We'll begin by showing you some wonderful poetry readings by some great poets. We'll have Anthony, the poet, Lois. I'm very happy to have just finished my fourth year as one of the judges for the Santa Tony Public Library's Young Pegasus Poetry Contest for young kids and adults. So, it happens to be that every time right around this year my poetry gets a little bit silly and nonsensical and it comes back to rimey stuff. And I don't care about anything except having fun with language. And I thank all the kids from the ages of three to eighteen who submit the most amazing poetry. We had about two thousand poems from all over San Antonio this year. And yeah, give it up for the kids who put out the music for me out there. And so, a couple years ago they inspired me to write something called a punk rock poem called Webos Rancheros which turned out to be something very popular. And they've been moving me toward a lot more fun, looser, freer stuff. And so, again, this is where this came from. It's a love song, I think. Yes. I don't know to who. I don't know from where. Don't be scared, it's just poetry. By the way, this is just recently finished, so it's another thing that I like to do every now and then where some people just like to bring out their polished stuff like I used to do sometimes in stuff that is not going to fail. This one might just suck. It's brand new, so this is the world premiere. Of I am wanted in four different galaxies. I'm wanted in four different galaxies for refusing to give in to the lies and helping to perpetualize the fallacies. I decoded their story, beliefs, rewrote better beginnings and broke the yoke of their holy mythologies. I resisted to hate and insisted on speaking love against their immeasilities and vitalities. I kicked the floor with a belly flop to rescue the mic they shot up, though it dearly killed my knees because microphones should never become pride's casualties. I rose up from my fall and challenged them all to a cosmic duel of metaphors and similes and with relative ease I raised the roof and shook the ease and I brought the house down around the Fracophonian Pharisees. I stared straight into the eyes of the surrounding stone set authorities and with my usual verbal abnormalities and trademark amorphous formalities I called them out under blind atrocities and other human dignities ignored and forgotten by the most feared and highly revered dignitaries. It was like the syllables and sounds had been device gifted unto me by the most benevolent and poetic deities like they graciously handed me foreign knowledge of this moon, this sun and the play in these trusted me with fire in my palms instead go ahead my child and just play with ease. With the kindness of eulogies I showed them and told them that all false legacies are doomed to their own cold mortalities and that even the greatest of biographies when built upon pure vanities are destined to become nothing more than dusty and unread obituaries. Check this out. Bunched in four different galaxies for deciphering the whispered subtleties of serpents wrapped tight around the roots of ordinary entomologies and so I split my soul up into multiple dualities I kept my calm as I moved along writing the song of a million forbidden seas of tranquilities and they, like gods, infested with these scratched at the surface of every dimension searching for me throughout the universe as outer extremities but I, like you, carry in me the secret angular momentary infinities and so I left their mouths to gate as I made my escape by speaking eloquent open sesamis and swirling three Sanskrit spiralities at the yopping gates of wormholes and other space-time anomalies That's how I ended up here surrounded by the people at home most dear sending love poems to my city beneath the Sanantho atmosphere We are poets and we strive from the day of our birth to speak words that shine without chemical worth but we are blessed with this gift of life and time on the planet Earth I've got about ten times those words stuck in my notebooks They're scary, they're frightening but I'm going to go home tonight and watch this bird's beat upon eye the pandan turn of lasers and I'm going to try to continue editing that poem Thank you for having me here We have some awesome, awesome poets I don't know who's going to introduce the next poet but I appreciate that My name's Anthony Flores I'm so known as Anthony the Poet I've been wonderful with all this Andrea, but we have ten minutes Happy St. Patrick's Day everyone I hope you're doing well Shout out to the Irish folks in the room You! I'm not one of them but I would I would greatly happily with my very hoods So, they said we have ten minutes I'm going to take all of my ten minutes I'm going to start with a song Bingova to a poem I work at juvenile detention center which is aligned in my poem but last night a young lady came in when I got to work she was sitting in the lobby shivering and she had been sitting there for two hours already She was a runaway she hadn't committed any crimes so she went and found a bag of wheat from somewhere and she came to juvenile and she said I want to turn myself in and here's a bag of wheat because she needed a place to sleep because she was hungry and tired and I looked at that little red-headed girl and I walked in and I was like where's the little girl going here and I just kept walking but when I got to my post and I sat down and they called me and they told me can we get a blanket for her something in the lobby and it took till after midnight for an officer to show up just to arrest her to bring her around the back of the building but it broke my heart and I sat at my desk and I cried for her and so I want to read a poem that I wrote my only word poem and she may get a word poem now too off of that situation but it starts with a song and this poem is a prayer but it starts with a song she's walking the streets although she's cold she's so big she's a cold she's chilled it's just a oom prostitution prostitution her soul means a preservation destination unknown she ran away from home intoxicated by the cologne of death and destruction functioning marginally on the verge of 15 she is all toxic pregnant and AIDS-positive doing whatever she can to live give the world a brief all alone I only hear suffering when she speaks her shoes are pink and they lay prostrates on the door number 8 as she sits and waits for processing the third shift the juvenile detention center and every time I enter that building I get the distinct feeling of childhood burdens peeling away the weightlessness of my personal life I thought I knew striping hard times until I saw these teenagers facing hard times with a Quincy of their screams I shift responding to routine checks there's officers inside and our job ain't done until someone comes to relieve us so I just sit all night search the silence around me fight the sleep that astounds me trying not to feel as caged and enraged as the youth we supervise mostly the girls cry the boys seldom do but the agony and desperation in their faces always holds true and you've never seen brokenness until it's reflected through the soul of a child and you've never seen tragedy and ruthlessness gone wild until you've seen the faces attached to the files on these hardship cases and when I sit in menu control when juvenile officers patrol I see their souls stacked up two by two but I want to take their shoes and throw them back in the face of every dilemma that brought them here this center is like the Noah's Ark of Dejection and Fear gathering shoes two by two hurting them in we try to provide shelter from the storm outside but sometimes we merely help them survive tell me is there really shelter inside when their moms torture them with guilt and circumstance rehabilitation is a luxury can they be afforded a second chance and some do a dance with fate like the girl sitting behind door number eight inflating demons, egos fate just stepped on her toes her future will be lethal like the age she passes to her unborn because those pink shoes know the scorn of innocence torn and she just sits and she sits and she mourns because she is a sufferer but I can't help but wonder will she finally drown when she's released from this Ark without us to cover her from the rain and the pain that stains those two pink shoes so this last poem is the La Fonte San Antonio and before I read it I want to say what a privilege and an honor to be named among all of you beautiful artists and to have my work represented God has been blowing my mind for the past two years with the things that I've been allowed and blessed to do and people come up to me and they're like, it's very overwhelming so if I don't appear great or I seem awkward it's because I'm very overwhelmed because God is just good and this is beautiful I love my city I was born and raised here and I love every artist that is represented on these walls and that is performing tonight I think the world of you and I tip my hat to you congratulations alright alright here's my love poem to send it to you you are my Pace Picante paradise my south side accordion serenade my west side rooster wake-up call my freestyle music booming drum and bass on military drive my fiesta float raining down the river walk my cascarones of color you crack my smile wide open San Antonio you are my lovers rock reggae and sunken gardens my super soul shake down tucked in the cozy corner my smooth salsa dance covered in sweet azucar my witty amusing me with clever artifacts my legendary mission driving forever showing big screen dreams my oyster shell on Saturdays a coated pearl always brewing with people you crack my smile wide open in this city by having such a wonderful poem thank you brocam if you need a greatness I want to invite up Daryl Pittman I have to start all my performances with a phrase where Susanna will come up and literally slap me from you so before I do anything I'd like to thank my wife for allowing me to come out and play this east side, west side, but it's a smaller section of Pitts SA the Alamo and St. Paul's Square pitters and vegan stylish menswear the Carver and the Renaissance Guild the Rodone and Nelson Wolffield Blue Star, Sama and even Latuna Jim Cullen Jazz and drinks of that Latuna the Riverwalk and those North Star Boots King William and Fresh El Mercado fruits it's SA, SA West Side Chilling but he's from Breonna, sure worth filling CPS and Las Palmas I pay my bills, no lie then Papa's Square on the bench and watch the Chica strut back then driving to McMillan thinking about the Amor cause Juan Gabriel is moaning they love beer passing the Y at 40 miles an hour feeling the relaxed vibe of that Oxfam power it's SA, SA and I'm West Side Chilling living life out here warms the heart it's filling it's say town, bro east side is my heart culture and pride are never far apart shopper and cologne after ball in Lockwood then swing by Tucker's cause the music's so good been shopping at Knicks since the 70's no lie Papa's Square on the bench and watch the sisters strut back then driving on Houston love floating in my ride feeling the relaxed vibe of that east side pride it's a state of mind and when I say like the Eastwood Country Club from back in the day you got Funtown, Kitty Park, Malibu, Grand Prix, Rolando's, Christmas Driz, and the Ole Miss Pharmacy Meteora, Bill Miller and all the H-E-Bs Rudy, the Josephine, and a water burger with cheese Breckerage Park, Combenchy and Rosedale Pippin's Sullivan and Camargo where Roscoe's are on sale I'll be eating that at 4-10 at Rush Hour it's all San Antonio-like prom dates at the top this poem is just the San Antonio part of me San Antonio, Sananto, it doesn't matter can't you see we're all in this together it's our city, don't you know but no essay poem could end without saying Go Spurs, go Miss Tacos I ever had did not come from a room Mrs. Rodriguez When the relationship began one son sprinkled warning my freshman year with her son sleep, Rick told me I couldn't just slide by I had to come inside and say hi because his mom has silver packages for us gifts wrapped in aluminum to foil our anger she offered these gifts wrapped in silver and baptized on a formal her tortillas were anointed with spoonfuls and huevos y chorizo con huevos breakfast for her meeples