आत कै आद भागा भी लागा की लेखा। उनी वेर्येट नाम्मल रीस्रिबॉशन, देखा काप पड्याई दिलाई से बलागा दीगा आदू दोस्काईदिया आप को अप. उसी उनी लेगा बी यद के अब हम जलने लागा ली नाद मर्टी बी रीट के रंद. तुब कास भीही स्वरृट के लिए, तुक के स्वरृट लें, और वो लेँ सागटा कर नापुद. तुक भी बागर रेस्ग तूpe रेस्पूरुपतरूई है. तो उनीवेडिएट आप लोग ने पले पड़ा है, now here the univariate normal distribution x with mean mu and variance sigma square. We know that, के उनीवेडिएट में normal distribution के पारामीटर्स क्या है, with mean mu and variance sigma square. The pdf of the univariate which is equals to this, we know this is the pdf of the univariate distribution. अब उनीवेडिएट को हम ने जनलाइस करना है, इसको हम ने अप कन्तिनुग करना है, for 2 or more than 2 variables के लिए, the p-dimensional random variable x. तो मुल्टीवेडिट हम p-dimensional के लिए चेख करें, with random variable x is said to have multivariate normal distribution, if and only if every linear compound of x has the univariate normal distribution. अब मुल्टीवेडिट को अब में आगे फर्दड लेके जा दिए मुल्टीवेडिट की अंदर. तो उनीवेडिट का ये pdf का idea है आप को यहाप को पता है कि उसके पारमीटर से, ये उसके पारमीटर से, और हमाने पस x is a random variable. तो तो तो अब मुल्टीवेडिट, नाँँ़ी लेके अगर tired of normal distribution, a random vector x is said to have a मुल्टीवेडिट नाँँ़ी लेके आचबॉशाग, a multivariate normal distribution का देंसटी फुंच़्न क्या है? If its density function is given by this, येमारे पस क्या? का? मुल्टीवेडिट का? देंसटी अब आप देखु अप देश्टी फंक्षन में या मैं आप पर से एक वालू आर ये के विर के इस कोंस्टेंट, के कोंस्टेंट है, अब उसकी वालू हमें दिटार्मिन करनी होगी के इस के एक वालू क्या है, मू, the mean vector, which is equals to P into 1 vector of means and sigma is a P into P positive definite variance covariance matrix. ये देखु आप के पास P, multivariate में आप के पास mu किस के एक वाल है, जिस को हम के रहें P cross 1, it means P rows and one column, this is the P into 1, and sigma variance covariance matrix अमार पास किस के एक वाल है, P cross P k. अब ये के की वालू, बेसे कर लिए ब हमने एस में क्या देटार्मिन करने है, the value of K. देटार्मिन आप के पास में आप के पास में आप के वालू, now this is the property, we know that using the property ये आप देखु ये इंटिगरल है, युनी वेर्येट में हम जस वाल इंटिगरल लेरे है, because this is the multivariate case, so i varies one limit minus infinity to infinity upto so on minus infinity to infinity integral K of f of x into dx which is equals to 1. We know that the total area under the normal curve which is equals to 1. First of all we have to find the pdf, so what is the first property of pdf is that total area under the normal curve is 1. So integral we have taken minus infinity to infinity K times exponential of this. Now this is the factor we have from previous, this is the exponential of this value. So here we have entered it further. So because K as it is, we have given density function, we have done the value of density function. dx, dx, i.e. for first we have x, x1, x2 upto so on, xp which is equals to 1. Then we have K. Now what we have done with K is that we have one of the equalities, so K will go to the equalities, it was multiplying here, so it is divided here. This is called the equation number one. Now let us see what we have done next. Since sigma inverse, this is the sigma inverse value which is equals to A is a positive definite symmetric matrix. This is the property of the positive definite symmetric matrix. We have the property of positive definite symmetric matrix. There exists a non-singular matrix C. All the determinants which is greater than 0, should be 0. Of matrix C such that C prime AC which is equals to identity matrix. So this is the property of the positive definite symmetric matrix. Now find the determinant. We have taken its determinant. We have the determinant equal to 1. Further we have done it, so the determinant is equal to 1. Now here let, let what we are doing?  In exponential this term is X minus mu. So let X minus mu which is equals to CY. We have C non-singular matrix as CY. Here we have basically applied transformation. We have transformed the X minus mu variable. Next new variable which is equals to Y and C is the non-singular matrix. From here we have found the value of X. We have the value of X which is equals to CY plus mu. Now we have this with X. What we have to do further? J modulus. J means here you have Jacobian. Also J modulus. Now how we have to take out J determinant, how we have to take out Jacobian which is equals to mod determinant of curly X over curly Y. Means here we are taking derivative. For single variable we take its derivative. Two or more than two variables when we have data or we have two or more than two variables if we want to see the mathematics. So how we will take its derivative with Jacobian. Now here is the Jacobian mod of curly X over curly Y. Here mod. Curly here we have the value of X. Now we have let X which is equals to CY plus mu. We have to take its derivative with respect to Y. And for the above transformation Jacobian which is equals to mod of C. Now here you see its derivative with respect to Y. So Y with C is involved. When we take its derivative we have Y1 and we have the result of mod of determinant of C. Now why we have mod covered? We have mod covered because here we are considering only positive value determinant. We are considering positive value. So this is why we have used mod covered. Now you see we have these terms in exponential. What is written further? X minus mu transpose sigma inverse X minus mu. Now X minus mu we have let which is equal to CY. Transpose sigma inverse sigma inverse we have sigma inverse which is equals to A. A is equal to then we have X minus mu which is equals to CY. Now from here you know what we have said C prime AC which is equal to C prime AC which is equals to identity matrix. This is equal to identity. So Y prime Y we have the final result of this particular exponential part of Y prime Y. So equation 1 becomes now we have equation 1 in equation 1 you have this where we have 1 over K. Now equation 1 we will put those values in equation 1. Now limit minus infinity to infinity up to so on exponential minus 1 by 2 and we have its value basically Y prime Y and we have the value of D of X mod of C determinant Y1, Y2 up to so on Yp because it is transformed value variable we have transformed variable Y which is equals to 1 over K here mod of C it is integral to Y then the integral values have come expected value of this we are writing this further Y prime Y because it has quadratic form Y prime Y which is equals to square form sum i varies 1 to p Y i is square we have written and this term as it is which is equals to 1 over K now we will take all the integral as it is so what we are doing here this is equals to pi pi i varies 1 to p capital pi i.e. this is product see this is product so we are writing it one time we have taken pi i varies 1 to p integral minus infinity to infinity i.e. write this integral or we will take it in pi exponential what we have done minus Y square over dy into 1 over K now we know that this integral which you have this integral the value of this integral what we have lambda 2 pi square root this is equal to after taking integral when we solve it integrate after solving it result is 2 pi square root i.e. now we have to enter its value so equation 2 becomes mod of C pi into 2 pi square root which is equals to 1 over K so mod of C now you solve it further now we will take the value of pi or if we take the value of pi if we take the value of pi then what will happen 2 pi is under root 1 over 2 so when pi how many times it is multiplying then its power will be P by 2 from here because it comes to you 2 pi its power 1 by 2 so it is multiplying so it is the power of 2 pi P by 2 which is equals to 1 over K to find mod C on the value of mod C we need the value of mod C is equal to so C prime AC which is equals to identity and when we take its determinant which is equals to 1 now we have separated its determinant which is equals to 1 C prime C C determinant is square A as it is so C square which is equals to A what happened to you here see how we have brought it to equality A determinant so it will be divided from 1 we have brought the divide so it is multiplied we have brought the divide so C square which is equals to A determinant minus 1 so mod of C mod of C we have equal to A power minus 1 by 2 now minus 1 by 2 what you have taken its square root when we are taking its square root so it is minus 1 by 2 square term has been divided so we know that A inverse which is equals to sigma so mod of C mod of C its value is A which is equals to A inverse which is equals to sigma so A inverse see here it is inverse A inverse we have put value instead of A which is equals to 1 by 2 because it is minus it is minus plus so it is 1 by 2 as 1 over K which we have here 1 over K mod of C 2 pi this was the value now we have put value in this K is equal to mod of C 2 pi B by 2 okay so K now you have K is equal to here we have taken 2 pi minus B by 2 determinant of sigma minus 1 in this K's value in that PDF which we had a journal where we were entering K constant's value we have put its value there so final multivariate normal distribution we have this PDF 2 pi minus B by 2 sigma determinant minus 1 by 2 exponential of this value


ASU Cardona State Chapter has joined their counterparts across the world to celebrate 2022 World Teachers' Day by calling on both federal and state governments to provide an enabling environment for education to thrive in the country. The same investment on education in any nation is a bedrock for growth and national development of the country for the future generations. Plus, TV News correspondent Habila Dorovai filed in this report as presented in our October is set aside annually to celebrate teachers and honoree a rogue effort in the lives of students around the world. The theme of these years' Teachers' Day is transformation of education begins with teachers. Speaking in Cardona, the state chairman of ASU, Comrade Ishaia Daouda, says there is need to provide good learning environment for students as well as welfare packages for teachers to boost their morale to impact on the students. The union is the government to ensure prime payment of retiree benefits to our retirees in order to ease hardship. To facilitate the promotion of our members, whose promotion has been delayed since the year 2020 to date. Regular promotions for our members who are due for promotions will restore hope for our members and enhance industrial harmony leading to better studies. However, the union wish to appeal to the president administration to further introduce policies and programs that will cushion the inflationary rate of the 30,000 million dollars. Daouda added that insecurity, mandatory, threatening corporate existence of schools and the state, and the entire nation is a setback on education. On security, the union is fully aware of the insecurity that is presented in the corporate existence of Cardona state citizens in the entire state, especially our schools. We are equally aware of efforts being made by the state government towards the recruitment of Cardona state vigilante services to secure our secondary schools. The union wish to sincerely recommend the state government for securing our secondary schools with a security outfit that is protecting both teachers and lands together with the school infrastructure. This measure is yielding better results through the provision of conducive atmosphere for both teachers and landers. They lamented the high numbers of kidnapped teachers and students in the state while appealing to government at all levels to intensify effort at tackling insecurity to save the educational system from collapsing and ensure lives and properties of citizens are protected. Ten of our members have been killed in the hands of kidnapped persons and then more than 50 have been kidnapped in Cardona state. So if our schools are not secured, the issue of this very out of school children cannot actually work in Cardona state. But once the schools are secured, you know, everybody will be able to go and teach and then the students, parents will also like to release their students for land. The world teaches they are celebrated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO with United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF International Liberal Organization ILO and Education International. It was adopted in 1966 and since 1994 UNESCO has recognized October 5th as World Teachers Day in observance of the adoption of a recommendation regarding the status of teachers on that day. