Scrived in future tense Can you predict what will come in 100 years or in 10 or in the next minute? Some people think they can Nuclear scientists mathematicians astronomers Biologists they'll predict the shape of the future Why because they make the future because they see beyond the known dimensions of time and space Into the unknown Dimension X It was in the year of 1982 that space men first discovered the great galactic barrier in The past ten years rocket traveled to the moon in the nearer planets had become commonplace and Then men fixed their sights on a more distant star the remote planet known as Volta Five exploratory ships went out and none came back each in turn disappearing mysteriously at the same vanishing point At an invisible wall somewhere in the vast outer reaches that became known as the wrecker of space ships the galactic reef And yet the explorers refused to admit defeat it was on June the 2nd 1987 that the rocket star cloud made ready for takeoff the 6th to attempt to crack the barrier and win through the Volta Condition green Don't suppose you want the ship's doctor up here on the bridge during glass door. I think not many All right, then I'll be in the sick break counting vitamin pills if you need me Thank you Smitty Lieutenant college Yes, sir. You're relieved. You'd better get down to navigation control and take over. Yes, sir. Oh lieutenant. Yes, sir We've never flown together before This is your first flight in the space vessel as big as the star cloud, isn't it? Yes, sir But I was trained in oversized jobs at the Naval Academy.  I served under him in the first rocket that ever got back to its base in one piece When you flew that mission and the tin can not much better than a primitive guided missile I I Almost went along on the last trip your father made to the barrier Too bad about that. Yes, sir That's all college. I'll bust you when you get down to nap control Lieutenant Paulson. Yes, sir. Get me ground control tower on the radio. I want to talk to Colonel Harrison Spark says the circuit up now captain Go ahead, sir. I've touched in our bridge speaker Colonel Harrison. Yes, captain. We're standing by for takeoff in 60 seconds Good The bill is clear to more personnel We'll try to re-establish radio contact immediately after takeoff in any event. There'll be a 24 hour ground monitor fine Good luck. I hope you make it. Thank you Bridge to navigation control Ready little tenant Of course is in the integrator for takeoff at $1200.  I'll read you off 20 seconds 19 1817 16 Condition read hold it. We don't want to stowaway sir stowaway.  What's the matter with you? There's a stowaway aboard. Oh, yes I thought your men were supposed to police this base. What's the matter with you? You'll know what this delay can do to us, don't you one minute later take off and throw some million miles off course We'll have to reintegrate the whole work. Oh, don't bother me for a while.  I'll court-martial that Charlie use a good radio man skipper. See you to a met met Skipper and me made 50 trips to the moon to get it Didn't we captain Charlie if you wanted to come along why didn't you volunteer? I did skipper They turn me down. What's wrong with you acceleration Ben? Oh, they said my arteries wouldn't stand another trip Well, I'm I'm sorry to hear that but they're wrong sir. I got one more good trip in me Listen captain, you know these green kids don't know the first thing about space radio operation You put a man like me on I'll be getting your bedtime story for Mars. Listen Charlie You know the regulations as well as I do. I can't take you much as I'd like to Harrison will murder me for this I'm sorry Charlie. I'll have to put you ground I'll tell you what I'll ask Harrison to put you on his ground radio contact It'll seem as if you were right here with us. He won't do it, sir He'd better or I'll have him busted to corporal for letting you sneak aboard. You'd better be off Charlie Masters yes, sir. I'm sending this man to ground give him time to clear the launching platform. Yes, sir So long Charlie. I'm really sorry. Good luck skipper I thought you were going to have him drawn and courted been anybody else. I would have smitty But Charlie. Well, he's kind of special Been with me since my first command when you'll her run to the moon He wanted to come along this time. Well, it's it's only through loyalty to me.  Can you recalculate the course or shall I cancel the takeoff? I've already bought a new course on the integrator, sir. Good. Can we take off in exactly two minutes two minutes? Yes, sir That's quick work. Are you sure? All right, Collier. I'm putting it in your hands. We'll blast off on your signal Lewis isn't that a lot of responsibility for young green officer? Yes, but if he can't do his job I'd rather find out now than at the galactic barrier Bridge to engine room Prepare to blast off on navigator signal. Good work, Collier. The course is corrected, sir Ready to go into atomic overdrive any time you say all right stand by to engine room kill your rockets Rockets out fire up number one cyclotron draw your dampening rods going to overdrive on the count of zero five seconds captain three two two One one zero zero on course, sir She's running hot and true. Well my compliments. Thank you, sir This job would have done your father credit He was one of the best navigation officers I ever saw thanks Now start your gyros and put her on robot control the bridge is yours. Mr. Collier If you need me, I'll be in Dr. Smith's office. Yes, sir See you got us off the ground. You can thank young Collier for that chip off the old block First great spaceman. Is he the one who? Yes He was lost in the galactic barrier on the second ship. We sent out the Volta Lewis Just what do you think this galactic barrier is? Your guess is as good as mine doc. All I know is that five ships have gone into it None of them have come back out. How about Mr. Ovek's theory that it's a time warp in space that the ships will reach it and slip into another dimension rubbish My theory is that the galactic barrier is nothing more than a radioactive layer of some kind what makes you say that Well, we know that radar signals bounce off it like they were hitting an invisible glass wall And we know that it destroys our ships and crews in some way There's no other logical explanation. What makes you think we can get through it Lewis because we're ready for it The others weren't the entire hull is completely shielded with lead. We can crack through any radioactive cloud ever detected Besides we're equipped with some new UHF radio devices that should enable us to maintain radio contact with earth Nothing can happen. Absolutely nothing. Who are you trying to convince? Myself I suppose Lewis you've had your share of glory First skipper to reach the moon back in 1962. Yeah, you could have retired Why are you risking this trip? Because five ships are missing and men like printers and markets and young collars father I'm tired of seeing good men fed into that meat chopper. Then why are we going? We haven't any choice many We're in a race the kind of race where men and ships are expendable According to interspace code the first nation to reach folder can claim it personally I want no part of it doc. There are a dozen nations who feel very differently about that. I know I know Well, at least it won't be boring I'll have to play physician morale builder and mother substitute for a hundred and twelve slightly nervous men Your morale doesn't sound too good doc as morale officer. I can state without fear of contradiction. It is terrible and Something tells me that as we approach that galactic barrier I'm not going to be alone Captain Thorsten of the Star Cloud calling Earth Star Cloud to Earth Can you