so it Rick was like my brother and she was like my mother and with all the love she showed my heart grew and as the passing years grew boom corn and she treated her as she would her own natural grandchild rewarding our visits with special folded dollars that were withdrawn from the bank within her bra what I would suggest man, man, you don't have to do that she would snap cut her the bokeh nois para ti this is between Aisha and me yeah, man, she is like my mother but you know time defeats us all and when she began to lose her race with her age and her health and require 24 hours surveillance by St. Francis and his nuns and nurses our relationship grew even more because it was there that I heard tears-stained stories of how she had been given away as a child in Mexico and when illness grabbed her by the throat and she was close enough to see those who had gone before her I witnessed her reach for her dead sister's hand and ask keep you why did mama give me away answer me what could I do but reach for her hand and whisper I'm so sorry I am so sorry soon after that we buried this on a sun-sprinkled winter day when all the smiles I had inside died I missed her still you know there are times especially when I daydream of her smile when I can still smell those warm breakfast tacos Mrs. Rodriguez I miss you I truly do miss you soon because I like vocab only my whole 10 minutes I'm an old geezer and these youngsters talk about their wife being I just don't like that term my wife he introduced me to his son third grade and so proud of his father standing like daddy, walking like daddy just wanting to be like daddy but all that changed when his father said and son heard yeah I think I'm gonna make his mom you're gonna make her your wife is that what you want to say in front of your seed this young brother had no idea what he had just said but it truly meant like the dinosaurs had no idea what that streaking ball of light in the sky truly meant like that Montgomery Buster had no idea what telling that woman where she should sit truly meant he had no idea that he was teaching his son that love and respect has no place in marriage he was teaching his son how to select a wife excuse me a wifey a plaything something one thinks about casually he was teaching his son to be like LeBron cavalier in his attitudes and the most important decision of a man's life finding a soulmate he taught his son to be flippant and chite and uncaring and with that one phrase he gave his son a buy one get buy three Tina Turner marriage coupon because what's love got to do got to do with it apparently nothing now when you look at your woman as a wifey my young brothers teach your sons to seek marriage because love compels them teach your sons to marry because their hearts ache when she is not there teach your sons that real men who love they love with passion and ferocity and kindness and timidness but we do love and when you teach it never tell him always show him show him how you live your life each day show him how you treat his mother tell her you love her in front of him kiss her gently or with passion but always with love and show him that listening and compromise can happen in disagreements show him how to be a man just show him because he is sitting there watching and listening and emulating every stride you simply need to show him show him that marriage is not about finding a wifey it's about finding and giving and sharing love and if you have a daughter daddy's little girl is watching too be the example of the type of man that she will seek when her time comes because you don't want her accepting the role of being someone else's wifey thank you I'd like to invite Amanda Flores Amanda Flores I tried to write a love poem to essay but then I started looking around and saw so many essays I didn't know which one to write that's why I'm not a comedian maybe I have to say it I'd like to share first a couple of haiku I am of, with, and from a city defined by more than just its food though that can be surprising we order all things with ice cream on top because remember the Alamo order? I was friends over my fun usage do you think that we just write a poem? that we just get paper right right and then it's fire, happy hour, snag a seat order something cold to think head home, preheat the oven set the poem out to thaw do you reckon after hearing of the hardships at hand our office supplies are waiting to work miracles while we sleep like birds and mice who tailor ball gowns through the night our tape conspires with our paper clips if only to help us hold it together that little cobbler elves visit the strapped house buried in my notebook so I'll reupholster them by morning and no, my poem doesn't wake up like this you said we must have been born with them these poems like it was inside us all along I didn't just find out how many light bulbs it takes to change this poem like I didn't take five too many visits to salad pastimes to conjure up the sentiment and stand us six shucks, you think I was born with this poem? that it came in tow with these jeans well, thank you but this poem is not my father's nose or my mother's chin though it may be their English degrees and mine still this poem is not innate, not a birthmark nor a mull think these poems came beneath pillow after the last of my baby poems fell out that my syntax and diction are my direct result of my being a cavity free kid well, perhaps but now the permanent poems are coming in and is it supposed to hurt this much? do you think that I just make a poem that we, just to beg them up that I toss on my apron, gather my ingredients and freshly printed recipe and follow along with my favorite chef on Food Network all my notebooks pre-read to 475 no, man and truth be told and it is I don't know what size party this can feed I have no idea how many this poem will serve but who is truth to keep me from still trying to dish it rest it please I make this poem from whatever I have in my pantry most of which is expired 15 life hacks for making poems not pinterest I go on some of this, I pinter that, I loop the people, whatever that is because that's the closest thing to a recipe grammar ever gave me for making poems poem poem, poem, poem perhaps you say I simply called and there the poem came the poem required canine, catchy but according all too tame roses will be roses but this details germane you cannot call a thing to come that doesn't have a name but a poet well a poet is a poet by any other blame we are servants of verse the ring bearers of rhythm we're political producers of the profound a.k.a. if they're lost pretends we are both found we're honest whoever captains as the colloquial engineers of eloquence we are straight up sidewalk historians y'all we are composers of the calm not we are the loud in your volume and sometimes without a sound we're the jukeboxes of our own destinies the dukes of double our condor commanders of creative cacophony and I know what you're thinking how many lyrical licks does it take to make the poetic center of lyrical happens dance pop and I could tell you but then I have to bill you we're humanitarians we are the meticulous tailors of top who frequently take analogies too far and there is a reason but they cannot find the mute button thank you it takes a village to raise a child it takes a village to make this happen and I'm so thankful to live in this village with all of you who especially our wonderful families can I invite Eddie Baker come on I was talking about my phone it has a timer on it I'm sorry so I don't go over it is St. Patrick's Day yes some years ago so I'm going to start with this phone I'm not a real happy Irish phone never it was overcast and bell fast the day we took the unauthorized tour in a mad cab cabbie took us to a spot full of the plots and sons of Ulster where murals filled the sides of apartments just like they do at the Apache courts murals that remember martyrs murals that to inspire successive generations painted walls of cemetery scenes filled with headstones of names that are recognized from newspapers names I knew belong to Irish leaders that weren't dead yet the tour continued on the other side of the wall where the Republican Catholics lived in the same poverty as their Protestant brothers with their own murals murals that remembered martyrs murals meant to inspire successive generations painted walls of hatred and ignorance along tall walls built to separate them so they could keep them from shooting RPGs and forced Molotov cocktails to hire projectors the cabbie drove us out past the neighborhood to a desolate section of the wall near abandoned lot stopped the car opened his door and just as I prepared myself for an impending death headed me a permanent worker without saying a word and maybe it's a cultural thing that I knew exactly what to do it was the first and only time that I've ever tagged a wall but I wrote a message a piece and signed it with our names and today I wonder if she remembers that our names were on the same side of that wall so I wanted to use this as the poem for San Antonio but they limited us to 20 lines and well I think it's more 20 lines there was something about something about the way that she talks something about that look in her eyes something about that Southern California way when she saw the world and then after a week of spending time together we sat on a cab chair with a group of people overlooking Medina Lent and she said something and she said something that just confirms why it was but it just didn't like it the time was at Chichara's etc that noise how can you stand to live here around that constant noise listen woman I said in my head of course because my mother taught me never to speak to anybody but I thought I'd say one of these things the noise is at Chichara or cicada to your people it's the soundtrack that every summer I know it's the sound that tells me that I'm home the sound that reminds me of sitting at grandmother's table eating pan dulce and drinking an orange soda about parents freeing door snapping back because I'm not outside and taking a ride around the neighborhood I'm convincing my little cousins to pick the Chile Piquins from my grandmother's salsa and then watch as they rub sweat from their eyes and start to cry I had to get really close to stop at Chichara so I knew that as long as it was chirping and Kokui was not coming it was the last sound that we heard before plunging into the pool of an herb an August sun and the first sound that we heard before the water released our ears from the captivity it was there as I walked every morning four blocks to Woodrow Wilson Elementary it was there during every game of Chinese freestyle when the Lamar middle school boxers lost their last chance to score a touchdown for the season it was the only sound louder than their songs in high school I stood in attention during two-a-day band practice it was the only sound louder than my heartbeat Rachel Jackson had great green eyes and awkward hair she had a long match with that Texas twang saying anything I'm going to knock you on the head if you don't ask me how and I stood outside her door waiting for her homecoming it was the only sound louder than my heartbeat to sound that inspired accordion music and chomp financing and cruising down the military wading down the last bunch of holding hands through the crush of Woodlock Bay on the prototype horse part of a full-on big redwood family on Saturday morning it's a sound that says that a water burger with cheese and jalapenos will always take it in out of us and we don't wear sweaters in our beaches and the clippers got lucky last year in the spurs like that this season and with yesterday's the party's just starting because summer lasts forever we've got a tube for the cooler this time and we'll float our troubles away down the cold the cold river that your child will be there all along the banks the soundtrack of our song so get up off that capture drone and go back to California because it's a sound that reminds me that I am the son of South Texas and there ain't nothing else that I'd rather be I'm about to send in two poems and this is the other poem that apparently they didn't like but I like it it's called Love is about sharing celebration, distress, moments that change us and make us who