Okay, well, thanks for joining us today at the Tool Lockpicking Village. The talk I'm giving today is key duplication. It's not just for the movies. My name is Tony Varelli, aka Byte Steeler, or some people just call me Byte. You can find me mostly on Twitter if you want to talk, and that's twitter.com at Varelli. I am a member of the Open Organization of Lockpickers, or Tool, and I'm based out of Iowa, and I'm a member of the Des Moines chapter there. So I highly encourage you that after this talk today, stick around. Keep checking out the Lockpicking Village in Defcon Safe Mode. We're going to have a lot of great talks going on. A lot of really smart people when it comes to locks bypassing them and physical security. So I highly suggest you stick around for those talks as well. Today I'm going to cover two types of key duplication. The first one I'm going to cover is how you can 3D print a key. And the second one will be molding and casting a key. This gives you two different attack vectors, specifically because in option one of 3D printing a key, you never need access to that key. And with option two, we can go a little bit further with what we can do on complexity of keys. You're not limited to the key type, we'll say. So first we're going to cover 3D printing, and it's way easier than you think. There's a few things you're going to need, obviously, which is a 3D printer, the material you need, and I'm going to go for that entire list now of what you need. So first of all, I'm going to need a 3D printer. The 3D printers I work with are an Ultimaker 2 Plus, and I also have a Prusa, excuse me, a Prusa i3 MK3S. These are just the printers I own, that's why I use them. If you have your own printer, it should work well. Some lower end printers, sub 200, sub 100 printers might have problems with this.  A lot of questions I get about the 3D printers are what size nozzle diameter do I use? It's a 0.4 millimeter nozzle, and I normally print at 0.1 millimeter layer heights. You could get away with 0.2 millimeter layer heights. I just go for the 0.1, especially if you're doing higher security keys. And I use PLA plastic all the time. You could use something stronger if you wanted to, but PLA works perfectly for what we're doing here. The next thing you're going to need is the key you want to duplicate. Now, you absolutely do not need to have access to this key. I can't be the only person who has a friend on Facebook or other social media who is not security conscious and they're new homeowners or something along those lines.  If you get the right angle on that key, you can take that photograph and use it to duplicate a key.  That's all you need. If you can get a photo and you can identify the type of key, you can use those to duplicate the key from a photo, which is a really cool attack vector compared to casting and molding a key because that you do require access to the key for at least a short period of time. For the examples I'm going to show today, I just did a basic quickset KW-1 keyway. And then you're going to need a measuring tool. This isn't 100% necessary, but it makes life a lot easier, which is a key gauge. If you have physical access to that key, a key gauge lets you very quickly just move the key through the key gauge to get the bidding depths, the cut depths of that key. So you can quickly just know, okay, that's a one, that's a two, that's a three, so on and so forth depending on your key type. When you're working with photos of a key though, you're going to need a pair of calipers. Calipers make your life super simple. You can get a cheap pair for like $20 or less off Amazon.com and digital calipers are... I prefer digital calipers because they just read off very quickly. And then if you're going to do photos, I highly suggest taking a look at Deviant Olaf's GitHub repository. He has a repository called Decoding. And on here, he has photographs for all these different key measurements. If you look on the screen, you can see just a couple like American, Master, Quickset, Schlage, Sargent, EL, a ton of them are up there. It's a very awesome resource for decoding keys. Here's an example of a Quickset one he has. It shows the entire key from tip to bow and on that it shows the spacing you need for the cuts. And then on the bottom right hand side, it shows the depths you need to make for each of the depth. So one depth is 8.36 millimeters, so on and so forth, all the way across. So it's very cool that you can use this for a reference. I'm not going to cover filing keys down, but this would be very good for that kind of reference if you're measuring to have that information. He also has photos on his repository that look like this. And where these come in use is when you have a photo of a key. So for this example, for this presentation, I just went out and searched Quickset Key on Google Images. And I got this key, I brought it into Photoshop. Now you can use any photo editing software you want. I happen to have Photoshop, but you can use GIMP or anything else. And what you do is you bring the picture in of the key and then you cut out the key profile for the most part and you scale it down to fit on the photo here that you get from his repository. So here's a picture that I brought in and scaled down off Google Images. Now it may not 100% line up all the time, depending on how much you fiddle with it. But the good news is that it doesn't have to be that precise to get a basic idea of your depths. So if you start at the bow of the key, someone might call the back or the handle, and we work our way to the tip of the key, we can see here that the first depth cut is about a seven. Now I don't see the line for the seven, but I can see it's shorter than the six. So it's easy for me to assume that's a seven cut. And if I move to the next cut there, we can see that that's a five cut, the one next to it's a five cut.  So we have the code for this, which is 75545. This is a horribly bit of key, except for that far back deep cut on the seven. But now that I have this information, what can I do with this? This is a great way to get a photo and get the depth cuts, but how do I take this and model a key? So a lot of people don't have the skill or ability to sit there and get the warding cut into a key and the proper size, height and all this, the right angles, that would take a lot of work in using something like Fusion 360 AutoCADS, all the works, whatever you wanna use. Well, that's where a great talk that I believe happened at DEF CON 21 occurred. In the credits, I'll link to that talk that's on YouTube, I believe, and all the people who are part of that talk, but it was something along the lines of key duplication of and defeating high security Primus locks. And the people who created that created a software called KeyGen and they launched a website called KeyGen.co. This website is absolutely amazing. In your type, you select the type of key you're working with. Your outline might be like, if it's a five pin, six pin, seven pin, whatever, master lock, padlock, a four pin, and then your warding type, depending on which key you're using might have a different warding. And then using the previous slide where you figured out the cuts, like a seven, five, five, four, five, you just simply enter that number combination into the bidding and hit generate, and this generates an STL file. For those of you not familiar with 3D printing, an STL file is the base file you use as your 3D model to generate your 3D prints. So here's a quick video demo of me using the site. I select, this is not the key I showed you previously, it's just a demo real quick, but this is a quick set. On quick set, they only have the KW1 keyway and warding, and this is a bidding I entered for a test key I have for an actual lock I own. It's two, five, three, six, three, I hit generate, it takes a couple seconds here, and then it generates this beautiful 3D render of the key. I mean, they even have the end of the key to match what it would actually look like on the key. You hit download STL, it downloads this STL file to your computer. And then I opened this up real quick in Windows 3D file viewer, they call it print 3D. And this is just a basic idea of how it imports. It's an absolute perfect replication of a quick set key. At the time I was printing this on an Ultimaker 2 Plus, and the slicer software I used for that is called Cura. If you don't know what a slicer software is, it's a software that takes into 3D printers print on layers. This slices that software, or it slices the STL file into layers so that the 3D printer can print. Now I don't print vertically like this because it makes it very unstable and weak, and it wobbles as it prints. So the first thing I do is I rotate it flat down to the bed, and in this preview, you're gonna see this big ring around the outside. That's called a brim. It just helps bed adhesion. When I actually go to print it, I don't use that brim. I do print with supports depending on the warding, but for the most point, you don't need to use even supports on that. So here's just a quick time lapse. I'll probably skip ahead, I'm not gonna watch the whole thing on this of my Ultimaker printing that exact key we just showed in model. So if you're not familiar with 3D printing, this is just a quick overview of what that looks like. The gap you see on the bottom is part of the warding. I didn't do supports on this one, because I didn't need them. And you can see towards the top there, there's a little bit of stringing between the cut. That's simple. When I'm done, I usually take an Xacto knife and just clean that up. It doesn't really affect a quick little cut with an Xacto knife. Cleans up any stringing or weird little print artifacts that you may receive on the print. So this gives you the general idea. We don't need to watch the whole print. On average, this print takes between 10 to 15 minutes, depending on your printer. But it takes about 10 to 15 minutes to knock out an entire key print. So this is the quick set lock I modeled or that I modeled the key off of. This is the key I printed. You can see I stopped it early. That's why it's cut off on top. I insert it in and it turns the key or turns the lock opens the lock. One thing to keep in mind here is that this is a deadbolt and this deadbolt is not attached to the actual bolt. So a 3D printed key will twist this open because there's no resistance from the bolt having to be slid forward and backwards. One thing I could suggest if you're worried about snapping the key off in a lock is you can either use a tension wrench at the bottom, trim a little bit off the bottom of the 3D printed key with an Xacto knife and slide a thin tension wrench in or a small screwdriver to assist the turn because when you actually throw a bolt, you're gonna have a lot more weight behind it and it's gonna be a little more difficult to turn and you don't wanna bend or snap a 3D plastic key off inside of the deadbolt lock. So that's just something to keep in mind. So I had this key, but what now? I have a 3D printed key. 3D printed keys are not durable. They will not last.  