read me? Charlie I see they haven't court-martialed you yet. No, sir. Thanks to you. That's good to hear you You can read as the funny papers on Sunday morning, right? How's our signal strong? Our log report for Colonel Harrison ready shoot June 2nd 1987 Four weeks out from earth running through no radiation operation normal Still making our approach to the galactic barrier That's all Charlie. See you later I sure wish I was with you How's the morale Smitty? Well, the men know we're getting closer to the barrier They're beginning to show a little tension was How's their physical condition any sickness about half the crew has come down with space blue I was afraid of that bad. Oh same as usual Lips and hands with the bluish cast eyes are sensitive to infrared I don't know when I first started flying these tin cans. Nobody ever heard of space blues There's a theory. It's caused by the terrific acceleration of the atomic overdrive The change in gravity affects the circulation and what do you think? Oh, I think it's psychosomatic I've noticed that the same men who get space blues under tension on a ship Tend to get blue coloration back on earth when they're upset. I Guess it's an occupational disease of space navigators. You think it's just nerves in I don't know Young collie has got a bad case Yes, I think it's tension from overwork. Yeah Maybe need some vitamins Lewis When will you realize that vitamins are not a panacea for all the troubles of mankind? I understand you've relieved me from Judy. Dr. Smithson says you aren't looking very well Collier I'm just giving you a rest. That's all right. I feel perfectly able to continue your lips were as blue as Minnetonka Captain I'd like to remain at my post. Don't be so foolhardy lieutenant. I'm not being foolhardy, sir You see I have a special personal reason for wanting this expedition to reach bolt Your father Yes, sir, my father You think he might still be alive, sir. I I have to find out what happened. I think I understand Very well Collier Report back to duty three-tenth of a second. We'd better try to make final contact with earth His park still trying to raise the base. Yes, but he's not having much luck getting a plus Expect to hit the barrier almost any second now Look Charlie stick with us. Will you we're switching to the automatic center now so you can track us in Okay, if we crack the barrier and come through still in one piece I'll try to get back to you on the high-frequency band. We're picking up radio activity. Is it the fishing chambers? I'll check your baby's damage control. Yes, sir. It's radiation penetrating the lead field I'll keep at it that Paulson. How are you doing? I'm on that for Pete's sake. What's the radiation from? It's coming from inside the ship, but that's impossible. Oh, sir, I checked it twice. It's got to be the engines It is we're finished that radiation must be in the overdrive pile. Are you sure? Yes, sir All right, keep check start combing this ship in five inches. Yes, sir Turn it on. Yes, sir. I'll check the atomic guns first. Come on. It was weaker now Yeah, what do you make of this Paulson? Well, it looks like some sort of portable transmitter, sir That's before in manufacture. I Don't recognize the calibration symbols at all. I've never seen anything like it. Which raises a small question What is lieutenant Collier doing with a transmitter in his cabin? I don't know sir Well, I intend to find out Paulson Get down to nav control bring Collier up to the bridge on the double Why don't we better find some way to shut this thing off first? I know a way a few simple questions Yes, sir, and I want a few simple answers. Yes, sir What were you doing with a transmitter in your cabin? transmitter captain You know nothing about it. No, sir. I don't Do you recognize these calibration symbols? No, sir Can you think of how it might have been placed in your cabin without your knowing it? Oh, sir Unless someone came in while I was on duty Would that have been possible? Well, I I suppose so Well, if someone had a key I found your cabin door unlocked. I'm at a key to the wall cabinet. I didn't say the wall cabinet. Oh, what? Well, sir, I you what lieutenant? How could you have known it was in the wall cabinet? Well, I I just assumed You turn on Collier I did hard to believe you would lie Having known and respected your father and having observed the way you had to your job However, I intend to get to the root of this thing. I Have your wrist watching that sir your wrist watch. Yeah, you I say Policeman turn on that Geiger counter. Yes, sir. Hold this watch next to it. Yes, sir That's all Lieutenant if you hadn't any close contact with that transmitter, how do you explain the radio activity of this watch? I don't sir. I think you better do whom were you sending those signals? Condition read condition read. There's your answer captain. What is this Collier? Who's aboard that ship? All right now talk Very well captain My mission seems completed your mission. Are you admitting that you're an agent of a foreign power? I am stating it. What nation? No nation captain. What? I am an agent of the bolt and government so what's the government of the planet a bolt on are you crazy?  You tell them what do you mean? We've had agents operating on earth since 1945 I don't believe you. What do you think happened to those five ships captain? Where do you suppose we got our information like your language your culture family background?  Is that so surprising captain? We had a living model.  I would advise you to surrender without delay Now coming in ordnance range. I'll deal with you later. Call your policy. Yes, sir Put this man in irons and take him away. Don't worry, sir. We'll take good care of him But your guns on radar tracking then and policy and is dead Still alive or my memory ship that has ever left earth was controlled by a bolt out crew Impossible those were hand-picked men and picked by I don't believe you and why not call for one thing you haven't counted on and Just what is that captain? What is it smithy? What are you trying to tell me here? Let me help you. No Lewis get message back to earth Voltaan if come Watch out smithy smithy. No skip Keeps ending nearly an hour since they hit the galactic barrier I don't understand why they haven't tried to get a message back. No, sir Neither do I All right I'll take over for a while. Yes You do that You go right ahead Sir, all right, you'd better go on get yourself some coffee You look a little blue around the gills no contact an adventure in time space and the unknown The world a little tail that starts with the disappearance of Grant's tomb It's about a veteran newspaper reporter and a strange little man who calls himself the world's greatest genius You'll hear all about it next week at the same time when we present the professor was a thief George Lefferts from a storyline by Lefferts and Ernest Kenoi featured in the cast will Louis van Rooton as captain Thorson Donald Duker as Lieutenant Cardia and Cameron Proudham as Charlie Your host was Norman Rose Music by Albert Berman engineer Bill Chambers dimension X is produced by William Welch and directed by Edward King They tuned for the remarkable quiz kids on NBC


The mission of an AV platoon is to provide direct support for a mechanized infantry company. As rugged tactical connectors, AABs provide a critical capability for amphibious operations. The addition of heavy machine gun fire supports maneuver to close with and destroy the enemy. As Marines prepare to fight in the littorals, the integration of infantry Marines with ACV and AAB companies bring formidable mobility and combat power to the battlefield. Strengthening the Marine Corps' capacity to maneuver, seize, and defend key maritime terrain.


