, but so much activity in this body, you cannot hear this. If an ant crawls upon this hand, you can feel it, so much blood flowing, you cannot feel it because in the very nature of things, sense organs are outward bound.  It is in this context, the wisdom of the East is of tremendous significance to the world because it has transcended this slavery to sense perception and learned to perceive life in a completely different way. What is this completely different way? In English language, if you say mind, it is just one word, it is supposed to say everything. In the yogic culture, there are sixteen parts to the mind. Sixteen dimensions of human mind. Now if I go into sixteen, it would take too much time, so let me compress it into four. The four aspects of the mind are called buddhi, ahankara, manas and chitta. Buddhi means the intellect. Today, modern world is largely run by the intellect. So with this, we can do many things on the outside.  We've done very well in terms of comforts and conveniences, never before, never ever before another generation of humanity ever knew the kind of comforts and conveniences that we have today. But at the same time, we are whining like never before because as the comforts and conveniences increase on the outside, as there is less to complain about what is happening around you, the emptiness of within echoes within you in a horrible way. When you're fighting for survival, when every day you are struggling to fix small things on the outside, you will not realize this. When outside is well settled, that is when you'll see how hollow life has become, the biggest question in the world.  Because everything that needs to be fixed on the outside is done, now what? Seven point two billion people on the planet. But right now, gradually it's looming large. Loneliness is one of the biggest problems. Dogs are being tortured to fulfill human loneliness. Because as you dedicate yourself more and more to your intellect, you will naturally become more and more lonely because it keeps on dissecting and cutting life into various pieces for examination and then you will see you yourself will be split up into many parts after some time. If you go by the intellect, hundred percent. The next dimension of the mind is referred to as a hankara. Normally people think it means ego, now it means identity. You're identified with something. The moment you're identified with something, your intellect will work only to protect that identity.  So, it is a certain kind of prejudice. Well, you may say, I am not prejudice, I am very broad minded, all right, it's a broad prejudice because people are willing to live and die for what they are identified with because the nature of the intellect is if you take away the identity, it will not know what to do. It needs a strong identity, a strong sense of who I am. If you ask, who am I, your intellect will not function. You must know who you are, a strong sense of belief that this is what I am. That is when your intellect will function in a certain way. This is like… Intellect is like a sharp knife, a hankara, or the identity is the hen that holds it. All the suffering on the planet, when was the last time that somebody stabbed you, even though you're living in LA, I'm asking? When was the last time it happened? Never happened. Maybe when you were in school, somebody poked you with a pin at the most. Or they… even that did not happen, they ignored you. Or what I'm saying is, how much suffering for a human being is actually coming from outside? Almost nothing.  Every day it's cutting itself. You know, we were… we were trekking in Nepal and Tibet region and I was in a tent. Someone was cutting an apple and someone else, another person says, this is a very sharp knife, be careful. It irritates me because it's such an obvious thing. You call it a knife only because it's sharp.  And if it's a child, yes. A full grown man, you don't tell him it's a sharp knife. They ignored it and I was working on something. Another two minutes, again it is said, it's a very sharp knife, be careful. I said, come on, leave him alone. He said, grown man, leave him alone. He's not handling some super instrument, a knife. He should know how to handle a knife. No, no, Sadhguru, it's a very sharp knife. All right, I get back to my work. Two minutes later, he cuts his hand, okay? Now, the problem is just this, you've been given a sharp knife, unsteady hand, every day cutting yourself. You may call it stress, you may call it anxiety, you may call it fear, you may call it misery, you call it what you want. All that's happening is your intellect is working against you. That's all it is. Unless somebody is stabbing you from outside, that's a different issue. We need to deal with that differently.   It is you who's poking yourself because an unsteady hand, that's all. But this intellect cannot function without a memory bank. So what is called as manas is a silo of memory. There are eight dimensions of memory, let's not go into the detail, but you know this much, there is a conscious memory. Today they're recognizing a subconscious memory. You know there is genetic memory. You may not remember how your great-great-great-grandfather looked like, but his nose is sitting on your face. A million years ago how your forefathers were, even today, your body remembers. You may not remember here, but your body remembers every aspect of it. Even the color of the skin it is remembering, not forgotten. So there is genetic memory, there is evolutionary memory. Like this, there's a profound dimension of memory in the body. There are trillion times more memory in your body than in your mind. So this is why this is called as manomayakosha. This is an entire manas, not in one place, intellect may be up here, but the manas spreads right through the system. Every cell in the body has a memory of its own, has an intelligence of its own. Now the fourth dimension of intelligence is called chitta. This is a dimension of intelligence which is unsullied by memory. If you touch this dimension, then the memory has no influence on you.  Or in other words, past cannot recycle itself through you. See, right now you take on this form because of a certain memory, it's a certain software.   The same piece of bread turns into a woman. You give it to your dog, it turns into your dog. Very intelligent bread. It is just the memory that you carry. Here there is a memory which transforms everything the way it is. So this dimension of intelligence which is called as chitta, which is untouched by any kind of memory, just pure intelligence, is of significance because it's beyond. It is beyond your species, it is beyond your form, it's beyond your gender, it's beyond your culture, it's beyond every kind of influence, which is essentially memory within you. Maybe unconscious, but it is memory playing out in so many ways. As long as memory is playing out, what it means is you're... In India we say you're in a state of samsara. Samsara means lot of people today understand as family. Samsara doesn't mean family. Samsara means a cyclical life, you're in cycles of life. If you're in cycles or if you're going in circles, what does it mean? That means you're not getting anywhere, that's what it means. A cycle is nice, it gives you good exercise. This is like running on a treadmill. If you're seeking exercise, it's good. But if you want to go somewhere, it's no good. If you put your treadmill out here and keep running on it, morning becomes evening, fall becomes winter, winter becomes summer, everything will happen. Seasons will change, scenery will change, everything will happen. Only thing is you don't go anywhere. This is what samsara means. As long as you're functioning within the first three dimensions of intelligence, you're in a cyclical mode. It is all right to exercise yourself, but it's not good to go somewhere. So if you want to transcend the samsara nature of who you are or the cyclical nature of your existence, then you touch the dimension of intelligence which is referred to as chitta. Why the so-called eastern wisdom is of great significance, why the dharma of the east is so significant and important is, because this comes from chitta. This does not come from buddhi, this does not come from manas, this does not come from ahankara, this comes from chitta. And only that which does not come from your individual identity or individual memory, that can be truly universal. So for this we said this is sanatan dharma. This does not mean Hindu religion, there's a very wrong conception. Sanatan dharma means the ultimate law of nature. When we say nature, there is physical nature and there is an inner nature. There are two dimensions. For this, accordingly we made two dimensions of laws. Physical nature is a changing thing. It's always in a process of change and a flux. But the inner nature is a constant process. So we made two dimensions of expression for this dharma called shrutis and smrutis. One is always to be updated for every generation, otherwise two generations will keep on bickering and flashing. You have to update it. Another is eternal, it's always there. It's nobody's business to change it because it cannot be changed because the fundamentals of life has not changed. Based on this an entire wisdom arose as to how to exist within you and how to operate around you. This happened in 1924. There was a bishop in the Orthodox Greek religion where, you know, there's Orthodox Greek segment of Christians. They have a pope of their own in Istanbul. They believe they are the only true Christians. Others are all riffraff according to them. So he served this particular segment which is very Orthodox and rigid. Being in Istanbul, being on the Silk Route, all kinds of stories of Indian mysticism kept wafting across the Bosphorus. So he has a longing to go to India and see a real yogi or a mystic. But being a man of cloth, he could not choose where to go and where not to go. After he passed sixty years of age, when he semi-retired, he got an opportunity and went to India and came to southern India. So his desire is to meet a real yogi, not a book yogi, not a studio yogi, but a real one. So somebody directed him and said, go up this hill there in this kind of place, there will be one yogi. So he went up. Well, he's not made for the mountains, he went huffing and puffing up and then he found in front of a small cave, a yogi was sitting, eyes closed, totally blissed out. He went there and he has been told that if you see a yo-Indian yogi, you must prostrate. Well, he was not made for that. But he somehow managed huffed and puffed and sat down, hearing this commotion, the yogi opened his eyes and smiled. Immediately the bishop looked at him and said, can I ask you a question? The yogi said, by all means, the bishop asked, what is life? This is after sixty. You should have asked this question when you were eight, at least when you're sixteen. Sixty, but what to do, better late than never. He asked, then yogi laughed and went into raptures.  