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hello and welcome to episode 13 of the Daily Decrypt. Today, Bitcoin is $267, Dash is $2.34, BitShares is 40% of 1 cent and Monero is 39 cents.  In cryptocurrency news, library.io is in its beta testing face. What is library.io? Its founders say it's what would happen if Bitcoin and BitTorrent had a baby, but I myself would add storage if storage Bitcoin and BitTorrent had a baby. I'm not sure I fully grasped it myself, so let me just describe it to you the way the website does. For example, Ernest wants to release his comedy horror film, Ernie Goes to Guantanamo Bay. His film is encrypted and sliced into many pieces. These pieces are then stored by library hosts, which I'm going to think of as a node. Ernest then reserves an easy to remember URI that points directly to his content. He then submits a description and a thumbnail for his film. And this metadata is stored by the miners. And finally, Hillary, who is a patron and wants to watch Ernest's movie, visits his URI and her library client, unscrambles and puts together the data making up his film. If Ernest has chosen to charge for the film, Hillary pays to get the decryption keys. If he hasn't, she gets it for free. Users and nodes are both paid by patrons accessing content. On an interesting side note, the founder of library, Jeremy Kaufman, was one of the main voices behind the push in New Hampshire to legalize Bitcoin for payment of taxes. In other cryptocurrency news, the Russian publication Forklog has decided to take their fundraising in an entirely new direction. After a traditional fundraising effort yielded mixed reviews earlier this year, Forklog has just issued their own assets on the NXT cryptocurrency. The Forklog asset has 1.3 million units, and within its first few hours for sale, over 300,000 NXT were traded for it. In further cryptocurrency news, reports continue to come forward from users of the online exchange, Cryptsy, that withdrawals are being prevented. A Bitcoin subreddit user reports that Cryptsy is holding 21 of his Bitcoins. Users beware. And in a bit of fun cryptocurrency news, I've just discovered a new channel called World Bitcoin Tour, in which a jet-setting young man has visited at least seven different regions and filmed the equivalent of music videos of himself visiting merchants and individuals who accept and use Bitcoin all around the world. Now to health news, TechCrunch reports that the genetics company 23andMe is back in business. The company became immensely popular years back for helping people identify their genetics and their inherited traits through simple mail-in DNA samples. So popular, in fact, that the U.S. government forbid 23andMe from continuing to perform this most popular service. In more health news, CNN reports on a similar story as we reported on yesterday. A hospital in Miami used a 3D printer to print out a model of a four-year-old's defective heart. They used this model to develop and practice a surgery that they would do on her. The surgery was successful, and the four-year-old's life has been saved. In security news, the website cibrary.it is offering a free online social engineering and manipulation training class. This class is designed to teach people to protect themselves from hacking as they believe that 90% of hacking is the human and not the machine element. The hacker news reports that the class will better help you prepare yourself for defense against social engineering attacks as well as to ethically use these skills for your own intelligence gathering. And in gadgetry news, today is back to the future day, exactly 30 years after Marty McFly and Doc set their DeLorean to visit October 21st, 2015. Respondingly, tinkerers at Stanford have demonstrated this self-driving DeLorean that's been programmed to drift. Why program a self-driving car to drift? The tinkerers claim that any self-driving car ought to be able to perform maneuvers to get it out of harm's way. And to celebrate the holiday further, Magner, the Bitcoin bank, has tweeted this image. And that has been your Daily Decrypt. Give this video a thumbs up if you enjoyed it. Leave a comment if you feel like telling me something. And certainly share it around with your friends.


Okay, yeah answer before friend of Fussier reaction, okay, so what is the problem? As r tends to 0, V by f equal to r plus 1, integral xa f, this is the first one you have to write it correctly, okay, then you have to show as r equal to 0, this goes to P f right, straight forward, right, V by F not equal to 0 to XA dXA by minus rA, okay, good. So as r tends to infinity M f r, okay. So within the time given there is one of the simplest derivations what you can have here is using the physical concept. Then divide by r, why should I divide by r? By the by divide by r means where do I divide? Which one I divide by r? Which denominator? You cannot do that. This you cannot take it to infinity, okay. That will not happen. So the simplest concept is that when r equal to infinity what is rate throughout? Rate, rate, same, okay. That means is it constant? Throughout the reactor, correct, no? So when it is constant you pull out that. Here V by F not equal to r by r plus 1 divided by minus rA. Now integrate, what is that to be integrated? This is r by r plus 1 XA F, XA F dXA. So dXA equal to XA, right? Yeah, so now this will be r plus 1 by minus rA. Yeah, so when I, this is XA. So these two, why not, why not? That is what I am asking. Yeah, you have to integrate if it is changing with conversion, changing inside the reactor. It is not changing. It is throughout the rate because that is, you know, in ideal CSTR you have only one rate, right? So that rate is constant in a plug flow reactor where you have r equal to infinity. I mean this what I also explained to you when we were discussing about recycle ratio equal to infinity. So r everywhere is same. That is why throughout the reactor you have one rate which means it is MFR. Now mathematical also you can prove that. So now if I write this V by F not, r plus 1 by minus rA. This is substituting lower limit upper limit XAF minus r by r plus 1 XAF. Yeah, how much is that? This is XAF by minus r. So what is the equation now? V by F not equal to XAF by minus r. So that is what is MFR equation. This is wonderful. Again this is wonderful, okay. Because this is what is the physics we have discussed when we are really talking about recycle reactor when r equal to infinity means what, okay?  Same thing there. I think you know you are not, there must be outlet. There is outlet here by drop by drop for the recycle reactor where I have infinite r, okay. Only small amount, 1 ML is taken out. I also gave that example. 10 meter cubic is recycle. That means throughout the reactor I have almost same rate. So that is why you can take it out and then do it. This is wonderful problem. And you know the Mark's Allotment, for the first one it is 0. And for the other one it is, yeah, people will laugh at us if I ask you to put r equal to 0 here, r equal to 0 there and you want me, you know M Tech, MS, PhD, okay. Minus LKG also will do that. That is memory. That is there already in hard disk. You are not doing anything. You are not doing anything else. It is there hard disk, okay. So that is why, yeah, I think Mark's cannot be simply equally divided, I say. It cannot be equally divided. Or do not have, they could not come here without hard disk. Maybe you know megabytes maybe are storing place be less or more, okay. For that you have not made on your own, I say. Only God made it and then gave it to you, okay. Good. So that is what? What is no? There is no 5 there. If at all I give it will be 1, 9. That is all. It is 1 Mark and 9 Marks. For remembrance, okay. 5, 5 is too much. 2 otherwise 2, that is all. 2 or 8. 2 or 8. No, no, I think you know, you see, I mean people will really love it as I say. When you want to substitute here 0 and 0 and say that you give me Marks. You give me Marks. Okay, anyway, Marks does not matter. So I am going to conduct many. So now this you may write off, okay. You have not got sufficient Marks here, okay. So then we will see at the end, you know how you can see the Marks. Marks is not the criteria. But you see again once more I want to remind you the beautiful concept. Now we do not forget so easily, right? At this point of time you do not forget now so easily about this proof why recycle reactor R equal to infinity is a mixed reactor. When you can turn? You are not very happy, 5 Marks you want. Okay, Marks you will see later. Good. So we will come to now this kind of reaction, okay. So now tell me, this one the other day also we have written here.  This one you could not see. Oh, okay. So you know the answer now? Okay, good. You know only know. That is all. You know surprisingly what I did earlier was yesterday I gave one exam and gave the solution and next day morning again same thing repeated, same question paper, okay. Yeah, still I think only 4-5 people out of again may be at that time 60 were not there may be 45 or something was there. Only 45 wrote that. That is what is the use of odd disk, okay. Yeah, because not able to store that but also not able to store that. So that is why I try all tricks you know to make you think and then to make you remember. Remembering also is important, okay. At least main concepts not everything, main concepts, okay. So now you tell me what is the real problem here? Why this reaction should be discussed at all? What is the conflict? So you think and then tell me. Avinash, what is the conflict in this equation? May be how you have to discuss that equation as a great equation? Formation. R is the desired one. That round is desired one. There is parallel and series. So there is a contradiction sir. So the problem is easily solved now because you have a room. When you have a second order and first order what is the room? And they are parallel or series? Both sir. Because A. Because A. Because A. Because A. Because A. Because A. Because A. Because A. Because parallel with respect to A. A no. Yeah. So parallel with respect to A. Then what is the rule? And one is first order, one is second order. See A is going to R and A plus B or 2A is going to T. Yeah what is the rule? You have to keep high concentrations or you have to keep low concentrations? No. That you remember. Good. That is excellent. Right. So you have to keep, because R is desired one, that is lower order, you have to keep the concentration as low as possible. Then which reactor is better for us? C S T R or M F R. Then what is the conflict in the second one? I think is there any conflict now? So happily I can use M F R and then go to sleep. Yeah again R is going to, yes. But our idea is to maximize R. So then what is the conflict now? No, no, no. Let us just assume first isothermal. So what is the conflict now? You have solved that parallel conflict. Is there any other conflict now? If you want to increase R you have to increase A but if you increase A the second parallel will increase. Yeah why you should increase here if you want to increase R? Because to increase we have to, more A should react. No why should I increase R? A for R. What is the problem? Your answer is right but explanation is not beginning. Please think, please think, please think, please think. You are only asking marks. There will always be a change in the composition of R. It is like when you, it is not constant when you have a continuous change in the composition of R. Then what is the conflict? I mean what is that? Is there any conflict or happily I can now take M F R and then go to sleep. What is the other conflict? Is there any conflict as of first of all? I am not saying there is conflict. I am only just trying to think you, I mean make you think. R in R. Why, why, why, why give me the reason. R in R. Different compositions are there. Different positions are there? Different compositions. For what reactions? Yeah. That is the one. That point only I just want to get from you. The first one is A going to R, R going to S, R is the desired product. So actually it will tell me that use P of R. You have to keep the concentrations as high as possible. That is why use P of R. Now there is a side reaction for that A and then it is higher order than the other you know the main series reaction. It is a parallel reaction. Now this fellow says that no, no, no, do not go to P of R, go to plug flow, sorry, mixture flow to keep the concentrations as low as possible. Right, now there is a conflict. Which one is the better one?  