This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course about schemes. And in it, we will be defining notarian schemes and giving a brief discussion of their properties. So suppose we've got a scheme. We say it is notarian if it satisfies the following two conditions. First, it must be quasi-compact and it must also be locally notarian. So what does it mean to be quasi-compact or locally notarian? Well, quasi-compact means the underlying topological space is quasi-compact. Quasi-compact means just the same as compact. It's called quasi-compact for uninteresting historical reasons. Locally notarian means that the scheme S can be covered by open affine sub-schemes of the form spec of S i, spec of R i, but R i is a notarian ring. So this is fairly typical of scheme theory. We have a sort of cascade of definitions where each definition depends on several other definitions and you sometimes feel there's a sort of infinite regress going on, but anyway. So let's first discuss quasi-compactness. We first note that all affine schemes that form spectrum of R are quasi-compact. So this is sort of similar to the proof that all affine varieties are quasi-compact in the Zariski topology. Suppose spectrum of R is covered by open sets and we want to show it's covered by a finite number of them. Well, we may as well assume that it's covered by open sets of the form D F i because these form a basis for the topology. So remember D F i consists of the primes such that F i is not in the prime. Well, if it's covered by these open sets, this means no maximal ideal contains all the elements F i because the D F i just consists of the prime ideals such that F i isn't in here. So if these cover spectrum of R then no prime ideal can contain all of them. So the ideal generated by the F i is equal to R because it's not contained in any maximal ideal. So sum of a i F i equals one for sum a i almost all zero. So a finite number, so we can find a solution of this with, so we can find a solution using a finite number of F i. And this just means that the spectrum of R is covered by a finite number of our sets of the form D F i which shows. So the quasi-compactness of the spectrum of R has something to do with the fact that if you can write one as a linear combination of elements then you can write it as a linear combination of a finite number of them because we're doing algebra not analysis. So scheme S is quasi-compact if and only if S can be covered by the finite number of open sets of the form the spectrum of R i. So in other words, the quasi-compact schemes are just the ones that can be built out of a finite number of affine schemes. Examples, the schemes of projective and affine varieties are all quasi-compact. You know, affine varieties are affine schemes and projective varieties or schemes can be covered by a finite number of affine ones. So they're quasi-compact. An example of one which isn't quasi-compact is just a disjoint union of accountable number of schemes. We'll usually be not quasi-compact. And in practice, the schemes you come across that aren't quasi-compact quite often turn out to be disjoint unions of accountable number of schemes. A fairly typical example is the so-called Hilbert scheme which parameterizes subschemes of projective space and it splits up into accountable number of components because if you've got a subscheme of projective space there are accountable number of degrees it can have, for example, so that splits it up into accountable number of subschemes. Next, we'll talk about notarian spaces. So we recall that a topological space X is called notarian if and only if every non-empty collection of open sets has a maximal element. And this is the same as saying it satisfies the descending chain condition for closed sets. So that means if you've got any descending chain of closed sets it must eventually be closed. If you've got any descending chain of closed sets it must eventually become constant. And you might guess we define a spectrum so we do not define S to be notarian if its topological space is notarian. And the reason for this is the following problem. The problem is I'm supposed to take R to be say K X1 X2 and so on with an infinite number of variables and we quotient it out by the ideal generated by X1 squared X2 squared and so on. Then the spectrum of R is a point. You can see the only prime ideal is X1 X2 and so on. So this is the only prime and the point is notarian as a topological space. However, this ideal is not finitely generated so the ring R itself is not notarian. So if we defined a scheme to be notarian if its underlying space was notarian we would have the embarrassing fact that the spectrum of a non-notarian ring was a notarian scheme which we really don't want. We have to define it in a slightly more roundabout way. We say S is locally notarian if it's covered by open affine sub-schemes with the form spectrum of R i with the ring R i notarian. And we say it's, we remember it's notarian is locally notarian plus quasi-compact. So quasi-compact you remember means that you can cover it by a finite number of open affine sub-schemes. So this is the same as saying if it's covered by a finite number of open schemes of the form spectrum of R i with R i notarian. So for example, projective varieties are all notarian. So they're covered by a finite number of affine varieties which are notarian. The Hilbert scheme, I'm not going to tell you what it is, but exactly, but as I said vaguely that it was a space parameterizing sub-schemes of projective space.  In fact, it's the disjoint union of a countable number of projective schemes. So you do occasionally get examples of schemes that are locally notarian, but not notarian. But in practice, most locally notarian schemes who get a simply a disjoint union of notarian schemes. And now there's a major split in algebraic geometry which is should you restrict to notarian schemes and there are some advantages to this. Most schemes in practice are notarian and it does make it much simpler in many ways. There are a lot of technical complications you have to deal with if you want to deal with the notarian schemes. Also as a disadvantage that some schemes are not notarian and they do sometimes turn up. For example, the spectrum of a nondiscrete valuation ring and nondiscrete valuation rings do turn up. They used to be a lot more popular before growth and dick introduced schemes and they were heavily used in resolution of singularities of varieties, for example. And as I said, algebraic geometry seemed to split into two camps. The ones who work with notarian schemes have the attitude that there is no point spending a lot of effort on this technical complication that you almost never need. And I think they secretly suspect the people who work with non-notarian schemes of being the sort of people who wear hair shirts and so on.  