we are love is about standing tall amidst tribulation basking beautifully in the sunlight and no one stands as tall albeit with a slight lean as the river walks cyclist the tree that loves San Antonio he's got piercings, hoax from where hand Christmas lights like long dangling earrings of the river twinkling, like the eyes of children waiting for Santa on a river barge like the eyes of a couple holding hands as they stroll in the spring he trades the lights for banners not for the carol of a confetti summer is from among guanadas and pastas streamers in silver and black as we wave at heroes in championship parade Saturday afternoon barbecue on Sunday morning about the plough but it's not always sunshine and Christmas lights with Santa on the cyclist he cries tears of wispy leaves or sons and daughters have never returned bears scarred from bullets and bayonets bears bruises from flood debris but still stands tall saying is that all you got? I'm not going anywhere I'm still here like the people he protects his roots are in this sacred river but as generations go by new branches for each new culture begin to grow his limbs extend toward a full future full of progress saying family welcome home a kiss on the cheek it kind of looks like check over there because part of the meat fell out but maybe that's how some of my people pronounce it it's on the check so we're going to go with it San Antonio San Antonio to those that think they know you Sanaco to those that truly know your papel de calabar cowboy who sold for seeing other cities those others aren't you though they tried their rivers aren't magical, majestic, mystical making memories as I'm the enemy you are cypress trees with twinkling earrings of Christmas lights you are alonoplasa last class talking to sweet smiles of endless summer you are a george straight to stuff and chanca dancy to fatos acorbiose give me a sunlit and I'll still wake up early standing in line with my brothers and sisters for the good as we chat and not in agreement because we know that the spurs are going to take it all this year San Antonio your formal appellation Sanaco because we're intimate friends thank you for letting me in showing me around and loving you I'm known for taco poetry so this is kind of taco maybe come on baby let's go find a taco truck this party's been good and all but you saw Harry dancing but I got the first five minutes we were on the floor and every song sounds the same now as I hear it through your eyes come on baby let's go find a taco truck because we ate digger about six hours ago and who were you kidding with by just having that sound I had to pretend I was full halfway through my entree yet I'm not half as hungry for food as I am today come on baby let's go find a taco truck I'm tired of sharing you with all these strangers the vultures are circling and I'm not liking the way that they look at you I'm begging you let me be selfish and be a hoarder with your attention come on baby let's go find a taco truck we can cruise the west side from Pueleva to Callahan Connors to Casual let's drive with the windows down sing along to whatever jam and jays we can cruise and dance in our seats through this cool October prepare come on baby let's go find a taco truck I'll drive with one hand on the wheel and the other on your body and you can kiss me at the stop right let's order many tacos and share a Mexican coke they say that cane sugar makes it sweeter but I won't believe it until I taste it from your lips chilled from that last sway come on baby let's go find a taco truck or maybe just drive through them out of Evan because it's getting closer to tomorrow and I won't outrun the daylight so we end the night well we end the poetry reading of the night we'll continue the reading with music and libations until 8.30 if you'll please stay enjoy the wonderful company of these wonderful wonderful beautiful poets we are so blessed thank you very much enjoy your tonight I'm going to let you know of course again thank you Lorie and Gerevo for making all this possible


People often ask me if they can mix my herbal blends and the answer is absolutely yes. In this video, I'm mixing the womb healing tea and the liver cleanser tea. The womb healing tea is anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, which means it gets rid of things that do not belong in the womb area. The liver cleanser tea is helpful because one of the biggest jobs of the liver is hormone metabolism. The liver can't effectively metabolize hormones if the liver is dirty, so this combination of herbs is excellent for cleansing and healing the womb area and balancing your hormones.


vice president and head of brand and communications that we got in the freeze limited. Firstly I would like to thank exchange for media for having me as part of the grand jury for the Indian marketing awards South. This is my second stint as part of the jury and I'm eagerly looking forward to some exciting entries. As a business it's been challenging times for the last few years with the onset of the pandemic but marketers have found a way to challenge this adversity and actually go out and deliver some outstanding work. I will be looking forward to some sharp insights which will actually develop into a strong marketing idea and translating into some disruptive creative work and I would like to wish then all the participants the very best and look forward to seeing you there.


We're setting at 6-1. We've tried really hard not to let them forget the fact that we're 6-1 and things are going good. But we also try to put in their mind that it could very easily end up with some losses here if they don't stay focused and they don't work hard. So we just been talking each day, day by day, trying to make each day great and having some fun and just being a part of the team as it is the last time we'll all be together as a group. We've got to go in and play some power football. We can't make mistakes. We've been making some mistakes. We've been hurting ourselves on the penalty side in the last couple games. We've got to play more disciplined and come out strong and play a good, flawless football game. It's gonna work hard this week and give everything we have. It's the last time we get to prove that we're the only team in the county to beat them in like 52 years. Last transfer, we're going to get to prove ourselves in any kind of game. And we're a lot better than we were last year. And I believe we can go out and get the win.


Five or six years ago, Tesla was in a life-or-death situation. But fast forward today and the company has industry-leading margins and consistent free cash flows. But the stock price performance stalled for the past three years. In this video, I will look at different tailwinds that can help Tesla. By the way, this is part two in a video series on Tesla. In my previous video, I compared Tesla to BYD, a Chinese car maker that is taking the world of EVs by storm. I linked it here. In my future videos, I will look at risks for Tesla and put everything together. It is impossible to talk about Tesla without triggering some strong emotions. The investment community is very polarized. So in this video series, my goal is to show different sides to the story in a as much unbiased manner as humanly possible. Before we begin, I want to point out that Tesla has been free cash flow positive for the past five years. This has changed its narrative in a big way. Now, Tesla can self-sufficiently fund its capital expenditures with operating cash flows. Moreover, the company sits on a big pile of cash, which stands at a staggering $29 billion. Tesla earned a whopping $1.1 billion in interest income on it in 2023. With that much dry power, Tesla can undertake many projects and survive a slowdown. The first new term catalyst is not a cyber truck. Actually, it's a Tesla's lithium refinery that is being built in Corpus Christi, Texas. The factory is expected to reach full production capacity of battery-grade lithium hydroxide by 2025. The expected capacity is 50 gigawatt hours per year. This production volume can support up to 1 million EV passenger cars. In comparison, Tesla produced 1.8 million cars in 2023. So this refinery will support roughly 40-50% of the current production volume. Why is this important? It is important because refined lithium is the biggest chalk point in EV production. Mining lithium is not really a problem. The mineral is widely available around the world with the biggest proven deposits in Chile and Australia. But refining lithium into lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate is a completely different matter. The process is much more involved and costly. China controls over 70% of lithium refining and many EV makers rely on Chinese imports. Here's what Musk had to say about this. So it's basically like minting money right now. There's like software margins in lithium processing right now. So I would really like to encourage once again entrepreneurs to enter the lithium refining business. You can't lose. It's licensed to print money. Because of constrained supply, Tesla decided to enter lithium refining on its own. Such step will allow it to ramp up its production even faster. Heck, they even can expand their lithium refining capacity even more if it turns out success. Of course, it's not clear if refining will cost more or less compared to buying. How will refining its own lithium help Tesla? Actually in many ways. First, they will be able to ramp up their production, so more sales. Second, if refining lithium will generate lower costs, so their cost savings, so potentially higher margin. Of course, Tesla, if it has more cost savings, it will have a desire to pass on those savings to consumers in the form of lower prices. So this will make its cars more competitive and perhaps generate higher sales, but maybe at the same or slightly higher margins. So there's that. But there's another benefit. If, say, there is a dispute between China and the US, Tesla will have its own supply of refined lithium, so there is a security advantage of going in that direction. The second bullish development for Tesla is its own 4680 batteries. Almost all car makers in the US and around the world rely on foreign companies to supply battery cells for them. So it's impressive that Tesla figured out its own competitive design of EV batteries. Moreover, 4680 batteries may cost 50% less, have higher driving range, charge faster, and be safer. The batteries are already in production ramp in Texas. So what kind of financial impact these 4680 batteries will have on Tesla? First, their potential savings, so higher margin. Going this way, Tesla will have to invest, of course, but the payoff is the margin that Tesla saves by not having to buy batteries from its suppliers, such as CATL. And of course, having its own battery supplies, it can ramp up production faster and increase its sales. Moreover, the 4680 batteries can be used in many other products, not only cars. For instance, these include energy storage solutions, such as mega packs or power walls. They can also be used in Tesla semi-trucks as well as other models of passenger cars. Before that, Tesla had to choose where to put its efforts and not to spread out its efforts into many other products, because the battery cell supply was the biggest constraint on them. Asked why Tesla is not producing other car models, here's what Elon Musk said. Well, it doesn't really help if all you're doing is shuffling around the batteries from one car to another. In fact, it hurts because you add complexity but you don't add incremental volume. So it's sort of pointless, in fact, like counterproductive to add model complexity without solving the availability of lithium-ion batteries. I think Musk is onto something here with this vertical integration. It allows Tesla to shed its dependence on others and not to be volume constrained as much as it was in the past. As of now, the 4680 battery production and cost savings are not really reflected in the financial statements. But they, coupled with lithium refining, will be a big payoff potentially for the Tesla in the next 2 or 3 years. The other positive factor is Tesla's next-generation platform. Tesla will use it to produce its new inexpensive cars that should cost around $25,000. The new