So I had printed two keys on this machine and what this is, is if you have a key, it'll duplicate your key for you unmanned and you can see I'm entering, this is a slag. It's a totally different key I was testing at another time. It was a white filament and we assume they use optics to scan this key for depth and it misread the key. You'll see here in a second that it misread the first key thinking it was something that it's not and it failed. I had also printed this in a black or a dark, dark gray PLA as well and I'll show you that here in a second and how that works. So you can see it says here, this is a less common key. It thinks it's some weird slag, which it absolutely is not. So at this point I was confused why it wasn't working. So I canceled out of this and I decided I'm gonna try again. And at this point I went ahead and pulled the white key out and I put the darker key in and it definitely helps. So I would suggest if you're gonna take this attack vector to the point where you wanna try to get a real key made from it, that you use a darker PLA, don't use white, something that's gonna be super reflective. So here's the darker, dark gray key. I'm being very gentle shoving it in because it's got spring-loaded shutters on it and I didn't wanna snap it off inside there. And yes, you did see that correct. That is an NFC reader, RFID reader on one side and it's got a fingerprint scanner on the other side. The fingerprint scanner's purpose, as horrible as this is, is that you can save all your key profiles in the cloud. So if you don't have your key with you, you can always come back and duplicate later. I don't wanna get into the security implications of that. So you see that it's $1.99 to get a key duplicated here, standard brass. If you'd like, you can get your Mickey Mouse or Darth Vader key, but this is for testing purposes. So after attacks, it was $2.12. This is the part where I turn the camera away as I insert my credit card to pay for this transaction. Sorry, this video's a bit of a lengthy video because it took me a minute. Before they had this key me, they used to have a machine called Minute Key. And I liked the Minute Key, it worked well. It was very simple.  They're trying to do an upsell here. I get a secondary key here for a few bucks cheaper. I'm like, no, I'm good. I just need a test to make sure this works. And then they want your email address so they can email your receipt, AKA market to you. So of course, you know me, I enter my real email address and they wanna know if you wanna save your key for later. That's where the fingerprint comes in. Hell no. Moving on. So it starts going down this path where it starts updating you. So here's the concept. You have a 3D printed key that is not durable. However, I can take a 3D printed key, go to an unmanned key duplication system in the very back of a hardware store that is in my local town and I can duplicate this key. Now you saw it does have the ability to do higher security keys than your standard slags or quicksets or less common keys we'll call it. To do that though, they do ask for a mailing address because they cut it and then they mail it to you. So that's something to keep in mind as well. But if you have a standard Schlag, a standard quickset or other master lock, standard keys that are what this company considers common, it's going to cut this key in front of you and then dispense it out from the machine. And again, I have to definitely apologize the time of this video. The other thing is it says that it does have an Android and iOS app that it can scan your keys in home. I have not tested this, but I'm planning on it where I'm wondering if I'm able to just set my key down on a desk and the app will scan it. So I'm going to be testing that in the future because if you could do that, if you had access to a physical key be set. Okay, so the key's done cutting. You can see it does an absolutely horrid job. You can see little pieces of flashing sticking off or it cut it, but nonetheless, you now have a real physical metal duplicated brass key of something you just three printed, which is awesome. So that concludes the three printing and cutting a key. Like I said, it's very simple. The hardest part is, let me rephrase that, if you have access to the key, this is dead simple. You get the measurements with the key gauge, you type it into keygen.co, you spit out an STL file and you print it and you're done. You have a three printed key. You can take that to an unmanned key duplication because if you go to a hardware store and ask a real person to cut this key, you might get a weird look. I'm considering trying that just to see what happens if they'll even do it. But you'll have a physical key if you can go to an unmanned key duplication center. So now we're going to go into molding and casting a key and this is where you start to feel a little more like James Bond or a spy in this case because you're starting to do a little more covert, see it in the movies kind of stuff. And the cool part is you got to play with fire. So where did I get the idea to try this? So I've been wanting to try key duplication for a while now but I had always seen every video, you need a clamshell, you need something to put the clay in to mold this key in and they're always milled or CNC'd out of like an aluminum or some kind of metal and I didn't have access to that. I live in a very small city, like population 10,000 people. And I didn't know anyone and if you were to send this off to be done it would be kind of a high cost. And then D.V. Noloff put out a video on his YouTube channel which if you're not subscribing, I don't know why you absolutely should be subscribing to his videos. He put out a video and he talked about how you could absolutely 3D print this. So I went out and searched Thingiverse for a 3D printable clamshell and lo and behold I found one and I'll get into who that's by here in a second. So once I saw that, D.V. Noloff talks about every little thing you need to cast a key, he goes step by step process on how to do this. So I watched his video, took inspiration from it and tested it myself and here's the link at the bottom if you're seeing that to his original key molding and casting video. If you don't know who D.V. Noloff is, there's his beautiful mug right there. His website is dvating.net, D.V. Noloff at Twitter. Check him out on Twitter for sure. So we're gonna go over everything you need. There's a much higher bill of materials on this. So let's go through them one by one. I try to give you an idea of where you can get them off Amazon pretty cheap and or the prices you can expect to pay. So in this case, you are going to need physical access to the key you're wanting to duplicate. If you prepare ahead of time, which I'll talk about in a second, you don't need much time. You maybe need like anywhere between 15 to 30 seconds hands-on with that key. Depending on what you're allowed to do on a job or your story for your job, you could get access to this key for like requesting access to a server room or wherever you're trying to access specifically. Had you need that key, you may have just enough time to get the mold of that key. And again, I did this all with a quick set KW1 key. Then you're gonna need a low melting point metal. So I do this demonstration at a lot of cons and some of these cons have kids. One metal that Deviant talks about and if you talk to other people, they suggest is called Woods metal. The problem with Woods metal is that it has lead in it and other toxic chemicals that when burned, the fumes rise up and you're breathing these in. Woods metal is relatively cheap. You can get a lot of it for a very low cost. However, because I was gonna have kids a touching the metal after they're done, melting it themselves, all this different stuff. I didn't feel comfortable using a Woods metal because of the toxins. And talking to some people in the tool slack, they suggested Fields metal. Fields metal is much more expensive by weight.  That's the exact link to the one I buy. This is a reputable buyer. He's got 100% positive feedback as of this presentation and he's always sent me the products I've needed. I did a con in Oman, Nebraska and at that con I ordered five different bricks and he got them to me and he was willing to work with me on price which I thought was awesome. So this is where I get my metal. It's Fields metal, it's very low point metal like the picture shows. It melts at about 144 degrees Fahrenheit and it doesn't have the toxins in it. And then you're gonna need something to melt that brick you get down so you can make ingots. Debian has some really cool big melting pot that he bought. I looked it up on Amazon, I think it was like 35 or 40 bucks, he might've gotten it cheaper somewhere else but I was walking through Walmart one day in the camping section and I saw this cast iron skillet and it was like five bucks. So I was willing to drop five bucks on a cast iron skillet which I bought. Obviously I only use it for this purpose moving forward. And then Debian had these perfectly square, small ingots of his metal and it just so happened that this ingot was exactly the right amount of metal to mold and cast one single key. So I reached out to him on, I can't remember if it was Twitter or Slack and talked to him and he's like, oh dude, it's awesome, they're these ice cube trays. So these are these silicone rubber ice cube trays that are meant to make tiny ice cubes so you can drop them in like in the mouth of a bottle of water or soda and they're super tiny. You can get them off Amazon and you get two trays which make a ton of ice cubes or ingots in this case and they're 10 bucks for both of them. Again, these prices might be different now especially with COVID going on. They could have completely changed because all prices and availability on Amazon are off the charts compared to what they used to be. But I got two of them for 10 bucks so you can either use them both or use one for key casting and one for your ice cubes. Then you're gonna need the clay and the clay is what you actually mold the shape and the indent of the key into. And Sculpey is something that Debian recommended. One tip, when you search Sculpey clay on Amazon select all the colors available. The reason I say this is that the price varies based on the color you select. I don't know, I don't get it. I've gotten yellow and green so far because they're usually between two to three dollars but if you select like black or white or orange it might be seven to $10 for the same size the two ounce size I buy here. This two ounce size you can see from the picture there's indents along each of the thing and pretty much it's got four logs of clay. One log of clay is exactly what you need to cast a key. So you get a minimum of four castings. I found that you can reuse this clay over and over again. It does dry out over time. It is heat set, it's oven baked clay. So heat sets it and makes it hardened.  