So you have to pick which you do. We're going to mostly just stick with notarian schemes for out of laziness, I guess. As the name suggests, being locally notarian is a local property. So in particular, the spectrum of a ring R is covered by open affine sub-schemes of notarian rings implies R itself is notarian. So in other words, you can check whether a scheme is notarian or not by looking at small open affine subsets covering it and if all those are notarian the ring itself is notary the whole scheme is notarian and if it's an affine scheme then the corresponding affine ring is also notarian. So the key point in showing this is that being in an ideal is a local property. So what does this mean? Well, suppose X is in R and I is an ideal of a ring R. Then the following are equivalent. First of all, X is in I. Secondly, X is in I F to the minus one which is an ideal of R F to the minus one where the open sets DFI cover the spectrum of R. So in other words, if you've got an open cover of the spectrum of R we can check whether X is in the ideal by checking on each of the open sets of this cover. And the third property says that X is in I P which is a subset of R P. This is the local ring at P for all P in the spectrum of R. Or even all maximal P. We don't need to do all prime ideals. You could just test for maximal ideals if you want. And in order to verify this, we notice that one implies two and two implies three are kind of trivial. To show that three implies one what we do is we just look at that's J which is the ideal of all Y such that X, Y is in I. And we want to show that J is equal to R. Well, if M is maximal, if M is a maximal ideal, then X being in I M implies A times B X minus I equals zero for some I in I and A B not in I. So this is just the condition for X to be in this ideal of the local ring. And this implies A B X is in I. So J is not contained in the maximal ideal M because A B is not in, so A B is in J, but not in M. So I shouldn't say A B not in I, I should say A B not in the maximal ideal M there. So J is not contained in any maximal ideal. So J is equal to R. So X is in I because one is in the ideal J. So this shows you can test whether something is an ideal just by testing it at all local rings of prime ideals of the ring. So now suppose the spectrum of R is covered by open sets DFI. Then an ideal of R is determined by its images I F I to the minus one in the rings R F I as above because these open sets cover R and an element is in I if and only if it's in all these ideals I. So if R has an increasing sequence of ideals I one contained in I two and so on. What we can do is we can look at all the sequences I one F I to the minus one contained in I two F I to the minus one and so on. Now if all the rings are F I a notarian then all these sequences must eventually terminate and as R can be covered by a finite number of these this means that the sequence of ideals in R terminates so this sequence here terminates so R is notarian. So we've shown that if the spectrum of R is covered by open subsets of notarian schemes and R is itself notarian which sort of shows that in some sense being notarian being being that locally notarian really is a local property. Finally I just make a few comments about what it means for ring to be notarian being notarian for a scheme or ring is sort of vaguely related to being finite dimensional and it is often true that notarian rings are finite dimension and it is often true that finite dimensional rings are notarian. So this this is usually true but there are counter examples for instance we can take the example we had earlier K X one X two up to we take a count on number of X I's and then just quotient out by the ideal generation by X one squared X two squared and so on. So this is a finite dimensional ring that zero dimension but it's not notarian and it's usually true that if something is notarian then it's finite dimensional so it's true for local rings if you've got a local ring it's a basic theorem of commutative algebra that it's finite dimensional in fact the dimension is bounded by the number of elements needed to generate its maximal ideal and it sort of sounds very plausible that if something is locally finite dimensional and it's compact for heaven's sake then surely it should be globally finite dimensional seems very plausible but there's a weird counter example that Nagata found which instead of writing out I'll just show you Nagata's only own description of it so Nagata himself calls these bad rings let me see if I can zoom in a bit okay so so here's his example of a bad notarian ring so he's saying a notarian ring whose altitude is infinite well the altitude was a sort of old name for the dimension of a ring so here's got an infinite dimensional notarian ring and what he's doing is he's taking a polynomial ring an accountable number of variables and then carefully localizing in a rather cunning way in order to end up with a ring that's still infinite dimensional but it's still possible to prove that this ring is notarian and the proof isn't all that difficult but I'm not going to give it because I'm feeling too lazy so this is from Nagata's book Local Rings and it's kind of rather a famous book because it's got an appendix with lots of horrible examples of notarian rings and I think before Nagata started finding all these examples people were hoping that notarian rings and schemes were the nice collection of rings and schemes but unfortunately it turns out you can get some pretty nasty rings and schemes that are still notarians this leaves the problem of what is a good condition that covers all the rings we want and excludes the nasty counter examples and as far as I know there's no really good answer to this the most promising approaches may be growth index notion of an excellent ring unfortunately the definition of an excellent ring is so complicated no one can remember it so it's still in some sense an open problem I guess okay the next lecture will be on various finiteness conditions like being a finite or locally a finite type


I think developments in artificial intelligence do pose a strong challenge for humanity. I think at a very fundamental level, people don't quite understand what artificial intelligence is, yet it's used as a buzzword that's going to solve every single problem. You sort of have either a very binary sort of treatment of, it's all wonderful, it's all great, and it's going to solve every problem, or you have robot armies are going to kill everyone. I think the first challenge that we have is even the vocabulary that we use to talk about developments in AI. I see a lot of people in Asia and also elsewhere in the world, to be fair, who use words like algorithms, big data, analytics, artificial intelligence, to all mean pretty much the same thing. They use them as interchangeable synonyms, and I think that does all of these technologies a disservice because they're not necessarily the same thing. You can have automation that is not AI driven, you can also have AI that is not just about automation. So I think it's a technology or a set of technologies that on some level are very, very opaque and inscrutable, yet they're being talked about as if it's the most common, obvious, everyday ubiquitous thing. Really what we're trying to do is look at the impact of AI specifically on Asian countries, and I think even within Asia it's not a monolithic thing of all of Asia is going to be treated the same way or is going to react the same way. I think within Asia you have countries that are going to be early adopters of AI that are very geared up to advanced technologies. So countries like Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore are probably going to be a little better equipped. And I think a lot of the poorer developing emerging economies are not quite there yet. I don't think they quite understand what's going to hit them when it does. And I think there's a huge role for academia to play in all of this to make sure that in the way that it develops, that it's something that has an ethical backbone that is implemented responsibly, that has all the right stakeholders involved in the decision making about how these technologies are deployed. And I think that really needs to be a very, very robust conversation. It's not the technology company setting the standards and governments and academics and social scientists having no say in how this happens.