That means now you can extend your thinking a little bit. You have one extreme P of R, another extreme M F R, right. But may be somewhere in between you have controlled mixing. Controlled mixing means R equal to 1. You have some kind of control over mixing. Right, R equal to 10. You may have some kind of mixing. That is the reason why this kind of reactions wherever we have the conflict between one says that use plug flow, the other says that use mixing flow. But in between there may be some conditions where recycle react is the best. And also unfortunately we cannot make it as a rule. Even this statement, use always R, recycle ratio for this kind of reaction is not a rule, because it cannot satisfy. Right, so that is why only straightforward reactions like A going to R, R going to S, S. I have to use plug flow reactor, high concentrations. Otherwise if I have two parallel reactions without R, I mean without R going to S. I have only A and A plus big going to T. That means I have no parallel reactions. One is second order. Another one is first order. I know the rule clearly. But when you combine these, you have the conflict, okay. The first reaction says that you can go to P of R. Second reaction says that no, no, no, M F R is better. Because that means you have to also suppress this. Then only you will have more formation of R. And then you have to also see how do you suppress this next. Right, so but in general if I do not have this, this will give me maximum. Okay, if I have only series reaction. So now you can see the recycle reactor is also useful in such cases where there is a conflict and if you do not know which reactor to be used because this says mixed flow, the bottom one parallel. That series alone if you take P of R. And somewhere in between probably you have to use that also depends on K 1 value, K 2 value, K 3 value. That also depends on K 1, K 2, K 3 value. Why it depends? This I think a little bit of more thinking, you know, deeper. You have to scratch. You know like that Inception movie, first dream and dream within the dream. Then dream again within the dream, third layer. So now you only scratch with the first layer. Now scratch with the second layer. The third layer. What is that? For example even though it is a second order reaction its rate constant will be very small. Yeah that is what. I think you know that is why it depends on K values. Now you can just imagine. Like I say that I have K 1 equal to 100. And whereas K 2 equal to K 3 equal to 0.01. Which reactor is the best? Obviously P f 1. Right? But on the other hand if I have K 1 is 0.1 and K 3 is 100. You see, you know you should not think that that is going to totally revolutionize the you know yield. No, the overall will be definitely much much less. But within that you will get more of R. That is why someone has these doubts. I think after the class some people are asking me sir by maintaining this alone how do you get more? No, within that the overall rate forms, falls. Definitely if I do not use plug flow A going to R, R going to S and then if I use mixed flow the overall yield definitely falls. But within that again if I am able to maintain concentration of A as low as possible that is mixed flow reactor then I will have definitely more R when compared to T. T formation I have to suppress. So that is why the conflict in all these reactions is this particular one. That means which reactor is the best one? Only one reactor or many reactors? How do you do that? You have to write the equations you have to solve them and you have to write equations in two fashions like one is design equation like this other one is time independent equations. What are time independent equations? What you have done the what you have done many times till now? Like for example DCR by DCA or DCR by DCA or DCR by DCS just for comparison I am just telling you but most of the time DCR by DCA can be used because when you are talking about yield so those are time independent equations but still they are differential equations so you have to use and you have to be expert in learning in the solutions of differential equations now let us write the differential equation for this and then see what will happen we are not giving the final solution but I think only few tips for you so that you know I just want to pose because we have many things to do I cannot alone spend time on this alone but I have to expose you to those problems at least and simple problems I can always give in the examination because all the time I have to blackmail you with the exam otherwise immediately you delete all the fines regarding multiple reactions so that is why I think our deletion activity is very very fast the moment you know that this is not coming the examination simply switch off the that part of the brain so that is why I have to expose you to some equations where I think the overall problem that is what we say in MSPHD and also MTech and all that when you are doing project if you understand what is the problem you have to solve 50 percent is already solved most of us do not know what is the problem to be solved first that clarity is not there the moment you have the clarity in this particular problem I want to only look at this point that means you have the clarity what you are exactly you know that is not that easy to find out which point you are going to concentrate it is not that easy the way I am telling you you should have tremendous amount of background information on that particular problem definition then only you will know what is missing what is not missing and what is that you have to do very very clearly because all of you are going to do project that is why I am always trying to tell whenever there is an opportunity you understood no I think particularly the PHD scholars MS scholars who have been given already the problem did you understand your problem first the moment you understand your problem you got 50 percent of the solution it is very easy now to take it when compared to not knowing the problem at all and my experience with many faculty many students in this institute as dean academic research is that because those people who are taking more time more time you know like I am not telling everyone there may be special cases like you know the problem but still you cannot do because problem itself is very very difficult one it is not easy to solve right but in most of the time when I talk to the students the problem they tell me sir I do not believe the student 100 percent that also is there because guide also would have given very clear problem but this fellow would have not understood because human mind you know they never think twice to lie to escape some situation that is our defense mechanism okay our defense mechanism to escape for life is either lie or run or jump whatever you want to you have to do it so here life and death question when dean asks why you are taking more time then blame someone not blame yourself if you blame yourself only you are starting thinking about your problem because who is you know even here examinations also you write the examination if you are not doing well who is the first one to be blamed the teacher question paper yeah question paper and god for the god who created this question paper is teacher so that is why I think teacher is blamed okay but on the top of on the other hand you just think on your own okay what did I do yesterday okay how much I have prepared right in any subject yeah then blame goes to you and that will improve for some people for some people again you know for some other people okay I think okay I have not prepared well but I have not prepared well because in my family there is a problem okay my friend is not well and yesterday my friend's girlfriend did not call him he is worried okay you know I saw a paper I think you know yesterday yesterday paper there was a suicide because the girlfriend did not call this boy and then he hanged himself somewhere I think Kanpur or somewhere I think that not IET but some other place okay yeah I read yesterday yesterday or before yesterday you know in the paper so that kind of stupid reasons always you can find out okay so that is why all these things I have to tell you also whenever there is an opportunity to change your mind I tell you teaching is not only just making you understand the subject what you are teaching changing the mind also is teaching that is much more important if you are able to tweak at that point you know mind adhere that is why I told you if I become Leonardo DiCroppi I would like to enter all your brains inception okay so I am not possible for me right now otherwise if I am matrix hero Neo then put CDs in every one CRE CD inside your brain load CRE okay so but there is not possible now so there now at present on this planet only way to learn subject is hard work sweat always sweat that is what you know the famous Edison quotation yah anyone else you know that quotation how much I know Edison quotation thousand ways of there is another one equivalent one no none of you know that am I really what you can tell one percent inspiration one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration perspiration means what sweating that is what I am doing right now okay yah that is what you know work they know the inspiration and also concept is very small but to understand that you have to work work work work work okay now let us write this equation okay so now yah minus r a how do I write minus r a equal to d c a by d t again minus is there catch me if I am making mistakes yah it is forming in both the yah it is decomposing a minus r a yah you see temporarily you went out of your mind know out of class not mind yah just looking at that tell me now k 1 c a plus k c a c a square because it is second order reaction okay now r r this also of course I can write here minus okay let me okay r r k 1 c a reaction okay k 1 no d c r d c r by d t equal to k 1 c a minus k 2 c r okay of course c s also I can write but let us correct no it is normal series reaction I said that is why you know when you have too much information also you get confused that is what exactly Google is doing us right yah one click one million 25 in one second all those sites will come now you try to find out in one million sites what is there okay margaya I think you know that is why too much information so confused right so that is why I told you know remember that centipede yah that is what what you are doing that is what what you are doing when you are opening Google also because so many sites you do not know what to do with them okay good okay so now I think these two are just sufficient for us now let me write d c r by minus d c a equal to yah I think I am writing the final equation but only thing is you have to divide one by the other and adjust divide and if there is a common factor you can remove that means for example when I am dividing yah d c r by okay let me write the first step k 1 c a minus k 2 c r divided by k 1 c a plus k 3 c a square okay so this also can be written as two terms that is k 1 c a k 3 c a square minus k 2 c r k 1 c a plus k 3 c a square so here all I am telling common thing you can cancel out right so now you will have here k 1 k 2 c a now this equation this is 1 2 3 4 this equation can be written as d c r by d c d c a yah minus is there minus equal to 1 by 1 plus alpha 1 c a by c a not minus um alpha 2 c r by c a not divided by okay c a by c a not 1 plus alpha 1 c a by c a not you can try this I think you know this is only just algebraic jugglery where alpha 1 is no alpha 1 is k 3 c a not by k 1 right and alpha 2 is this you can guess k 2 by k 1 now the greatness of fanda fusay at that time in 64 happened because you could solve this problem this is a differential equation we made this one into a dimensionless groups this is a dimensionless group because k 3 is a second order constant right k 3 and you know the I mean units units is concentration inverse multiplied by concentration and time inverse this is also time inverse both will get cancelled first order so that is why it is a dimensionless this is also k 1 k 2 both are first order both are inverse time so it is only homogeneous reactions constant density quantities and this is the differential equation which you have to solve and the solutions are given in this journal and there are also some more solutions by our carberry I am saying our carberry