And then you're gonna need some kind of talcum powder. I bought mine at Walmart. I bought the little baby powder. It's a little size about this big. It's a travel size baby powder and it's perfect and this just stops the clay from sticking to itself. So when you cast the two key or take the two pieces of the clamshell and stick them together when you pull them apart they separate without the clay sticking together and ruining your whole mold. Then you're gonna need the clamshell. I 3-printed mine from Thingiverse ZBZZN Boris is the person who created this. There's a bitly link I created to link straight to the Thingiverse link for that. It works absolutely perfect. It's three pieces. You're gonna have a left and a right to your clamshell and then a base and this base is awesome. In Debian's video he had an aluminum one I believe and then he used like a C-clamp to clamp it to hold it together and kind of stabilize it on the table. This base you print for it works absolutely perfect. I love this clamshell. I've used it over 100 times and there's no deformation. It absolutely does not deform. It holds up to the heat. You have to realize that when you print PLA you print at a minimum usually of 190 degrees Celsius to 220 degrees Celsius and we're only hitting around 140 to 160 degrees Fahrenheit. Now unfortunately I use American units. I wish we'd switched to metric and Celsius but I don't understand it off the top of my head. So you could do the conversion but the point is you never get close to that melting temperature or the glass temperature of the filament.  Then you're gonna need a melting ladle. This thing was like 10 bucks off Amazon. It's for melting lead, casting ammunition things along those lines. It was 10 bucks on Amazon. It fits a perfect ingot inside of it and you can hold a lighter underneath it to melt that down. Then you're gonna need a lighter. Debian suggested a torch lighter. I do as well. I think it puts out a little more heat than just a standard lighter. But I've tested with Fields Metal. You can use like a T candle or a standard BIC lighter or a Zippo lighter. It will get hot enough over time. It's just not as fast. If you're like me and you like a cigar renowned again I already own a cigar lighter. I bought this one off Amazon for 15 bucks like years ago for the purpose of actually having cigars. It just so happened to work perfectly for this situation as well. So this is a video of me trying not to upset my wife. This is the $5 cast iron skillet I bought from Walmart with the brick of metal of Fields Metal I bought off of eBay. I'm slowly just melting it down inside this pan. I make a very noob mistake here. Do not make my mistake. I took a like a kebab skewer and I was making sure it was fully melted and kind of stirring it around to make sure there was no more chunks of metal that it was 100% completely melted on my stove.  And what I do is I just coat my entire pan with Fields Metal. So I lost a bit of metal because of that. But like I said, I'm not using this pan for anything but melting Fields Metal in the future. So it works perfectly. I put the wax paper underneath the ice cube tray in case I spilled. That's the only person that I have that there. If I didn't overspill, you land on the wax paper and not my stove and my wife would still love me.  And then you can see the cubes it makes. I think I got about 16 cubes out of that one piece of metal. So that's enough for 16 keys. One note when I pour into this ice cube tray, it doesn't fully fill all the cubes. So what I did is I popped them all out and I think that was a full cube I set aside. Anything that was a partial cube I took into my melting ladle. I melted it down all the little fragments, little pieces and I slowly pour them in cube by cube until I got a full ingot for each one. So that's just a little pointer there. So now we're gonna switch to demo time AKA time to play with fire. Don't try this at home or if you do, just don't blame me if you get hurt. I highly suggest you try this at home. Full disclosure, I've had this demo prerecorded for a time because it's one of those things that with COVID going on I've done a lot of virtual conferences and with a virtual conference it's just difficult to plan ahead. So I prerecorded the actual demonstration of this video. So you're gonna see here the background's gonna change. My hat won't, you won't see my face. It's gonna be all on table kind of thing but you're gonna see the whole demonstration. So we're gonna do that demonstration and then I'll come back right after that. Enjoy. Okay, so I'm gonna get started with my demo here. I'm gonna go over what I have here on the table. So some of the things you're gonna need. The first thing is a clamshell. This is what we're gonna use to actually mold the key. This is actually 3D printed. It's fully available for free download www.thingiverse.com and I'll try to make sure the links are available. They're definitely available in the slides which I'll also make available to everybody. So we have the main clamshell in the base. The base is pretty much so you don't have to hold this as you're pouring molten metal into it. It just lets you freehand it. Speaking of pouring molten metal the next thing we have here is a ladle. And this is a lead ladle. You could use this for pouring lead but it works perfectly for what we're doing. So we'll be pouring the metal in to the clamshell like that. The next thing we're gonna need is some sculpting clay. This is sculpty. It's like a few bucks on Amazon for this package. This package is pre-split into four different bars and you just need one bar is exactly perfect. To fill this mold you rip that one bar in half and you fill each half of the mold. It works perfect.   And I travel with all of this stuff and it's like pencil bag I found one time at Walmart during school shopping time. It's like a dollar or two dollars for this zipper bag and it holds everything I need. You're gonna need a lighter. I suggest a torturous cigar lighter. This is a cigar lighter. You can't really see the flame on camera. I'm guessing, but that's what that is. And then I also have the metal. So there's different kinds of metals you can use for this. A very common popular one is called Woods metal. The problem with Woods metal is that it contains lead. So it's toxic. The fumes it puts off are toxic. So I would highly suggest against it if you're gonna be doing this around kids or in the public for your own use. That's up to you. You decide if that's okay with you. This is Fields metal. Fields metal is non-toxic. I get mine off Amazon and it's like $35 for a brick. And one brick makes pretty much enough to fill this little sleeve here. So about 16 little cubes, which you saw in the previous video that I made, melting it into a pan and then pouring it in this mini ice cube tray. So let's get into molding an actual key. So I have this lock. It's a quick set lock. And here's the key for that lock. Works perfect. So this is the key we're gonna mold. So to get started, I'm gonna move some stuff out of the way here. First thing I'm gonna do is get my clamshell opened up and laid flat in front of me. And I'm gonna open my clay. Now I try to open this nicely so that I can kind of wrap it back in the clay later. That's only because I'm doing it for demo purposes. This doesn't really matter. I've actually 3D printed a holder for this clay just because I like to be organized with my stuff, especially in 3D printing. So if you look at this again, you can see that there's, it's hard, maybe hard to see, but you can see that there's these lines that pre-cuts it into these bars. And this one bar is exactly the right shape. So if I take this bar and break it in half or relatively in half, like so, this is exactly perfect for each side. So just take one and mash it up just like Play-Doh, soften it up just a little bit. And then what you're gonna do, and it's up to you. Some people like to take talcum powder and put the sense that the clay comes out easier for demo, I don't really care. If you needed to do multiple back-to-back, maybe that would make sense. Otherwise, it doesn't matter. Anyways, I get it into about a shape like that and then I just push it down into the clamshell and try to get as flat as possible. So I'm pushing it down in, backfilling this big gap at the top, the big void at the top. And you want it to be as level with the top of this as possible. You don't want a big bulge of clay sticking up because it won't give you a good mold. It'll wrap around the key, which you do not want. So get this as flat as you can. Again, it doesn't have to be absolutely perfect. When you squish these two together, you're probably gonna get some leak out. That's fine. Just get it as best as you can. So you can see I have it. It's pretty level. It's hard to see on camera, but it's pretty level. Now this part, you're gonna wanna depress this down in like so to create a well because you need someplace to pour the molten up metal into. So I'm creating like this lip that I can bend backwards. And it's just this well because the top of the key doesn't need to be molded. That's not important. So pretty much you do this again and just repeat it on the other side. So I'm gonna take the clay and again, soften it up by squishing it.  Otherwise, if you try to like skim it in, you might get an air pocket below and when you squish the key and all the clay moves down and you won't get a good impression. So I've pushed it all down in and I still have a bulge. So now I'm gonna work on getting that bulge down so it's not above the plane of the top of the clamshell. And again, I'm gonna fill this void in and on top. People have asked me if the color of clay matters. It doesn't.  So sometimes you'll see this in yellow. Sometimes you'll see it in green, black, red, blue. It doesn't matter. It is literally just whatever's the cheapest I buy because why pay $8 or $5 for red when green is $1.99? So, okay. So I have that pretty well in there. I'm gonna check to make sure I don't have it too low. And I think I'm good. Now I'm just gonna, again, create that well on the top of my thumb, squishing it back. So I create a lip and when I put these two together, it'll create a pore spout, kind of like this that the metal can go down in. So now the next important part is to cover these two pieces or these two sides in talcum powder so that when you push the two clays together and you separate them that they separate and they don't just stick into one big glob of clay. So you just take a little talcum powder and sprinkle it on the sides here. And then just take your finger and rub that talcum powder across the top of all the clay. Just like that. Check this, this seems a little bulgy. Now that I've pressed it down, I'm gonna put a little more powder on. Okay. So we have these both sides coated. They're good to go. So I'm done with the talcum powder. I'm done with the clay. So the next thing we're gonna need here is we're gonna need the key. Now it's important that when you press this down that you think about this key as having two halves. Have one and have two over here. You don't wanna shove the whole key down 100% into one side. You wanna push it down about halfway on one side so that when you put the other clamshell on top, half the keys on one clamshell and half the keys on the other side of the clamshell. So to start with, I'm just gonna place this in here so that the bow of the key, which is right here is make sure that that's in thick clay, not in the well. So I wanna down far enough that we're good there. Okay. And then I'm gonna press down and rock it back and forth just trying to get it down about halfway in and just lean in and check on it. Make sure you're about halfway in all the way around. So now you can see the key stuck in halfway there. Now the next thing to do is take this clamshell, place it on top and then squeeze these two pieces together.  