All right, welcome, everyone, to today's Webmaster Central Office Hours Hangout. My name is John Mueller. I am a webmaster trends analyst here at Google in Switzerland. And part of what we do are these Office Hour Hangouts, where webmasters and publishers can come together and ask us questions around search and give us feedback appropriately. We have a bunch of questions that were submitted today, and a handful of people who are here are live to ask questions. Next week, we'll be at Google I.O. So if any of you are going to Google I.O., so feel free to drop by the, what is it, the web sandbox area or one of the Office Hours that we're doing and come and say hi in person. Maybe I can get it set up so that I also do a Hangout while we're in Mountain View to kind of cover the Pacific Time Zone as well so that they don't have to get up in the middle of the night. We'll see. It's lots of stuff happening next week. All right. So to get started, do any of you want to get started with a question? Hi, John. I have two questions. The first one is we have got this question from one of our clients. He's asking for the blog post, how many words is the minimum, how many words do you need to add? What usually we do, if we write any blog post, we try to make it minimum 500 words because what we have found, if it's 500 words, then we can give minimum necessary information. But we never write more than 1,000 words because we think this is not user-friendly. User will get bored reading big content. So from Google perspective, which one is the better? What do you suggest? As far as I know, we don't count the words at all. So we don't really care how many words your blog post has. I think from a practical point of view, it makes sense to think about this and say, well, I want to make sure that I have at least something useful that I can tell people. So more from your side to have maybe some minimum, say at least this many words or at least this amount of information. Otherwise, maybe I should just write a tweet or maybe I should wait until I have more content to put together. But it's not that we say there is a minimum or a maximum or an optimal number of words. That's really more about how can you bring that information across? And do you need to have a minimum number of words or is maybe a blog post that says we did not do this or we did this? Maybe that's already enough as an announcement to be useful on your blog. But it's really more from a useful point of view. So here's my second question. So how do you measure this is a quality content? Because if it is two or three lines content, that means it is not the quality content, of course. So how do you measure when you say this is the quality content, which factor do you consider? I think that's really hard. So we look at a lot of different factors to try to figure that out. Definitely not just number of words or number of lines. So something can have a lot of words in it, but it doesn't say anything useful. So it's definitely not something where we would just count the words and say, this is good or bad. But what I usually recommend doing is having someone who is not associated with your website to review your content and see if that matches what you'd like to bring across. And if that comes across as something that's useful for them. OK, the last question, this is a different question. One of our clients has e-commerce website. So what happens a few days ago, they reactivate some of their products. So they remove the product from the website, then add those products again. But when they add the product on the website, they did not add the quantity. That is what the website shows out of stock. Now, Google calls the website, Google gets the information. And when someone search the product, it shows on the stock, but it shows out of stock. But they have already changed the information, but it is still there on Google's stock. So what we can do, they change the price regularly, maybe after one week or two weeks, maybe two or three weeks later. Sometimes it goes out of stock. Sometimes it is in stock. So how can we do this properly so that Google shows the proper information on their search for them? The best way is to use a sitemap file. And in the sitemap file, use the last modification date to tell us that this page has changed. And you can send a ping for the sitemap file to Google and to the other search engines to tell them that this is actually something that has changed that should get updated. So that's generally the best approach. What about the frequency? I saw that there are some people use sitemap and they add the frequency. So is this something new? No, we don't use that. OK, the last one. Yeah, it's really the date. Because if you can specify a date and you tell us how often it updates, then we should just look at the date anyway. So we focus on the date. Also, priority, we don't use that from sitemaps. Thank you, John. All right, any other questions before we get started? Yeah, I have one question about I have a situation. For example, I wrote three articles. And they have the same high volume keyword. But if you speak about long tail keyword, they are different. For example, SEO 2019, it's for Russian language. But I think it doesn't matter. And second one, SEO definition. And third one, SEO full guide. And what I saw that first of this page rank well with term SEO, just SEO, I mean, without any other long tail keyword. And after this, during some time, one month, this page lost their ranking. And other page take this rank. I was curious, perhaps Google tries to understand which page is better. And after this, I had the same situation. A few of my URL had this ranking. For example, if we speak about YouTube, I don't have the same situation. For example, some of my videos, Russian video, they rank in one keyword. It doesn't matter. Even I can rank a few of my videos in top five. But for Google, Google tries to choose the best for this term. And after it means other pages can't be in top 10. I think these things can change over time. So that's something where one page might be very visible in the search results at one point. And then over time, maybe over a couple of days or weeks, another page is becoming more visible. And usually, that's more a sign that these pages are not kind of really strongly cemented for those rankings. But rather that they're kind of similar in rankings. And it just takes a little bit more for one page to go about. So I don't think there is much from a practical point of view that you can do there other than say, well, just because I'm ranking number one now doesn't mean I'll always be like that. It can make sense to continue working on that so that you're not just number one now, but you're number one next week over time as other pages start to get more visible as well. Oops, I think you're muted. Oh, sorry, yeah. I think, I mean, I don't want to compete with myself. My own content with other my work. Yeah, and I know that Google don't like when you have the same pages, but they are not duplicate content. They have different meanings. Yeah, but it means I can't rank two pages in one turn. Yeah, in Google. No, that can happen, too. Like if these are two very good pages for that term, that we might show both of those. It's not always the case. We really need to make sure that we're not showing the same content to the user twice or three times in the search results, but it can be different variations where maybe you're searching for a bicycle and you have information about bicycle trips and bicycle parts, and we don't know what the user wants. So we might show both of these. Yeah, it's really a S of this one. No, it can happen. Yeah. OK, thank you. Cool, OK, let me take a look at the questions that were submitted. The first one I have here is about verifying on Google posts. I don't have any information on how that works. It sounds like you're not able to claim the Knowledge Panel for that. My suspicion is maybe someone else has already claimed that Knowledge Panel, so it would be worth double checking within your organization if someone else has verified that. If you can't figure that out, maybe do a post in the Webmaster Help Forum and send me the link, and I can pass that on to the team to take a look. Then the second part is about search URLs. So should it be website.com slash search slash search term, or is it better to have slash search and then question mark q equals search term, for example. Is there an optimal variation for the search terms? From our point of view, both of those work. What I would recommend doing, though, is using the URL parameter, because that's something that's a lot easier for us to recognize as something that might vary, and especially we can recognize it as something that maybe a user is submitting. So that's kind of the direction I would take there. So using a parameter instead of a path makes it a lot easier. In particular, if there are other parts that are added additionally to this search term, then that makes even more sense. So for example, pagination or filtering, if you add those as parameters, we can learn that these other parameters are for pagination. Whereas if they're a part of the URL in the path, then it's really hard for us to learn what these individual path parts are. And it makes it a lot harder for us to optimize our crawling for the website. So I'd recommend, especially search terms, putting those in a separate query parameter. So with a question mark, q equals whatever, and letting it kind of work that way. That said, if you currently have the site set up in the other way with path, then I wouldn't just blindly change that around, but rather think about essentially what you're doing is a type of restructuring of the website. So you need to set up redirects, and you'd need to make sure that any traffic that's going through the old URLs goes to the new ones, all of these things. You might want to consider there. So don't just jump and change everything around, but rather do that in a thoughtful way. Two questions about Google My Business. So I don't really have much insight into Google My Business. So I don't know how I'll be able to help here. Two websites and similar niches. I choose the main category and kind of a different