as if he is our grandfather may be true so he also he and his student I think his PhD student Gilles P and carberry in fact I have to also give the initials but anyway I think Gilles P and carberry this also is CES now I think you know I do not have to write CES separately CES means chemical engineering science this language also you have to use because I think there is a new article in CES you have to tell so the moment I think if I hear that kind of discussion in our department I will be really very happy first of all you know what is the meaning of CES also I know that you have seen that latest journal and now you are informing your friends but how many of you have seen CES journal see no very good how many of you read out of that seeing is reading seeing is different and reading you have done what for you have done some article from nanofluid okay good so CES and no no no I have to believe by the way why are they laughing they were not good no so 21 is the volume 472 is page number this is how we write 1966 okay so they have produced some graphs actually phantofluid solved this problem for only the two extremes like I think recycle reactor he has not attempted but he has only told that under what conditions plug flow is better under what conditions mixed flow is better okay that is phantofluid contribution but later these people have told that okay now because there is a conflict between two extremes intermediate mixing may be better now you see the actual use of recycle reactor is only to control mixing not to increase conversion that is the first answer which you gave earlier forget about that delete that file okay that particular file where you have stored the information that you know recycle reactor is always used for high conversions no it is not used for high conversions you will never get high conversions right but high yields you can get high conversion means we are comparing two ideal reactors okay yeah so that is why you have to now remember that recycle is you used to increase the yield in case of complicated reactions and what is the other use to control the temperature if it is highly exothermic reaction you know again even though many times I found common sense is not common it is really uncommon okay but we will say very simply oh common sense and also we also use another word oh it is very obvious so what I found is after 60 years of my life is that obvious is not obvious common sense is not common that is why I repeat many many simple things many simple things okay so that is the reason why I think I also repeat many times good so what these people have done was they used recycle reactor and then showed that under some conditions recycle ratio is very good okay recycle reactor is very good those things I will just try to plot the very complicated equations are there and you know this all chemical engineering science papers journals we have online in IIT Madras so that is why you do not have to go anywhere no physical movement sit in your room click science direct go to chemical engineering science see those numbers you will see those papers okay whether you read it or not just go through and then appreciate the kind of mathematics that are involved okay then if you are interested automatically you will try to solve okay so now what we what they plotted here was this is from Carberry CA0 CA by CA0 most of the multiple reaction graphs will be something like that not tau in reactor design you have K tau or K1 tau or you know that kind of things right or if it is second order K tau CA0 that is the term column number but most of these multiple reactions you have this kind of graphs where this is the desired product this is conversion right 1 minus 1 minus conversion okay good so I will just give examples like I mean two cases where alpha 1 equal to 005 and alpha 2 is 0.5 there are many graphs but I have chosen one graph two graphs for you just to compare so this is also same thing CR by CA0 CA by CA0 and here alpha 1 equal to how much yeah 10 here alpha 2 equal to 1 good so now oh my god time okay so this is varying between 0 to 1 may be 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 this is 0.2 0.4 0.6, 0.8 so here also I have this is the advantage of using dimensionless numbers 0 to 1 here 0 to 1 here 0.4 0.6 0.8 and 1 conversion varies from 0 to 1 anyway yeah but here the graph which I want to show here is that this is PFR and very near to that there is another line R equal to 0.1 then afterwards we have may not be exactly to scale but anyway to illustrate the point it is okay MFR and I have another line here where R equal to R equal to 20 excellent so now another one I just want to draw here so I have MFR line here also I have to put 0 to actually I want to show here CR by CA0 this is 0.1 this is 0.2 maximum here atleast I could go to 0.6 and here it is only maximum 0.1 and 0.2 but your graph will be only in between this so here if I take alone MFR it will be approximately something like this okay this is MFR no no no let me write later okay MFR if I have ideal PFR you will have like this this is PFR if I have recycle ratio of 1.5 you will be somewhere in between goes maximum here and then takes a turn so this is R equal to 1.5 draw that good okay thereby what do you predict from these two graphs nothing no I think graphs you can predict here really a lot so that means unless you understand this graph means when you are drawing this graph you have chosen these two alpha 1 because those are the parameters okay those are the parameters alpha 1 equal to 005 what is alpha 1 K3 that means what T and design ya that means you know parallel reaction is there but by K3 CA0 by K1 is it small one K3 or is it larger one small one so that means what is the rule because that is ignorable for example PFR now you see when I have PFR PFR giving me maximum then next one what is R equal to 0.1 very near to PFR very near to PFR so that is why it is almost yield also like PFR yield and then definitely we are going to get low MFR yields because rule says that use high concentration but MFR uses low concentrations so yield reduces definitely and also you can see the yield is only around 0.3, 0.4 here and whereas here it is 0.6 that is what is the meaning of maintaining low concentrations high concentrations okay always you cannot get 90 percent yield every day but whatever yield you get using this rules you will have more of the desired product the overall yield itself may be 5 percent out of that 5 percent you may get 4 percent as a desired one the another 1 percent may be only undesired one okay so that is what is the meaning of that okay good so this is very clear because rule says me tells me that you have the A going to R R going to S series PFR is the best and this follows as it is all that he has shown in this paper right good so now the other one is here alpha 1 equal to 10 and alpha 2 equal to 1 what is the meaning now that means the side reaction unwanted reaction has more rate that means more K3 okay so what is our rule says use CSTR we have used CSTR but that is why it is giving more yield see the overall yield itself is reduced it may be around 0.1 if I take here and this also is conversion this is actually 1 minus XA so at this point I may have 60 percent conversion at 60 percent because please remember 60 percent will not be here I am plotting 1 minus XA 60 percent conversion maximum yield itself is 0.1 that kind of high rates so the overall yield is suppressed a little bit but out of that if you look again MFR gives me 0.1 and which is PFR this takes a turn here this crosses actually this also I have to write R equal to 1.5 okay good so PFR gives only till here PFR there is no use that means only at low conversions if you use definitely PFR will give you more conversion here less conversions because you are starting here X equal to 1 here and X equal to 0 here no no no the other way 1 minus X I am talking so that is the reason why at low conversions if you go that means high CA by CA not values PFR will give you definitely more yield so now you have to choose is it better to go for that kind of low yields that means low conversions low conversions and then use PFR and then use a separate mass transfer equipment to again increase the concentration of the product which you want see how many open ended problems are there in chemical engineering and unfortunately these are not only reactions they are like this thousands of reactions are there multiple reactions so every time you have to go to the corresponding reaction find out the basic rules if they are not following then you have to choose writing these equations then solving them and finally plotting and then deciding which react is the best and if I want only conversion between this and this recycle ratio is the best if I am maintaining my conversion only between this recycle react will give me the highest yield now how do we decide that which one is better which one is better how do we decide is only by economic analysis at the end okay now okay I will take this conversion is only 20% now I use mass transfer equipment and what is the cost for mass transfer equipment what is the cost for this 20% conversion what is the overall cost whether I am making profit or not the other one what I said attainable region I have been telling you attainable region there is a website I told south africa south african website so what they did was what is the maximum attainable maximum attainable region is they take for example all this and then they take this and then from here they take this okay that is the one that means till here it is MFR which is giving this is what is the maximum attainable region so till this concentration if I am able to maintain MFR I will get maximum then beyond that I should be able to maintain recycle ratio then I will take PFR so that is the maximum attainable region it is not that simple the way I told you but you know there are some rules how to follow you know depending on its gradient and all that there are many things but this is the simplest one which I can give you what do you mean by that attainable region what is the attainable region that is what is the attainable region so beyond this for example here you can never get anything here also you can never get anything okay anything means yield wise I am telling okay tomorrow I will start temperatures effects


Me me me me me me me happy birthday vlog Thursday. Hey, it's Tracy's birthday. My wife's birthday. Hi, honey So he's got to be nice to his wife. Yeah, I have to it's one well two days a year Her birthday and our anniversary and then that's it own thing. Yeah, I don't know after that. I'm a total jerk Yep, Marvin could go back to doing Marvin things Just got to get through the next few hours next few hours And sometimes we we our wives may watch this. We're not sure but they may yeah She usually does it may not be like today So I might get like a week out of it, but you know, she'll watch it and I'll know because I'll hear her yell from the office Yeah, something like that She'll say you're a jerk all the time That was my impression of my wife so All the time Oh, that's all right Hi everyone And so lots of projects like always now we say that but you know, that's true. We got a lot going on which is awesome We did a we did that quick vlog Tuesday because I was just like it I just want to share sometimes like what's going on I'm trying to figure out better ways to do it because people I think are curious and and Tom gets bored. Well, no So let's let's roll back to some topic we were talking about and I was reading this and it was interesting Me because it completely makes sense and Marvin's gonna go. Yep. That makes sense They were talking about how people with ADD or whatever is we are and I say we are not that I have any diagnosis I just love everything going on around me. I like a little bit of chaos and I'm very random I'm not a doctor, but Tom you have ADHD But this is one of the reasons why people diagnosed with that are often prescribed stimulants It's because it's a lack of activity in the brain So you're trying to make all the activity go around and I'm like, you know That makes a lot sense because I'm always trying to have everything going on and like I have all these things going around me And I'm like wait a minute I didn't post a video in a few days because I got those doing other things So then I'm like, let's just post a video real quick And then I found time yesterday because I finished all my projects and I posted two more videos