So I'm just gonna place my hands on the table and press. You wanna get a nice firm pressure on this and just stand on it and put some weight on it a second, give it a second for the clay to move out of the way for the key to come in. Because remember, you have the warding and all the parts of the key that you need to get up in. Okay. That should be good. Now you wanna carefully open this, separate them apart.  Just try to get it apart as clean as possible. Like so. And we have a pretty decent impression over here. It looks like the key sunk in a lot on this side. So I'm hoping this all turns out well. But you saw how the clay came apart without sticking. That's because we used the talcum powder. So I'm gonna bend this lip back and I'm gonna use the true method of flicking the key out. The reason we do this is we wanna get it out as fast as possible because if you lift it up, it can cause the tip of the key to dig into it. So we wanna get it out as fast as possible. So there, it's out. It shot across the room, but that's fine. So where do we go from here? So the next step to do is we're gonna go ahead and take these two pieces of clay I'm showing, we're gonna put them back together. And now we have a void. Now I'm gonna open up these lips on the top to make sure that I can see down into where we're about to pour, which I can see fine. So I'm gonna place that into this holder and this does two things. One, it keeps these two pieces tight together. And two, it makes it so I don't have to hold this in my hands as I pour molten metal over it. And if I bump it or miss, I'm not gonna end up with melted metal all over my hands. So the next step I'm gonna do is I'm gonna take out one cube of my fields metal. And again, this metal is meant to melt at very low melting points. So a candle or a lighter works fine. And one cube is almost absolutely perfect for your average key. So like a standard Schlaghe key or Kwikseh key. So I'm gonna drop this in the end of the ladle, like so. And I'm gonna try to do my best here to let you see this melt and how fast it goes, but it's gonna be kind of hard to do. So we'll do our best here. So I can already see it moving. So it's already starting to melt. And as soon as the metal below it starts melting and you get a little bit of liquid metal, that metal heats up the rest of the cube and it melts really quickly. So there it goes. So now I gotta kind of look at it here to verify. So adjust it completely liquid. I'm gonna go a little bit longer to make sure it doesn't start solidifying on me quite yet. There we go, we're good to go. And now we just pour this metal down in. And I'm kind of doing this because I want it to get down in and I want any air bubbles to get out. But that should be good. And now we just let it sit. Now, depending on how long you heat this for, bring this in, this is silicone. So I can put something hot on it and it won't melt. Depending on how long you heat the metal for it's gonna take longer to cool. Now this takes quite a bit longer to cool because it's such a little melting point. If you use woods metal, the toxic stuff, it doesn't take as long to do. If you watch any deviance videos, you'll see that he uses, his clamshell is actually, I think it's milled out of aluminum, which if you think about what aluminum is, it's a heat sink. So that would help awesome to cool the key faster where this is plastic. This isn't gonna act as a heat sink. So if you can get a metal clamshell, great. Again, it's not needed. This is super simple to make. It's probably like a few dollars worth of plastic in this. So it works really well. You don't have to have metal if you've ever seen it. When I first started, that's what I, again, that's what I thought. I thought, oh, I didn't have a metal clamshell. How am I supposed to try this? And when I saw the 3D printed one, it was fantastic. So I'm watching the top. I'm kind of shaking it. And I can see that the center is starting to solidify, but the sides are still jiggly. And I wish I could tip this to show you, but if I do that metal might run out. So it doesn't have to be cooled down to take it out, but it does need to be solidified. So we're gonna finish letting this go here. I'm just tapping it. And pretty much what I'm looking for is if the metal's still kind of jello-y on top or you can see liquid still. And as soon as I don't see that anymore, then I'm pretty sure we're good to go. So there's just a few little spots that are still like that in here. We're very close now. Some very, very small spots still jiggling, which means they're cooling off. And if you open this too early and it's not solidified down, you're gonna have molten metal just running out. So better to be safe than sorry. Okay, it looks pretty solidified.  And when we pull this out, you may or may not see some gaps, some air gaps. That's fine. The key can still work. The important part, obviously, is the bidding of the key and the warding. But if there's holes in the warding, we're fine. If there's holes in the bidding, then we have problems because there might make a dip where it won't lift the pins to the proper height. Okay, I think we're good. So I'm gonna go ahead and take the base off this. Okay, and then we're gonna split this open. And it looks like we have a good casting. So let's see, well, gotta keep it in light so you can see it here. So there's the key. And you can see, we don't have the entire top of the head. We have just enough, though, that we can grab onto it and turn it. And we can see all the key in here. We can see the warding. So let's go ahead and peel this out. So we got a little clay on the tip. That's not a big deal. Just pull it off. So you can see there's a lot of flashing around here and stuff like that. None of this matters. And if that bothers you, it's so thin and soft. Just bend it back, okay? Now we have a little bit of flashing it looks like around this bidding area. But again, I'm not overly concerned with that because of the way the cut is. I can just kind of bend that flashing out of the way. So I think we're completely good to go here. So now it's the moment of truth because, you know, demos fail. What's new? So let's place it into the lock. It goes into the lock. That's good news. Now we'll open the lock. There it goes. So there was that little bit of flashing. So when I first started turning it, it caught but as soon as I turned that flashing bent out of the way and we're good to go. So now we have a fully working duplicate of that key. So like when we talked about with 3D printing of this key, this key is very bendable. It's very soft. But I can take a pair of calipers or again, I can take the key depth measurement guide here, let's see, quick set. Where'd you go? There. And I can take this now. I can get the measurements from this on my own time because I have a duplicate of this key now. Take my own time to get my measurements. I could 3D print this key and take this to a key me or a key duplication, unmanned key duplication machine and have a permanent copy of this key forever. If you only need to get it once or twice, this will work. Again, this will last for a while. So I'm making a mess, but like that, it'll work perfectly. However, I wanna show that this key is soft. So I'm gonna bend it here just to show you. That doesn't take a lot of power to bend that. You can see that's completely bent key now. But if I lay it on a table and I flatten it back out, we should be good to go. Let me just test it. Yep, we still get it open. So that is duplicating key with casting a key and melting metal in casting it in clay. So let me flip back to my other screen here and we'll continue on. Okay, so time to give some credit here. So first of all, we have the keygen.co. There's the GitHub repository for that. And below that is the talk I specifically mentioned earlier where keygen.co came from. It was from DEF CON 21, key to coding and duplication attacks for the Schlage Promise High Security Lock. There's a link to the YouTube video of that talk. And that was done by David Lawrence, Eric Van Albert, and Robert Johnson. Big shout out to them. I believe the tool is also available as just a Python script. You can download and run locally so you don't need to rely on their website. The website's just super quick and easy.  I didn't think I could do key duplication before I saw his video. After watching that video, he gave an in-depth, very, very detailed way of how to do key duplication. And the fact that he mentioned you could use three printed clamshells is what even sent me down this path. So check out his website and check out his Twitter. And then the link below that is the original key molding and casting video. And again, a big shout out to Boris for the 3D printed clamshell that he makes freely available to the world and thing averse. If you go back in the slides, you will definitely see the link to that. So I wanna thank you guys for letting me talk to you today about key duplication. If you have a 3D printer, please give this a try. It's super simple. Just enter a random bidding code, if you will, just to test it out and print a 3D key just so you can see how easy it is. If you have your own key, go ahead and duplicate your own key just to test it out and see how well it works. It's super simple using the keygen.co. If you have any questions, any comments or anything else you wanna talk about, again, hit me up at Twitter, at Varelli, it's the easiest way to find me. And then questions, if you have questions, obviously I'll be sticking around. You can find me in the Discord channel. I'll be available to answer any questions you might have, details about printing, molding and casting and things like that. So again, I wanna thank you for taking the time to watch this presentation. I hope you have a great DEF CON safe mode and stick around at the Lockpicking Village with Tool for all the other amazing talks that are coming up. Thanks a lot.