platform will use everything that Tesla learned before and more. Tesla is known for its car manufacturing innovations. These include single-unit castings and 48-volt architecture. These innovations allow Tesla to reduce its robotic human and factory footprint. For instance, producing vehicles in 2022 required 70% less welding robots than in 2016. Of course, the farther we go, the rate of improvement may slow down. So the next-generation platform will be a leap forward. As you may know, Tesla achieves its cost reductions through economies of scale and better tech. While achieving economies of scale is often a function of time and volume, tech is what matters most. While details are scarce, here's what to know about the next-generation platform. First, car power trains will not use rare earth materials without performance compromises. This is important because rare earth minerals are very expensive. Moreover, Chinese companies control over 60% of rare earth refining. China used export quotas for rare earth minerals before, causing supply shortages. Second, Tesla will use the so-called unboxed process in its next-generation platform. The unboxed process uses sub-assembly lines that run in parallel. Then workers and robots put everything together into a finished product at the end. This is big because of substantial cost savings. Tesla was able to generate 50% cost reduction from its previous platform iteration. Here's a graph showing cost of cars sold per unit. It was over $65,000 in 2017, fast forward to 2023, and this number stands at around $36,000 in Q4 of 2023. Of course, some of this reduction is due to lower prices for minerals such as lithium or cobalt or nickel. Tesla is aiming for another 50% cost reduction, and they may be able to achieve it. Such production improvements can carry over to other products such as cyber truck and semi-trucks. The financial effect could be profound, especially on the profit margins. Tesla can capture these savings or lower its prices depending on the competition. This will make its cars more affordable and more competitive. Another tailwind is the upcoming production ramp in Gigafactory Nevada for semi-trucks. The company is aiming for the production of 50,000 of semi-trucks in North America in the next year or two. The semi-trucks they have their own demand, mostly coming from industrial or retail companies. Tesla has already delivered some of these trucks back in December 2022 to Pepsi-Cola. Here's what to know about Tesla semi-trucks. The semi should be three times more powerful than a diesel truck with a range of 500 miles on an even surface with a full load. Of course, charging these trucks will remain an issue for some time. So at the beginning, application of semi-trucks will be somewhat limited in nature. As for the price, the semi will cost from 150,000 to 250,000 depending on specs. The jury is still out there on the value of Tesla semi's. They may or may not have a lower cost of ownership compared to diesel trucks. It all will depend on the performance of the 4680 batteries, cost of electricity and repairs and maintenance. For now, the drive to go green is what compels companies such as Pepsi-Cola to buy into EV semi-trucks. But judging from Tesla's passenger cars, Tesla semi's may at least match diesel trucks. And this will be especially true if the cost of batteries comes down. But again, the jury is still out. For now, there are likely a few of them on the roads. Tesla has been testing grounds with a few pilot programs, such as the one with Pepsi-Cola. So once they get the real-life data, they will likely ramp up the production of Tesla semi's in the next several years. The final near-term bullish factor is the take-off of Tesla's energy storage business. Tesla produces mega-packs that utility and industrial clients buy for energy storage. These mega-packs are about the size of a cargo container and can store over three megawatt hours of energy. This can be enough to power 3,600 homes for an hour according to Tesla. Tesla's storage solutions also include smaller power walls for home use too. Tesla delivered 14.7 gigawatt hours of batteries in 2023. That was 125% growth in comparison to 6.5 gigawatt hours a year before. Here's what Elon Musk had to say about this. We'll continue to see very strong growth in storage as predicted. I said for many years that the storage business would grow much faster than the car business and it's doing that. The energy storage revenues grew from $3.9 billion in 2022 to $6 billion in 2023. The gross margin improved substantially too from 7% to almost 19% in 2023. So this line of business not only grew but also contributed $1.1 billion in gross profit. To put things in perspective, $1.1 billion accounted for 6% of Tesla's total gross margin. This may not seem like much, but if the sale of mega-packs scales up, the margin contribution can explode. Of course, these revenues are lumpy. This means that some years may not see much while others will produce large growth. As of now, Tesla is using primarily battery cells from Chinese CATL for its mega-packs. This adds extra cost and lowers its margin. Elon Musk said that Tesla plans to use 4680 batteries instead of CATL at some point. If 4680 batteries turn out to be cheaper, Tesla can improve its margins even further. There is another honorable mention. Other car makers will start to use Tesla's supercharging network beginning in 2024 and beyond. Tesla may generate revenues in the realm of $10-20 billion by 2030. This is according to forecasts from Dan Ives from VetBush Securities. According to Mr. Ives, these numbers will represent 3-6% of Tesla's total revenue by that time. I have not seen his calculations and it's difficult to comment on this. But at the end of the day, what matters is margin. Who cares if they break even or earn zero? It's very unlikely that Tesla will earn excess profits on its supercharging network. And this is all because there are other companies that are in the charging business. So competition is likely to be high. There is likely another reason behind Tesla's opening its supercharging networks and that is to increase the appeal of EV adoption among consumers. Maybe Tesla in the future can earn some profits from its supercharging network, but it's very likely it will be much. So these were the near-term catalysts. But what about Tesla's moonshots? There are many. And this could be the reason why the market prices Tesla more as a software company rather than a car maker. And let me stress here that these moonshots are high-risk, high-reward projects that can either flop or cause an explosion in Tesla's valuation in the future. Probably a very distant future. The first moonshot is full self-driving software. The goal here is to achieve level 5 autonomous driving. And once this level 5 gets achieved, Elon Musk envisions many users for this software. First, consumers will want to license FSD from Tesla to drive them around. Second, this software can transform any car into a robot taxi that can drive itself around and earn money for its owners. And finally, Tesla can license this software to other car makers and earn money that way. Of course, there are many hurdles to this moonshot. For starters, it needs to be approved by regulatory authorities, and this has been a challenge for now. But the main question is at what point FSD will be considered safe and reliable? Elon Musk calls this a March of Nines, meaning what should be the level of reliability and safety for FSD, that it deems to be safe and reliable? Is it 99.999% or is it 99.99999%, so it's not clear. The second moonshot is the robot called Optimus. Tesla unveiled it in 2021 and there was some progress since then. Optimus is a general-purpose robot that Tesla will likely use in its own factories first. This humanoid robot will replace humans for repetitive and mundane tasks. Later, Musk envisions that Optimus can replace humans entirely for certain industrial tasks. Imagine a future where robots produce robots and do much of manufacturing and more. It may sound far-fetched and perhaps funny, but it looks more possible than ever. Many other companies are moving in that direction with automated robots. Take Amazon, for instance. Amazon is already using robots for many hauling tasks in its warehouses. For now, most of these robots look like boxes on wheels with limited limb capacity. But consider this. In 2024 BMW signed an agreement with a company that you may never heard of, which is Figure AI. Figure is also in the production of humanoid robots, which it will supply to BMW's factory in South Carolina. First, these robots today will perform some specialized tasks and BMW will later expand their usefulness to other more generalized tasks. So, as you can see, even other car makers see usefulness in humanoid robots today, not in some distant future. And this is the testament to the progress that has been made in AI and robotics in the last five or so years. The advantage of humanoid robots is that they can perform a much wider range of tasks. And their application can be not necessarily only in car making, but other general manufacturing too. This was possible thanks to progress in AI algorithms and AI infrastructure. And maybe we are getting very close to having a humanoid robot that can self-correct in certain complex tasks. Elon Musk once said that Optimus has the potential to be more significant than Tesla's vehicle business over time. First, Tesla will be able to use it in its own manufacturing. Second, it could produce and sell them to other companies too. The third moonshot is Dojo. Dojo is a supercomputer that Tesla developed in-house for AI video processing and object recognition. Dojo is primarily used for Tesla's full self-driving software and its training. But it can also be used for Optimus robot. Elon Musk said that Tesla cars are just robots on four wheels, so the same applies to Optimus. The core of Dojo is D1 chip, which is a general purpose CPUs. But Tesla designed D1 with only one purpose in mind, and that is to process video information at very fast speeds. Of course NVIDIA is viking when it comes to AI training with its GPU chips. Tesla hopes that Dojo not only will operate as fast, but also be energy efficient and cost less. After all, NVIDIA has a 70% gross margin that its customers pay, so there are cost savings there. Also Tesla thinks that it can potentially license the Dojo's computing power to others. Of course, this is a high- uncertainty project that even Elon Musk acknowledged himself. So it remains a pure speculation in a money-burning pit. And for now, Tesla still continues relying on NVIDIA's GPU chips to train its full self-driving software. In conclusion, Tesla continues chugging along as a car maker and an energy storage solution company. But the market prices Tesla as a software or technology company for the reasons as you just saw. Many other companies such as Google or Amazon started with one line of business. It could be bookselling or advertising. Later they had their own internal problems and they found their own internal solutions to these problems. For example, take Amazon's AWS. And later these companies realized that these solutions to their internal problems can be in demand by other customers. And the rest is just history. Or take NVIDIA for instance, they started as a pure play on GPUs used for gaming. Later they realized that their GPU chips can be used for AI training. And I don't know, this was known probably for like 10 years or so. But the adoption rate did not explode until 2022 or 2023. Certain tech needs time to get to certain level of development and usefulness before it takes off. But once it takes off, the stock market repricing turns dramatic and takes everyone by surprise. The same applies to Tesla. It could well be like Apple or Amazon in its early stages. Tesla will likely still be in the EV car making business. But its other moonshots such as Dojo, FSD or Optimus could overtake everything else. Of course, this is not guaranteed. In my next video I will talk about risks for Tesla, especially the near-term ones. So stay tuned for that. If you learned something useful today, please give this video a like and subscribe to my channel for more content on investing and personal finance. Thanks for watching.