The bishop looked at him and said, what? Life is like fragrance of jasmine upon gentle spring breeze.   What is this fragrance of jasmine upon gentle spring breeze, spring breeze? So the yogi smiled and said, well, that's his life. So this comes from the fundamental that when a human being clearly, experientially understands that entire experience of human life is created from within, never from outside. Right now, as you sit here, do you at least see me? Even if you're not listening to me, I'm saying. Can you use your hand and show where I am? Ah, no, no, you're getting it all wrong. You know, I have a mistake from South India. Now this light is falling upon me, reflecting, going through your lenses, inverted image in the retina, you know the whole story? Where do you see me right now, within yourself? Where do you hear me right now, within yourself? Where have you seen the entire world, within yourself? Have you ever experienced anything outside of yourself?  No, you're only experiencing the sensations in your hand. In the very nature of things, you cannot experience anything outside of yourself. When everything, when the entire experience of life is caused from within you, at least it must happen the way you want it, isn't it? The world will not happen the way you want it. At least the experience of living here within you must happen the way you want it. If, if, if your experience of life happened just the way you want it, how would you keep yourself blissful or miserable? Please you must tell me, I'm going to bless you. Blissful or miserable? For yourself, definitely highest level of pleasantness for yourself. What you want for your neighbor may be debatable, but you know what you want for yourself, isn't it? Now, blissfulness or pleasantness of life is not a goal by itself. It is only when you're blissful by your own nature, that means you determine the nature of your experience. No matter what is the situation, you determine the nature of your experience. Or in other words, you have no fear of suffering. Only and only when there is no fear of suffering, will you walk full stride in this life. Otherwise, it's always about what will happen to me, what will happen to me. Every step is a half a step. Now, this so-called spirit of Eastern wisdom comes from those beings who walked full stride, who determined the nature of their experience. The outside never decided who they are. So, they could walk full stride and explore the depths and dimensions of life that others never dare to touch, because most of the humanity is only concerned about what will happen to me. What will happen to me means what? Will I suffer? That's a question. The first and foremost thing, if you truly want to explore dimensions which we are referring to as another dimension of wisdom or knowing is that first you must determine the nature of your experience. You have no fear of suffering.  Touching dimensions of intelligence which gives access to the entire universe becomes a possibility. I'm supposed to open up for questions. It's time you ask your questions, please. The population I work with that are in the verge of homelessness or their addicts, if I tell them that it is your intellect and it's your perception and this doesn't exist, they will laugh at me because it definitely exists. They must? Because it's the dumbest thing to say? Right. So, I wanted to know the spirituality that you teach, the spirituality that many gurus teach. How is it usable for someone that doesn't have food to eat and it's going to become homeless and there's so many problems especially in America. I mean, how do… Of course, I teach them resiliency. It's a different fact. But to… Every time I want to open my mouth and use some of your teachings, I have to set back. Now, the first problem is that you believe in the teachings because this is the problem with the entire world. They've been cultured in some belief of the other. This is what is significant about what is referred to as sanatana dharma or what is referred to as the Indian way of looking at things is, this is not a land of belief systems. This is a land of seekers. Never ever were anybody encouraged to believe anything. If you see anything that comes from that land, you will see, it is all about questions. Never about a belief system. If you enter an Indian home in the same house, five different people are worshiping, twenty-five different gods and goddesses. They're still not made up their minds, which is and they have no problem. They'll never fight about it because it's a land of seeking. It's a land of seeking. So first mistake you make is you believe what I say.  All you have to do is experiment with it. Does it work or doesn't work? If it works, you keep it, otherwise rubbish it, what's the problem? Now, about somebody being hungry, somebody being homeless, somebody being in a war zones, all kinds of horrible things are happening on the planet. I am not ignorant of it. Anyway, you said living in a temple. I am not living in a temple. I am more of the world than you are every day. I want you to understand, I am running a volunteer organization with over four thousand full-time volunteers and over three million part-time volunteers doing variety of work, huge projects over a dozen businesses and the spiritual movement, okay?   I never spoke to hungry people and said, your intellect is the source of the problem. I'm talking to people who bulging in so many ways. In their head and in their body, they're bulging. I'm only talking to that segment of the population. Those who are not fed well, I'm doing social projects with them with nourishment, education, health, all for free. Will I ever go and talk to a starved man in an Indian village and tell him your intellect is the basis of all your problems? What makes you think that I'm that stupid? Do I look like that? So you also don't do that. This is for you. You need to understand this, there are million problems on the planet. All these million problems are essentially because those who are reasonably well have never cared to reach out and do what needs to be done in the world. In many ways, they're making sure those people don't get it. Yes, in the year 2012, we have produced enough food for 18.2 billion people. We had only 6.6 billion people in that year. But still, 50% of the population is malnourished and hardly eaten anything. This is not because there is no food, because this is because you and me have not cared, isn't it? So, is it true? Is it true nobody stabbed you in the last 25 years? Yes. But is it also true you're suffering merriest things of tension, stress, anxiety, this, that, is it a product of your mind or somebody else poking you from outside? It is your reaction to the existential situation outside.  This is about incapacitating yourself. Instead of seeing when there is a problem, you need empowerment, not incapacitating yourself, isn't it?  The moment your intelligence is working against you, no God in the universe is going to help you and can help you.  So, I'm saying, first let your intelligence work for you. If it works for you, there are many miraculous things that you can do for all those people who have still not eaten properly for whom basic things have not been taken care of. That's our business because somehow we've landed in a place where you and me are at least eating well. Once we're in such a privilege, we must use our intelligence to see what is the best thing we can do in the world, not sit here and twist yourself out. I'm saying, don't twist yourself out. If you are joyful, naturally you will do the best things you can do. If I meet you, when you're very happy, will you be nice to me? No, no, no. I don't believe that.  