It was great energy, honestly. A lot of guys are super excited, super excited about this year, super excited about getting back out there. Really just trying to build a team. A lot of guys are trying to define roles in this team, including myself. Every year is different. And every year I feel like this team or this organization is going to demand more and more out of me.  I know a lot of the young guys are watching me and everything that I do is funny. Well, it's not funny, but Buster decided to retire. I don't know if it was yesterday or a few days ago, but I got the news yesterday. So I'm really the oldest guy in my room now, which is very, very weird going into year seven. But like I said, trying to set the example every single day. Requirements, are you placed on yourself in this year? Yeah, I don't place any pressure on myself. I understand the expectations is always going to be high. My standard and the standard of this team is always going to be high. We're always going to demand a lot out of each other, regardless if you're a first year guy or a seven year vet or a 12, 11 year vet or whatever. The expectation of the standard is always going to be high. And I'm going to make sure that I keep my standard at a high level, because I can't expect anybody else to raise their expectations or raise their standard if mines are not extremely high. So the standard is high. The expectation is always high. What are you seeing in just the early going from Caleb and how good is it to see him back out there without me? Yeah, it's really good. Obviously last year, coming off whatever injuries and surgeries he had, he looks really fast.   But you know, even just talking to him in the meeting room, I got to work out with him a little bit this offseason here in Nashville. And like I said, he looks really good. His meeting room, just his notes and his work ethic in the meeting rooms asking the right questions, answering all the questions. Honestly, I've been highly impressed from him.  So not saying he's been up and down, but just his momentum is going this way. So we've got to make sure he keeps going this way. On the first two plays of seven on seven, Tana Hill hits the two bombs to start off the period. No, it's not frustrating. Obviously, you know, those guys get paid. Both receivers make some really good catch, especially Traylon, the kind of diving catch. But obviously, you know, talking to Christian, he has high expectations for himself and his standard is high as well. So, you know, at the game, beat on one play and then another play, just tell him, hey, you got a lot of opportunity. Go out here and bounce back. We don't need the back and forth trash talking stuff like that. So, but you know how this league go, you know what I'm saying? We come out here super excited. First play of the game, when we get bombed on twice, you know, kind of flat lines, a little bit of the momentum and the energy on the sidelines. So just, it's a teaching lesson. You know, that's what camp is about, it's first day of camp, but I know Christian, he has high expectations for himself and I know he'll bounce back strong tomorrow. You got to get yourself better, but how much do the defense maybe put it on themselves to help maybe the guys across the ball from him? You mentioned trailing, but would some of the guys you're competing against? Yeah, I mean, like I said, man, we're not putting any more pressure on ourselves. Didn't normal. Obviously the offense, they have a high expectation. We're going to expect a lot from those guys as well, regardless of, you know, any type of roster movements or who's new guys out there, new faces. You know, Vray was always going to keep those guys at a high standard. So we're not putting any more pressure on us, thinking that we got to go out here and hold the offense up and nothing like that. You know, 2020, the offense held us up and last year was kind of a little bit different. So every year is different just because we got a lot of talented guys and we guys coming back. That means nothing, honestly, it means nothing. Every single year is different in every year. Like I said, every year is going to be different. So we're going to try to make sure that we're just holding our end, just doing what we can as a defense to try to, you know, be one of the best in the league. You talked about being the oldest guy in the room. When you came into the league, did you imagine year seven you'd still be going strong playing some of your best football? Of course. I mean, it's not to brag or anything like that. But like I said, my standard is high. I came in with a lot of confidence and every year I've just been, you know, getting better and getting better and getting better. I mean, I wouldn't say I thought that at year seven I'd be the oldest guy, but you know, it's the way things happens in this league. So, but like I said, I've been confident and I'm always confident in myself and I'm going to play as long as I feel like a player at a high level and I don't think that's going to end any time soon. You talked a lot about the scar and the wound from Cincinnati for him personally. Out of your worst moments, how that helped you grow and what you envisioned maybe that does for you? Yeah, I mean, I feel like just in life period, you know, they're always going to be ups and downs. And I think that, you know, regardless of what happens, I think just as far as our work ethic and everything that happens, you know, just use it as fuel. You know, everything should be used as fuel. When you have a good year, use it as fuel to have a better year the next year. If you have a down year, just use it as fuel. And I don't think that you should really get down on yourself or nothing like that because in life, there are going to be ups and downs. It's all about how you handle it and how you just, you know, respond really. So, like I said, I know Tannehill, he has a high standard for himself. And I know at the end of the day, regardless of what happened last year or whatever, I don't think he's really getting any energy to it at this point because like I said, it's a new year, new expectations, new team. And I expect Tannehill to have a great year. And I think he does too.  Yeah, man, honestly, just being vulnerable, man. Obviously leaving mini camp early, getting the news. And I think it was a Tuesday, my mom ended up passing away on the next Tuesday. We had a funeral on Saturday. At times, I feel like it's, you know, kind of still in shock a little bit. It hasn't really set all the way in. Some days are good, some days are tough. But at the end of the day, I feel like what I've learned throughout this process is that, you know, you just really never know, you know, this thing came out of left field. And so just trying to wake up every single morning with just gratitude. Gratitude that I have another day to come in this building to be around the guys. Cause my routine has kind of helped me, I wanna say keep my mind off of it because, you know, during idol times is when it's really tough. But I have a great circle around me, really kept me up. I've had a lot of people reach out, hundreds of people reach out to me and just try to keep me upwards. So, but like I said, every single day is different. But I try to come here every single day, just being grateful that I have another day. And that's what I try to express to the guys like, same thing in this building, you know, you never know when it's gonna be your day. You never know when an injury may end everything or just your life period. So, and it's crazy because, you know, I feel like people that has been through these situations will always tell you, really love on your loved ones. Make sure you're calling people every single day to tell them you love them. And that's something I'm just trying to preach and try to do for myself, calling my family, checking on my siblings. But like I said, it's definitely been tough just being vulnerable. But I feel like I'm in a good headspace today or just period, but it could be different tomorrow, honestly.  I mean, everything. Like I said, my mom was everything to me. Just her work ethic, every single day.  And she just took it with stride and she handled it with the utmost, you know, character and everything. And that's why I learned a lot of my, just who I am today is because of her. And I owe everything to her. But one thing I understand too is like, you know, just thinking spiritually, my mom is with me every single day. And I mean, it might sound weird, but I talked to my mom a lot and I could just hear her voice, hear her voice pretty much saying, just keep your foot on the gas. And that's what I'm gonna keep doing every single day. Are you dedicating the seasonal to her? Yeah, I mean, honestly, man, I'm gonna dedicate every single day, dedicate this year, because like I said, everything, the life I've been able to build for myself and my family is the life that she wanted and the life that she would want for herself.  You know, I was able to buy her home and she was really working on herself and I'm talking about she was working out to me how she wake up in the morning. She's drinking beet juice and all I kind of got on the whole, you know, cause I've been changing my diet. I've been getting on her diet and stuff. She was working her home business and everything. So, but like I said, man, I know she's proud of me. She's proud of her kids. All her kids are being successful and doing their thing. That's something that I can take on for the rest of my life that my mom was proud of me and that's obviously helped me throughout this whole process. There's generally a pecking order to such things. Do you notice when a young guy comes in and tries to maybe work a little further up the line for drills, did you do that when you were a young guy? Is there something to that? Yeah, for sure. Honestly, one of the drills, you know, Roger, Roger's a guy, man, he works extremely hard and he's always competing extremely hard but we was doing some of the open field tackle drills and I had told him, hey, jump up there. I know it's a pecking order with some of the veterans you want those guys to go but have an older guy tell you to back up, you know what I'm saying? Before you have to, for somebody had to tell you to go and obviously like this is no knock on him but as always, you know, I feel like just some of the young guys, they want to be able to compete but they also want to get respect to the veterans but I tell them all the time, hey, jump up there and if an older guy tell you to back up then that's what you want. You know, you want to be competitive.  So yeah, like I said, it's definitely a pecking order but I encourage guys to go up there and try to take a leadership role early. It doesn't matter if you're rookie or not. I was in for you and I'll be able to have your family out here and what kind of energy does that give you? I heard you joking with your son just to follow, hey, future first rounder but to show him what you do and be able to have them support you. It's a beautiful thing. It's a beautiful thing. This is actually the first year because I think COVID year, you know, we kind of just had to be on the side. First year, my kids been able to run out there on the field. Like I say, it's kind of a full circle moment, man. Like I said, man, my mama or my mom, she was really, really proud of me. She told me a lot the last few months that she was a lot how proud of she was of me and like I said, this life I've been able to build for myself and my family is something that she'll be proud of. So I just got to keep that going. Every single day is different. Every single day is going to be tough but at the end of the day, just keeping that always in mind that she was proud of me and it's just like I said, it's a big blessing, man, to have my kids out here, two beautiful children. That diet that you were working with, how has that been now that you got to test it out of one day of training camp? How is this something you want to stick to? Oh, absolutely. I mean, I think it's something we try to stick to not only, you know, just when I'm done playing football. Like I said, I feel like I feel great. My energy levels is great. But like I said, it's something that's always continuous.  My diet is a journey. You know, I got to have those cheat days in there every now and again but I think just being consistent with it, my energy levels is good. I feel fast and just trying to stay healthy, trying to beat, it's all about being available, you know what I'm saying? I feel like with my diet and everything that I've been doing, I just feel real fresh, feel good and it's all about a feel. So like I said, someone's trying to be consistent with. What's the go-to on cheat day? Go-to, I mean, it depends.  I'm real big on like cookies and stuff. But I think for like, as of right now, I'm trying to go at least 30 days without any cheat. So this whole training camp, no cheat meals, no nothing. Try to stay consistent. But like I said, definitely, you know, it can depends honestly. It might try to give me a burger or something like that. No fast food burger, but a nice burger. It can just depends. Last one, Steve. You said yesterday that the ultimate goal is to win a championship around here. But you can't start at the end. What are the goals you have now to measure your progress throughout training camp and the season really to get to that ultimate goal?  Let's measure each day. Try to just shorten those measurements because that's kind of how you have to have your mindset.  Don't try to think so far ahead. Think about today. Like I said, think about the morning meetings. Think about practice. Think about, you know, when I go in this building, what type of recovery I am, keeping myself to a schedule. You know, I journal a lot. I write down notes at night time. What I done, it's something I've been doing new as well. Like, you know, writing all my notes down. Okay, would I do good today? Where are a couple of things I need to work on? And writing down what I'm gonna do tomorrow. What's my recovery? What is my routine gonna be? And just trying to stick to that. If I feel like I can stick to those things and keeping, you know, just pretty much living in the moment. When you look back on things, you will realize, okay, these things helped us get to this point. And I think as long as we keep that mindset, the ultimate goal will be realized. How nice is it to see him starting to put these together now on a daily basis? That's the goal for every player and every single coach. Come to work, try to get better, try to improve each and every day. You know, whatever happened yesterday doesn't mean anything about today. Whatever happened in the period before doesn't mean anything about the next period. It's, you know, these practices we try to do our best to structure them like a game. Whether the defense gives up a play early in the series or early in practice, you have to come back and keep playing and competing. So we try to point all those things out. And, you know, I thought it was a good start. He had admitted to not attacking it the way that he thought he should have initially. You know, what did I say to you just about accountability standpoint? We all have to hold each other accountable. Ultimately, I have to hold everybody accountable. Self-motivation, you know, schedule, routine. You know, there's a lot of transition that everybody, you know, goes through. You know, you just sat here and listened to Kevin Byrd and the maturity, the growth that he's gone through, the representation of our organization. You know, so we try to use him as examples.  