Oh, he's not late at all. He can't be late for us. This is the historical group, Mr. President. No French wanker. We have a mutual friend in Davenport, the Palmers. Oh, for heaven's sake, yes. Dave and BJ, my former employers, right? And you and I had lunch together with Ralph Evans once in Des Moines. Yes. Where's Des Moines? Yeah. Yes. All gone too bad, I know. Mr. President, this is what we want to present to you. It is the 250th anniversary of George Washington course. And on the back of this particular medal is the Great Seal of the United States. This is the 200th anniversary of Davenport. And so the medal commemorates both anniversaries. We thought it was appropriate that you get the first one that was minted. And we're very pleased to be able to present it to you. I'm very proud and happy to have that. I wasn't so happy about his birthday at midnight last night when they started the fireworks just after I'd been asleep for about an hour. I hadn't anticipated that, but you know that. I don't believe they could tell to George about that. Why did they wait to midnight? I don't know. But incidentally, that seal there, you know, well, the whole seal was designed by an Irishman named Thompson. That's right. And there's quite an explanation of the meaning of all of those symbols in there. Mr. President, when you can't sleep tonight, here's something to read that will tell you all about the. OK. I'm afraid this is just the beginning. Well, I thank you very much. We also want to present to you this publication, We the People, that's our principal publication of the United States Capitalist Art Society. And we have printed five million of these books. We have 4,600,000 sold, and we have 400,000 to sell this year. Cases like another. But this is how we finance the work of this nonprofit society. Well, the Library of Congress tells us that that's the largest number of history books sold and single history books in all of time. Well, unless you consider the Bible of history books also, but it has some other. You know those, you know that, lady? Oh, I sure do. And E.J., that we wrote the text with this record. And she would be thrilled to have given it to her. Oh, I feel right to her, yes. We've got to go, Mr. President. You're under great pressure at the time. Thank you so much for receiving us and for letting us present these things. Thank you very much. Well, thank you. Nice to see you again. Thank you, Mr. President. I'm sure you've got a good one done today, too. You didn't entertain. Yes, that's the regular discussion. I have a lot of fun with this thing. It's a concentration. Oh, for heaven's sakes, me and my cartoons. Well, your cartoons are great, sir. Those are doodles. That's not a doodle. I'll mention one more. OK. Especially this is Commander Donald Russell. Yes, sir, hello. Nice to see you. Nice to see you. Mr. President. Can you please visit Jelly Flash, nice to see you, Commander. Morgan Luebler, executive manager there. I do, Mr. President. What do you mean? Mr. President, how are you doing? I'm with our program director, also, after our newspaper. I think these gentlemen will probably like that. If you all get in here closer, maybe I ought to get in the middle of the meeting. That's great. Then we can write to you. Well, I'm most grateful to you. I know that I was supposed to be on hand some months ago. And the funny thing happened to me. But I am grateful, and very honored by this, that I am also honored and grateful for all the support and help that your organization has given to us and some other things, including the defense. We've just been having a meeting with some members of Congress. And we just haven't done a job that they're explaining to the people the need. They don't realize the desperate situation that we're in. And I've recently had a briefing, which was the most, I told Nancy on upstairs, the most sobering thing that's happened to me since I've been here. The opposition, the sophistication of their program is one of the quantity of it. And anyone that would see that would, I think, be moving forward to increase the defense. We're going to stay with it. We'll appreciate having you, sir. Thank you very much. I'm going to speak for the rest of the panel. I'm not going to comment on the states. And we just present this to you as soon as possible. In the future, we can take pictures of you. Thank you very much. This is the problem in the South, which you were up in. Grant Reppel did the dedication. And unfortunately, Sam will just stand right beside me when it comes to dealing with these punishments. Well, I certainly will have more to it. So happy to be a member of our organization. Yes. California. Yeah, I'm not just a member of the California. It's California Golden Bear. And I love my home. Well, thank you very much. I'm very proud to have this. I appreciate it very much. Members, I can rest assured of our continued support. Thank you. Thank you very much. This is my welcome. Rest assured. Thank you, Sam. Thank you. I see you go over and go upstairs. You've been inducted into the Emo-Verban Society? The Cubs? Yes. Yes, I'll have you. You know the rules, though. You cannot decline. Adrian, I'm sure that they like this all the way. In fact, I know what gets me the most is this talk that started even before it went into effect. But even now, a few months later, to say as if, well, the program has been tried and failed. I've got to do 83, 84, and 85, but nothing that's being proposed is responsive to a recession. And they pretend it is. I don't see what they're talking about. I happen to believe we're undertaxed. I don't think we can. I know you do. I told these fellas this morning, I reminded them. George, all over the country in the campaign, I get, and I always, as you know, like to do Q&A with an audience when I'm campaigning. Inevitably, I'd get a question.  And I said, national defense. I said, that has to be the first priority. And every time I ever said it, I got a storm of applause. People agreed. 1972, when I was working in the Senate for a public court, now I'd have come right up. And people would ask me, who are you for, for president? I said, I was for Scoop Jackson. And they said, well, he's a liberal Democrat who will ruin the economy. And I said, they'll all ruin the economy. But Scoop is right out the Russians. And Scoop, I always had one line that he used, when people said we can't afford it, because we need a more welfare spending. He said, my parents came from Norway. And Norway had the finest welfare state in Europe when the Nazis marched in. Didn't do many good. And it was a very telling line. Yeah. Yeah. Well, nice to see you. That's your floor, of course, you know how. And this is that it? It's time to meet you. Please, to meet you. President, are you there? Well, come in. Thank you. Thank you. Hello. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. Hello. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. Hello. Nice to meet you. Good evening. We're greatly honored that Mr. Woodson trusted his friend here to discuss the problems that we face. Thank you very much, Mr. President. First of all, I would like to thank you for taking this time out of your business schedule of the meeting with us. And furthermore, Mr. Suzuki, as on top of the message, as mentioned, asked me to convey his wish that he schedule in June in Paris. Maybe to arrange a request that, okay, good, good, all right. Better than missing? What's missing? What's missing? That's a new movie that's out. Oh, a meeting. She says it's one hour in length and better than missing. It's supposed to be a story. I guess that's another film. Oh, yes. Oh, yeah. That was the film based on a trillion. That's right. Sure. Yeah. Good, good, good. That's nice. That's good. I didn't hear the rhythm of the game there. There's only one topic on the agenda today, Mr. President. It's agricultural export policy. And I think the reason for the information we get in the country is that a lot of us travel through the country in a certain way. We talk with other countries, such as this morning, inside business with the representatives of Japan. And recently, we've been in Mexico, and there's a continued assertion that the United States is not considered internationally as a reliable supplier of agricultural products. Thank you very much.