But when you're depressed, when you're unhappy, when you're frustrated, if I meet you, you could be a nasty person. This is true with every human being, isn't it? So the first and foremost work that any human being has to do is that you make this into a pleasant piece of life so that you naturally exude this pleasantness in every possible way. If this is feeling unpleasant and you tell this one to be pleasant, is it going to work? We are trying to fix the stomach full people right now. It was a pleasure listening to you, unbelievable. But my question is, what can I do so that I can acquire your skill of clarity? Honestly, candidly speaking, very few people are like you are. I'm sure you have heard this before. So what makes you so secure from within and being so candid on a truthful clarity of expression? I didn't know that's a popular question. When we say clarity, that means I want to tell you a joke, but it's a dirty joke, so I thought I'll skip that one. No, no, I'll come with something milder, you know? The problem with the human being right now is this, we have created a world, we have created education systems, created education systems where we believe that human beings are essentially all wrong or the creation is all wrong or the source of creation or the creator is all wrong and you go and fix it. This is a convoluted idea. Instead of paying attention to life, we're coming up with philosophies and philosophies and philosophies. Philosophies are fantastic explanations to that which cannot be explained. If you want to know life, you must pay attention to life, isn't it? Right now, do you agree with me, madam, that this human mechanism is the most sophisticated machine on the planet? Do you agree with me? Are you a doctor? Yes. Yes. So this is such a complex machine, this is the super supercomputer, all right? I'm asking, have you bothered to read the user's manual? If you understand how this functions, you would know how to use it. Even if you take a simple gadget like a phone, the more you know about it, the better you can use it, isn't it so? You have definitely… coming from India, you've definitely been bombarded with this thing about realization, self-realization. Let me put it in very simple terms. What self-realization means is first of all, what the word realization means. Realization is not an achievement. It is not an accomplishment. It is just realization. That means something that's always here, you just manage to see it now.  Just now you saw it. You did not invent something new. You did not ramp yourself up to a mountain. No, you just saw the most obvious thing which was always here. You realized.  Everything has been right here and you didn't get it. So there are many ways, of course, most of you being from the Indian origin, I'm… I've… I've not read this. I have to admit I've never read the Gita. Because it never occurred to me. I'm sorry. I know this is a shock. But you know, we're living in India, bits and pieces of this are always floating around in the air and it's… you know many pieces of it but I've never really studied it in any sense. So when… in a certain moment, when Arjuna asked what is the nature of this truth that you're talking about? Where is it? So Krishna laughed and said, the highest truth about your life is the tip of your nose. Now there are many schools of yoga intensely focusing on the tips of their nose. Please try it for two minutes, you will get a headache. You will not get enlightened. What he's saying is it is the most obvious thing. It is the most obvious thing but right now the problem is all the instruments of perception that you have are outward bound but the seat of your experience is within you. The fundamental seat of your experience is within you but all the instruments of perception are outward bound. So how should I do this? You must understand anything beyond survival, if it has to enter your life, some striving is needed. Let's say as a little infant you were left in the jungle without human contact.  Is that so? You would just know where to put it, isn't it? So what I'm saying is everything that is necessary for survival is built into you. You're born with it. The five senses take care of it. But if you want to know something more, you have to strive. For example, do you remember when you were three, four or five years of age, you had to learn to write the alphabet, the damn A, how complicated it was. And they… on top of it, there were two versions. You had to write it a hundred times to get it, isn't it? But today with your eyes closed you can write. If that striving was not there, today could you write? Today would you know language? So anything beyond survival needs striving, without the needed striving it won't happen.  Right now we made this technology into such a simple almost like a physical science. A plus B equals this or two parts of hydrogen, one part of oxygen, water will come. If a great scientist puts it together, only water will come.  So we made the entire yoga sutras like this that if you do this, this and this, this will happen to you. That's simple. And all I'm asking generally from people is about 30 to 32 hours focused time to develop an instrument where they can turn inward. Oh 30 hours is too much. I'm saying if you cannot dedicate a little bit of time to know what this is, that means your existence must be truly worthless. If this is worthwhile, you must pay attention to this, isn't it? If you want to know life, this is life, isn't it? When I say the word life, maybe you're thinking about your profession, your family, your car, your home. No, these are all accessories. This is life, isn't it so? Hello? But no attention has been paid. Your idea of fixing life is fixing all kinds of things. This happened one day. Sankaran Pillai was going home. No, I'm not done. Sankaran Pillai was going home. It is 7.30 in the evening. The rules at home, the wives' rules are eight, he must be home. It's only 7.30. He thought there's still time. Let me have a quick drink and go. He just stepped into the local bar. He had a quick drink and a quick drink and a quick drink and a quick drink and a quick drink. Then he looked at the time. It's at 2 a.m.  They become timeless. There's a certain correlation. Then it's late and he got off the bar stool and tried to walk. It's such an unfair world. A man is supposed to walk on a round planet as if that's not enough, it spins. You notice that the planet is round and it's spinning, only when you've had a few drops more or a few drops are missing between two… you're two years. Either you're drunk or you have a vertigo, then you notice the planet is round and spinning. Otherwise you think it's flat and you're going on fine. So with great difficulty, he was walking sideways and trying to find his way home. He was crossing a garden and he flipped over and fell face down into a rose bush. His face became a mess. Then he somehow reached home and you know these keyholes are so minute. He took twenty minutes to find the keyhole. Then he found his way up to the bedroom and then he went into the bathroom and he looked at his face. It was a real mess. Then he opened the medicine cabinet, took out medicine, plaster, bandaid, fixed himself up and slowly crawled into the bed. Fortunately, the wife is a big sleeper. He slept. Morning eight o'clock, the wife took a bucket full of cold water and splashed it on him. Water boarded, he woke up. Said, why, why, it's only a Sunday.  He said, honey, six months ago I promised you, since then I haven't touched a drop. She grabbed him by the shirt and took him into the bathroom and showed him all the plaster was on the mirror. Why, why people have lost their clarity, why people have lost their clarity is only because of this, that if there is any suffering here, they think this one should be fixed. If something else happens, that one should be fixed. If something else happens, that one should be fixed. Every day morning prayer means what? Trying to fix the God. Yes, you're trying to fix up the God, isn't it? So day in and day out, for everything that happens within you, instead of fixing this one, you're trying to fix everything around you. No wonder you'll be confused. We fixed the planet sufficiently, at least in this part of the world. If you fix it anymore, there'll be no planet left. But are people bursting with ecstasy? No. So because clarity has been lost simply because of this, if you understand if life has to really become beautiful for you, this one has to be fixed. If you understand this one thing, clarity will dawn within you. I actually have a question on chitta. How can you tap into chitta, which is what you said, memory with no effect and the ability to break through cycles? Right here you want to do that. You can take one fundamental step today. That is, I want you to... Anyway, you've already written down the question also, you have the habit of writing things.  What are all the different types of identities that you have taken? Starting from your body, everything else, just write it down and see if you can create a little distance from these identifications. Just work on that. That's the first step that you are not identified with anything.  See, but what can I do? I am a young woman. Right now, yes, when you sit here among people, if you're just walking by yourself in the garden, you don't really think you're a young woman or if you are that identified, you can't help it, even there.  I'm saying something so fundamental as your body and gender, even that identity is only in the surface. Your caste, creed, religion, race, this is even more on the surface. So I'm saying you can't do it in the day right now, but before you go to bed, see if you can keep all your identities by the bedside table and sleep. To work in the world, you need an identity. Without identity, you cannot function in the world. So before you're going to sleep, take off all the identities, keep it on your bedside table, morning it'll be there, it'll not go anywhere. Leave it there and go to sleep. You've started the journey. I would like to hear Guruji's turning point in life where he separated himself from his intellect and his inner self. Do I look like someone who lost my intellect? I didn't think that I was coming out so dumb. This… she's asking for a story. You want a story? Okay. One must understand it's a process that you set forth. This started happening to me when I was just around four, four and a half years of age. I suddenly realized one day that I don't know anything. I don't know anything means I don't know anything at all. To such an extent, if somebody gives me a glass of water, I would not know what is water. I know if I drink this water it'll quench my thirst and different ways of using it. I know what to do with it, but I don't know what it is. Well, actually if you look at it, even today you don't know what it is. There's a only substance present in the planet in all three different states. Three-fourths of the planet is water. Nearly three-fourths of your body is water. If you're looking for life you look for a drop of water. There's a lot of excitement they found a few drops on the Mars. I think people from California need to migrate. So I'm just staring on this glass of water for hours on end. If I found a dry leaf, I'm just looking at the leaf. For five, six hours it'll stretch.  