one in the other business. I really don't know how Google My Business would handle that. So I'd recommend posting in the Google My Business self-forum for that. And the same, I think, with regards to the local events and other features from Google My Business. So I'd kind of watch out for those as well. The one thing with regards to events in particular is that you can use the events markup on your web pages as well, and that is something that we can pick up with regards to web search. And we can show that in the Knowledge Panel on the side, kind of events that we picked up from your website. And that's something that is visible differently in different locations. So it might be that that's very visible in the US for some businesses, but it doesn't mean that we would show it just as visibly in other locations. So we try to figure out what the right balance there is with regards to where we show which type of search results features. Then a question from the Portuguese web massive forum asking about some improvements shown in Search Console, which are roughly translated as logos. And the poster has never seen that. What could that be? I don't know. So it's hard for me to say what that might be. I know the Search Console team continues to work on the product and continues to experiment with new features. So maybe this is something that they're trying out. It's hard for me to say off-hand. Is there any additional considerations when setting up SEO on a single page app, specifically a Salesforce community's public site? We've set up the community according to Salesforce documentation, sitemap file, but we can't get it to be indexed properly. I don't know. I don't know specifically about the Salesforce site. So in general, when it comes to JavaScript-based websites, which most of the single-page web apps are set up as, there are some things that you'd need to watch out for. In particular, Google needs to be able to render the pages so that we can pull in the content and use that for indexing. Depending on the type of JavaScript that you have on the pages, that might be a bit tricky, because we currently have a fairly old version of Chrome that we use for rendering. What I'd recommend doing there is, on the one hand, double-checking our documentation. So we have developer documentation on rendering in a lot of detail. So that would be my first step. The other would be to use tools like the mobile-friendly test to test if we can render these pages properly. And with those, generally, you're able to kind of figure out how you can deal with this. I think the tricky part here might be if you're tied to a specific platform and you can't necessarily change the JavaScript that that platform uses, then that makes everything a little bit harder. Because if that JavaScript is done in a way that isn't supported by Google for indexing, then we can't really do anything with that. You can't really set any setting in Search Console and say, Googlebot should do this in a unique way for this website. But I would double-check to figure out where the issue is actually coming from. And if it's really coming from the framework that you're using, maybe get in touch with the framework providers. Maybe have them get in touch with us through the forums or through the Hangouts and other channels. I have a website that's ranking for some keywords in different countries, although I'm not targeting any specific country. When I checked in Search Console, the average position shows a rank of 11 or 21 for that keyword in that specific country. When I checked with the VPN from that country, it's not showing my website there. So what's wrong here? In general, there are two things that I could see might be happening here. On the one hand, testing through VPN doesn't always give you the right answers. So that might be one thing. The other thing is, in general, the data shown in Search Console is not a theoretical ranking position, but rather something that we saw when we showed search results to users. So what could be happening here is that there might have been something temporary where your pages were ranking and that position for users in that country. That could be something where we say, well, we'll try this out. And if that works well, then that might be a good place to go. It could be something where maybe the temporary effect was more a matter of personalization or maybe a matter of other sites that were shown in that area, not being that well during that time, those kind of things. So usually, you can tell if this was a temporary effect or if this is a default behavior by looking at the number of impressions that we show in Search Console. And if the number of impressions matches what you would expect to see for impressions for those keywords during that time, then probably that's more a matter of everything is working normally. If the number of impressions shown in Search Console is significantly lower than the number of impressions that you would expect, then probably that's more a temporary issue, where we showed it briefly with that ranking and maybe a day or so later it's not ranking that well. What's the effect of redirecting 404 is on a site to a specific 404 page instead of just showing a custom 404 page? Both of those approaches work. So redirecting a URL to the 404 page is fine. Directly showing a 404 page is also fine. That's more a matter of what you can do to set things up on your website and less a matter of specific pros and cons with that approach. Generally, we recommend making sure that a URL returns 404 immediately. Sometimes you can't do that. You have to redirect to an error page. That's fine. When moving content from a subdomain to a main domain, we saw a significant increase in traffic for that same content. Can you explain what might be happening here? So is there some advantage of having everything on the main domain or not? This is, I don't know, one of the most controversial questions that always come with regards to SEO. Should I use a subdomain or should I use the main domain? And in talking with our engineers and our quality team from their point of view, it's always like we treat these the same. The effect that you're probably seeing here is that we do look at websites overall a little bit to understand the overall quality of a website. And that can happen that we say, well, a subdomain might be something that's more like a separate website, but it might be something that's more like a part of the main website. And that kind of difference there could be something that might be playing a role there. So maybe, for example, if the blog is not seen as something that is really as wonderful as the rest of your website, then maybe that blog is something that's ranking a little bit lower. On the other hand, if we see it similarly with regards to the quality overall or with regards to being one website, then it will generally rank in the same position. So we see people all the time complaining that I moved it to my main domain and it's ranking better, or I moved it to a subdomain and it's ranking the same way. And both of these are essentially legitimate approaches. I wouldn't say that you need to go one direction or the other. Sometimes there are technical reasons why you want to go to a subdomain. Sometimes it makes things easier for maintenance and kind of long-term tracking to have everything in one domain. So from my point of view, there is no magical answer to this question. There are lots of opinions, and there might be a lot of practical reasons that kind of drive you in one direction or the other. And I would focus more on the practical effects. Let me just see here. All right. Question in the chat. In our website's homepage, we have code differences between mobile and desktop versions. For example, we call images in desktop with a div class. And in the mobile version, they're an image. Because of this, we can't use the image alt tags on desktop unlike on mobile. Could that harm our SEO? Maybe. So that's something where from our point of view, we would probably not see those images if they're not embedded as clear images within the web pages. So if you're using CSS to embed the images, then probably we wouldn't be able to pick those up. That said, we're shifting pretty much most of our crawling towards the mobile versions of the websites using the mobile-first indexing. So perhaps your site is already shifted over to mobile-first indexing. And if so, we would be using the mobile version as the basis for all indexing anyway. So if your mobile version is good and you have all of the content there, the images are linked properly, and we've shifted to mobile-first indexing for your site, then you should be all set. That said, other search engines might not be using the mobile version. And they might be looking at the desktop version. And if they can't pull out those images, then obviously they won't be able to show those images properly in their search results either. And similarly, also social media sites like to embed images from a site when you share that URL. And if they can't pull out those images because they're not clear image tags, then they also would have trouble with that. So for Google, it's not a problem, right? This kind of code differences may harm our SEO or not. I wonder that. If we shifted to mobile-first indexing and the mobile version has images, then you're OK. OK, thank you, John. Sorry. All right, let's see. I recently started seeing double-featured snippets in search. Is this a test? Is there any data behind it? What's happening here? I don't know. So I would assume that this is more a matter of us trying different things out to see how users respond to that, to see where we can show the value of these websites a little bit more visibly. These things change all the time. So these are search features where teams are always working on them to try to improve them, to try to show them in ways that work well for users, where we try to balance providing information in search and also encouraging them, of course, to go and visit the website directly. So that's something where I would expect there's never going to be a stable state where we say, the search results are finalized and nothing will change here with regards to the size