Yeah, I posted two. I don't know. I posted more videos And so I didn't think I'd have time to do it before today, but I got it done No, I posted one on invoicing. I did video and invoicing that's what I did. Yes You know probably why I was supposed to do invoicing Marvin's probably going Tom was probably supposed to be doing invoicing Yeah, but instead he made a video on invoicing. Yeah, pretty sure I got a slack message that said such and such is invoicable So is this one? That was this morning. I did the invoicing video yesterday. I was supposed to do the invoicing yesterday I didn't because that's the thing that's what I'm doing today. Yeah This guy's gonna do some invoicing. Yay. That's an important aspect in business. It totally is and I'll watch the video to make sure I'm doing it correctly Yes, it's because of my simplicity and invoicing and I wanted to talk about that because we've we've discussed before and We we want to bid against another IT company and one of the complaints was we don't know what they're trying to charge us for And I looked at it and I'm like really they they just decided to line item every single little thing Including every single individual wall plate. They were charging them for not that we are not charging you for wall plates We're just not creating a two-page bid to put in 15 wires And I one of the invoices I demoed was when we sold a hundred and twenty two drops in This company had individually and this was not a big project, but they had so much on the bill They created like a confusion for the client going. I don't I don't really understand like you're you have this Short paragraph that you're gonna do this and they have this long thing now And that's where I divide up scope of work versus invoice scope of work all the details that matter to IT people Invoice signed off by someone in management that just wants to know that this thing was done And it's okay to pay the bill and good. I'm clear. It says you installed a hundred and twenty two new drops in her office I don't need to know exactly how many of them had mud rings how many of them had You know a two connector three connector four wall plate one ball plate two gang three gang and how many blanks were used Yes, they counted they would use a four whole plate and then counted the extra little individual blanks They would put in because only three drops necessary Yeah, so you created this confusion and it wasn't one of the things As we were very Similar in price me and the other IT company, but they just didn't get the best impression from dealing with them They seemed overly complicated and we try to keep things very very simple. You're paying us for a service We make sure you just understand the value of the service and then we put that in simple means what we do is very Complicated in IT. It's a very complicated space. There are many moving parts to it, you know But when I installed we just installed three VPNs for a client For all the different locations basically they have a head end and then they have satellite locations And then they have what referred to as a road warriors, which are gonna be their sales guys on the road It really simply says installed VPN firewall with PF sense It's a very basic invoice for a lot of money.  They don't really care No, yeah, you care. No, maybe they're tech guy cares. Yes, but I really like the business owner because he He's like here's one of the guys was asking me some tech questions that works there because he's on the side He likes technology stuff and he owner had walked in behind he goes oh man VPNs love those good VPNs with all that security thingies and stuff with them No, he's not he doesn't like he likes technology as it serves him his purpose He does not care what brand we install. He does not he goes Thomas is secure. All right I approved the project here. You go go ahead and install it. That's he goes. I trust you'll secure it. Yep. Okay, cool Implement it for me. There you go. That's we've actually get along great with him as a client. He's been using our services for 11 years, I think 11 or 12 we I met him early on in business. I've known that company for a while and Smart business guy. He's actually bought several companies. So now it's kind of funny through one guy We now service for companies, but it's all his companies. So they're not really for different companies. Yeah, yeah They all have different names. They're in different categories. He's just a really good smart business guy Diversify man. I'm more of a tech guy who learned some business But it's working it's working quite well We are debating about slack now I don't mind paying for products and I'm using if they're worth it and we're using a free version of slack But we want some more features and I just think it gets pricey like they might want me to go for these features To spend quite a bit more and I'm kind of like oh, I love open-source software. So what are some open-source alternatives?  I don't know. I'll probably put the link right here Because whatever it is. I think it's matter them There's an open-source copy of slack that we're gonna look at we and even they're hosted Prices is really reasonable. I just think for the number of team members and what we use slack for which is primarily memes Food discussion. Yeah, and how we handle clients. Yeah. Yeah, you'll get a post of you know Hey, did you do this thing at this place? Yes. Hey, look at this meme. Look at that meme Hey, Tom when you come back grab this from grab lunch here. Yeah Hey look what somebody said Slack for us is what in because we treat people You know, I would how we word that I would say we we treat people like people not like treat people like humans Not like tickets. Yeah, you're not you're not a ticket number You're not a ticket number and so people ask what's your ticketing system? I'm like, we don't assign exact ticket numbers for it We put things in a project. Our ticketing system is try not to speed and get one Yes, that's your ticketing system, but it doesn't work. We still get them. Yeah I mean, there's code IDs when there's projects So there's there are things that have be done for larger scale projects And how they're coordinated matter of fact when there was a large scale project that will often get its own slack channel to discuss that particular project and the Details of it, but just assigning every time someone has a problem We don't assign it a ticket number in a traditional way If it's a larger can't be fixed immediately thing it may go on our project management list Which is really a Google Sheets thing which you've been slowly enhancing And then from the Google Sheets stuff most of the problems though are like, oh, no I broke outlook. We had someone who broke outlook again with 30,000 spam emails It was a misconfigured We've been trying to talk them in and getting off of the hosting It's really crap-tastic that they have because it doesn't have proper filtering and things like that Which is what led to 30,000 of the same email It's just bombarding and being allowed to get into their inbox and outlook crash because it couldn't handle all those emails At once and trying to filter them so we had to go in the back end and filter it But that was an actually easier fix. It wasn't really a project It was just log into the back end of the system match this and delete So those things come in they come to our support email and then we throw them in slack and say hey So-and-so at such-and-such company needs this done and whoever's available will just jump on it Go I got it and take care of it. So we know it's being taken care of Whoever said that is going to be the one champion the project You know mini project ticket if you will but the customers like it because we reply to them right away The person who's going to be doing will reply to the email So when you send support it gets to all of us that someone will tackle it We mentioned in slack who's going to tackle the project and that's actually where our slack integration is getting a little bit confusing as we're getting Is just got a slack message right now. Yeah, cool But the what the goal is to have it come right into a support box on slack and it slack wants money for that And it's the only feature that we really want to use that's a paid feature But it would actually get kind of pricey for all of our team members We got eight people in there eight or nine and if we all paid I think it's seven dollars a month That's cost more than G-suite that we're paying for we don't says I don't mind paying for things But that just seems like a lot just to have the email. So we're looking at other Alternatives to slack 56 bucks a month to send memes to each other is not yeah We don't need any archiving features. We never put passwords in slack or anything overly detailed occasion We throw a phone number and they were probably the most personal information like hey call So and so this is the number and extension to reach them at you know, because they're having a problem with something but there's not a We can't really find a compelling reason to pay for slack. You know, I don't mind Yeah, so we're looking at open source alternatives and even the open source alternative They actually have a hosted option a I think it's like dollar fifty a month or dollar twenty-five a month per person Which is fine. I mean that's cool for hosting and it's more for this coffee. That's more for this coffee You know if we use in slacks an awesome product and if you use all the features I have friends that have tons of integration level things. They've done which is great We just don't plan on integrating all those things in the slack for us But it's something we think about a lot is you know process flow making sure customers are serviced which Leads me to one of the things I've done as a business owner is very focused on customer service Because I care much more about my reputation than speed at which I expand this company. That's One begets the other though. Yeah, you have a good reputation with your cup with your clients your company will expand your company Well, I because they'll tell other people hey these guys are great, right? So that is one of our brand reputation means so much to us and that's something we focus on a lot That's why we were so slow to instill slow to grow because I care about making sure everything is done at a perfectionist level Making sure everything inside flows really well and then we can service others You know, it's kind of like they'll joke the mechanics cars that we spoke I've seen that in a lot of the time it happens You see it companies they have some chaos going on inside their company and we try to be not those people everything runs We have a relaxed environment here and everything runs really smooth It's what allows us to have some free time to think as opposed to the high stress IT Where people are just hammering, you know and there's some of these guys that go as far as you know I know a lot of people in IT that work in this like do you have a boss that just yells at you because you didn't come up with it enough billable hours this month and Why'd you tell them they could fix it over the phone? You could have drove out there and build them for that in that kind of concept or other ones that go into the man of service Providing that don't service your clients even though they're getting a monthly fees to do so Which the last one we took over was such a disaster where you find out that they haven't done an update since 2015 was it? Oh, that was the backup company. Yeah. Oh backup. Yeah They were paying the company for backups and the last backup was in May of 2015. So And this was like a month ago. Yeah, we yeah, so not really like a couple weeks ago. So was it okay? Yeah Yeah, so yeah, yeah two years and two years We also I've been playing a lot with Zen server we were spinning the board around I've done some more deep diving into it So I'm getting ready to do a video on that. We'll probably migrate away from virtual box over to Zen I just I'm all those people that I have to understand things perfectly because it has to integrate into our business continuity process That's really important. So anything goes down. We make sure we have an easy path by which to recover it It's also good to know how these things work so that we know how to destroy them Because we're it seems like we've gotten a reputation for figuring out ways to blow things up not like well We'll literally blow things up But also just like, you know really like tax a server or