Hey, Moz fans, my name is Dana Di Tommaso. I'm president at Kickpoint, we're a digital marketing agency up in Canada, and today I'm gonna be talking to you about how to measure content engagement, which is a topic very near and dear to my heart, and it's actually what I talked about at MozCon this year. I'm even wearing the thematic t-shirt. So if you weren't in MozCon or not gonna buy the videos, which you showed they're good, I'm gonna give you a quick summary of what I talked about in that talk. So there's four different things that I think you should be looking at when you're trying to better understand your content engagement. The first thing is that people keep tabs open, and right now you might be looking at your 400 tabs you have open and thinking, okay, yeah, I keep tabs open, what's the problem? The problem is that every time you wake up your laptop from when it's sleeping, or you open up that list of tabs in your mobile browser, often an empty page view, what I call an empty page view is sent off to analytics. It's a zero second page view because you didn't actually look at the page, it just was checking to make sure the page was still live. But because it activates analytics, what you end up with is a situation where you have a lot of what I call tab hoarders. So there is a way to measure how to fix this. There's gonna be a link in the transcript to get the actual recipe through Google Tag Manager to measure this. But the idea is that when a tab is activated, there's two different things you can measure. You can measure the action that was used to generate that tab, and you can look at the tab type. So the actions possible are navigating or reloading or the back and forward button, and the tab type could be newer existing. So if it's a reloaded tab in an existing tab type, then that means that person hoarded the tab. Essentially, they've just had it open. And this is just detecting from the browser. You don't need any fancy cookies or anything like this. This is built in stuff for measuring. So by looking at the percentage of which your tabs are run by tab hoarders essentially, you can see what percentage of your page views are actually fresh page views like new people. And also consider that if you have a lot of tab hoarders, it might be making your conversion rate look like crap because conversion rate in universal analytics is session-based. So if every time they open a new tab, sorry, come back to that existing tab every single day, like once a day, that's one session every day, and they never convert as a 0% conversion rate for this person, they could look at this page like 30 times before they actually end up converting. In GA4, you have the option of session conversions or user conversions, so it'll be a little bit better, but you also have to assume that the cookies have remained to identify this person's user, which is not always the case. So definitely keep in mind that you might want to discount hoarders when you're thinking about your conversion rate for your site. Second thing, I also want you to look at the page views per day. So consider that when you have a report and you probably have in that report top pages, for example, like, look at this page, you publish this blog, it's got 80,000 views, we would like a raise, right? You report on this stuff all the time, everybody does. But what you don't do is you probably have a report on how many page views this page has had since it was originally published. So I want you to think about that. So you can always capture the published date of the page and then try having a report where you have the page, how many views that page has had since it was published, and then take the page views, divide it by the number of days that page has been around for, and then look at the page views per day. And I've just sketched out an example here. You can see page A, 1,100, 200 views, 18 views per day, page B, 9,000 views, 14 views per day, page C, 18,000 views, but only 12 views per day, because this is an older post. And so this one might look really great if you just looked at views, but if you look at views per day, actually, this one's pretty great. And then that helps you prioritize, well, this page is this quiet performer over the long haul. Maybe we should be looking at it and making sure that conversion rate is better, you know, and you can also establish a benchmark of how many views per day you would expect for a new post over time. And then when you publish something, you can go back and say, is this actually, you know, are we happy with the amount of page views per day that this new page or new post that we've published is actually getting? So a couple of different options there. All right, third thing, was the content consumed? So this is a recipe that is available on our website. Also, the link again will be in the transcript to download it. Consuming is the idea that when you go to a site, you're watching a video, we know you watched the video, we know you clicked on it, we know how long you watched it. If you're reading a piece of content, we don't actually know if you read the whole thing because content is different lengths, which means that there's different times it would take to read that post. Some posts might be 15 minutes, some posts might be five minutes. So you can't use a standard timer for all of it. Plus you need to know if they actually saw the entire post. So the idea of content consumption is that it is depth and time. If they reach the depth, the bottom of the post, then they saw the whole thing. If the time was the amount that was actually took to read the post, then if both these things are true, the content was consumed. And if they only got to depth, but not time, then it would be that they skimmed. So they just roared on down to the bottom and they didn't actually read the whole thing. If they got no depth, but they got time, they're a tab hoarder, which we've already looked at here, but this is another way to tell. And if none of those things happened, then they just abandoned ship and they didn't care about your post. So by evaluating your page views with a percentage of what percentage were skimmers or hoarders or abandoners or actual consumers that can also tell you how compelling that content is. And then a bonus metric would be, well, what's the average scroll depth of this page? So at what point are people bailing if they're not consuming with this post? And you can see like, oh, we've got this really weird call to action. People think the post is done. So if we move things around, maybe people will realize there's more to read. That's a good way to measure content consumption and how it can improve content in your site. All right, fourth, last thing.  I'm sure everyone reports in conversion rates. What they don't report on is if the person could actually convert, which frankly doesn't seem fair, right? You're expecting someone to convert and it's like, well, why didn't you do the thing? They're like, I didn't even know I could do the thing. I didn't see the button. And I know marketers, we all have these beautiful computers that we use, right? Like I'm a Windows person. I have this big desktop at home. There's these for video gaming and it's got two giant monitors, right? And of course, when I look at a page, I see a big section of a page. But on a mobile device, the same page, you probably aren't necessarily seeing the buttons. And so you really need to think about could the person actually convert? And I really encourage everyone, look at your website on a mobile device now and again. I know we all think desktop first, even though we're supposed to think mobile first because we use desktops. But many of our website visitors may only visit your site on a mobile device. So really think about, based on that device, are people even seeing your call to action? So to measure this, it's what's called an element visibility trigger in Google Tag Manager. Again, in the link I have in the transcript, we'll show you how to set this up. It's a very simple trigger.  