And so hopefully that he becomes a teammate or husband or father that Kevin and a lot of these guys that are those things on this football team. So hopefully they can help the younger players to transition through family, through relationships, and then also understand that they have a job to do here to be, you know, football players. Sorry. No, I'm sorry. Kevin said he liked the energy today from the team. What did you think about the energy? What did you like from day one of training camp? Well, I think there was an urgency, you know, moving around on the field. That's how we want to practice. That's how we want to operate. We want to, you know, be going from drill to drill, make sure everybody knows where they're going, that there's a professionalism to it, that the drills are planned out. And when we're working together, that everybody knows where they're supposed to be, O-line, D-line, receivers, quarterbacks, DBs, two-spot drills, trying to get as many reps in as we can. You know, and then we'll just, you know, see where it goes from there.  Yeah, yeah. So we recognized Dylan Radins on offense. We recognized Des Fitzpatrick on offense. Tori Carter on offense. DeMarcus Walker on defense. Amani Hooker on defense. And Caleb Farley on defense. And that was through a criteria of effort, consistency, and improvement. Going back to Caleb Farley, Kevin also said he was impressed with what he's seen with him. Just what have you seen out of him in the last couple of months, the work he's put in, not only with the rehab, but the playbook as well? Yeah, and I think he can, you know, I mean, again, he is a certain set of circumstances of coming in, not having had a whole lot of conditioning or strength training or football for that matter. And the off-season was an opportunity for him to do that really train hard, lift, add strength and size that's critical in this league, but also an understanding of what his job is and what the offense is doing and formations that they're in or splits that they're in and recognizing all those things. And then now trying to, you know, add that to practice to where you're able to recognize those things on the field and not on the film. The film's a little slower than the field. I thought it stopped a great deal about the wound he felt from the end of last year. I know it's clean state, slate, new start, but how do you expect the guy to deal, to funnel his disappointment into what he does next?  And, you know, we try to help him. I think he's done a great job of putting the work in for himself, but the best way of when things aren't going well for you is to be around guys that you trust, that you care about being around people, family. And so I think the best thing for all of us is to get back out here and get to work.  There's nothing that I've ever done that will compare to that. So I think when things are going great, it's always best to be around people that you care about and that care about you. Bired is a leader out there. When Jeff is out there on the field, how does he feel that role too? Well, Jeff is, you know, he plays to a certain standard. And when you do that, you know, you have the luxury to be able to hold other people to that standard, whether that's in a weight room, meeting room, or on the practice field. And he's, you know, and everybody leads differently. But I do appreciate Jeff's willingness to play with passion and also, you know, hold guys accountable. And then if, you know, he'll hold himself accountable if he doesn't, you know, live up to the standard that he set and that we expect of him. What did you see from Malik today and what do you want to see from him as camp progresses? You know, we touched on this the other day, continue to make the correct decisions, but improve timing, which we believe is going to lead to improved accuracy and just going out and having fun. The command at a huddle, you know, we haven't had, you know, to recall anything or step out of the huddle or have Todd give him a call again. And that just, I think, works to the flow of practice, is when you can do that, you know, then things go a little quicker and everybody's ready. The operation at the line of scrimmage, your motioning guys, your moving, you're getting us into the right play, not sitting there taking 20 seconds to find the right play.   Well, I think the year on the practice squad gave him a lot of confidence. He went out there and he ran routes with the intent to go win, that every ball was going to be thrown to him. And when we try to explain that to all these guys, like this is your opportunity to go play against, you know, starting players on the defense. And I know that there's a card in these defensive coaches, they love to draw the lines on the card and everything and we just tell them, like that's a route, this is our route. We just tell them in our language, run that route, get open and whoever the show team quarterback is going to get you the ball. And I think he started doing that, he started gaining confidence. And also that's just the biggest thing is probably, and him just understanding what this, the day in and day out of pro football is and you know how competitive it is. And John, I think both kind of mentioned that you've been a little bit maybe more vocal and they also like your energy a lot too. Do you think you've been more vocal yourself, maybe whether it's talking to a receiver or a coach or whatever and also I guess do you have, feel like you've got an increased energy? I don't know if I don't feel a lot more vocal. I feel like I just am leading the way that I believe is effective in the way that works for me. So I'm going to continue doing that, continue pushing the envelope, trying to bring this team, this offense along as fast as we can. It's going to be a long process as we go through training camp but have a big opportunity to get better at this training camp and excited to try to take advantage of each and every day. And I'm proud of our guys when we came out here day one and got off to a good start. This part of it before pants come on just kind of feels like an extension of what you were doing in the last couple of months. How valuable is that time for you to be able to kind of get the receivers on the same page, get the tight ends on the same page. Just kind of get guys accustomed to the way that you want to run things. Yeah, it's huge. You know, I thought we got a lot of really good work done in the spring. And didn't have a lot of full speed team reps or if any but we got a lot of really good work on the details and in timing as far as the pass game goes. So whether it was individual or group or seven on seven we made some big strides over the course of the spring and felt like, you know, through our meetings, you know, the past couple of days that our guys have retained that information, retained those coaching points and were able to kind of pick up where we left off in the spring. How about you two have a good first day and get off to a good start, especially given how many new weapons you've got in this camp? You all want to take advantage of each and every day. Whether it's the first day or the 15th day, not every day is going to be perfect. Not every day is going to be great but we're striving for greatness. So I want to come out here and compete and try to make the plays that we have the opportunity to make. So I was proud of the guys today with the mentality that we came out, came back in condition. We're able to run and take advantage of the reps we've got. What can you say about the pass and then the back, kind of like a back shoulder later? What are your thoughts on, you know, how you were able to get with him today after not having many reps during many camp OTAs? Yeah, it's nice to have trailing out there. You know, we've been back a few days before you guys got here, had the rookies and some of the Vets QBs back a couple of days. So we got some reps over the past few days and I'm excited to have him out there. You know, he's got a long way to go but, you know, making plays like that does a lot for building confidence for a quarterback for myself and just knowing what you're going to get over there. You know, if he wins consistently and makes plays like that for me down the field, you know, it gives you a lot of confidence to go his direction. He admitted to not attacking things the way he may have should have initially. What's that say about his accountability, you know, for you as one of the leaders of the team to see him take himself accountable like that? Yeah, I know that accountability is huge, especially in this program, you know, it starts from the top and trickles its way down. So having that awareness of just knowing when it's not perfect, when you did miss an opportunity, being able to recognize that and try to rectify it as you move forward, it's huge. So proud of him and the way he's come out, you know, this fall and off to a good start. Right, what does it mean to have just Robert Woods kind of progressing as he's progressing and Grable also mentioned NWI, just the versatility these guys both have and how much will that benefit you if you can start to build that chemistry early on here? Well, it's huge, you know, I think Robert's been around a long time and has been a playmaker. So excited to bring his veteran point of view and veteran play to our team and seeing him out here kind of running really full speed for the first time, getting some routes on air. He looks really good, you know, on air. So excited to build those reps with him and continue to build that relationship as we move forward. How about at the end of last season affecting you? How do you now kind of use that wound, as you've called it, going forward to drive you as you look to kind of repair and heal it, whatever, whatever you need to do? I love the little add-ons there. Yeah, it's just fuel, you know, you look at, you know, things in your past and experiences you've been through and you can learn from them and you can use them as fuel as you move forward. So, you know, that's the thought here of moving forward is attacking this year, you know, each and every day and trying to get the most out of it. How much has changed maybe when you first came into the league and maybe with less practice time, what's maybe important in the July, August to get ready for the season? Yeah, it's a long training camp, but yeah, things have changed a little bit. You know, I came in after the two of days were, I know I'm old, but I wasn't around when the two of days are still going on. So, you know, I missed that, but you know, it's a long training camp. There's a lot of opportunities, a lot of days and you can't let the grind of the training camp diminish the value of each and every day individually. You know, have to come out with a purpose and intention each and every day and try to take advantage of the reps that we get. Last year, we asked you a lot at training camp about training camp interceptions and if it was good offense or bad defense, you start the seven on seven with two long passes, one to Nick and one to Traylon. Is that good offense or bad defense? I mean, I don't know, man. I tried to go out and take advantage of the reps that we get. You know, we had an opportunity, Nick did a great job of winning on the corner there, had a low safety and were able to hit them deep on the first one and Traylon had a one on one on the backside on the second one. So, you know, when we get those opportunities, we want to take advantage of them and to start off the camp, start off this year being able to have guys go make plays and read down the field. It's a good start and hopefully we can build on it. Did you want to start camp with a bomb like that? Yeah, we know, we taught an hour talking this morning and wanted to put some down the field pressure on our defense and I didn't know if we were going to get the look or not.  You got a sense or maybe more of a sense of what Tim Kelly will bring to the passing game and kind of how, you know, how his role will fit with you. Yeah, having another veteran coach around to help us with the pass game I think will really help us. You know, he's been around a lot. He knows football, just talking scheme, talking concepts with him, having him help with our receivers and our tight ends. I think it's going to be huge. So, you know, anytime you can add a veteran coach with a lot of knowledge to your staff, I think it's going to help us. He's starting quarterback off limits to Ben Jones on his birthday.  Ben Jones got me a few years ago. So thankfully, Allagot was a hug today, which was nice and didn't get a pie in the face. So far, yeah, so far.  So then, then you're on the list forever. So I just took my one and we'll move on. Do you do anything on your birthday since it probably always plans around training camp time?  NFL is my 11th year, always training camp. So hopefully got some good years left in me with no celebrations. And then first one when I'm out, we're going to celebrate a big. How much pride is still being here still to be in the league? A lot of players burn out in this league, especially at your position at 34 to still be here playing at a high level. I'm thankful for the opportunity. You know, it's something I'm still passionate about. I still love the game. I still love coming to work and competing. You know, it's, it's a, it's a tough thing, but at the same time, it's something that I love doing and I don't take for granted. So, you know, don't, don't take it for granted, but want to want to cherish it a little bit and take advantage of the opportunities you have.