whatever to like see how can we you know? How can we make this thing fail and like we're getting people sending us things now? They're like, hey, we're gonna send you one of our products Yeah, break it. They have a company reshot to us. It says, you know, you want to have some more fun with this I'm like, yeah, so we will I would do that and that's one of the things I'm going to do So we actually built I've got two different Zen boxes over here We're gonna migrate our system over to Zen that way we have several servers here And we're gonna play with the failover stuff So the video will be about the resilience of it and things like that so I want to go if I get into a product I want to make sure one I understand it very well But then if I do a video I want to make sure I'm sharing with you a deeper understanding of the product And why we like it and pros and cons We should build one of those big sandboxes the big Zen garden things to do. Oh, yeah I like that in the stones get the rakey rakey garden. So it's called. That's a Zen garden Zen garden. Yeah, it's not a rakey the rakey rakey is that oh is the massage thing with just massage stuff just energy you're just Yeah, I don't do that like if I pay you for massage and you just wave hands over me Yeah, I don't get angry. Yeah, if I don't I want yeah I want to I want to actually I want to feel worse coming out of the massage when I did going in Yeah, cuz I know the next day. I'm gonna feel wonderful Exactly. I want to be limping when I leave that massage I'm going to do some more videos on Network design. I think I think people have asked me about that and I There's planning that goes into it, of course and someone's like, how do you come up with this or how'd you do this? And I'm gonna talk a little more about that. I'm also muddled around with it. So with my Sunday morning Linux review, we have a lot of fun with all the news sections that come into it and So I may start because I produce a lot of show notes And there's a lot of work that all of us put into the Sunday morning Linux review and as co-hosts of putting these news items get I'm like, you know, I don't know that all of you are listeners and or would want to listen to the nice podcast I thought about taking those same Show notes and then just redoing a news rip of all the security topics and discussion around them So that might be something I start doing we record the way Sunday morning Linux review podcast goes we record Every week we have a release, but we actually record every two weeks So every two weeks is when you actually have the our news items So maybe I'll do it every two week security news thing because a lot of it has to do with open source and security news Which is so much going on So many things and I laugh because what we covered and published and the last Sunday morning Linux review We try to get up to the minute like we're doing show notes. I'm still adding to my show notes right before we go live and So we've covered all these news topics and published them on Sunday And I laugh because so many of them were big news items by Monday and Tuesday. I'm like, hey, we talked about that first I heard you're first folks. I heard you're first folks. So you need one of those drops.  Yeah So I mean I may take some of that and put some more news in there Because we cover a lot of topics on there and also related to the Sunday morning Lynch review is we got it It seems to be official now we can set talk about this. We are doing a Trip to Florida with me in there. Maybe maybe the floor is still there Assuming Florida's still there in a week or so. Brace for impact, Floridians. Yeah, right, because if the hurricane doesn't get you. We're coming. So is Microsoft coming too? Yeah, Microsoft and Tom. And Microsoft, so Microsoft flew the Sunday Morning Linux Review. Me and the co-hosts, we all flew out there to Seattle. And that was for us covering some Linux news on the Azure stack and got to interview people like Jeffrey Snover. And if you don't know who he is, amazing individual, he's the guy who actually invented PowerShell and wrote it and published all that. We are interviewing people at the top of the Azure team that are developing things. So it's been kind of fun. We actually have this Sunday, another podcast, Sunday or Monday. There's some clarification we have with Microsoft. They say, can you release it on Monday? We're like, well, you don't want to release things on Sunday. I got a reply to that email that came last night. The Sunday Morning Linux Review. The Sunday Morning Linux Review. We did another interview with the person who actually developed the Azure App Deployments. It's called Platform as a Service. It's an available feature right now in Azure if you're into cloud hosting and things like that. And it's actually a really clever system. And what we do, because we're Linux people in Microsoft, is we don't talk to each other. We've got some emails from our fans going, hey, you're selling out or whatever. And I'm like, no, no, no. One, we have our own strong opinions about Microsoft, but we are also covering only the aspects of Microsoft that are in related to open source. And this is where a lot of confusion comes in.  I'm like, honestly, when I'm talking to the guy who's in charge of developing the Azure thing, one, he's got no control over it. Off camera. Oh yeah, he's got an opinion. He thinks he shouldn't do it. But he's like, do I keep my giant engineering job looking for a Fortune 100 company developing the next generation of software and doing everything open source, which follows a common belief that he has and the way he thinks software is structured. Or does he be the guy I refuse to work for that company and I'm going to do nothing to try to change the culture. He actively is changing the culture in a company or trying to do it. It's a big ship that has a board of directors and billions of dollars. So there's not any way you can on a dime say, don't do that thing. It just doesn't. It's like turning an aircraft carrier. You can't just turn an aircraft carrier.  It takes like 40 miles to turn an aircraft carrier around. It's a fair assessment and you kind of want people in there that are for that change. Feel how you will about Microsoft. They've done a lot of wrong things. I don't agree with a lot of their philosophy. In Windows 10, well, I don't know.  If it just worked and it didn't randomly decide to crash, what would we do? If Outlook just didn't break randomly for no reason other than it's today, what would we do? Yeah, really. So thanks for that, Microsoft. Thanks, Microsoft, for creating that, which leads me to why we run Linux here because, well, I don't have time for that. Ain't nobody got time for that. No. That meme is dead. We don't even post that one no more and that's out of our selection. I don't think it is. I think we can bring it back. You can bring it back. I'm bringing it back. He's bringing it back. I am bringing it back. That's it. Every meme I post from now on is that. With that, we're going to bring it to the end. Let's do it. Let's go to work. We got work to do today. More stuff on updating that project sheet. Invoicing. Yeah. And maybe once we are clear on it, maybe we'll share with you. We don't mind sharing it. It's just that the process is not as clear as I want it to be. Share how we do the project management thing and the ticketing thing and how we're doing that different. At least I think different. Maybe a lot of people are doing it this way. But yeah, we do not have a signed ticket number. Your tick number, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. Yeah, that doesn't... But we're doing this small business support. So maybe that works for us. It doesn't work for you because you're doing... You have 200,000 users that you support and you need something to assign them tickets and go through a call center with hundreds of people. I guess that's how you do need a ticket system. But when you're a smaller IT company, I... Yeah. It's just easier. I don't want to get a number and then have to look up who was assigned to that number or whatever. Yes. Just tell me. And I had a meeting with some other IT company and it was funny because when I said that we treat people like people and not like tickets, they got aggravated. They guys said, you know, that's a great saying because I'm dealing with our internal ticketing right now. I just want to talk to a person. Like, we are our own call center. I can't just call them because I want something fixed anymore because we've become so big of a company. And he goes, it's so simple what I need done but I need someone to do it and open a ticket and then a ticket they can get addressed. And he goes, I've typed so much. I just... I'm like, come on. Just activate this feature on my... Yeah. Well, because the ticket thing too, like where I used to work, like you would... Like I would talk to somebody in the tech department. They would do the thing. They would fix it and then they would be like, hey, can you put a ticket in for that so that they could get the ticket. They'd already done the thing. Yeah. But they want to get the ticket so they can close the ticket so that there's... I was like, but you did the thing. I used you to put the ticket number in. I used to open a ticket. But you did the thing. Just open a ticket. All right. I think sometimes people concentrate too hard. You're trying to quantify every statistic in the company. And if you have people actively gaming the system and actively doing that, you need to look at the system and figure out, are those people just protesting or is there a reason for their behavior? They're going, hey, this system is just burdensome. It took longer for me to put in the ticket. Yeah. And for them to get it and to close it out, then it did for them to just do the thing. And I've heard this before with some of the different MSP platforms. Some of the management sales points are it gives you amazing insight sticks to your company and I always reach out to the technicians using it. I want to know, what do you think of this software?  One of them told me it was 72 clicks from the time a ticket comes in to the time he can close it. He goes, 72 clicks. He goes, then I have to rate this and rate that and do this. He goes, you just get to the point where you blindly click yes, yes, yes. I don't even know if I'm answering all right anymore. I just am trying to close it out and he goes, I spend so much time doing it I suddenly don't have as much time as I need to actually solve problems. I'll go back to one of the common problems we have. We have a client that we know the Outlook plugin. They have the same plugin across 17 different sales workstations that's part of their secure stack for doing these quotes. It's a little quote plugin. All just to do is uncheck it, recheck it. That fixes it. If we made them open a ticket each time, all they do is message us, hey, I'm getting that error. Some of them have watched us do it remotely and they can do it themselves now because they watch it. We send it. We met the message. We're like, okay, we're going to remote in. We remote in. We uncheck the box. You check the box. The thing goes exactly back to working. And we don't know what causes it to break because it breaks randomly on one of the 17 computers that have it maybe once a month. But if we understand that and we do want to track it, we don't know the catalyst for it and we may never know because there's always updates that come through for this particular software. But if we had to do a bunch of tickets, you would suddenly have this, I just want to check the box, but I got to have 72 clicks to close a ticket for them. First, we got to get them to put it in the ticket system. Then I have 72 clicks to get it out of the ticket system and it's only two clicks to actually fix the problem. No, it's 74 clicks. No, it's 74 clicks. So, yeah, yeah. It's all about reducing number of clicks but so providing good support. It's not humanly impossible to do. So, some of your hate and feedback on this topic. Yeah, there you go. We're going to roll out and get back to work. And if Earl watches this, he said make sure we put the B on the outside. Yeah, absolutely. Yeah, I got it. Earl's our local Big B. He is, yeah.  It was right here. Was it? Oh, was it? Okay. It's on this side. Oh, there it is. Oh, there it is. Okay. Yeah, we both had our Big B today. Mm-hmm. So, double B. Double B. Big Bs. See you next week. Happy birthday, babe. Okay, happy birthday to his wife. My wife.