You just have to say, what's the class or the ID of the thing that I want to measure? So for example, for some clients, I might say, show me every time an H1 enters the view or an H2 or something like that, heading one or a heading two. And then I know exactly how many headings this person has seen as they went down the page. And you could do the same thing with buttons. So if you know you have a button and it always has a class of CTA, for example, you would just say, record an event every time a button with a class of CTA shows up on this visitor screen. And then you can look at it as more like a funnel instead of just a straight, what's the conversion rate for the session? It could be, how many people looked at this page? How many people actually saw the CTA? What was that view to CTA rate? And then out of those people, how many of them converted? And you may find out that your page has actually convert a lot better than you thought, but people aren't seeing your CTAs. So maybe you should show it to them. Or maybe things are fine, but you don't know until you measure it. So there are four different ways here to measure content engagement. Maybe all of them will apply to you. Maybe only some of them do. But either way, you can definitely go beyond page views when it comes to figuring out if your content is any good or not. Thank you.


Hi everyone and welcome to JSA TV live the live streaming newsroom for telecom and data center professionals I'm Barb Mitchell joining you here today Along with my guest Mike Jonas CEO at light River Mike always a pleasure to talk to you. Thank you see you Yeah, normally we were saying normally we see each other in person this time It's virtual but nonetheless nice to catch up and and obviously we've we've chatted a lot over over the years and We know here at JSA about light River But I want to give our viewers just a little chance to I assume most of them have heard from you by now But just in case there are a few that don't if you wouldn't mind just giving us a little bit of background on light River and and Also just some of the exciting things that have been happening as of late Well for sure. Well light River actually just celebrated its 25th anniversary So 1998 to to current and we've been doing pretty much the same thing the whole time designing deploying Automating and supporting carry grade optical networks and and our customers are in the telco space Cloud and data center and regulated utilities. So it's a great bunch of folks to work with and it's Continues to be fun challenging and rewarding. So we keep doing that and from an excitement point of view most of our excitement typically revolves around our customer success or the success of our teammates or Maybe some technology news and I'm not sure if it quite crosses the threshold of of excitement But my change to CEO is recently been announced and My commitments to our customers and people hasn't been stronger. So With that focus on helping them to succeed. That's at least exciting to me if not to the rest of the world Yeah, and on that note I mean You've been in a you know a leadership role for a long time. You've been at light River for you know two decades I think it's spanned couple decades anyway, and and you've been in the role of president What's what's new in this new CEO role for you? What excites you about it? What's kind of on the horizon for you as you take the the reins in this way? Yeah, you bet and that kind of referenced it I mean our people are our superpower and they happen and so in this role I have more and in better ways to help them to help themselves and And our customers and our partners and that's fun rewarding and exciting to me I mean we built our brand on getting our customers promoted and not fired and With the support of our equity partners that grain management. We're able now to expand the ways means in Places we can help our clients grow and all of that's going to be great for the people inside and outside the company Yeah, and I know I mean you've talked about the the team and I mean as you said there's been so many great things done Over the years At light River and your predecessor Glen Johansson has had put a lot in motion And so can you talk about that in terms of what you're building upon from? You know what's been worked on to date and what you see the future to be Yeah, I know it's great question the you know the foundation of light River has been built on trust and engineering which is a pretty rock-solid platform to launch from and Obviously, we all live in a world today where the shortage of skilled technical workers is real and And getting worse in every market where we participate and we've been routinely asked to recommend innovative options for plaque practical network automation for network operations and services support in addition to our historical support for design deploy and automate and in that is Something that we're going to answer the call on I mean you're seeing greater investments and in SAS based network operations and monitoring along with Network services options that continue after we've delivered a network That's what our customers believe is going to help them to grow faster And that's an extension of the white glove service we've always provided that you'll see much more from light River in the marketplace and You'll additionally see an increased collaboration with our sister companies in the grain portfolio especially as it relates to broadband obviously much in the news and That will become a greater focus for us and then you'll see more expansion for us in international network delivery as well So I'm curious. I mean you talk a lot about The demands of your customers and how you're meeting those needs I'm curious as you sort of look ahead what trends you're seeing that even now And and into the future are are driving some of those demands So driving the demand at the base level is just the explosion of bandwidth being consumed by everybody So that is that is the basic premise How do you solve that problem? Well the move from Legacy optical to MPLS is underway in every sector and is accelerating not lessening and The value of white glove technical support in that area is highly valid value, especially post COVID but what other Solutions are we seeing to the problem? We've seen a huge shift to open and disaggregated networking Basically a mix and match of line systems transponder switches routers 400 cr plugs from any vendor Which ever is available and best suited to the business case coming on to the market and becoming real and usable and beneficial and With that multi-vendor multi-domain network Our customers need automation to match and support to Take full advantage of that automation And that's even for us now being followed in the near term by production ready features coming out of AI for certain applications And I guess the other thing we're seeing a lot more of is because of the shortage of skilled workers a lot more Benefits being recognized from the ecosystem as to collaboration and everything as a service world No one can do everything themselves not