and the shape and number of lines of text, all of these things. I think these are always going to be things that we will try to improve because what works now will probably not be the same thing as what works in the future. So we constantly have to work on this. And it's something that I'd also recommend that other sites continue working on that as well. So don't just assume that because your website is doing well now that you'd never need to change it. Follow up regarding a question from earlier or one of the previous ones regarding a site showing up in Europe but not in the US. I'm curious if content is judged on a page level per the keyword or the site as a whole. Only a subsection of the site is buying guides and they're all under a specific URL structure. Would Google penalize everything under that URL holistically? Do a few bad apples? Drag down the average. So usually the word penalty is associated with manual actions. And if there were manual action, like if someone manually looked at your website and said this is not a good website, then you would have a notification in Search Console. So I suspect that's not the case. Otherwise, you probably wouldn't be asking like this. In general, when it comes to quality of a website, we try to be as fine grained as possible to figure out which specific pages or parts of the website are seen as being really good and which parts are maybe not so good. And depending on the website, sometimes that's possible. Sometimes that's not possible. We just have to look at everything overall. So it might be that we found a part of your website where we say, we're not so sure about the quality of this part of the website because there's some really good stuff here but there's also some really shady or iffy stuff here as well. And we don't know how we should treat things overall. That might be the case. But again, it's really hard to say without actually looking at the website. So I really kind of recommend that people go to maybe the Webmaster Help Forum and get advice from peers like how would they would see this? Do they see problems with the content? And be as direct as possible if you want really actionable feedback and kind of point out the content that you think is good but also point out the content that you think might be bad, might be improvable. And really kind of try to tease out some objective feedback from peers about your website overall. And really kind of try to tease out some of the good feedback from peers about your website. OK. All right. A few websites have started scraping my content and have been publishing them. We tried to contact their hosts for a DMCA takedown without luck. Those having my content scraped and republished hurt my site. Should I disavow these URLs? So from our point of view, other sites copying your content wouldn't be something that would negatively affect your website. So that's a very common situation that sites copy content. If you do find that, then I would look into the legal approaches that you can take. Maybe you can also contact the site directly to have that resolve. In general, that's something where there are ways to approach that. So I try to look into that. That said, if you're not seeing those copies showing up in search for the queries that you care about, then it might not be the highest priority to focus on. Hi. Hi. Or please allow me to ask, does sites that tend to talk about movies and TV download sites get demoted? No, those are fine. That's from our point of view, it's not the topic of a website that makes it good or bad, but really what you write there. So if you're creating really good content about movies and TV sites and even download sites, then that's fine. Because sometime back, I think I had issues with my blog rankings and I posted the issue on the Google Webmaster forum and I was sure that my sites had content that relates to downloading movies and whatnot. And that could be the reason why there's a ranking decline or something like that. I think the main thing you'd want to watch out for is that you're not providing content that essentially belongs to other people, so that falls into the DMCA category. So for example, if you were providing movie downloads directly and you weren't authorized to do that and the movie studios come to you and they keep submitting DMCA complaints saying, you're not allowed to publish this because this is our content, then that's something that could obviously play a role there. Because then those pages would not show up in search and overall that could be affecting your site. But just because you're writing about this content and if you're writing about it in a way that is useful for users, that's generally fine. Yeah, I do not know why, but I just noticed that whenever I write content that has to do with movie sites, it's a tech site actually. But sometimes I tend to incorporate how to download for a particular site and whatnot. And I don't know, the site runs very well. And I'm sorry if you say about 14 days traffic declines and all that stuff. So it's kind of like putting me in this position where I don't understand what I'm doing wrong. Yeah, that doesn't sound like an issue specific to that kind of content. That seems like something where our algorithms are maybe just on the edge and not completely sure how we should show this website in search. And sometimes we show it fairly visibly. And then maybe some signals add up and we say, well, we're not sure. Maybe we should show a little bit less visibly. So my general recommendation there is to continue working to make sure that all of the signals really align and say, this is a fantastic website. So with the tech website, one of the things that I've seen over time is that you tend to collect a lot of old information that's not so useful. So maybe it's worth going through that and seeing how can I show that all of the content that I have indexable is still relevant and useful for users. OK. Do you recommend we delete this old post or we rewrite them or something? That's up to you. So generally, the quality teams at Google say it's better for webmasters to improve the lower quality or older content. So maybe it makes sense to rewrite them. On the other hand, if you have a lot of content like that, it's kind of impractical to rewrite everything. So maybe it makes more sense to just put a no index on this and to say, I will focus on better content in the future and try to avoid the situation that I collect lower quality content. All right, thank you very much. Sure. All right. Let's see. Here's my site. Not all of my images are indexed in Google. What could be the problem? I took a quick look at the site that was linked there and I see a lot of images that are indexed in Google, in Google images. So I think overall you're doing things right. The thing to keep in mind when it comes to images or web search in general is we don't index all content of all websites. And that's completely normal. So if you're seeing that in general images are being indexed, then we're probably trying to get as many of those images indexed as we can. But that doesn't mean that we'll index all images on a website. So my feeling is that everything is kind of working OK here and we're picking up enough content that we think is relevant to show in the search results. In the new Search Console, where can I submit a link for indexing? You can do that with the URL inspection tool. So right on top in the new Search Console, you have a field where you can enter a URL. And you can enter a URL from your website and click the, I don't know what it's called, the button to test that URL. And from there, you can do a submit to indexing. So first you need to test that URL and then you can submit it for indexing. Can you say something about the crawling issues Google is facing recently? I'm not aware of any specific crawling issues. So I know we had some indexing issues a while back, but all of those should be resolved. I'm not aware of anything specific regarding crawling at the moment, but it makes me worry that maybe I'm missing something, so I'll look around. My question is on URL structures. Would a URL of services, my service, have the same ranking as slash my service? Or do higher level pages have a ranking boost? There's no special ranking boost for being higher level in the URL structure. You can structure URLs however you think is useful for your site. So we do look at things with regards to where they're linked within the website. For example, usually the home page is one of the pages that is most commonly linked from external sources. That means the home page is probably the page that has the most signals, the most page rank associated with it. And if you have pages that are linked from the home page, then those are really easy for us to find. If they're linked only several steps away from the home page, then that's a lot harder for us to find. And appropriately, the signals that we have from the home page, they kind of get diluted over time as they get further away from the home page. So if your services page is something that's only linked under this general set of products that you're offering, and then a category, and maybe a subcategory, and then there's a link to the service page, then that means it's pretty far away. So it's a lot harder for us to pass signals to that page. And that's independent of the URL structure. On the other hand, if that's linked directly from the home page, then we can pass signals right away there. So again, that's also independent of the URL structure. So I would worry less about how you structure the URLs and look more into how you're connecting these pages within your website. How easy are they to find? How easy is it for Google to pass signals to that specific page? And with regards to the URL structure, one thing where I would look into this and kind of keep this in mind is when it comes to monitoring the performance of your pages. So in particular, if you have a lot of pages that are of similar kind, for example, product pages, then maybe it makes sense to have a similar URL structure for those pages so that you can filter those out, both in Search Console and in whatever analytics tool that you're using, that you can look at specifically your product