My dear father, being a physician, started thinking I need psychiatric evaluation. This boy is simply staring at something or the other. Unblinking he's staring, he's lost it. My problem is I look at this one, I still do not know this one. There is no way I'm able to shift my attention to another one. So it just held my attention. I couldn't shift. In this condition they sent me to school and my mother said pay attention to the teachers. I went and paid attention to the teachers, the kind of attention that they have never received in their life. And initially I understood the words that they were speaking and what they were trying to say. After some time I realized they're just making sounds. I am making up the meanings in my head. Even now, as I speak, I'm only making sounds. You're making up the meanings, isn't it? Because language is a conspiracy between two people. If you have a conspiracy, what do you do? The Indians, you speak in your language. In India we have this advantage, we have thirteen hundred languages in the country. We can have lots of conspiracies going because we'll speak in our own language. Actually I'm only making sounds, isn't it? You're making up the meanings. So when I realized I am the one who is making up all the meanings, I stopped making the meanings, then I just heard the sounds with full attention. See, this is the problem with most people. The moment they don't understand they think they need not pay attention. What you do not understand needs more attention than what you understand, isn't it? So as I watched teacher after teacher coming in and making noises and noises and noises and going, it became very amusing to me and a huge smile spread on my face. They were not at all amused. My schooling went like this, very consistent because I remember this so well. I don't know if you still have this. You still have those monthly tests and report cards that your parents have to sign and you know your children have to get it to you, stuff like that. So monthly report cards come. I see in the school some children are strutting around because they are first or second. Some are sitting and crying because they're afraid to go home with their marks card. Never once in my entire school life did I ever open and see. The teachers gave me the card, I took it and gave it to my father. I thought this is a transaction between the two of them. I had nothing to do with this because I was very consistent. I always got six zeros because I always gave an empty paper. If they insisted, I put my name on it. Otherwise I gave an empty paper as a rule. When the final exam came, I wrote something and went to the next class. Otherwise all my tests, I got zero, zero, zero, zero because million things, you know, I have a billion questions in my mind about everything. There is nobody around who's capable of answering these questions but they're trying to stuff something else into you, which I'm not interested in. So, school went like this. This is about eight years ago. The school where I studied nearly forty, forty-five years ago, they came to invite me for their 125th anniversary of the school. So the trustees, the third generation of trustees came to invite me. They said, you must come. I said, see, I was not just a not-good student. I was not even a student. Why me? You know? You call the brilliant students of your school, why me? They said, you know, our school has produced union ministers. Our school has produced cricketing stars. Our school has produced film stars. You are the only mystic, you must come. So, okay? So I went there to speak and and I went and stood up in the quarter-angle, looked around the same oppressive buildings. Then I suddenly remembered this classroom. I was about thirteen years of age. One afternoon, the teacher is trying to get a response for some question he's asked. I hear the sounds but I don't hear the words. After some time, I don't even hear the sounds. I don't even see their forms. I just see all kinds of things. I know their past, present and future but I don't know what he's saying. I know his entire life better than him but I don't know what he's saying. And thirty-five, forty minutes, he desperately tried to get a response from me but those days I'm made like this.  When you don't know anything, what do you say? This, I do not know anything has grown to such a size. It's like, you know, my mind is billions of questions simply. I have a question mark about everything in the universe and not a single answer. So then after thirty-five, forty minutes, he got so frustrated. He came and held me by the shoulders, shook me violently like this and he said, you must either be the divine or the devil. I think you're the later. I did not feel abused by this or insulted by this. Till then my problem was what is this, what is that, what is that, what is that, what is that. One thing was clear to me, this is me. Suddenly this guy confused me about this also. Suddenly I look like this, what am I? Am I divine? Am I devil?  He just confused me for the first time. I thought this was clear. So I tried to stare at myself. It didn't work. So I closed my eyes. Initially minutes to hours it went on. One day I closed my eyes and sat. I thought I sat there for twenty-five, thirty minutes. When I opened my eyes, there's a huge crowd around me. India being what it is, there are garlands around me, around my neck. People are pulling my legs. They want to know, well, somebody wants to know about his business, somebody wants to know when his daughters will get married. I said, what the hell, where did you all come from? They said, you've been sitting here for thirteen days. In my experience it was only twenty-five, thirty minutes. When I tried to open my legs, my knees were stuck. It took almost an hour and a half putting hot water, massage, everything to get my legs straightened out. Otherwise even I wouldn't have believed it. But thirteen days had passed. In my experience it just felt like twenty-five, thirty minutes. And suddenly what is inside, what is outside, everything got mixed up. Clearly till then I was very clear, this is me, that's you, all right? I had no issue with that one. But this is me and that is you. Suddenly this idea of what is me and what is not me got all mixed up because what is me was just everywhere. Now this looks like a hallucination and that's what I thought.  I'm just losing my mind. But every cell in my body is bursting with ecstasy. One thing I know is I don't want to lose it. It may be madness, but I don't want to lose it. So right now my whole effort with life is to just rub off that madness on you. You should also know the ecstasy of being alive. Right now you know the torture of your intellect. You must know the ecstasy of being alive.  Rest is all arrangements. Yes or no? Why did you make these arrangements to enhance your life? No, no. You made these arrangements mainly to enhance this life. You thought with education your life would enhance itself. With money it would enhance itself. With marriage it would enhance itself. With children it would enhance itself. Now you started the question, you know, this, I wanted to come and meditate but my family, my children, as if it's a problem, these are accessories that you added to enhance your life, not to put your life down. Yes? Every arrangement that you made is about enhancing this life, isn't it? If this life could be enhanced from outside you would have done it. But this is a realization for you that life cannot be enhanced from outside. Arrangements will bring convenience and comfort. It'll take care of things for us, around us, but it cannot enhance. If you want to enhance this life, you have to turn inward. If you really care for people who are with you, your family, your children, the foremost thing that you need to do is you have to enhance this.  If you had a choice either to live or work with joyful and blissful human beings or work and live with miserable human beings, what is your choice? Blissful. I want you to please, please, please remember everybody else is looking forward to the same thing. You think other people want miserable people? No, please just give them that much that you're a joyful human being. Thank you very much. I would like to once again acknowledge the Dharma Foundation for the commendable cause that they have taken up. This will be an important step for preserving and nurturing the future generations in a certain way. The significance of this is not to spread another new religion, the significance of this to create a religious world, but still deeply spiritual world. This is very important. This is very, very important. The divide of religions, you see what it is causing. In the past it has done terrible things. Still samples of that happening in many parts of the world, what the religious divide can do. Don't think you will be or I will be or our children will be immune to this. Anywhere it can flare up, believe me, anywhere. So this effort is commendable and in whichever way we can support this is a foundation and myself we will put our force behind this. Thank you very much for being here.