live river not our customers not our vendors and many I think the ones who are evolving most quickly stop trying to do so and Joint contributions that are built on trust and innovation and service can move mountains and that will help us You know meet the bell as it comes to what? Can seem to be an insurmountable increase in bandwidth Yeah, I mean so Mike your plate was already full. I feel like it's It's more so now But I wanted to personally say congratulations to you and to the whole Lake River team for the steps forward here Congratulations on your your new role In addition to the the role that you've already been playing there So we look forward to hearing more from you. Hopefully we'll see you again soon We tend to see each other. We do from time to time And I know there's another another series of events happening in the fall. So probably we'll see you out and about But for our viewers who may want to you know, maybe see you at one of those events or or to catch up with you online How can they do that? Well, there are multiple events where you can meet light river certainly the the upcoming events that fiber Connect next week. We'll be adding compass will be at Nanog There's any number of events where our customers asked for our support will be there But at any time late river comm is a great place to get a bit more familiar with us and the team that supports Support you all and then our LinkedIn page is also usually pretty helpful in that. Yeah, Mike Thank you so much. It's always a pleasure to catch up again.  Hopefully we'll be seeing you again soon Keep tuning in to JSA TV live and be sure to follow us on LinkedIn and Twitter so you can stay on top of the latest industry news and events and Here are all the great things that are happening in our industry Have a great day everyone. Enjoy the rest of your day Mike. Enjoy the rest of your day We'll see you all again soon. Thanks Barb. Thanks everyone


A very good evening aspirants, I have an important announcement for you to know. The third pre-fit batch of Shankarai's Academy is going to start from tomorrow. A total number of 71 tests will be covered under this test batch. So don't waste any time, just enroll it and make use of it. So with this note, let us get into the news article discussion. Today is March 8 of 2023. And these are the list of news articles that you are going to discuss today. So without much delay, let us get into the news article discussion. I hope you all know today is International Women's Day. International Women's Day is celebrated every year on 8th March to bring attention to issues like gender equality, reproductive rights and violence and abuse against women. This day also focuses on celebrating the social, economic, cultural and political achievements of women. And people of India, especially people of Naha Land, have something to celebrate about. Ms. Salhotanu Krusey and Ms. Hekani Jakalu were elected as the first women MLA's of the state. To be very specific, Ms. Salhotanu Krusey made history yesterday by becoming Naha Land's first women minister. So hats off to both of the women for being a role model for the women of Naha Land. Now this is about the news given here. Our discussion today is going to be a little different. Instead of focusing on news here, what we are going to do is we will take a previous year UPSA mains question related to women and try to solve it. Now look at this question. This question is taken from the 2019 GS paper 1. Let me read out the question for you. Empowering women is the key to control population growth. Discuss. I hope everyone could understand this question, but the key word here is discuss. How should we approach the question when the key word is discuss? See, when a question asks you to discuss, it typically means that you should provide a detailed analysis of the topic or issue at hand. Now let me tell you a few steps to effectively discuss a topic. Firstly, you have to start the answer by defining the key terms and concepts. Next, you must provide some background information about the topic. Both these should be done in the introduction itself. Then in the body of the answer, you must provide different perspectives. You have to consider varying viewpoints and provide reasons behind each viewpoint. This would convince the evaluator that you have provided a well rounded analysis and it also shows that you have considered different viewpoints. Here you can also share your own ideas, but you must make sure that you provide evidence or examples to support your idea. Now finally, there must be a conclusion that must be based on your analysis of the topic. So overall, when a question asks you to discuss, it's important to be thorough, well-recent and always stay focused on the topic at hand. So this is how you have to approach a question when the key word is discuss. So with this basic understanding, now let us move on to the question. Here the question is about population control. So in the introduction, you can write about the demographic transition that took place in India in the 20th century. You can also mention that in 1952, through the national population policy in 1952, India became the first country in the world to launch a national program emphasizing family planning and focusing on stabilizing the population. You can also mention about the national population policy 2000. To add currentifiers in your introduction, you can write some data from the National Family Health Survey 5 and the recent news about India surpassing China and becoming the world's most populous country in the world. If you cover all these in your introduction, then it would be a well rounded introduction. Now let us get into the main content. Here let us see few points supporting this part of the question. Empowering women is the key to control population growth. See first, let us see the role of women's education in controlling the population. Women's education and empowerment are crucial to reduce fertility rates and control population growth. Educated women tend to have fewer children as they have greater knowledge about family planning, reproductive health and access to contraception. Empowered women also have greater decision making power and control over their reproductive choices leading to reduced fertility rates. So women's education plays a crucial role in controlling the population. These points even a layman can write. To make your answer unique and fetch more marks, you have to substantiate your points with data. And for that you can take information from NFHS-5 to substantiate this viewpoint. NFHS-5 found that TFR was lower among women with higher education levels. For example, the TFR for women with no education was 2.7 while the TFR for women with 12 or more years of education was 1.4. This suggests that women's education can lead to reduced fertility rates and population control. This is the first evidence. NFHS-5 also found that women with higher education levels were more likely to use contraception which can help to prevent unintended pregnancies and reduce fertility rates. For example, the percentage of women using any method of contraception was 47.5 among those with no education while it was 66.8 among those with 12 or more years of education. This is the second evidence to support this viewpoint. Thirdly, the NFHS-5 found that women with higher education levels tend to get married and have their first child at a later age which can help to reduce fertility rate and control population growth. For example, the median age at first marriage among women with no education