pages and see, overall, how do these pages perform compared to maybe your category pages? So that's where a clean URL structure kind of makes sense. But just with regards to SEO and how the signals pass, it's more a matter of how they're linked internally than how you're specifying the URLs themselves. A recent change by Gary in the crawl budget blog post with regards to kind of the embedded resources and XHR calls also being taken into account for crawl budget. So this isn't really a recent change. This is essentially how we have to balance the crawling of content. And when we render pages, we take into account all of the embedded resources too. And that's kind of, I would say, expected because we have all of these requests that go to this server. And we need to make sure that we're not overloading the server, which is mostly why we're doing this with regards to crawl budget. So it's not that we're trying to artificially limit things, but we really just want to make sure that we're not causing trouble on your server. So with that in mind, the question goes on, should I move these to subdomains instead of keeping everything on the main domain or not? From our point of view, when it comes to crawl budget, we try to understand what the server is overall. And if we see that all of these subdomains, for example, are essentially a part of the same server, then we'll treat that group as one server. And all of the requests that go to that one server. So that's something where if you just set up separate subdomains on the same server and you serve the same content, you're not really changing anything because the same server has to process all of these requests. So from our point of view, I don't think that would change anything for crawl budget in particular. On the other hand, if you move some of these resources out to CDN, for example, if you host your images on a CDN, if you have videos on a CDN, if you have other static content on a CDN, that can make a difference because we can see that these are clearly separate servers and we can balance the crawling across those two sources completely independently. Also for users, that makes sense because usually these pages can load a lot faster if the static content can be pulled in from a setup that is optimized for static content. That said, a lot of people focus on crawl budget that don't really need to worry about it. So in particular, smaller websites, we can probably crawl everything on your website over in a couple of days. So that's not something that you really need to worry about. Crawl budget is really more of an issue when it's a really, really large website when we're talking about hundreds of thousands of pages or millions of pages. And all of these millions of pages have 100 embedded resources, then instead of like 1 million pages, we have 100 million requests that we have to do to the server. Then that does make a big difference if we're limited to maybe, I don't know, 10,000 requests a day and you have 100 million requests that we would need to render all of these pages, then that does cause kind of a bottleneck. On the other hand, if you have 1,000 pages and each of those 1,000 pages has and the 100 embedded resources there, then we're talking about 100,000 pages. And for the most part, that's a matter of two or three days crawling of a website for us to actually get everything if we really needed to get everything right away. So from that point of view, I'd say this is a really cool theoretical topic, crawl budget. But instead of focusing on this for smaller websites, I'd focus on other things instead. There's lots of other stuff that you can do with regards to speed to improve things overall, with regards to quality and the website in general. So especially for smaller websites, focus on other topics.  And double checking your server logs to make sure what is Google actually crawling and how frequently is it updating these files and how do we have to maybe perhaps combine different resources so that not as many requests are needed to render these pages, all of those things are things that you can optimize. Which speed metrics are most important for crawling and indexing? So we talked about speed just briefly before. I think you mentioned crawling and indexing here. So that's one aspect that is slightly different than the general speed topic. So in particular, what I would look at here is the difference between speed when it comes to crawling and indexing versus speed what a user would see in the search. Well, not in the search results, when they visit your page. Those are completely different metrics. And they can be worked on in different ways. There is some overlap there, of course. But in particular, when it comes to crawling and indexing, we need to be able to request the HTML pages as quickly as possible. And from those HTML pages, we can crawl the links on those HTML pages. And the speed of the server, how quickly it responds to those HTML page requests that flows into the crawl budget discussion that we talked about before. So that's, again, something that kind of makes sense, especially if you have larger websites. Then it's important that you can serve the content fairly quickly. That said, we do also render pages, pretty much most of them, when after we've crawled them. So we also need to render them in a way that a user would render them. So reducing the number of embedded resources, making sure that these pages render quickly, that you don't have any render blocking JavaScript, those kind of fancy things as well, those are all important for indexing as well. But from a user point of view, you might have some things that are slightly different there. So in particular, things around caching, things about how a page is actually rendered over time, like which parts of the page are blocking. Those things are aspects that you take a look at there. From Google's point of view, we use both kind of lab measurements, so theoretical measurements of how quickly a page could load, as well as kind of practical data that we've collected through things like the Chrome User Experience Report, where we get feedback from users saying this page is fast and this page is slow. And you see both of those using the PageSpeed Insights tool. So I would double check that to kind of see. But again, it's worth understanding the difference between the user side of speed and the pure crawling side of speed. And depending on where you suspect the problems would be, digging into those aspects individually would make sense. Does a change in domain still work? For the past two months now, we've changed our domain to a more branded name. Until now, we've not recovered a ranking. We've done 301 redirects, told Google the URL has changed. Everything still doesn't work. We're still on the bottom of the page, and we're normally ranked in the second position. So from my point of view, all of these domain moves, they should continue to work. I have seen someone else ask about this. So it's something I looked into a little bit as well. But I don't have any clear information saying that something is stuck or not working. I would imagine that site moves happen all the time. And if there were a general issue with site moves for the last two months, there would be a lot of people complaining about this. So my suspicion is that maybe there are some aspects with regards to the way that you've set up the site move that are not working as well as they could. So that could be things like maybe some redirects that are left out. It could also be something like you're moving to a domain that has a lot of problematic history associated with it, where it takes a while for our algorithms to figure out what actually this is a completely new website on this old domain. And we need to first re-evaluate the website overall, rather than just say, this is the content on this old domain that has this problematic history attached to it. So both of those things might be things that you'd want to watch out for. I would recommend maybe posting in the Webmaster Help Forum or something like this, detailing the old new domain so that people can take a look there to see is there maybe something technical that you missed, maybe going through all of these things. Site move is not always trivial to do. So missing something technical, that can happen. Or is there perhaps something associated with the old domain if people look at archive.org, for example, or looking in their various SEO tools that people have? Maybe there are some things associated with the old domain that you'd need to take care of either, or where you just need to understand, well, maybe this takes a bit of time for things to settle down for Googlebot to understand that you're not associated with perhaps the old problematic content that used to be hosted there. All right. I think we pretty much made it through here. Let's see. Then there's another question about links and the disavow file. So the way the disavow tool works is that we take those into account immediately when we recrawl those URLs that are specified in the disavow file. So as we reprocess those URLs, we take the disavow file into account. And if those are listed there, then we drop those links from our graph. It works in multiple ways. We don't remove them from the links report in Search Console. They're still shown there. So that can be a little bit confusing. But essentially, we take those into account immediately. If you have a manual action and you submit a reconsideration request after submitting the disavow file, then that would be taken into account immediately. Then the web spam team would see you clean this up. That's OK. OK, thank you, John. Sure. All right. Any other questions from you all? I have a question. Awesome. Go for it. So with the sunsetting of Google+, it's kind of hard to reach you these days. And as part of what we do is we basically monitor different analysts and different people all day long. And in the past 24 hours, I would say we saw some very questionable behavior that I want to alert you to. Mostly it was outlets rewriting years old content and adding very clickbaity headlines to it as if it were new information. And unfortunately, some of this really kind of surfaced quite a lot in the past 24 hours of which I have examples I want to really pass on. OK, sure. You can probably just send it by Twitter. Or let me just drop my email address here. It should be in the chat. All right, great. And just send it my way. And I can't promise that we take care of that and just throw them out. But it is something that the team does care about with regards to quality. So they'll take a look at that and see if from our quality algorithms we need to refine things a little bit. This kind of feedback, especially when it's timely and something new just happens, is really useful. Yeah, and by the way, it has actually sort of nothing to do specifically with what we do. It's just like in the daily process of seeing this, it's like, ooh, that's not so great. Yeah. No, OK. Thank you. Sure. Yeah. Can I ask you a question? Sure. I'm interested about the morning I read Google guideline, general guideline about anything else.  