This was the first exam from the spring 2015 semester of Thermo one and it covered chapters one to two from the Moran and Shapiro Textbook that being said this was the semester when we were transitioning from the changlebook to the Moran and Shapiro book So this semester was a little bit of an overlap between the two Regardless though this exam had six multiple choice questions that made up 30% of the points and then five workout problems Which made up the other 70% of the points and we'll launch Directly into the multiple choice questions Question number one Specific volume is a specific property which means it is also an example of which type of property a Extensive be intensive see retail or D. None of the above Well, first of all we can eliminate retail Which simplifies the problem to is specific volume extensive intensive or neither? And I think that the easiest way to approach this problem is to think back to what a specific property is We defined a specific property as being an extensive property expressed per unit mass and A lot of people see that and they think well an extensive property per unit mass that must still be an extensive property, right? Well, when you take an extensive property Which is a property which changes based on how much of a substance you have and you divide it by mass Which is how much of a substance you have? The amount of mass kind of cancels and you end up with a property which doesn't change based on how much of it you have Which means that a specific property is also an intensive property So this was specific volume. It could have been any other specific property and it would have still been an intensive property Question number two Needing some extra caffeine on an early exam morning a student brings in a cup of 80 degrees Celsius coffee into a 23 degrees Celsius classroom After 30 minutes the coffee has reached 50 degrees Celsius and the temperature of the room has increased to 25 degrees Celsius At this moment the rate of heat loss from the coffee to the room should be Greater than when it started 30 minutes ago the same as when it started or less than when it started So let's consider what's actually happening here in Let's call the beginning of the process One state and the end of the process another state Shouldn't use A and B. I guess because this is multiple choice. Let's call it states one and two in a situation one at the beginning of the 30-minute cooling process we have coffee sitting in a room and the coffee is at 80 degrees Celsius and The room is at 23 degrees Celsius and at the end of the 30-minute period state two We assume that nothing else has happened in the room except for the cooling of the coffee and the heating of the air in the room so it is now 50 degrees Celsius coffee and A 25 degrees Celsius room So the question is how is the heat transfer between the coffee and the room in situation two Compared to the heat transfer from the coffee to the room in situation one is This less than this greater than this or the same as this So you might be a little bit hesitant to try to answer this question because you don't have enough information to actually calculate the rate of heat transfer from the Coffee to the room, but you don't need to actually calculate it All we need to know is that we defined heat transfer as being a function of the temperature difference between the two Substances which are exchanging heat So in this case it's going from the coffee to the air So what we care about is the change in temperature between the coffee and the air that temperature difference drives the heat transfer So in situation one we have a temperature difference of 80 minus 23 degrees Celsius Let me get out my calculator here. Okay, so 80 minus 23 degrees Celsius is a temperature difference of 57 degrees Celsius so in situation one the temperature difference of 57 degrees Celsius is driving the heat transfer in a situation two That would be 50 minus 25 which on most days is 25 So in situation two we have a temperature difference of 25 degrees Celsius driving the heat transfer between the coffee and the air So in situation two the temperature difference is lower. Therefore the heat transfer is lower So the rate of heat transfer is going to be less than when it started Question number three a student finds himself with little to do while vacationing in Daytona Beach over spring break Must be an engineering student to fill the time. He sets up an experiment He goes into a sealed room with no windows where the only source of light is four fluorescent light bulbs Which are 35 watts each he connects his pocket size solar panel Which he always carries to his laptop and lets the light from the bulbs charge his dead computer at one point during the Charging process his solar panel reads that he is supplying the laptop with 200 watts of power. Is this possible within the laws of thermodynamics? So this question is referring specifically to the first law of thermodynamics Whether or not energy can be created or destroyed So to answer this question we have to think about where the energy is coming from in this situation We have say a hypothetical room with 435 watt light bulbs and the question told us that There were no windows in this room So it's safe to assume that the only source of light are these 435 watt light bulbs So we could figure out the total amount of energy available in the light best case scenario would be whatever 4 times 35 is Let's see 2 would be 70 so 4 would be 140 But I was going to double-check so I know that the total amount of light energy Hypothetically available is 140 watts. So here If I'm getting 200 watts of power from the solar panels That solar panel would have to create energy in order to supply the laptop with 200 watts And because it's impossible to create or destroy energy We know that this process violates the first law of thermodynamics The only exception to this would be if the solar panel pack had Rechargeable batteries or something and the extra power was coming from that battery pack But that's outside the scope of this question Question number four The system diagram of the nozzle on the right is an example of which type of system a open system be closed system Or see isolated system So let's review what these mean in an open system both energy and mass are allowed to cross the boundary That's the boundary of the system in this case this nozzle This is sort of a side view of a nozzle the fluid is flowing through it in this direction We have a boundary set up for us already In a closed system energy is allowed to cross the boundary But mass isn't in an isolated system neither mass nor energy are allowed to cross the boundary So in this case we can see that the fluid flowing through the nozzle has to cross the boundary Therefore we have mass crossing the boundary the only system description which fits this type of scenario would be an open system This is best described as an open system Question number five a piston cylinder device filled with the gas is Expanded isothermally from a volume of 1.5 cubic meters to a volume of 2.5 cubic meters while keeping the mass of the gas constant If the system was selected as the mass of the gas inside the cylinder which type of system is this So again, we have the same three options available open system closed system or isolated system except in this case We aren't looking at a fluid passing through our system We have a gas inside a piston cylinder arrangement and over the course of the process. This is expanded But the system was selected as the mass of the gas inside the cylinder And it's safe to assume that no gas is escaping or entering around the piston head So it's reasonable to represent the system as one where the mass doesn't cross the boundary So we can immediately eliminate open system And the difference between a closed system and isolated system is whether or not energy crosses the boundary So to resolve this we have to think about what's happening and in this case It told us that the gas is expanding isothermally. So the temperature is constant throughout the process And now consider what's happening in expansion when you compress a gas It's going to try to heat up and the same is true for expansion when you expand a gas It tries to cool down So if this were a perfectly insulated system Then the temperature at the end of the process would probably be lower than at the start of the process So in order for the temperature to be the same it has to make up that energy with heat addition during the process So heat is a type of energy Therefore heat entering the system is a type of energy entering the system Therefore we should best represent this system as a closed system Question number six is this process explaining question five a steady or transient process well Remember that we defined a transient process as being one where properties change with time a steady process is one where properties Don't change in time So if you looked at a steady process Regardless of when you look at it all of the properties should be the same they might change with respect to Location you know if we were considering this nozzle up here if we Represented this as a steady process the temperature at the inlet of the nozzle could be different from the temperature at the outlet of the nozzle But for it to be steady both of these temperatures have to say constant with respect to time So if we consider this piston cylinder arrangement the mass is staying constant throughout the process the temperature staying constant but the volume is changing and That also means that the specific volume is changing because we have a different volume with the same amount of mass Therefore at least one property is changing with respect to time because presumably this process takes a non-zero amount of time to occur Therefore we have a transient process


We hosted in Grab Taxi, and so our program today is we're going to have Kari from Grab Taxi over there. Kari? Right? And then we're going to talk about Go in the context of Grab Taxi, and then we have Valentin, which I think he... Okay. So, and then he'll talk about his experience of trying Go with a coding challenge that was online. So, without further ado, then Kari? So, thank you. Thank you guys for coming and for letting me speak to you. I also like to say I'm quite impressed with the number of people. I think the last Go Meetup I saw in Malaysia was about six people and it was really kind of sad. Supplies to say that it wasn't the second one that I saw. So, on the other hand, you guys look quite strong and people seem quite keen, which to me is very exciting because I mean, personally, I'm very excited about Go. It's my new favorite language. I'm sure that'll change at some point, but for the moment it's true. I guess I should say also that when I was first suggested to talk to you today, I was asked, as you mentioned, to talk about how using Go in Grab Taxi. What was your past favorite language? I guess I'll probably have to say Java. Please don't think less of me for that. But, yeah, strangely, I think whatever I'm doing at the time ends up being my favorite language because there was a time when I absolutely hated Java, so it's really getting off topic. So, yes, I was supposed to speak to you about how we're using Go in Grab Taxi. And while I'm happy to do that, it felt a bit self-serving. If you want to know about that, by all means grab me afterwards, or grab one of the other, the Grab Taxi Gopher's around. We'll be more than happy to share with you. That said, I thought it might be more interesting if I share with you some code and a couple of at least one neat trick that we use that we're very happy about. And hopefully it's as useful to you as it is to us. So, to dive into it, the trick here is dependency injection and actual fact dependency injection in terms of testing.  