access control. The prevention of unauthorized use of a resource including the prevention of a use of a resource in an unauthorized manner. So we want, we've got resources on our computer system. We want to prevent people who people and software that are not authorized to use those resources from doing so. That's the basics of access control. Control Who can access those resources? And it's related, access control is related to some other functions. So in a computer system, let's say we have the normal users that use that computer system. What we saw in the previous topic was how to authenticate users. So there's some function to authenticate users to make sure that this user is the right user who's allowed to access the system. Once we've authenticated them, so they're, for example, logged in with their username and password, we then may want to further control what they can do on the system. Our computer system has a set of resources, files, CPU, memory and we want to control which users can use those resources. And that's the role of access control. So we have system resources, databases, files, parts of files and we want to control which users can access them. So access control relies on authentication. It assumes someone's already been authenticated. We'll see that access control requires some initial setup to set up and to say which users are allowed to use which resources. So usually we need some administrator that sets up via some database, some authorizations that says user Steve is allowed to use these resources. User Tanarak is allowed to use these other resources. So this initial setup is done by some administrator and we can think that they set up this authorization information in some database. And when a user is authenticated to our computer system, the access control function uses this information, this authorization information, to control what the user can do on the system, which files they can access, for example. All of this we want to check that it works well. And the process of auditing is checking that access control authentication, the database have been set up correctly such that they implement the policies of our organization or of our computer system. So we have some overall policy or goal. For example, students cannot access this database about the grades. Faculty members that teach this course can access the student information who are taking that course but cannot access other student information. So we have some policies, some requirements for our organization. We try to implement them using these functions. Auditing is making sure that we are actually implementing those policies. We check. Is our access control actually controlling the resources correctly? Doing checks and logging to make sure it works correctly. So there are different related entities there. We know about some authentication functions. We're now going to focus on access control functions. So the other parts, authentication, check the user. Authorization, give some permissions. This user can access these files, authorize them. And in order, some review of the system to make sure that everything's working correctly. Let's look at access control. There are three main approaches called policies for access control. Discretionary, mandatory, and role-based access control. DAC, MAC, RBAC. And so we'll go through each of them with some examples. But discretionary access control, we have the identity of some user, someone who's requesting to access some resource. We have a set of rules. And we have those rules defined so that they determine which user, the person requesting access to a resource, what resources they can access. So what they're allowed to access. So we'll see that in some detail. Discretionary means that we'll see that it's up. The user is allowed to modify who can access particular resources. They have some discretion in changing these rules. We'll see that users may allow other users to access resources. The idea is if I have my own file on the computer system, I'm allowed to change that file, delete it. I may be able to grant someone else permission to also read that file. So that's the discretionary part in that users can allow other users to access some resources. In mandatory access control, you cannot do that. There's no ability for the normal users, the entities, to grant access to resource to others. It's stricter from that perspective. And in mandatory access control, we have what we call security labels and clearances. So resources have some label and users have some clearance. And the common example, and the main place it's used, if you think of some military organization or some defense organization which has clearance levels of classified secret, top secret. So different levels of security clearance. So someone who is cleared at secret should be able to read information or access resources which are secret or at any level below. But someone who's cleared at secret should not be able to read files which are top secret. So we have some levels of security. And users will have some clearance. And that will determine what resources they can access because resources are labeled with those levels as well. So we'll see an example of that as well. Role-based access control, we'll see that users are assigned roles. And then similar to discretionary access control, the control of who can access resources is based upon roles. For example, students are assigned the role student in the Moodle website. And a student on the Moodle website can do certain things like take a quiz for their course. But they cannot view the results of other students. Whereas the teacher role on the website can have different permissions than the student role. So the idea, and I'll show you an example with that one as well, that we can assign users to particular roles and control who can access resources based on those roles. So those are the three main types. Not mutually exclusive means that there's some overlap. We can have mechanisms that use concepts from each of these. So it's not we choose one of the three. In practice, we can implement access control using concepts from multiple. But we'll just cover the basics and explain the difference between those three. In all types of access control, we have some general requirements for it to work well. We need to meet these requirements. Reliable input means that the inputs that we need are correct. And the main input is that we need to make sure that most of the systems rely on some user identity. That is, we set up the system such that user Steve can access these files. The input in this case is to make sure that the actual logged in user is in fact Steve. And that's performed using authentication. So we assume authentication is reliable. It works. If authentication doesn't work, our access control will not work. That's the basics there. Fine and coarse specifications are generally required. That means that we should be able to say that if we think of resources as files, we should be able to say at a fine level, a particular user can access this particular file. So on a very detailed level. And a coarse level, we should be able to say, OK, this set of users can access this set of files. Rather than having to specify for every individual user and every individual file, we can do it on a coarse level and say, OK, this system allows these 100 users to access any of these 1,000 files. So that's a coarse level. We should be allowed to be very fine detailed in specifying who can access what, but also allow a very coarse specification of who can access what. We'll see some examples of that. We should try to set up an access control system that uses least privileges. And this is the principle that when we authorize users to do something, we give them the least privileges such that they can perform their job. So a student needs to be able to take a quiz. And say in an online system in Moodle, a student needs the privilege to be able to take a quiz and attempt the quiz. They don't need the privilege to be able to view other students' information. So we've set up the system to make sure that give the student as few privileges as possible such that they can perform their function. Another example, I'm a faculty member. I don't need to know the personal information and GPAs of students in other schools in SIT. I don't teach their students, so I don't need to know their information. So the system should be set up such that I don't have that access to those things. I only get the privileges that are necessary to perform my job. We'll see some examples of that as we go through. Separation of duty is often saying that, OK, again, you have a duty in your job. You're the faculty member, so you get these privileges. But sometimes you may be a faculty member and you may be the head of school. They have two different duties. A faculty member may teach particular courses and they need privileges to teach those particular courses. But as head of school, they need a different set of privileges. So we separate the duties that they have and assign access control based upon those separate duties. Open and close policies. This is think of the default. An open policy says that everyone can access everything and then assign rules that limit what people can access. Let's say the files on a shared computer