Greetings, RISC-5 friends. So today we're going to talk a little bit about interrupts and CSRs. These are control and status registers and why exactly we need CSRs to handle interrupts. And it's going to be a shorter video than usual because I'm actually not yet done. It turns out that in formally verifying some of the exceptions that the machine should be able to handle, I encountered and uncovered more than a few bugs. So that's my fault, of course, but, you know, at least formal verification caught them. So that's what I've been working on. So unfortunately, it did require a little bit of extensive work. So I'm not actually at the point where I can present anything. But I just thought I would go over the background of what CSRs are and how RISC-5 handles things like exceptions and external interrupts or even internal interrupts. So we start with CSR and a CSR is a control and status register. And just like the words say, you can control certain aspects of the processor by flipping bits in a control and status register. And you can get the status of the machine simply by reading one of these registers and looking at the status bits.  So we have, let me choose another color here. So we have these four registers, which basically tell you what make and model you're running. So these would be pure status registers. It doesn't really make sense to write any of these registers. They don't control anything. They just tell you about the processor. So what vendor you're running, what architecture you're running, I guess what implementation you're running, what hardware thread you happen to be running on. And these include things like what extensions the processor supports. And the privilege here is called MRO. So in RISC-5, we have different privilege levels. We have the machine level, which is basically the lowest level that has access to anything and everything on the machine. That's why it's called the machine level. And then you have the supervisor level and the user level. And the supervisor level is sort of, I guess it's basically the operating system and the user level is a process running in the operating system. So because I'm not going to have any privilege levels except the machine level, we don't have to deal with supervisor or user levels. So the privilege is also MRO, which means machine read only. So you can't write the vendor ID. It doesn't make any sense. OK, now we can also see here that each CSR register is associated with a number. And the thing is that CSRs exist in kind of a separate address space. So you know that we have memory, we have registers, and now we have CSRs. So memory can be all of 32 bits, registers, there are 32 of them. And in terms of CSRs, there are 4,096 of them, which is basically 12 address bits. So they exist in a completely separate address space. So if you read CSR number F11, then you get back the vendor ID. Again, this isn't a memory location, it's a CSR. So of course, we're going to need separate CSR instructions to access that separate address space. And risk five gives you six CSR instructions. So the first one is CSR-RW, I mean CSR read and write. And the idea here is that the data that you want to write into the register is in RS1. And the data that you read from the register will be put into RD. So it looks something like this. And in fact, this happens atomically. So you don't write RS1 into the CSR and then read it out to get the destination register because, well, you've written to it before you read it. So really what you want to do is you want to sort of read and write it at the same time, or at least read it first and then write it afterwards. The other interesting thing about CSR-RW is that if the destination register is zero, then we don't actually do a read. And the reason for this is that control and status registers can actually affect the environment merely by reading the register. It may not even matter what the data is, but just the act of reading it may trigger some events. So that's why in the spec, if you write into register zero, then you don't actually want to read from the register at all. So all you're doing is writing to the register. Now this isn't the case with writing from register zero because that just means that you're going to write a zero into the control and status register. So that's allowed. Okay, there's also CSR-RWI, which is the immediate form of this instruction. So it's basically the same thing, except that for the immediate value. So the interesting thing about the immediate value here is that you only get five bits in the instruction. Those five bits are actually zero extended unlike all of the other immediate values in all of the other instructions, which are sign extended all the way out to 32 bits. So this is great if you want to manipulate the first five bits of control and status register. And what the risk five organization or foundation tried to do is put the most important bits in those lower five bits, if possible. So that's what CSR-RWI does. Now there's also CSR-RS. And what this means is read and set bits. So again, it kind of looks like this, except in this case, oddly enough, you're always reading from the CSR, even if you're writing to destination register zero. So the difference is that RS1 contains a mask of bits that you want to set in the CSR register. So the zero bits don't actually get cleared, they just don't get set. So this is an easy way of setting certain bits. And the other interesting thing is that if the source register one is actually the zero register, then you're not setting any bits. And in that case, we don't write the CSR at all. Number one, because if you're not setting any bits, you're not making a change to the CSR. But also, again, there could be side effects of writing a CSR, and we eliminate those side effects by simply not writing to the CSR. Then there is CSR-RSI, which is, again, the immediate form. So again, it's exactly the same thing. You're always going to be writing. You're always going to be reading the CSR and writing it to the destination register, even if the destination register is zero. But the immediate form has five bits. Those are the lower five bits, so it's zero extended, which means that you can use CSR-RSI to set any one or any combination of the lowest five bits in the CSR. And again, if the immediate value is zero, then we don't write the CSR at all. Now the corresponding instructions for clearing bits are CSR-RC and CSR-RCI. So again, it's exactly the same, except that the one bits in the register or the immediate value are the ones that you want to clear in the CSR. And similarly, if you are clearing using register zero or a zero immediate value, then you don't write to the CSR at all. So these are the general ways of reading and writing CSRs. Now there are some pseudo-assembler instructions like CSR-R. So this is just read from a CSR register. Now since we want to read the CSR register, we're going to want to use one of the instructions that actually does read the CSR register. So the actual way that it's mapped is by using the CSR-RS instruction, specifically with source register one being register zero, so that you're not actually setting any bits and you're not writing the CSR. All you're doing is reading the CSR into the destination register. So that's one of the pseudo-instructions. And of course, there are a few other pseudo-instructions like CSR-W, which is just write to a CSR. And CSR-W write immediate, which is just write an immediate to a CSR. And you can imagine that those are alias to CSR-RW, CSR-RWI, using the source register one and the immediate, where the destination register is always zero. That just makes sense. Okay. So what does this have to do with handling exceptions? So the idea behind handling an interrupt is that generally you want to finish up the instruction that you're working on, and then jump to an interrupt routine, handle the interrupt, and then return from that interrupt routine. And that of course means storing your return address so that you know where in the program you left off. So normally this would be done using the stack, but the stack is actually defined in the ISA. And it may not necessarily be the ISA that you're using. So we have this CSR called MEPC, the Machine Exception Program Counter. And we can see from here, from this paragraph, that when a trap is taken, and a trap is either an exception or an interrupt, then the MEPC is written with the PC of the instruction that was interrupted or had an exception. So if we're executing an instruction and we get an interrupt, then I think what we should do is finish up the instruction, load the program counter of that instruction into MEPC, and then go to the interrupt routine, handle the interrupt, and then when we return, I guess what we're going to do is read the PC out of MEPC and then add four, because that was I guess the next instruction that we should go to. Now there can also be exceptions.  That's actually going to cause a load misaligned exception. So again, that's a trap, that's a trap. So again, that's a trap, and that is handled by an exception routine, essentially. Now you can also define exceptions as fatal, which basically means that the execution environment is just going to halt. And that's actually what I'm going to do, because again, I don't really have an operating system. I only have machine-level privileges, and that's the only privilege level I have. And on an exception, I'm just going to halt the processor, raise a line that says halted, and that's it. I'm done. Obviously, I could do something else, but I'm not going to at this point. However, that does raise the question, well, if an exception or an interrupt, in other words, a general trap happens, then how does the system actually know what happened? So there's this machine-cause register, which tells us exactly what happened. So the machine-cause register is a 32-bit register, and it has encoded all of this stuff. There's one bit which tells you whether it was an interrupt or an exception, and then you've got the code, which tells you what kind of interrupt or exception it is. So right over here, you can see that when interrupt is set to zero and the cause code is set to four, that means that it was a load address misaligned exception. And you could choose to handle that if you have an exception handler for it, but if you don't, then you're allowed to declare it as a fatal trap. Same thing for store. We can see that there's a store address misaligned. There's an illegal instruction, and this is another thing that I was working on. Originally, and this was actually in the comments, originally I thought that if you had an op code that wasn't specified, like let's suppose it was an instruction in an extension that I don't have, or maybe it was one of the op codes, and the function to perform was in one of the holes, which wasn't specified. Well, what you should do is throw an illegal exception, an illegal instruction exception, because it really is an illegal instruction. You can't handle it. You can't just skip past it like I was thinking of doing. So this is one of the things that I was working very hard on is to find all those illegal instructions and throw an illegal instruction exception when that happened, and then formally verifying that that actually happened. So that took a long time. So anyway, there's the illegal instruction. There's also instruction address misaligned. So this is what happens when you try to jump to an address that is misaligned. Now again, because I'm not implementing the compressed instruction set, all instructions have to be aligned on 32-bit boundaries. Otherwise they could actually be on 16-bit boundaries, and then you would try to execute that. But if you try to jump or branch to a misaligned address, you throw an instruction address misaligned exception. And again, I'm handling all exceptions as fatal traps, which means that upon encountering this, it'll set the cause and then immediately halt the processor. So in terms of diagnostics, you probably could just look at the cause, look at the address. MEPC will tell you what instruction caused the exception, and M-cause will tell you what the problem was. So there you go. So now we get to the interrupt section. So this is what would happen if, let's say, there's an external timer interrupt, which goes off, say, every second or every 100 milliseconds or every 10 milliseconds. Or maybe there is an external device that sends an interrupt to the processor. So what we have right here are machine timer interrupt and machine external interrupt. So external interrupt is from an external signal.  