So the way my certification worked was we had to go to school for two and a half months, you know testing yourself out in the real world and also learning the theory of it. When we go to school we learn the theory of it. We learn what is behind what we're doing and when we go out in the real world we test that theory out. I just feel I felt accomplished. I feel I felt happy. I felt like I'm someone in the world now and I felt like you know what I've worked so hard towards this and now I've done it and I could go out to anywhere and I could show them my work now.


When students hear the word career, they often get a little nervous and they want to postpone that conversation until right before they graduate. But we know that good career development is a process. So we looked for a way that we could profile the activities and opportunities that UVM offers students could get involved and build their careers. So the Davis Center is really the living room of UVM. And this hallway right outside is one of the highest trafficked hallways in the institution. So we really picked a hallway that would allow students to see a spot that looked interesting and pop on in. It's just really nice. You know, you're walking by after grabbing some lunch and I said, you know, I need to get my resume looked at, you pop in, no appointment needed, and everyone here is always open and really helpful. I just got like a list of all these places I can contact because I'm interested in working with you. I found like a lot of places that I hadn't considered or hadn't found, been able to find online. So that was definitely helpful, yeah. The four-year plan was specifically tailored to make sure that there were activities and goals that would appeal to first-year students in their first year, sophomores, juniors, and then folks approaching graduation. So each year is carefully thought out. And the hub is a place to help introduce that to students and give them all those opportunities for those connections. So there are a lot of offices who come and hold drop-in hours at the hub. One is study abroad, another is the Office of Undergraduate Research, Leadership and Civic Engagement also has activities at the hub. I think it's nice that we can all meet in a centralized location. It's easy for students who are just getting a grilled cheese sandwich and want to stop in and chat with someone. I love talking to students and hearing what they do. I think my first question is once they come in with their resume, just saying, what are you going to use this for? And I like so much hearing about their ideas and what they're going for, and I also like to hear when people swing back through and they say, hey Amanda, I got that internship or I just found out I'm going to be working in Colorado next year, what have you. And it's great to see that come full circle too. The hub was really instrumental in helping me land the Eatin' Vans internship. They set up the entire career fair, which is where I met everyone at Eatin' Vans. They set up a meeting after the career fair was a complete layup for me from the hub. It was a great opportunity and I couldn't be more fortunate. The hub really was a brainstorm to try to figure out how do we make career development more central to a UBM student experience. We know we've got really involved students, but by removing all the barriers between one department and another, we make all the opportunities more accessible to students. They can just come to the hub and figure out a place to get started. And this is a transformational way to look at student experiences.


Welcome into the original gangsters podcast. I'm your host Scott Bernstein quick hitter We're gonna bring you some big big breaking black mafia family news For the for the first time in a decade we have a BMF case That involves The number two overall from the organization from its founding Chad J. Bo Brown The underboss of the black mafia family has been out of prison on the original Black mafia family bust. He did 11 years. He's been out for about six years and He might be going back to prison Last week. He was the headlining defendant in a big Fraud and narcotics case that came out of federal court in st. Louis 35 people were indicted now. Let's be very clear J. Bo was not indicted on any drug counts Even though he's the number one defendant in the case. He he has been indicted on bank fraud as well as IRS fraud related to false paperwork that he filed trying to get a PPP loan, but I can't overestimate What a big deal this is in the world of black mafia family in the world of the American narcotics trade BMF, you know, was the pinnacle the biggest urban narcotics organization in American history The whole Group was dismantled in 2005 via the operation Motor City mafia bust took down over a hundred BMF members including all the leaders For for those that might not know BMF started in Detroit in 1990 and then by the dawning of the new millennium had expanded Around the country. They were the biggest wholesale narcotics biggest wholesale cocaine Distributors in America from the late 90s until the bus in 2005 They had established satellite crews in two dozen major cities. Their hubs were Detroit Atlanta LA and st. Louis and J. Bo was the founding member of the st. Louis group He knew the Flannery brothers who were Detroiters from a very early age and Detroit and st. Louis kind of came together to birth what became black mafia family and You know Jbo other than Big Meach and his brother Southwest T It doesn't get more high profile in the world of BMF than Chad Brown aka Jbo Jbo stands for junior boss He was the number two in charge. He ran the organization on a daily basis All the logistics all of the go-betweens for for Meach and his lieutenants for Terry and his lieutenants were all going through Jbo young GZ who you know Kind of invented the The trap rap scene inspired by BMF was allegedly a part of BMF has a song that came out about eight years ago called Jbo and with the The chorus being ball like Jbo. I like the ball like Jbo. So, you know, he's somebody that's firmly entrenched in pop culture And I said it's been out for about six years and then this case just came down and I think it speaks to the fact that even though BMF as the Fully virtually vertically integrated group this monolith of a drug organization, even though The roof caved in in 2005 Over the last 18 years you have remnants of BMF That still exists and a lot of those remnants Are from the major original BMF hubs So here in Detroit in Atlanta and then in Jbo's neck of the woods in st. Louis and the last BMF bus came down in around 2014. I believe and was a st. Louis Cell or you know subunit of BMF that was that had a had averted arrest in the 2005 bus and continued on in their drug trafficking activities in Coordination it looks like with with Big Meach in prison. That's come out in the last, you know, six months. So big news in terms of the criminal justice system and the black mafia family some smaller news related to BMF you had the release of One of the final members of BMF that still locked up in the operation Motor City Mafia bus case that came down in The fall of 05 Paul PJ Buford. He was recently released from prison after 15 years He was Southwest T's right-hand man top lieutenant out in LA in the latter stages of that BMF BMF rain, but you know kind of came on the scene we're talking about PJ Buford as The head of security for bad boy records and a personal bodyguard to puppy combs P. Diddy Sean P. Diddy combs We've talked here on the og pod We've talked to a number of law enforcement that have confirmed to us that they were being told by informants that Black mafia family gave Puffy combs the seed money or some of the seed money to start bad boy records The iconic bad boy records biggie Smalls mace faith Evans 112 etc. So Paul Buford was right in the middle of that and then one of Puffy's first cousins Papa D. Daryl Taylor was a lieutenant in in BMF as well. So two people directly connected to Buffy and Bad boy records were in the Black Mafia family PJ Buford is out of prison now And the only two people from that original BMF bus that are still there are big Meach who has an update of 2028 and then the number three in charge Fleming ill Daniels who's doing a second-degree murder case in state prison out of Georgia and then last bit of news to report Some some sad news RIP to Slick Rick McFarland He was a JV member of Black Mafia family a group of kind of teenagers guys in the early 20s that were Gophers and protégés of the kind of the OG BMF Big Meats Terry Jbo Etc. Slick Rick McFarland Went down in the operation Motor City Mafia bust. He was a young guy at that time I think he was only about 22 23 as opposed to the OG guys that were in their mid 30s He did about ten years in prison came out in 16 and only a couple weeks after slick Rick McFarland came out of prison He was murdered in a December 2016 Drug world homicide that really had nothing to do with him. He was just in the wrong place at the wrong time one of his close friends Robert Eddins who was a former NFL player played for the Buffalo Bills came from Detroit a high school ball at Detroit Crockett was an all Midwestern athletic conference defensive end at Ball State Then played with the Buffalo Bills after he had a cup of coffee in the NFL came back to Detroit and jumped into the drug game screwed over one of his connects didn't pay a $250,000 debt and His partner and his supply source from from down south came up to Detroit and murdered him Slick Rick was just visiting Robert Eddins at the time And got caught in the crossfire Michael Griffin and Mariano Garcia who are the Culprits who murdered slick Rick McFarland were recently sentenced just in the last couple weeks sentenced to prison Griffin's gonna do 30 years Garcia's gonna do 25 They both pleaded guilty to the case But they had no idea that slick Rick McFarland was a flenary Brothers lieutenant or at any ties to black mafia family. That's really one of two Murders of BMF lieutenants that have happened over the last You know five six years that had nothing to do with BMF affairs Which makes sense because BMF was not a very violent group But slick Rick McFarland and then one of the OG BMF Christopher pig triplet Was murdered and kind of an up from I understand a beef over a woman a couple years ago So RIP pig RIP slick Rick Slick Rick's murders are going to be going to prison for the foreseeable future PJ Buford is out of prison in a halfway house out in Long Beach, California and then Jbo Brown back in the headlines Under arrest again under indictment for the from the feds. We'll see what happens over these next couple months We'll always give you the the most Recent breaking news when it comes to black mafia family and all organized crime in America whether we're talking about African-Americans Italians Bikers Irish Jewish. We're here giving you the 4-1-1 Uncovering the underworld here at OG pot and gangsta report for Betty behind the glass. I'm Scott Bernstein og pod out