system. An open policy would be to say every user can access every file. And then I would set some rules to limit, OK, this user cannot access file. This user cannot access file. And I would start to close the system. Whereas the opposite, a closed policy is to say that initially no user can access any files on my system. But then I would add rules to say this user can access this file. This user can access this file. So think of open and closed policies of what's our initial position? What's our default policy? We'll see some examples of that. Generally we start with closed policies. Policy combinations means that sometimes we have, so again, policies are our requirements, think from an organization perspective. And sometimes we have many different policies. We need to be able to implement an access control system that implements those policies and make sure that there are no conflicts. So one policy may say faculty members cannot access student GPA information, but another policy may allow faculty members to access GPAs of students. There's a conflict there, so we need to be able to deal with that somehow. Maybe we take the least privileged approach. Administrative policies just means that we need to be able to allow someone to admin the system. And we have some policies to make sure that the admin user doesn't do something bad. The admin user shouldn't set up the system so that anyone can access it. Dual control is that we should be allowed to have multiple admins. And multiple people can control the system. We'll see some of these requirements come up in specific examples as we go through the different policies. In the different types of access control, we have three basic elements, a subject, or subjects, objects, and access rights. Subjects are the entities capable of accessing resources. Usually there are software processes on computer systems, but often those software processes are run by human users, by users. So sometimes we think of the subject as a human, as a person, but usually it's a piece of software acting on behalf of that person. So when I run a command to copy a file, that software that implements the copy procedure must have permissions to copy that file. But that software is working on my behalf, the user's behalf, but the subject is the entity that can access the resource. Often we'll classify the subjects, and the three main classes we'll see, but there are others possible. An owner of a resource, a group that the subject is in, and everyone else, the rest of the world. Objects are the resources. So what do we want to control access to if we think of anything on a disk? Disk records, blocks on a disk, if you think of a file system, pages of memory. Files are the common example we'll use, but it doesn't just have to be files that we control. Portions of files, so I control who can access the first 100 lines of this particular file. Directories related to files, email boxes, software, communication capabilities of a computer system. So these are the resources. We will commonly use files as an example. It's the easiest one to think about. That is, think of your computer, you have a set of files on it, files and directories. You want to control who can access those files. How do we access them? Well, we have some right to do something on that file. So an access right describes how a subject can access an object. And some examples of rights are read. That is, think of a file, you can read the file, you can see the contents of the file. Write, you can modify the file. That is, you can open up the file and edit the file, changing it. Just reading the file doesn't mean you can modify the file. Execute, sometimes we talk about, we can execute a file, run a program. Delete objects, create new objects, search objects. So there are different possible access rights. Different systems will use a different set of access rights. The common ones will see a read, write and execute. But there are others possible. So we have a computer system with many resources. With multiple users or multiple subjects, we want to control which subjects can access which resources. And specifically the access can be defined by a set of rights. That's the concepts. Let's, in the last few minutes, just have a introduction to discretionary access control. And let's go straight to an example. We have, imagine on a computer system we have a set of objects. In this case, four files are our objects. Four files on a hard disk. We have a set of subjects, three users, user A, B and C. And then we have a set of access rights. And in this case, the rights are distinguished as, distinguished as own, read and write. This matrix specifies the access control system.  They can read those files, which means they can open them up and see the contents of the file. And they can write to that file, which means normally that they can edit the file and also often includes deleting the file. Writing, if you can edit a file, it means you can edit it and remove the contents, which is effectively deleting the file. So this is saying for these two files, user A can do these operations. User B can do these operations or has these access rights. For file one, which is owned by user A, user B can also read the file. They cannot write to the file. So they can see the contents, but they cannot modify the contents. They own, can read and write file two, file three, they can write to it. And normally writing includes the ability to read. Because if you want to modify the contents of the file, you need to be able to read the contents of the file. So it's common to assume, read means just see the contents of the file. Write means see the contents of the file and modify the contents of the file. And user C has these access rights. So this is the basics of discretionary access control. We have a set of objects to control access to. We have a set of subjects who want to be able to access those objects. And we have access rights and we define who can access what. And this is done in a matrix. We'll see there are other ways to define it. But that's the basics. Again, if we're the owner, so it depends upon what the definition of these access rights are as to what ownership really means. It may mean that we can read and write the file. But we could be the owner of the file and not be able to write the file. What that could mean is the owner may mean we're allowed to change the access rights on this file. Let's say user C has the access right own on a file for, but not the access right, read or write. What that may mean is that currently user C cannot read this file. They cannot see the contents, but they own it. What ownership commonly means is that if you own the file, you can change the access rights on the file. So the user C could change file four such that they can read the file or they can write the file. Or user C could change file four such that another user can read and write the file. So ownership commonly means we can change the access rights. And this is, remember, discretionary access control. Users are allowed to change the access rights on the resources. They have some discretion to do so. Immandatory access control, we don't allow that. You see this on many operating systems. Most operating systems you use have this form of access control and basic on file systems. If we have many files, thousands of files on your computer system and many subjects, many users, then it becomes inefficient to create such a matrix because we have to list every file, 100,000 files, and for every user identify the access rights. So we commonly think of this information and store it not in a matrix, but in a, maybe a list. So this is just the data structure represent that same information. So, exactly the same rights in this diagram. For example, user A, own, read and write, file one. Just store it in a different data structure. Here, file one, we have some data structure, a list that says for user A, on this file, they own, read and write. User B can read this file. User C can read and write this file. For file two, we have B and C have some access rights. So it's just a different way to specify that same information in a more compact form. But it's the same access rights you can check. So that's in a list. Another way is in capability list. So this is a list of, for each file, we say which users can access that file. The other way is to say, for each user what files they can access. So the three diagrams are all the same, but just representing in different way. So user A can access these three, these two files, and these are their access rights. User B can access four files and their access rights for those particular files. You can check that and see that they're all identical. Normally your operating system or your file system on your computer will store data structures similar to access control lists or capability lists, those are compact forms. Okay, that's the start on access control. We want to make sure certain users cannot access certain resources. That's the idea. Control who can access what resources. And we've started and we've introduced discretionary access control. Next lecture we'll look at the other two approaches and just summarize on this one. And then we'll show some examples on the Linux file system and see how it works there. So enough for today.