And for example, I got that it depends only on your content. And for example, if you propose the same service. And but I didn't understand what you need to do. For example, in other resources, a phone that you need to have a page about us with some photos, with some proof information about your expertise to make this transfer and stuff like this. And about, for example, if you write some blog post, you can make a page of offer, you know? And what can you tell more about this? I mean, to explain more time about your money, your life, how I can provide for my website. Yeah, I don't think we have any specific details on what you could be doing there. So that makes it a little bit tricky, because the guidelines that you're referring to are for the quality writers. So it's not that we would take that one-to-one into account. Then we would say, you need to have this page and that text and this thing on a page. We don't really have that. However, there are a handful of people who really looked into this topic and who have found a lot of really interesting examples where they see this site was affected by one of the recent updates. And they changed things around by doing this, this, and this. And I think two names that come to mind are Marie Haines. She has looked into this quite a bit. And Lily Ray has looked into this quite a bit. They've also done presentations on this. So you can probably find presentations from them with a lot of examples in them to take a look at to see what are other sites doing. And then you can think about maybe this is something that you should be doing as well. And it's not so much a kind of SEO tactic that you need to do it like this. It's more a matter of understanding what users would look for when they try to judge the authority of a site and then actually providing that information. And sometimes when you see what other people are doing, you're like, oh, obviously. I should have noticed this right away. But when you're stuck looking at your website, you're often like, I have a very narrow mindset. So seeing how other people are doing things, I think can be really, really insightful there. And I take a look at their blog posts and presentations. Can you type this name of presentation? I don't have the direct links. Oh, just the names. I can just post them in here. And I'm sure there are other people that have done really good stuff in this area as well. But those two have stood out recently. All right. Hi, John. Hi. I got a question. I posted it on the chat. I launched a blog about two months ago, a blog that teaches the basics of blog and digital marketing. And I also posted an original content with 1,500 words posts that is easy to read. It's been optimized for SEO, et cetera. But it does not rank for any keyword. Plus you can't even find it when you type for the title even. So it doesn't rank in any page, even not even on page 20. And we haven't been flagged or penalized or anything. And I'm just wondering what the issue is and how it's sold at this point. That's really hard to say off the hand. It sounds like it's indexed. So if you look for the URL, it's there or? It is, it is, it is. But yeah, so it's been indexed. But I mean, it won't rank at all on any of the pages. I've also added the URL. But it just seems odd because we've got another post that does rank. It does rank really well, but it does rank. And this one just doesn't at all. I don't know. It's really hard to say without looking at the page itself. What I've sometimes seen is when you focus on a site too much, you end up essentially keyword stuffing the content. And at some point, our algorithms will say, oh, these keywords are so repetitive here that we don't really think it's worth showing this page at all. So if you've really over-over-over done things with regards to optimization, then maybe you're running into that. And if you have other blog posts on the same site that are working in Search, then maybe compare those two and see, am I going too far here, or am I still kind of similar to the other blog posts that I have? OK, but it's not a site related problem. They were just just pointing on it, writing more books. Yeah. OK, all right, thank you very much. All right, we're getting close to the last question from you. May I ask another question? If I use Chrome version 41, may I see the websites with eyes of Googlebot? I wonder. Similar, but not exactly. Not exactly the same, but similar. Yeah. Yeah, I would generally avoid using an OVL Chrome just because of all of the security issues. So that's something, if you have that on the side and you just use it to double-check individual pages, that's fine, but I would not use that to browse. That's why you do all these updates. What would you recommend me to use for this purpose? I would use mostly the mobile-friendly test to see how Google actually looks at the pages. With the mobile-friendly test, you don't need to have the pages verified, so that's really easy. The Inspect URL tool is another one that is really useful for that. For that, you do need to have the website verified. OK, thank you, John. Sure. All right, let's take a break here. It's been great having you all here. Thanks all for joining in. And for joining in at, I don't know, surprising hours of the day. Thanks for dropping by. I wish you all a great weekend. And if you have a chance to tune in next week for Google I.O., feel free to join those live streams. Or if you're there in person, make sure to drop by and say hi. And otherwise, I'll set up the next batch of Hangouts. If anything is still on your mind, feel free to drop those questions there. Thanks, everyone. Thank you, John. Thank you so much. Have a good weekend.


Hello, this is Laptop Media, and today we will show you how to open the 16 inch Apple MacBook Pro 2021 and what's inside of it. Getting inside of this laptop is pretty easy, provided you have a pentalobe screw bit. So, there are 8 screws holding the bottom panel in place. After you undo them, release the 2 clips holding it to the chassis by prying it through the 2 cutouts on the sides. Now that you have released the clips, just slide the panel out of the machine. Unfortunately, there is nothing much to do here, except for peeking inside. There's a huge battery with a capacity of 100 watt hours, which came second in our top 50 laptops with the best battery life rankings, just behind the MacBook Air 13. Storage wise, there are configuration spanning from 512GB all the way up to 8TB, with the chips visible above the battery. We've bought the 2TB variant and that's why some of the chips are missing. As you have guessed, storage is non-upgradable after purchase. Here you can see 2 of the 6 speaker setup which is the best one we've ever tested, check out our review in the description. What's next is the cooling solution. Apparently, Apple thinks that 1 heat pipe is enough, and 2 turbine style fans are leaving the hot air behind the laptop. Are they right? Check in our review. Only 2 per 100 people watching this video are subscribers. If you decide to just start following us, we'll be able to reinvest more in our laboratory thus making even more helpful videos for you. Thank you, you're awesome. In the center is the M1 Pro or M1 Max system on a chip. In our case it's the latter. You can also see the memory modules, of course, non-upgradable. The maximum RAM is 64GB for configurations with M1 Max, while the M1 Pro's limit is 32GB. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel. Also, don't forget to check out our in-depth review at laptopmedia.com


If you repent, you can still go through suffering, so what good is repenting if they're still going to suffer? This is the fruit of Jesus always being preached as a life improvement plan. We come to find out that we still encounter hardships in this life, and we wonder what the point of Jesus is because we were given a sales pitch and not the full picture. Jesus didn't die to make us rich, or make our life on earth easy, or make our relationships smooth sailing, or make us feel all warm and fuzzy all the time. Jesus died because we had a deadly problem, sin. That sin was leading us straight to hell. But God and His mercy took that punishment on Himself and died on the cross that we could have new life and eternal life. So why repent because you've sinned against a holy God who gave Himself to save you?


With regard to these issues it's important to make a distinction between the different levels of the military. These discussions are taking place at the strategic level. We have the military academy where we conduct more research and analysis. And then within the defense department we have legal offices that also look at these questions. Because then once you have a framework you have to translate the rules in a way that is going to be easily understood by the soldier in the field. That is rules of engagement or pocket cards. So yes, I believe that also the food soldier is going to be interested in new technologies because they're the ones who need to use them at tactical level. Maybe they have a different attitude. They have a pragmatic need to use technologies whereas lawyers obviously have to back them up and provide them with the advice that is going to ensure their compliance with the rules so that they're not going to be brought in front of the court.