In a related development, the Chief Press Secretary to the Governor of Delta State, Ulissa Ifadjika, has called on the federal government to end the prolonged ASSO strike that has kept students at home for over six months. Ifadjika made this statement while speaking to an Eastman at the government house in Asaba. Our correspondent Apomejero Friday reports that Ifadjika urged the government to understand the Delta State and its strategy and ensuring that lecturers and students remain in school. The striking, interesting teachers have extended their strike indefinitely. Not just a one-month a year or two months. It's indefinitely. And that is terrible for the students. The children have been at home for six months, meaning that they don't even have one. No one will be at home. Our government has done great the same way we talked about. The antitrust of the real threat. They have told federal government that we, Delta, even when fostered in universities, even when fostered in universities, all schools are open, the students are open. Whatever the requirements are, the State Government is waiting to ask the federal government the same way they listen to him for the very same solution. If you listen to him, the government on top of the government on top of strike.


Welcome again friends so continuing in the series on quadratic equation in this session and subsequent few more sessions we are going to discuss now methods of solving a quadratic equation methods right so we had so far seen what is quadratic equation and what is meant by solution to quadratic equation now we were we are going to learn methods of solving a quadratic equation now there are you know lots of studies on the different methods of solving the methods which we are going to take up today are a solving by factorization solving by factorization this is one of the methods will study in detail then we have solving solving by completing the square method completing the square method don't worry we are going to discuss everything at length and third one is solving by solving by Sridharacharya's formula Sridharacharya's method so Sridharacharya happens to be a Indian mathematician who had somewhere in around 600 700 or rather 8th century AD he has given one method then I'm not very sure about the dates though so don't take the dates but he was an Indian mathematician who has given a method so solving by Sridharacharya's method we learn and then there is one more and that is nothing but quadratic formula quadratic formula however all these methods are quite similar to each other one leads to the other so we remind you know not much of a difference is there but then we it is you know important to know these methods separately so today let's start with solving by factorization method okay so what is that so let us take a quadratic equation ax square plus dx plus c equals 0 so we are studying here factorization method factorization method right so we are going to try to factorize the given polynomial on the left-hand side this one and then see how to solve it right so factorization method so hence let us say if we could factorize px which is equal to ax square plus bx plus c now we have learned a lot of factorization techniques in previous grades so we will be adopting one of them there also there is something called completing the square then splitting the middle term using algebraic identities whichever way you can use you factorize it and then convert this quadratic polynomial into two linear factors let's say px plus q and rx plus s okay this let's say we convert a quadratic a quadratic polynomial can have at max two linear factors and then let us equate it to 0 now if you see here if you pay attention on this part two linear factors product is 0 how is that possible only when either either of them is 0 so either px plus q equals to 0 or rx plus s equals 0 right if either of these conditions are fulfilled then the given quadratic equation or this this will hold isn't it so that means if you now this is a simple linear equation which which means x equals minus q upon p will be one of the solution or x equals to minus s upon r so hence these two become the solution right these two become the solution so let us take an example and understand let us say we have x square plus 6x plus 5 equals 0 this is an example we are going to solve this quadratic equation now if you see on the left hand side we have a quadratic polynomial and there are three terms so we know a very common method of factorizing it which is called splitting the middle term so we split the middle term those who do not know spreading the middle term method are advised to go through our previous lectures on factorization but nonetheless we'll also try and you know repeat the process so how is splitting the middle term work how does it work so basically what you need to need to do is let us say you have a x square plus bx plus c this is the polynomial okay so what you need to do is you multiply a with c okay a with c so hence you when you multiply a with c so and then next step is you have to split this b into two let us say b1 plus b2 so you have to do this split b into two parts such that b1 plus b2 is equal to b okay now b1 and b2 can be negative both negative both positive one negative one positive right whichever way you have to split this into two parts b1 and b2 which is and some is b such that b1 and b2 product is equal to ac this is what is the crux of splitting the middle term right so hence we say so b is split into two terms b1 and b2 and hence it is called splitting the middle term let us see how we work here so basically here b is equal to six so you have to you know break six into parts such that the product of those parts will be nothing but here there is one so one times five is ac so one times five so we have to break b into b1 plus b2 should be equal to six such that b1 b2 is equal to one into five which is five clearly if you see don't need to break your head on to this and clearly if you see b1 if you write b1 as one and b2 as five just by trial and error itself you can get the solution so hence I can split my polynomial like this x plus 5x now if you see x plus 5x is 6x and then plus five equals zero correct so if you now see it is you can take x common now from the first two terms it will become x plus one and then take five common from the other two terms it will become x plus one again this is equals zero and now from these two terms here you can take x plus one common because x plus one is in both and this is reduced to x1 plus x plus one plus x plus one times x plus five equals to zero now we have two factors here one and two so these two product is zero only when either x plus one is zero or x plus five is zero or both of them right so hence x equals to minus one from here or x equals to minus five so x equals to minus one and x equals to minus five is the solution let's check whether it is true so we know how to check whether this extra x equals to minus one is a solution or not put it back into the equation and see whether the LHS is equal to RHS so we had the equation x square plus 6x plus five equals zero isn't it let's put x equals to minus one so what are we doing we are doing check checking whether the solution is correct or not so minus one whole square plus six times minus one plus five which is clearly equal to zero equal to RHS so hence minus one is correct solution similarly for minus five x equals to minus five let's check so minus five square plus six times minus five plus five is nothing but 25 minus 30 plus five which is again equal to zero is equal to RHS so hence both our solutions are correct x equals to minus one as well as x equals to minus five let's take one more example we can take this equation nine x square minus 3x minus two equals zero so clearly here a is nine c is minus two so ac becomes minus 18 and b is minus 3 so you have to split b in such a way so that b1 plus b2 is minus 3 and b1 b2 is minus 18 okay so it is always advisable to factorize b1 b2 or ac so minus 18 is nothing but if you see it is minus 2 into 3 into 3 right now one combination of this only two combinations rather will give you b1 and b2 so if you see it can be written as minus 6 into 3 right and minus 6 plus 3 is clearly minus 3 so hence we got our b1 and b2 so minus b1 minus point b2 are there right so hence nine x square can be split and sorry minus 3x can be split as minus 6x plus 3x minus 2 equals to zero where did I get minus 6 from here and where did I get 3 from here so this is the these are the two split terms so now you can take what 3x common from the you know first two terms and it is left with 3x minus 2 and again if you see this is one times 3x minus 2 equals 0 so 3x minus 2 times 3x plus 1 equals 0 so again by the logic that either of the factors must be 0 so 3x minus 2 is 0 or 3x plus 1 equals 0 that means x is equal to 2 upon 3 or x equals minus 1 upon 3 so this is the solution for the given given equation so understood what did we do we took equation and then we you know tried to factorize it and then we equated to 0 each term must be equated to the equated to 0 and hence finally you've got the solution okay we'll take up more problems in next session