My name is Dan Williams. I'm a senior here at Steveson University. I'm a business communication major and I play football here. Coming through the process of trying to pick a college, something that was really important to me was the after school things that could happen to me. Steveson when I was a senior high school had a 95% job rate coming in the first six months out of college. So that was something that was important to me in this economy, in this day and age trying to get a job after college was really important and I feel like Steveson prepares me the best for that. I think one of the biggest things for me here at Steveson is the atmosphere of being a student athlete. Probably the best D3 atmosphere that I've been around. It rivals at least some of the Division I double A's and even some Division I's. The crowd is always amped up for every home game and you get a sense of pride from those fans and the kids here at school that they really want to see you do well and they want to see you succeed. I know personally for me and my team, we like to support other teams whether it's soccer, basketball, volleyball. We like to support everybody and make them feel welcome here and I think it's a big community just among the student athletes of support and just a well-rounded group to be around. D3 for me is a very impactful part of my life. I had the chance to go to the NCAA Convention last January in Nashville, Tennessee and I was able to learn a lot of things just about D3 and why we are successful and what we do. It's all about the community and the people you are around here at D3. We don't have as much funding or as many people as the D1 schools but it's about the people you meet and the connections you make and I think that's what makes D3 special. I know my teachers and my business communication major, they're very helpful in trying to push me to do better whether it's in the classroom, on the field, they want to see me be great in all aspects of my life and it's something that has helped me and driven me to be the best I can be here at Stevenson. Being in the quarterback everybody is looking at you for leadership and for those words of wisdom when things are going tough so I think it helps you a lot out in the business world when you have to make these crucial decisions on hiring and firing somebody on what the next task is for you and your team. I think being a quarterback and being an athlete helps me out with that a ton.


Elon Musk is easily considered to be one of the most influential figures in our generation. With his role in creation in companies such as PayPal, Solar City, Tesla, SpaceX, Neuralink, The Boring Company, and so much more, he's a great example of how one person can become so knowledgeable in so many unrelated topics. Now as smart as he is, one question would be how would Elon study for something that requires so much vast amount of knowledge and connection, such as medicine? So in today's episode we'll talk about what techniques and strategies Elon Musk would use if he was ever trying to be Dr. Musk, and what strategies you can also use to try to create a similar approach. Now this is actually a concept that comes from Elon Musk himself when he was doing an Ask Me Anything on Reddit. Somebody asked him how he remembers and understands so much, and he admits openly that sometimes it's difficult for him. But as he says, he says, quote, one bit of advice, it's important to view knowledge as a sort of a semantic tree. Make sure you understand the fundamental principles, i.e. the trunk and the big branches before you get into the leaves and details, or there is nothing for them to hang onto. With a variety of goals and projects that Elon Musk is now a part of, you understand that it's so much more important to understand the fundamental principles of something aside from learning the individual details. And if you were studying for an exam in medical school, you would likely use a strategy like the Q&E method, which we made a video about here on YouTube, which I'll link down below. But in case you're not familiar, Q&E method is basically taking your notes and designing them into big ideas and little pieces of details. If you think about when you read your syllabus to go over your PowerPoints, there are big branches and big trunks that you first have to understand before you start to focus on the little bits of details. For example, let's imagine that you were studying for a lecture that was teaching you how to treat hypertension. A very common slide that may end up in that lecture, or a material that may end up in a syllabus, would be the relevant medications that you can use to treat high blood pressure. Now the smaller pieces of details in this lecture may include things like how a specific medication may work, or the side effects for that specific drug. But for you, the big branches is, do you understand how hypertension works? And then do you understand the overall classes of medications you can use before you understand one specific drug? And so essentially what the Q&E method is, is to take your notes in the format of designing your learning as a semantic tree. So if you were studying for this lecture in hypertension, instead of just writing notes, you would instead say, okay, what are the five to six medications that I could use for high blood pressure, because you may see those on your slide. The first piece of learning is, can you answer that question? Now a second order question is, okay, amlodipine, which is a very common calcium channel blocker that doctors use to lower blood pressure, is one of those drugs. What is a common side effect of amlodipine, which is lower extremity or ankle edema? But it doesn't matter if I know ankle edema and amlodipine, if I can't tell you that amlodipine is actually a blood pressure medication. So you have to understand your learning in that bit. So putting your notes in the form of, here is a big idea. Let me rephrase in the form of question, and here is my answer. And then you can ask individual questions related to that answer if there are more trees and smaller branches related to them. And again, if you want more details or examples of how to use the Q&E method, I'll link down below a video that we've made here on YouTube, as well as more examples that we included in the medical domination bundle, the link will also be down below. Now, concept number two is to be a motivated learner. Now, this principle comes from Musk's early days, and he was asked who his best teacher was and Musk responds, quote, the best teacher I ever had was my elementary school principal. Our math teacher quit for some reason, and he decided to sub in for himself for math and accelerate the syllabus by a year. We had to work like the house was on a fire for the first half of the lesson and do extra homework. But then we got to hear stories of when he was a soldier in World War Two. If you didn't do the work, you didn't get to hear the stories. Everybody did work. Now, no, Elon is not telling you to find your lectures and hear some old stories from their past time. But he is saying that you should use motivation to learn because you have so much more capacity than you likely give yourself credit for. And oftentimes, especially when an exam is coming around in medicine, we feel like all that we should be doing is studying and that all of that time will be used effectively. And as you probably know from personal experience, simply having more hours doesn't necessarily mean that you're going to be as effective throughout the entire duration. Instead of what I found in my own personal experience is having less hours and making sure that they're guaranteed to be as effective as possible and being okay with studying less is going to be so much more valuable. And one simple way that I found to be effective and something that Elon Musk may be doing is to actually have a midday reward just as they enjoyed listening to the stories of their teachers after doing their work. Sometimes you do a really high level task like flashcards or practice questions that you know is going to build your overall retention and then having something immediately after that you can truly relish, whether it's going for a walk outside, watching a TV show that you've been missing, but something that just gives you a mental break instead of trying to fill that time with more studying that may not otherwise be as effective. Now, principle number three is to understand that connections are crucial. Now, it's no surprise that the richest man in the world who initially started with the payment processes and system in PayPal and then was able to venture out to creating an electric vehicle like Tesla as well as sending rockets to space and SpaceX knows a thing or two about connecting ideas. And Elon understands that it's not enough to simply know the facts, but it's more important to understand how to connect them with prior unrelated material. In particularly medicine is a great example of yes, while it's important to know individual pieces of facts and information, it's useless if you can't combine it with all the other data that a patient presents you when they come to you to the hospital or the clinic. It's one of my favorite techniques that I love sharing to make sure that I know the facts, the trees and the big details, the forest together is the brain dump. Now, the brain dump basically involves grabbing a blank piece of paper, I just have a sticky note here, but essentially trying to recreate a lecture or a piece of a lecture, whether it be a diagram or something that you heard that you consider to be important and you want to make sure you understand it from start to finish. Now, often when we're studying for exams, particularly in medical school and you're using a variety of techniques, we're really good at and I used to be good at this as well of convincing yourself, I know that. And then as soon as somebody says put it on piece of paper, like draw it on the whiteboard, say it out loud. That's when you have like this, maybe not. It says exactly what the brain dump helps overcome.  