Hopefully it's not too bad. If nothing else, bear with me a little bit and see if it helps. Okay, so to give you a little bit of context, I assume we have a function, pretty standard function, that pulls a list of passengers from the database. Pretty straightforward, it's just going to hit the database, it's going to perform some kind of query, then it's going to type the rows object and convert it back into structs. I'm sure you've all written this kind of code many times already. Question then is how do you test such a function? So short answer, it's easy to test the happy path as in the correct operations. The downside though is you have to actually insert the data into the MySQL or whatever database is your preference, right? For those that have done a bit of that will immediately go, hang on, that's crazy, not only is it going to be slow because you're worrying about external resource, okay, the database, but it's also going to break. As soon as there's any data in the database other than this, that's it, test is done, it's broken, useless, right? On the other hand, if you want to test the errors, you just can't do it unless you find some funky way of like turning off the database or having it return errors and that's just a rabbit hole you just don't want to get into, right? Traditional solution to this is where we started, dependency injection. Injecting the database resource so that you can then mock it out or replace it with something else, right? If we dig down into that, it might then change the function signature to look something like this. Pass in the database object, but otherwise everything else is the same.  Where that gets us is the ability to do this. A happy path test is blown out, it's really quite big, but it does allow you to test in very fine detail. Now, I'm actually using a tool here called SQL Mock. If you Google for that, it should show up as probably the first result. Go SQL Mock. Actually, this tool, we do use it and I actually recommend it. However, I recommend it with a proviso. You don't want to use it too often because as you can see, it's a lot of code. More code means more to maintain, means more of everything basically, right? So if you really do need to test the database, by all means use a tool like this and approach like this will totally work. What is also given is now we can actually test the errors. We can test no data, we can test connection down, we can test all kinds of other error conditions. So we can feel more confident in our function and that our function is going to gracefully handle errors. However, there is a better way which hopefully I'll show you in a minute. Just to quickly summarize the quote unquote traditional, normally you're going to pass in the resource or dependency inject resource. A lot of the time, the thing that you pass in will be an interface. In good ghost style, you'll be trying to pass in the minimum interface you can. In this case, there is no interface. The database is a struct, not an interface and it's not a small one. So then becomes the downside of this kind of approach is that then becomes expensive to maintain. You can, as I said, use mock objects and as a result of mock objects, then you've got all the mock generator tools which will help reduce that burden, but it still ends up to be a lot of copy. So last point there, in fact, the one I skipped over which is one that took me, basically I had to get out of Java to learn the last question, the last point which was that the knowledge shared between the caller and the caller is quite great. As in, if you want to test this function that we had, the caller or the outside could be an external package, has to know that you're using a database, has to know what the configuration of that database is, and how to create it and pass it in. In the Java world, we had all kinds of tools for auto-wiring this stuff and annotations and all kinds of clever stuff. Go, we don't have that. And in a way, I guess I'm kind of hoping we never had that. While I do miss my annotations, all the other heavy weight stuff and the 30-second startup and the long compile cycles and all the other features of Java, I'd rather do without. So, going back forward, so just to prove my point about how expensive it is to maintain this mock object, this is the database object you'd have to pass it. Now, if you're writing this by hand, that's 10 functions. Even with stubbed implementations, that's 100 lines of code, more. You do that, how often do you have to do that before it becomes like, I don't want to do this, I'm just going to skip that test and hide it. Thankfully, we found a better way. So, if you consider the function I had before was private, if we then make it a public function, then the issue I mentioned before about knowledge leaking out from the package to the column and the cost of that becomes much more apparent. In the approach I'm trying to show you here, the resultant code would look something like the first one. In the traditional direct dependency injection approach, it looks much like the second one. Now, I'm hoping you're all with me in blacking the first one for the lack of, like, complexity. But, I mean, each to their own, right? We can argue about that after. So, if I dig down into that, this is, I skipped out some code. How I can then, okay, so, sorry, let me just say, then the question becomes, how can I test the function that calls this function without actually interacting with the database? Right? If I have a function that depends on this list function, instinctually I need to have data in the database, otherwise that test isn't going to work. This is where the trick comes in, and when my realization, when I move from Java, which obviously doesn't have functions as variables or as first class citizens, this was a mind-blowing kind of moment. In production, this code will run as if that second thing here, you give me an arrow, this bar list passengers are for in production that looks like a function. It doesn't look like a variable. As far as the rest of the code path goes, it's a function. But, because it's a variable of type function, we can replace it. We can replace it in production if we wish, but in this use case, we can replace it in testing. So, I can completely obliterate the need for the database by replacing that function with another function that returns whatever data I like. Let me show you that. So, okay, hang on. Yes, okay, so forgive me, it's a little bit... This one's a little bit complicated, and I'm hoping that once you see the trick once, the complexity drops away. But, for the moment, if you have a look at the middle section where it says what calls to the data package, that is how I'm replacing that function I had with another function which returns what I wanted to return. Right? What I should have mentioned earlier is, so, something here. It's going to feel a little weird at first. What I've done is the bar list passengers are for is actually just a wrapper around the call to the other package. Right? And this is intentional. It seems like duplication. I'm sorry, it is. But it's intentional duplication so that I can keep the scope of the knowledge inside this package. Or if you like, I can keep the scope of the damage inside this package. Right? There is actually no damage, but if you're a bit of an OCD like I am with my code quality, it starts to feel like damage. Right? So, back to this. The part that we skipped over, defer a funk. It looks disgusting. Actually, all I'm doing is setting, using defer, to replace the function that I overwrote. So, when this test is done, the function goes back to what it was before it started. But this test actually has no knowledge of how that function is implemented. So, I'm not replacing it with a new function. I'm using defer as, in my opinion, a fantastic feature that this, let's say line four, or it says curly bracket, this passenger 04, is evaluated when it's executed rather than when the defer fires to copy that function so that when that defer actually runs, I've got the old function in that memory, if you will. Now, you can further make this whole defer mock thing a lot less disgusting by having functions, so you can just say defer function, and the function we often write is restore function x. That at least drops off those first three lines and makes me feel a little cleaner, not so dirty. But you cannot skip over the middle part because that's the important part. If I was to show you this one, for example, this is how I would test the database error of no works. So, same defer to restore different mock implementation of that function. And I hope you see that you have sort of unlimited power there. You can make it panic, you can make it return anything you like. And it's all self-contained in the test, so the test is collected and sort of easy to understand. You're not pulling logic from all over the place, and perhaps if you're a TDD purist, you're not pulling from external resources, so you don't have that cost. Good question. How do you say, like, you know, during all these development, some of the stuff in the database also changed? And now here, because you're using code to mock the database, there will have to be some discrepancy between your code. Your code would pass, but actually one wrong production could have been disordered. Okay, so... Yes, good. Thank you for reminding me of that. I believe the question is, what happens if the data in the database or, I'm guessing, the data structure changes and therefore breaks production but not the test? In this case, I would defer it in the sense that in this case, this test won't help you. I would hope you would have tests in the cold package, which would do the verification. And that would call out this guy and say, this guy wouldn't pass? No, I think, from my mind, I would have the SQL lock that I mentioned in the traditional section. I would have it actually responding as a database, which, in fact, probably makes no difference. Yeah, because the sliver changes might not help the... Yeah, absolutely right. We... The only way we kind of account for that is to have more UAT or end-to-end fact tests or slope tests, if you will. Those are expensive and they kind of break a lot of the rules. But I find it valuable, at least for that kind of stuff, just sanity check, but I can tell you we've made that mistake a couple of times. It happens. There are ways to deal with it, but the problem you've got there is you have to make sure the database... You don't write too many tests against the database, because then the size of the database itself drags the performance down, but you also want to have enough to know that it's the same. Otherwise, you'll deploy the production and the whole world comes crashing down. You got to balance it. Thank you. In fact, I used test skip a lot for those kind of tests. So my day-to-day, like IntelliJ or command line run, it does automatically skip all the database required tests. But I do run that in the build server. I see. No problem. In this particular example, I mean, not sure...  Maybe I was trying to break away from writing Java code in Go, which I've been accused of doing. And I have done. I will openly admit it. This feels more Go-esque. That certainly sounds like it would work too, but I don't know what to do with it. That certainly sounds like it would work too. Yeah, this is a very functional programming approach. Yeah, and if I wasn't know a guy before, maybe I would... You could blame it on that, but for the moment, it's just a neat trick. I won't say there's that much. Anyway, to the previous question, what was the problem? Database code breaking or the data structure that's written and changes? When you iterate pretty quickly, you often will change the schema like you change the code schema, but the database... The data structure that comes back, you expected to change it, but you didn't update your test. It's similar to when you change the structure in your sandbox and the test work, but you forget to do it in production during the deploy cycle or before. It's the same kind of error.  