Well, last season, the BSU Beavers volleyball team started a new air under head coach Kevin Olmer. Now they welcome nine new faces to a roster without a single senior player. Take a glimpse in the gym during a Beaver practice, and you might notice some fresh new faces. Well, actually nine, to be exact, that are putting on the green for the first time. But the team's connection, well, that speaks differently. It was apparent on the first day that we didn't have to break the ice, and that's a huge thing. The fact that they knew each other had conversations and met people face to face, and just sit and talked and been able to break the ice. So what's the secret bringing together a group of 15? Well, it's actually simple, just having fun before the season even started. We've just kind of done a lot of stuff out of volleyball and off the court, which has built the chemistry there. And you can definitely see it on the court as well. We biked around the lake together. We went paddle boarding and have done a team scavenger hunt. And even though the roster doesn't hold a single senior, the team will look to the sophomores and juniors for leadership. As the returners, we need to step up and be the leaders towards them and show them what it is. But like we still are new as well, and like we're all learning together. They also face the task of replacing graduated standouts Jesse Yos and Amanda Tronic, but hope to bring a little more balance on the attack. It has to be different because of where we're at. The nice thing is we're a lot more balanced because of the players that are coming in and the ones that were here in the spring. We've got more ability all the way across the net. So this young squad is ready to turn some heads this season with some extra motivation against the rest of the NSIC. I think it's more of an underdog thing and like using it to add to our advantage and like who cares like we're here to play and let's show them wrong and let's play our game. Didn't do as well as we wanted last year, so we kind of the returners feel that and we want to really push each other and ourselves even more this preseason this fall to prove our conference wrong. So they'll open up a week from Friday at the Minot State Classic against S.D. School of Mines at 11 a.m. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


And I feel pretty good. Aaron Boone was asked about your night and he just said, wow, that's the Severino that we expected. How would you evaluate tonight? I mean, it was pretty good. We make a lot of repages, you know, I think Fastball was always been there. So I was happy that velocity was there, you know, I think the best two pages that I threw tonight, it was two bases. So I feel really happy with my stuff. He mentioned the fastball and said it was maybe even better than it was early this season. Did you feel that? Of course, I got 60 something days to rest. So it was a little better. What did you think about all the energy in the ballpark tonight?  I don't have any kind of head, but, you know, the good thing that I'm seeing that he's, he's not going out there doing homers, you know, he's taking great outbacks. He's taking walks and he's helping us win every time. Luis, I know you just returned to action tonight, but from the games you've watched over the last month, what do you feel as Waldo Cabrera is brought to this team?  He can play anywhere, you know, he's good anywhere. So he can be going left field, second base, shortstop, and, you know, he's starting to hit better. So it's great to have him in the lineup. You like watching Gleiber hit two homers in one inning? You don't see that every day? Yeah. I mean, he's been half for the last month. You know, I think he's been the hardest hitter in the game right now.  Luis, can you appreciate what Aaron's going through in terms of the fans every time he comes up to hear that energy in the ballpark and to hear that excitement? Oh, yeah, of course. I mean, he's having an incredible season. That's three good seasons for any good player. So having, you know, the season that he's having, he might win the triple pound. So it's something special that we witness right now. And hopefully, you know, he can get even better. What did you say about your stamina wise? How did you feel about that last day? Really good. Yeah, really good. Actually, for the first time in my life, I was not trying to strike everybody. I was trying to save my pitches and, you know, get a quick in. So Aaron Boone was saying he only wanted you to go three or four tonight. What do you think allowed you to go five? I think, you know, first thing, it was a lot of pitches. I think after that, you know, we make good pitches, you know, grumble our play. I think it helped help me a lot to get, you know, to get throw more in. And so I was happy. I was going to get my if I throw less than five in. What does the night like tonight do for your confidence the rest of the way?  So I mean, I feel very good. I feel, you know, confidence like I always meant and ready to, you know, get in a step.


Welcome back to Tennis Talk, my name is Cam Williams and Ukrainian tennis player Elena Svetolina has pulled out of her first round match at the Monterey Open against Russian player Potipova in protest of having to play against Russian players with the conflict that's going on with her home country and the nation of Russia. She actually came out with a statement, let's go have a read. So this is what the statement from Svetolina says, Dear all, I believe the current situation requires a clear position from our organizations, ATP, WTA and ITF. As such, we, Ukrainian players, requested to ATP, WTA and ITF to follow the recommendations of the IOC to accept Russia and Belen Russian nations only as neutral athletes without displaying any national symbols, colors, flags or anthems. Accordingly, I want to announce that I won't be playing in the Monterey Open nor any other match against Russian or Belorussian tennis players until our organizations take this necessary decision. I do not blame any of the Russian athletes, they are not responsible for the invasion of our motherland. Moreover, I wish to pay tribute to all the players, especially Russians and Belorussians, who bravely stated their position against the war. Their support is essential. So there you have it, Svetolina coming out and saying that she will not play any Russian or Belorussian players as long as they can represent their flags and their nations and their countries. Now we know that the Olympics, if you've been watching the Olympics over the last few years, you'll see that Team Rock has been the nation that Russians have been kind of under. The Russian Olympic Committee, so they haven't been represented by their flags or their anthems in those tournaments. So Svetolina wants something done like that in the tennis world as well, both ATP, WTN, ITF, who are the grand slam holders, they do all the grand slam. So let me know in the comments below. Do you think this is a good stance? I think this is a reasonable decision. People are asking that Russian players and Belorussian players be banned. We'll talk about that in another video. But do you think Svetolina's case of having the players from Russia and Belarus stripping them of their flags for the remainder of this conflict and having them maybe go under the rock banner, which we've seen over the last few years, especially at the Olympics, we've seen that over the Olympics?


How about this story from the Speaking of Taxpayer Dollars, the National Institutes of Health, Josh Mann, spending $200,000 of your taxpayer money and mine on a brand new initiative. Tell us about it. Yeah, so this is a grant to a University of Cincinnati group who have produced a transgender voice training app. And so the problem that they're trying to solve is what happens when a person wants to talk as if they are the other gender. And so I think the starting group, eventually they hope that the app will reach men and women who transition to the opposite gender. But they're going to start with biological men who wish to sound like women. Now, this is $217,000 or so of taxpayer funds from the NIH to do this project, and they're going to start with about 40 biological men to do it.