Like where can I not go from A to C because point B is either not there or is very vague. Another simple way of understanding this is imagine going to a movie and then somebody's saying, okay, tell me the plot of the movie and do it as detailed as possible. Ideally, you'll be able to do it because you just got out of the movie, but there are going to be parts where like magic happens. Like there's something that happened here, but I have no idea how they went from this scene or this scene and how that was connected. But to fill in that gap, you don't have to watch the entirety of the movie. Of course, you just have to now go back to those individual scenes and saying, this is the gap that I had, this is what I was missing. Now I understand it. If you asked me to do it again, I would definitely make sure that I included this connection. That is exactly what the brain dump is instead.  You can also do it verbally. I just find that writing it down really just highlights to me like, Lux, you don't really know that. And so put a star on it and do it for the rest of the lecture and then look at all of your stars and go back to your slides, back to your syllabus, back to your recordings, whatever it may be, and fill in those gaps. You know, essentially fill in those parts of the movies that you don't understand for this individual lecture. Now, technique number four is problem solving. Now, in his career, particularly with SpaceX, Elon Musk has definitely learned a thing or two about failure. Now, Musk has always been vocal that his setbacks and his failure is really an opportunity to increase his chances of success in the future, particularly for companies like SpaceX and Tesla. Now, thankfully for us in medicine, we don't have to lose a billion dollar rocket to really understand our mistakes. Instead, we can make our failures in the form of practice questions and by doing them as much as possible. Often when I work with students or students to ask me questions, such as like, how do I do practice questions? How do I make time for it? Sometimes the question is actually the opposite, which is I want to guarantee x amount of time to do practice questions on a weekly basis. What type of things should I start taking away from my schedule so I can do more of this? If you understand that somebody quizzing you and somebody asking you like, this is clearly an important concept that you need to be able to connect, you should do that as many times as possible because whoever is designing the question has clearly learned the information well enough that they're going to try to trick you to make sure that you actually understand the concept and try to ask you as many of those questions as possible. But often practice questions are kind of things that we do at the very end when our test gets really close. So instead, you want to ask yourself, how can I do a minimum of 10 minutes of practice questions or 30 minutes of practice questions every other day or doing an hour of practice questions on a Saturday and an hour on a Sunday? For only people like Elon Musk would definitely take advantage of practice questions. A lot of us have access to them on a medical journey, but not only that as a pro tip, the second thing you would likely do is keep a growing list of things that he's missing to make sure that he doesn't miss his questions again. Regardless of the study strategy, ask yourself, am I really doing enough practice questions? If not, where in my study schedule can I put guaranteed time to do so and possibly take away some time that is not as effective? Now principle number five, and this is probably gonna be my favorite because it doesn't correlate at all with how I studied in a medical school, but it has the opportunity of being super effective. And that is learning from the best. Now Elon, again, working in multiple companies understands that he can no longer always be the smartest person in the room. He gets smarter by being around the smartest people in the room. Best way we can do that in medical school is going to our peers and our colleagues as we're prepping for the exam and to truly use them to fill in our gaps and then vice versa using our knowledge to fill in their gaps. So I am usually not a big proponent of group studying because sometimes they're just not effective and they become a big social class, but if you do it strategically, group studying can be super helpful. Two ways that I'm gonna recommend for you guys in this episode. Number one is that before you come into your group studying, each and every student that is a part of that small session or a small group, ideally no more than four to five people comes with a list of questions that are fair game for an upcoming quiz, lecture, or exam. And that way you can essentially just take turns asking each other questions. If somebody doesn't know the answer to something, you can just give them the answer that you have. And the second benefit of this is that as your classmates are asking you questions, if you can verify that you know the answer perfect, that means you're studying because right on, but if they ask you something, they're like, don't really feel confident. That is a great indicator of saying, okay, perfect, teach me. Like fill in that gap, build my foundation. Instead of me having to go to syllabus, you teach me what you think I should know. And then you can always make and double check with your syllabus material just to make sure everything hits home. Now the second option of how you can use group studying is create a list of that oh crap kind of list of things that you just don't understand a lot. Like I never understood HIV like transmission when I was a medical student because all my lectures were super just heavy with the pathways. But then I would go to a classmate and I'm saying, can you like just verbally explain how HIV is transmitted? And then they would go through the different receptors and the different kind of mnemonics and things that they would use and things would start to make more sense. And then I would go to another person saying, can you explain to me how this part of HIV transmission works in your mind? And they would be able to explain it and give me another mnemonic. And then eventually I had a whole picture using my peer and classmates who have spent so much of their time trying to create these and then I was able to just kind of like rip off of them. And on the same end, my classmates would ask me questions like, can you teach me how blood pressure is treated or how heart failure is treated? And I would give them my own mnemonics or thought processes.  But these guys are some of the principles inspired by Elon Musk on how he uses to really learn anything and prep himself for all these multiple companies that he runs and ideally of how we prepare for an exam and something strenuous such as medical school. Hopefully you guys enjoyed this video. Hopefully you guys enjoyed this different type of format. If you did, just let me know in the comment section down below because I could think of so many more ideas and people that could get inspiration from on how to prepare for medical school. So if you guys did enjoy this again, let me know in the comment section down below. Hit that like button and subscribe button as well as notification bell to be informed when new videos like this go live. And if you're listening to this on a podcast, definitely consider leaving an honest review on iTunes and also consider hitting that follow or subscribe based on your favorite podcast listening platform. And then finally, if you're struggling on your medical journey and you want some extra help, particularly with studying, a few free resources that we have for you down below. One is our study rehab course, which is a three step process that I use and also on our coaching students.  Both of those are free courses that we link down below as well as some of our paid programs including the Med School Domination Bundle from Med Elite Academy. And then if you want one-on-one coaching, there's a medic night coaching program. All of those are down below in case you're interested. If you're not interested in any of those, no worries, no harm, no foul. But if any of these videos or episodes have helped you, then definitely consider hitting that like button which definitely helps the channel grow and gets in front of more people. Hit that subscribe button and notification bell. And as always my friends, thank you so much for joining me on my journey. Hopefully I was a little help to you guys on yours. Elon, if you're watching this, just let me know if how right or wrong I was. And hopefully one day I'll owe a Tesla one day. But as always friends, I'll see you guys in the next one. If you did enjoy this video, check out this video on how you can use Anki like a pro and this video on how to study a medical school step by step. These two are gonna help you guys out and I'll see you guys in the next one. Take care my friends, peace.