We also have machine software interrupt, which is interesting because I think, but I'm not sure that this is what E call and E break are actually for. So that would call some sort of an interrupt routine. I'm not entirely certain, and hopefully somebody in the comments will tell me. But in any case, I'm really interested in machine external interrupt, and this is what I have not yet gotten to implementing. So again, it's going to involve, so you're executing an instruction at some program counter. You get an interrupt. We need to finish up the instruction, and then we need to load the program counter into MEPC. We need to load the cause into M-cause. There is a bunch of other registers that are involved in going to the interrupt routine. So one of those registers is MT-VEC, which is a vector table of traps. MT-VEC stands for machine trap vectors. And there are different modes that it can be in. One is all interrupts and exceptions are handled by one exception handler or one interrupt handler. The handler is going to be required to read the cause in order to figure out what it needs to do. The other mode is the vector to address mode. So based on which one of these happened, oops, based on which one of these happened, you can see that there's an exception code. Well that maps directly into a table. So index zero would be the address to jump to when there's a user software interrupt. The 11 in the table would be where to jump to when you get a machine external interrupt. So that's basically how interrupts are handled in risk five. So the CSR is our MT-VEC. There was MEPC that we mentioned. There was M-cause. There's also M status, which among other things allows you to enable and disable interrupts. And there's also one register called MT-VAL, which is the trap value. And that contains some useful information. Like for example, if you were to get a load address misaligned, then MT-VAL actually contains the address that you tried to read. While MEPC contains the program counter for the instruction that caused that exception. So there are all these useful bits of information in all of these registers. And that is also what I'm currently working on implementing, but haven't yet fully implemented it. So I seem to have implemented the whole exception handling properly, because again, that's pretty easy.  That seems to work. I haven't implemented interrupt yet. So that's probably what I'll be going over next week. Now in other news, I have been working on a series of graded exercises in and myGen, which takes you from the very simple, just strict combinatorial logic up to synchronous logic and some tips and tricks and things. So if you're interested, check the link down below. It's a work in progress, and I've only got the first five sections. The other interesting thing is that one of the people who was interested in my work in and myGen created a Docker image. So you can actually start up a Docker image that contains YoSys, Python 3, and myGen, and a whole bunch of other FPGA tools. So that is really useful. All that is mentioned in the and myGen exercises in the first section, which is installation or introduction. So I guess that's about it again, short video, sorry, but it's a lot of work, and hope to see you next week. Bye.


So guys I am back with arguably the best artifact gear farm in this game, there's no two ways about it, you will see yourself earning so much artifact gear doing this you're going to absolutely love it. How's it going guys, my name is DPJ and if you do enjoy the video leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more dying light be sure to subscribe. Also guys join my discord where you can find people to play with, talk about secrets, glitches, easter eggs, this and the other or if you have something to show me you can always do that via my discord linked down below. Okay so this massive gigantic body of water is home to 16 plus crates that have artifact gear in, artifact gear in. Now if you look at my map you will see one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve but there's also five inhibitor containers within this water too and I'll show you them on screen now I'll edit this image so you can see exactly where they are but I will show you gameplay of each individual position in a quick second but yes and the best part about these is people the loot resets in them after about 20 minutes so by the time you've done a rotation that loot will have reset it will have reset how crazy is that now I'll show you the loot I've done this loot I've done a rotation once before I come here my highest level gear was like six five six I mean look at this four and fives now look I've got I'm getting eights this is just after one run this is just after one run I'm getting nine people look at the weapons look at the weapons I'm getting look at the damage the power I mean this is what I had before this is what I had before and because obviously there's a scaling system in the game with a better loot you have the higher it drops clearly I'm just getting pure good stuff pure good stuff and this is just one probably fifth probably took me about 20 minutes I had to just wait here to make sure that the loot respond and it did but yes guys absolutely ridiculous are you fat farm no doubt the best in the game so far there's also a knight runners hideout here which you may just want to uh well activate and there's a sunken edge up right underneath that so that could be your starting point now I don't think you need to complete the game to do this now you do obviously need to be in a second city there's no two which way is about that you need to be in central loop I know to get the pan of destiny easter egg and get back in this building you do need to have completed the game but I'm sure this area here you may be able to get to but someone please confirm it down below for people who haven't completed the game but to do this you want to come to the you know the VNC broadcast building the one where we have the easter eggs in this building here tons of them so if you come here come down the street here come this way come down this road here jump down onto this path and then you just run along jumping to the water and you're you're free to swim around there's nothing here that can hurt you I do this in the daytime though uh because at night you obviously need to use your immunity boosters and when you're in the water you have to find like bits of trees to stand on there are a few buildings under the water that can stand on top of the chimneys but there's a good chance that you're probably going to drown uh so yes come here in the daytime so you don't have to use your immunity boosters and you are good to farm this over and over and over again and you would just get absolutely incredible loot like I said there's 12 of these sunken airdrops and there's five inhibitor containers under here four five anyway inhibitor containers and yeah they constantly respawn at loot so you can farm these over and over guys so yes there we have it I'll leave you now to watch the for each of each individual location I mean they're here on the map but just in case you want to see it you'll see that on screen now but guys I hope you enjoyed the video if you did leave a like really helps out don't forget join my discord if you want to be a part of my like to community enjoy the rest of the video and hopefully I'll see you on that next one


Good morning. We have a very nice patient today. Her name is Michelle. She is a nurse. She works actually in a cat lab. And she has been having leg pain, especially with standing. She had insufficiency in the great softness vein, which is on the inside of the leg that we ablated with radiofrequency all the way from here to here. Now she has this big tributary, we call it, which is a branch of it, that's still giving her discomfort in the legs. So it's extend from the mid thigh area all the way down to here. So the treatment is going to be injecting this vein with medicine called verethena. And verethena is a foam that is approved by FDA and was approved a couple years ago. The advantage of it is that it's very effective but also does not leave much staining on the skin, like the old foam medications do. So this is verethena that manufactured by the company. We take foam from it as needed per patient. The advantage of it is that the bubbles are very tiny and small compared to a traditional foam that is handmade, has variable size of bubbles, which makes it a little bit less effective. So you can see on the monitor over there where I'm injecting with the bubbles, the white bubbles are, and I inject quite a bit. And then Laura is going to trace it and see the foam is moving down. The bubble will be coming to the veins below. So one injection can cover a large area. You can see the foam arriving there and we wait for it to look longer. And then wherever it stops, we'll inject again. So you can see it coming in here, nicely closing the vein, making it spasm.  And you can see that from where we injected, the vein cleared all the way down to here. And I still see it here. So we will restart second injection here to see how long it will cover. The results are instantaneous. You see it right away. You can see the vein went away, right away. And we're going to keep watching this segment to see if it clears up. You can see very slow clearance where the vein becomes white visibly. Michelle, you're doing great.  Wow, it looks very nice. You don't see anything anymore. We will need to do one more injection, most likely, down here. So now we will treat the remaining bigger spiders with this combination of medicine. This is called foam. And the medicine we're using will be mixed like this to become milky and closing those veins. We will inject slowly. You can see the veins clearing up. All right. So that's one area we inject slowly. You can see the foam going up and down. We inject until we see no more progress. Or if you see any bubbling in the vein, that means the vein had enough of you. Stop injecting. And you can see how big the area that cleared is. We'll do one more here. Don't over-inject because then you get more pigmentation on the skin. Inject very slowly. So you can see that the area now is treated. The veins will still be visible, but in about 12 weeks you will not see them. You will wear stockings for two weeks. I advise you to wear them day and night, the thigh-high stockings. Day and night, you take them off to shower, then dry your leg and put them on. Take more train, just 400 milligram every eight hours for two days. And even if you don't hurt, you're not going to have much pain. But take it for inflammation reasons and also to thin the blood a little bit. And also walk a lot. You need to walk, be active. I know you're very athletic, so I don't have to worry about that. But don't go home and lay down in bed. Yes, so we advise people to walk a lot and that's good for the veins. And to prevent clots and DVTs.