So just write the database test, I mean, look, I'm a big fan of smoke tests if I can pull them off, but I only want a very small number because they do write dirty database and there's all kinds of other expenses. Okay, so to sum up on that side things, I would say, look, there's no... a big plus one for me, there's no impact on normal operations. It's not test induced damage for those that listen to DHH and some of those guys. It's much simpler for my mind at least than just straight up mocking. It feels to me like it decouples my packages and my layers a lot cleaner and that I would reiterate that point of having the function call a wrapper function and then through. That sort of keeps that decision in the calling layer and so the underlying external resource database or REST or whatever it is doesn't have to be aware of what you're doing or not. On the downside the restore function is kind of disgusting. It looks bad, like I said, you can pay that cost down by making a function that adds some cost, it's not free and perhaps the worst one we've come across is concurrent. When you run go test it doesn't seem to run it concurrently now maybe I'm missing a flag to pull that off but any attempt that we've done to make them concurrent has highlighted this problem and one of our engineers who's probably hiding the back over there actually found that there was a way around that I think for me for my mind there was two parts to that problem. Most of the time you're going to mock out inside the package in a consistent manner so again if you're using that local mock it is less of a problem but if you're using a function that has input parameters in our case we were testing a lot of booking related stuff, we can actually make this mock function just a little bit smarter so it said if the booking code is this return the mock, if it's anything else just return the old function. I've effectively put a bit more smarts in there to make concurrency more of a thing and in actual fact I hope I haven't sped through but there was kind of a reason why I sped through firstly I'd say thank you is there any other questions on this otherwise if I have time I have one other trick I'd really like to share. How are we doing? Questions before we just touch on since you are doing dependency injection you already mentioned that you run it currently other people can modify your export function so do you think it's a pretty good enough issue or what you guys are doing now is it just a tradition of this is a relatively well not a relatively new trick but it's not one we've used everywhere. The concurrency issue took a long time for us to surface. It was only when we were our build server was taking longer than we were patient enough to wait for that we tried to run them concurrently. If we hadn't done that I wouldn't have even mentioned it because I wouldn't have noticed it. While I find the solution that the gentleman wrote very clever I kind of don't like it because it still feels not very robust at this point I just want to say your mileage may vary I know that's a cop out I'm sorry for that but I would say we should use this trick quite a bit and I haven't really understood that back.  I think the problem with concurrent testing is because your function variable is a variable and concurrently requires me only Absolutely right I mean in a CDD pure sense they will say your test must be concurrent that's one of the commandments I never really I mean I'm a big fan of those gentlemen but I don't take everything they say to be gospel Like I said if my tests weren't fast weren't slowing down I wouldn't have even Very very good Actually not means the test must be concurrent it must be independent Yes, yeah absolutely The acronym is like fitness or something Thus Yeah and one of them is independent and idempotent It's all kind of like Yeah and I try to follow the rules as much as I can but sometimes I just like screw the rules It's gonna cost me too much I'll pay the price later As you can tell he works for me he's happy I'm saying screw the rules I still have time right So next trick So I'm assuming everyone's written any kind of goal and I know myself I've written a lot of this the code looks like that and by that I mean a whole lot of if ever it was not null right This is goal style What if I told you you can write goal like that It's not in silence so I mean it's irrelevant the point is I'm still having these functions could still return errors or could still generate an error right but I don't have all that boil it for me Are you using null as an error value? No No Are you doing decorators? No I'm not sure You basically wrap these things around with something and it's a common code I think that's similar to option from Scala right? That's probably a Scala story from here The short answer is no I missed out the key important point here Pretty much that So this was inspired by the clean code book from Bob Martin if anybody knows who that is and obviously that's a Java book but the same thing seems to apply here If I zoom out from this what you can do in your sub functions is instead of having them return an error you have them panic and the input of that panic will be the error that you want to return right Now it doesn't look so great here because I've probably not saved any lines but when the function starts to get quite long or you do some cleverness or you don't do quite so much with the recover part the benefits of readability and nothing else are fantastic or if you're anything like me I kind of the recover seems to disappear I don't see it I write it and then it disappears all I see is the business logic part which to me is like I'm sorry a lot sexier Can you function dependent error error is here for example you've got two or three functions here which one then could have different error messages right by this method you can check the error messages at the corner function so let me paraphrase I think your question is will the errors in the sub functions still be obvious to the return so with that as the question yes absolutely and I think in this case that disgusting looking recover at the top actually what it's doing is saying if the error is a run time error as in an actual panic just re-panic you don't actually have to do that and in a lot of my character doesn't actually re-panic I just catch it because in a lot of cases I want to catch that any random panic still have somehow missed whereas the second part the cast the result of the cast or when the cast is successful I'm actually grabbing back the error which was the value of the panic and returning that to the function so the net result to my public consumers is actually identical all I've done is changed the code around to hopefully look better I'm a bit lost a built-in function recovery is a built-in function I'm not familiar with that assuming I don't explain it very well there's a go blog article called panic defer recover which tries to explain this if this example feels a little contrived obviously it is but there are a couple of real life usages you can look at the marshaling JSON function actually uses this to unravel the recursion so as you can guess JSON parsing is recursive instead of return return return they just panic and it just says screw all that jump to the top so the logic is a little bit cleaner beyond that it's also used in go linked or go imports I have to get back to that it is actual go code I was referencing surprisingly key points here I have notes here so that I remember following the go recommendations rules if you like you'd never let your panic outside your package right you could totally just make it panic and not catch it but that's not very friendly you've just crashed whoever is calling you the whole point of the panic here is not to actually panic but to just clean up the code so by catching the error and rethrowing it as far as anyone knows you've written the whole area because not no they get a nicely formatted error and the exact same error that they would otherwise get at unravels recursion which we already mentioned you don't have to re panic which I also mentioned and ok so another thing for those that haven't seen panic or use this sort of thing panic doesn't kill defer so any defer stack that you have it will unravel it it doesn't have to be the first defer it doesn't have to be the last defer it doesn't matter it's a stack for those not familiar so if you make multiple defers it's a first in last out stack so all your resource cleanup and other stuff you would normally do in defer still happens you don't lose any of that sexiness that's all I have that's a very neat trick thanks for sharing


Hi community. So in this video, I'm going to share with you your homework for this coming week Your challenge should you choose to accept it? And the challenge is to make a video telling us the origin story of your services And I'm going to give you four letters to help you tell that story SSPP. So what does this mean? The first S stands for struggle What was it that motivated you to get into this field to try to develop the skill or this Develop the service. Was it your own struggle? Was it the struggle of friends and family that you saw? Was it the some struggle in the world that you were really passionate about? What motivated you to get into it? The second S stands for solution. What's the solution? Very what's the story very briefly of how you develop the solution? Did you study with a guru? Did you take some training courses? Have you been studying this topic for years? Did you have some mountain top experience that got you to develop that solution? Just tell us briefly what that is that that story of that the the background of that Development is the third letter stands for proof. What proof do you have that the? That the solution works Do you have you solved in your own life? Have you solved it in the lives of friends? In your studies, maybe you came across some case study not necessarily of your clients But just some case studies or even if you just want to provide us a couple of quick testimonials from people who have worked with you That's perfectly fine. So that's the third P which is proof and then the fourth P stands for passion Which is what was that reiterate us for again as you finish the story reiterate, what is what is the passion you have for for for this service in the world for the problem for this for the dream You're not only in it for the money and so tell us give us the sense of that you're not just in it for the money Okay, tell us share, but that's your passion and remember one of the things we've been practicing this past week in the videos is To transmit the energy think about the energy you want the audience to feel as they watch your video And then being more mindful to transmit that energy through your video. Okay now One more thing about this challenge is that I would like you to make what I call a stage 2 video If you don't know what I mean by stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 content Just comment below and someone probably can do a quick summary for you. So a stage 2 video Here's how I recommend you doing it first think about the outline of what you're gonna say Okay, just keep it in mind something to commit to memory just you know not a script. This is important You're not writing out exactly the words you're gonna say but just a brief outline Something you can even just kind of remember in your in your head. Okay, so that's that's the that's the first thing The next thing is to do a quick first take With the outline in mind. Just try it out on video record yourself talking through the outline And then just see how it goes next watch your first take and then see what you would want to do Differently on the next take what you know how you can improve so on the second take now Do a second take and just based on what what the outline is and based on how you want to improve do that second take Now here's the key sleep on it come back the next day and then watch the second take you did the previous day And now do a third take a third total take okay, and in this third take you are integrating The fact that you've slept on it. So you'll you'll be even more You'll you'll have integrated some more wisdom from your mind From this from from you know from the other the previous day So do the third take and the third take Perhaps is good enough to share with us and if so share it with us just in this private group If it's not good enough you could do a fourth and final take okay fourth and final take But that's it and then just upload it to us in the group. I have one other Suggestion for those of you who are a bit more advanced in doing video if you're in the beginner This is it. That's all you know I look forward to your video, but if you're a bit more advanced Try using try uploading the video to YouTube first and using this and after process after processes use the stabilize function To stabilize it if you're doing this I just mentioned try to do this outside when you're kind of slowly walking in a very safe path Upload it to YouTube stabilize it download that YouTube video and then upload that that video file to us here in this group So have fun with the challenge and I look forward to watching your videos and commenting on them. Have a good week