back to Global Connections. I'm Jay Fiedel here in Honolulu, Think Tech, and we are talking with an old friend of Think Tech, Gary Kandekar, and she is in Brussels, and it's 12 hours difference, but she stayed up late for us. Hi, Gary. So nice to see you. Hi, Jay. Lovely to see you again and lovely to be back on Think Tech. Just in the way of background, Gary was a fellow at Pacific Forum here in eight years ago, and she was on our show at the time, and it was on the very day she was leaving back for Europe, where she has been since, well, with various trips to various places. She's a global relations expert person, and into climate change these days. She has been with a number of think tanks, and now she's with the University of, did I say right, Brussels? Brussels, yeah, Brussels Tree University. Okay, and although she does not speak Flemish, we're going to conduct this entire conversation in Dutch. So Gary, in a word, how have you been, you know, catch up with our viewers and try to bring them current over the last few years? Oh, there's been so much happening. I've been shifting from a lot from foreign policy to climate change, and I think I made the big shift at the right time. There's been these state protests. Everybody's heard of Greta Thunberg, but there've been so many manifestations in Brussels all the time, the youth climate for movements, etc. So I've been working a lot on climate change. I work on how the Paris Agreement can be better implemented. And I also work on how we can decarbonize industry. So like the steel industry, the chemical refining industry, so a lot of the geeky stuff. So this is wonderful, especially these days. You know, so the US was part of the COP 21, as I remember, but now under Trump, we turn our back on climate change. We turn our back on, you know, environment in general.  The fact is, his administration has been running 180 from, you know, anybody into climate change or environment. So I'm just wondering how the community in Europe, because I'm sure you touch base with them all around Europe, how the community in Europe feels about what's happened to the United States position on climate change and the environment.  So it's been quite sad that Donald Trump has pulled the US out of the Paris Agreement, and what we have been doing since, so the shock factor has since left. What the Europeans thought at the time was that maybe it would lead to other countries leaving the Paris Agreement, but that didn't happen. There was, there were many countries, for example, India and China in particular, who reinforce their commitments to the Paris Agreement. So that was good on the one hand. And on the other hand, what we did was started to analyze what's happening in the US. So there are various states, there are even cities which are leading in climate action. So we look a lot at California, and they've been doing great action there. But also the number of corporations that are leading in their own pledges for climate action. Just today, we were looking at some decarbonization technology from Hawaii. So we look at it at also more at a people scale, and hope the US will be back again. Well, the US needs to have a change in leadership. I think it's clear. I was telling you before the show that there was an article in the Irish Times by an Irish political writer yesterday, or day before. And he said, well, there were times when Europe and the world in general held the United States in awe, that they admired the United States, all these positive kinds of impressions of the United States as a world leader. But now it's not that at all. Now, he said they hold pity for the United States. And I read this article and said, my God, you know, that he's absolutely right. If you look in the looking glass, what else can you feel about it? Which takes me to coronavirus, because we have it, you have it, it's a pandemic. And I wonder what the sense of the people in Europe is about how well this administration and the United States has responded to coronavirus as it exists here in the United States. So for us here in Europe, it's quite shocking the way the US has been handling the crisis. The first thing was that we thought that it would be a moment for Donald Trump to actually take, it was clearly his make or break moment for the election at least. And unfortunately, he didn't take the bull by the horns. Let's say it was his opportunity to reinforce to people that he could be there for them. But since then, Donald Trump has called it a hoax. It has been largely mismanaged. And the amount of infections that are there in the US at the moment, I think it's already a million. It's huge. It's quite sad, actually, when the US has traditionally had a sort of foresight. And we did read a bit in the newspapers that every administration does these exercises before of imagining pandemics and how to handle them. And this was not conducted in a similar way. But also in how aid is being delivered by the center to the various states. And only Republican friendly states have been getting more aid and the others have to really grovel for it. It's quite shocking, to be honest. And also the fact that they have to pay for the treatment because in Europe, the people who get coronavirus have to pay any medical fees, even for the test. So it's been quite shocking. Yeah, I can imagine. Well, maybe when things cool off, I'll come to Europe. I'll feel safer there. How are things doing in Europe on coronavirus? How are things doing in Belgium? In the countries around Belgium, do you feel that the response there is acceptable? Do you feel that we're going to be out of the woods on this? So of course, for us, the US has been the extreme on the bad side of dealing with coronavirus. But here in Europe, we also have different examples. And we do complain about our own countries as well and how they respond to it and how even the minuter section. So let me just explain a bit what's been happening in Belgium. So we have a nationwide lockdown. Schools were closed already in mid-March. And since then, we were all encouraged to work, not encouraged, we were mandated to stay at home, work online. And there were only some essential workers, for example, supermarkets or hospitals, pharmacists who could go to work. And now they've been trying to relax the measures. So until then, we also had, for example, the ability to go out and exercise, like a walk in the park, for example, or a jog. Some people did try to abuse a bit, but then there've been police all around. And there've been thousands of fines, each around $300 per incident. So it's been quite strict. But it's not even been as strict as in other countries. So for example, Italy or Spain, where they have to have permits to go out of their home, to go shop for food or medicines. So they literally have to fill out, print out a form. And many Italians living in Belgium were complaining that it's like seeing the future, because we know what Italy has been through. And this is what we need to go through. We are going to go through, but the measures are not yet in place. They're not strict enough. So it's been that. And Belgium's response has been, let's say 75% strict. Germany has been similar in the UK. The response has been a bit similar to the US. So Boris Johnson, the Prime Minister of the UK, shocked everyone when he said, we would like to create herd immunities, let as many people as possible get the coronavirus, and then people will survive eventually. It was really shocking until he himself got it. And then he was in hospital, he was in intensive care. And now he's really put the UK under lockdown. But this has led to around 40,000 deaths in the UK. It's not far behind the US, actually. The population per capita, it would be ahead of the US, I think, at 40,000, no. Yes. And Belgium with around 7,000 dead is still ahead of the UK by population size. In other countries also like Sweden, for instance, they've had no measures, no lockdowns. But now they're trying to ease the lockdown, yeah. So how about you? How has it affected you? I guess you're working at home.  Are you taking short walks in the park? You haven't been fined, I guess. No, I've not been fined. So I normally, to be honest, it is quite hard psychologically, because there's this huge pandemic, the whole world's changed overnight. And psychologically, it does impact you. And many people are not understanding or acknowledging that. So I think that's important to do. So what do I do is basically try to keep this similar schedule with at least the dog walks.  But then yes, I've been working from home mainly. The good thing is our university. So I work at the university, right? And we had been making the shift to online teaching, etc. So we did have, we were quite advanced anyways, at eLearning. So making this shift to working from home has not been a big issue for at least me. That's good. Are you using Zoom or something else? Yes, Zoom, Skype for Business, Microsoft Teams. But yes, by the way, I do go out and wash my hands a lot. And I do wear a mask as well. I put a few masks around. And yeah, I did relax. No finds yet, thankfully. I hope no more. Yeah. Well, it's very interesting. It sounds so similar to, you know, my life here and the lives of the people that I deal with in ThinkTech. But let me go to a question that we've been working on, and that maybe you thought about too. So you have two big things happening, two existential threats these days. One, of course, is climate change.  But in fact, you know, we have far as fires, we have floods. We have all these indicia of dreadful climate change and including storms that will probably come in a few months that will affect everybody, you know, and worry about affecting Hawaii. So that's one existential threat. And the other is the pandemic for which there is no therapeutic drug, no matter what he says. And there is no vaccine, and there may not be one for a long time. And we may develop, you know, herd immunity whether we like it or not, because so many people ultimately are low-hanging fruit, and the virus will get to them. Okay, so what I'd like to explore with you if you've had any thoughts about this is the relationship between the two. We know, for example, that coronavirus has effectively stopped a lot of economic activity. And when you look at the world map to see how much energy is being used, you see a lot less energy has been used, a lot less oil, the oil market collapsed. And so, you know, there's a relationship there. The other relationship I find even more interesting in the sense that climate change by perhaps raising temperature, climate change by changing, we don't even know all the flora and fauna that it has changed in the world, that it is changing may have contributed to the development of the virus. And so there's a two-way street on that. Each one somehow affects the other. What do you think about that? That's my proposition for you. What do you think about that? Yeah, there's a clear link. In Europe at least, everybody has been trying to, the research community has been making the link between coronavirus and climate change quite strongly, but in particular in terms of recovery. So you know this will lead to another financial crisis maybe and it's going to be quite devastating for most parts of the world, but especially the West. Like the last crisis, Asia escaped, but this time again it might be the case that Asia comes out a bit less impacted than the West. So what we've been doing in Europe is the research community has tried to see how do we get out of this, but also maintain our response to climate change. So right before the coronavirus pandemic struck, there were really interesting developments here in Brussels and I think you must have spoken about it too, is the Green New Deal. And the Green New Deal is a mega financial program to transform the economy into a green economy basically, so that Europe will become carbon neutral by 2050. And the amount in research for this would be between one trillion and four trillion or something like that. And so now what the thinking here has been that the Green Deal needs to be reinforced as a way to get out of the coronavirus impact on the economy. And also the companies that will get bailout should have to use that money to make sustainable changes to their production, their processes, their machines, etc. So that they come out less polluting and more in line with the climate ambitions. So this is quite interesting, no? Yeah. Oh, so is that actually happening or is that aspirational? That is what the thinking is going at the moment. I think the policy makers will just need to announce it, but it makes sense. Anyway, let's say industry for instance, because we now see the chemical industry, the textile industry, then they've been useful in making the medicines, the mass, the cleaning products, etc., not to drink or inject, but they've been really at the center of it and they've been strategic, right? These industries have for many years in Europe been making a lot of progress in order to reduce their emissions. So now they will suffer eventually because of the financial crisis that will come, but then this money from the Green Deal could help them to become greener, but also more resilient. So this is the thinking that's going on. Yeah, well, that's very good. One of the things that necessarily we all have to cover going forward is how is coronavirus, and for that matter, the threat of climate change, how are these existential threats changing our world? In some countries, some places, they're going to change our world more and some less. The smart guys change. Survival is change. The other guys, maybe in this country, they don't change so well. They want to go back to another time. But what I wanted to ask you, if you've been thinking in your think tank kind of way, Gary, at least Europe is going to change by reason of the combination of things. You've mentioned that people are going to try to, policy makers are going to try to do things about the Green Revolution, do things about climate change and sustainability, and try to get the economy going and also deal with the response. But my question to you is, how do you see it evolving? What is it going to be like in the next few years? Say a five-year horizon. It's going to be different. For example, civil liberties may be affected if you go out on the street and you're caught in the street and they give you $300 fine, then it somehow impinges on the civil liberty notion that you may have had before. And there's all kinds of other things in other countries, not in Western Europe so much, where the government is leaning on this as Trump is trying to do, as Xi Jinping is certainly doing. And so you have a question of the change in the relationship of the citizen and the government, the change in the way the government works, the change in our personal freedoms. Do you have a sense of how it's evolving and what it's going to be like, say in Europe in the next five years? Yeah, I mean, there's been so many changes already just because of one pandemic, right? I mean, flying, for instance, will be forever changed traveling in the short and the long term. Now we've been thinking about not having the middle row in the airplanes. So how would that affect traveling? Will a lot of people travel or not? And just going out, interacting, even as much as having lunch or dinner with friends. So it's going to a restaurant and that's the essence of life in Europe, all the bistros, the restaurants. And that's really going to be impacted at the very basic level. Going forward, we don't know the big impacts of climate change that may or may not come. Something drastic could happen just as we didn't foresee the coronavirus crisis. So for instance, with the melting of the poles, there could be other viruses. And this is quite a, there are scientists have written about this that have been chosen for ages that could come about again, and we don't have any antibiotics for them. So we are at a large risk when large swathes of land will go under water in Bangladesh, for instance, in India, but also in a lot of European countries. When we start losing land and the migration crisis becomes worse, especially in Africa, when there will be less and less water. And that anyways has a link to different crisis. So it's going to be exacerbated. But life as we know it has been changed from now on, I think, and it's going to change quite more in the coming years. And whatever Europe does or doesn't do, it can impact the whole world alone. So a global question for you, can the planet, with all these things in mind, can the planet support the existing population? I don't know if you remember, there's a movie called Human Flow a few years ago done by Ai Weiwei, the Chinese dissident. And in it he showed us that there were 65 million people behind Bob Weier in various camps around the world, and they would never leave those camps. There was no political solution for them.  And that sort of suggests that maybe it's not working for an awful lot of people, and that may increase. And so I ask you, in terms of agriculture, in terms of water, in terms of clean air and in terms of the resources you need to live, going forward, do you think the planet can survive with this many people? And if you do think the planet can survive, can you tip us off on what it must do to survive? So yesterday, actually, I saw a video from a speech of Nicolas Sarkozy, former president of France, and he was mentioning that he's around 65 years old, and when he was born, basically the global population was 2 billion, and in his lifetime, it increased threefold. And he said in the next 30 years, it's going to become 11 billion. And that's quite something to think about, and our planet can definitely not sustain so much population. But there's a need to look at it in a really global community way, kind of, how looking at it as one planet and not country by country, on what impact population we'll have in your life. I honestly don't think we can survive comfortably with 11 billion people and the economic disparity, because anyways, as the coronavirus makes it clear, those who can afford it will survive, those who can't don't. And it's quite sad. I mean, because of the social security systems here in Europe, it's less exacerbated, the economic divide. But globally, it's quite true. Those who really can afford to live will live. So with the rising population, it's going to be just that, unfortunately. Unless we control population rise, it will be quite grim along with the climate change. One other question I wanted to get your advice on is, so the issue exists perhaps in a more clarified way in Europe than in the US, but you have to take steps to protect the public health, and you also have to take steps ultimately to revive the economy as you want to take off the lockdown. And I wonder if you have any thoughts about how you solve that problem. It's complex, multi-parts. And how is your approaching that? I mean, my own view is, first, you have to do testing. First, you have to flatten the curve. That's first. You don't undo the lockdown until you're very sure you've got that worked out for your entire jurisdiction, not just part of it, but all of it. And only then do you make a systematic approach to recovering the economy. But what would you add to that? I completely agree with you, Jay. I'm so 100% behind you on this. And I sometimes feel that really starting to recover the economy too quickly, lifting the lockdowns is too soon. And it's not only because of young people or whatever, they're going to be significant losses. And it's not that also it's not that if you get the coronavirus once you have immunity, that's not the case. People are getting it multiple times even. And even though Trump might be a fool enough to say it, but every other country is also thinking in terms of acceptable losses in terms of population. And that's quite sad, I feel, what they're doing here. So they're different approaches that different countries are using. So in France, rightfully, and Macron is quite a good leader.  In Belgium, what we're doing is we're going to relax the measure. So from next week, schools will start, shops will open. And I think that's really too soon to do that. But then the Prime Minister here said that these measures are not passed in stone, you know, so they could be reversed. In other countries as well, they're trying to open up the economy. But honestly, I think it's going to be quite a threat to a large amount of the population, especially schools open because children can carry there have been some deaths among children as well. But they certainly are carriers is going to spread to very quickly amongst the population. And we don't have measures like other countries in China, for instance, there's a shortage of mass, we can't it's really hard to find masks around here even in Europe. So even though in Belgium, it is, it's not testing of the global population not done in Belgium yet. But they did mandate that afterwards everybody will have to wear masks and go to work. But like I said, there's no easily available. I know how somebody's going to make a lot of money making masks. Well, Gary, you know, there's so much, there's so much happening, you know, at the same time, I feel that although the last time I saw you in person in on the streets of Honolulu eight years ago, you reminded me. It's like, it's like you never left. And what I really want to do is follow this global adventure we're having now. It's probably more of an adventure than we ever could have imagined eight years ago. And I hope I can catch you again in Brussels. You don't have to stay up too late right now. It must be oh gee was 10 o'clock at night already. Can we do this again? Can we do this again? There's much more to discuss. Yes, I'd love to. Okay, the same here, Gary. Gary Kondekar, our friend at ThinkTech for many years. And we look forward to catching up with her on a regular basis. We look forward to making the comparison, the global comparison, if you will, which is so important these days. Thank you, Gary. Thanks to you. Thanks.