was 17.7 years. While it was 23.6 years among women with 12 or more years of education. Similarly, the median age at first birth was 20.3 years among women with no education while it was 25.3 years among women with 12 or more years of education. So, we can safely conclude from all these findings from NFHS-5 that women's education is linked to reduced fertility rates and population control in India. Now, let us move on to see the role of health and nutrition of women to control the population. Women's health and nutrition play a crucial role in reducing fertility rates and controlling population growth. Malnourished women tend to have higher fertility rates as their bodies are unable to support healthy pregnancies. Empowered women have greater access to health care services which can help to improve their health and reduce fertility rates. To substantiate this viewpoint also, NFHS-5 comes to our aid. We can take data from NFHS-5 and substantiate this viewpoint. The first evidence is regarding BMI that is body mass index. See, NFHS-5 found that women with lower BMI values were more likely to have higher fertility rates. For example, the fertility rate for women with a BMI below 18.5 was 2.3. While the fertility rate for women with a BMI of 25 or higher was 1.8. This suggests that malnourished women who are more likely to have lower BMI values tend to have higher fertility rates. The next evidence is in relation to anemia. NFHS-5 found that women with anemia which is often linked to poor nutrition and malnourishment were more likely to have higher fertility rates. For example, the fertility rate for women with severe anemia was 2.7. While the fertility rate for women without anemia was 1.8. This suggests that malnourished women who are more likely to have anemia tend to have higher fertility rates. Now all these evidence suggests that malnourished women tend to have higher fertility rates in India. So nutritional and health related empowerment of women play a crucial role in population control. The next one is economic empowerment of women. Women's economic empowerment is also critical in controlling population growth. Empowered women tend to have greater economic opportunities, leading to increased household income, improved living standards and reduced fertility rates. Economic empowerment can also help to reduce gender based violence and improve access to healthcare and education which are essential to controlling population growth. To support this also, we have evidence from NFHS-5. According to the NFHS-5, women who are employed outside the home tend to have fewer children than those who are not employed. For example, the fertility rate for women who are not employed is 2.3. While the fertility rate for women who are employed is 1.7. This suggests that women's economic empowerment through employment can lead to lower fertility rates and ultimately help in controlling population growth. The last one is the role of political empowerment of women in population control. Women in positions of power can influence policies and programs related to population control and family planning. They may be more likely to support initiatives that provide education and resources for family planning. They may be more likely to advocate for policies that promote women's reproductive health and rights. This can lead to more effective and comprehensive programs that help to control population growth. According to UNFPA strategy for family planning 2022-2030 United Nations Population Fund, increasing the number of women in government positions can lead to improvement in reproductive health outcomes and can help to control population growth. Also, countries with higher levels of women's political participation tend to have lower fertility rates higher rates of contraceptive use and greater access to reproductive health services. So these are all some of the points in the support of the statement Empowering women is the key to control population growth. But since the keyword here is discussed, we must provide some counter arguments also just to make our answer look balanced in the eyes of the evaluator. Although empowering women is necessary, we must also focus on other aspects for population control to be effective. Here the first one is improving access to family planning services. See, while women's empowerment can lead to greater access to family planning services, many women in India still lack access to these services. According to the National Family Health Survey, only 54% of currently married women in India use modern contraceptive methods and only 37% of women who want to avoid pregnancy use modern contraceptives. This suggests that efforts to empower women must be coupled with efforts to improve access to family planning services. The next one is attitude of men. See, according to NFHS 5, 7.6% men in rural India and 13.6% men in urban India use condoms. While 38.7% women in rural India and 36.3% in urban India underwent sterilization. This suggests that male attitudes towards contraception need to change to effectively control population growth. So in addition to empowering women, men should also be educated to effectively control the population. The last one is access to health care. See, access to health care services during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum can improve maternal and child health outcomes and also help reduce infant and maternal mortality rates. This can also lead to smaller family sizes as parents may choose to have fewer children if they are confident in the survival and well-being of their existing children. So in addition to empowering women, these must also be addressed to effectively control the population in India. So I believe I have provided diversified viewpoints with evidence from NFHS to answer this question. Finally, in conclusion, you can write about the recent steps taken by the government to control population like the National Family Planning Program, the Pradhan Mantri, Matru Vandanyushna and the Pradhan Mantri, Shurak Shipth, Matretva Abhyan. This I feel would be a well-rounded answer for this question. If I have missed some points, you can mention that in the comment section. Hope this discussion is useful. So with these learned points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Have a look at this news article from text and context page. This article is talking about the High Seas Treaty. See last week the United Nations member states have agreed on a historic treaty named High Seas Treaty. This treaty was drafted for protecting marine life in international waters that lie outside the jurisdiction of any country. This treaty was accepted during the talks between the United Nations member states during the Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction. These talks were led by the United Nations where negotiations were underway for the past two weeks. Now remember the member countries have not adopted the treaty formally. They just agreed on High Seas Treaty. Only after ratifying the treaty, they will come into force. So this is the background of the news article given here. So in this context, let us learn few important points mentioned in the news article. Firstly, let us start with the term High Seas. What are these High Seas? See according to the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas, the parts of the sea that are not included in the territorial waters or the internal waters of a country are known as the High Seas. To put it simply, the sea or ocean waters beyond the territorial water of a country are called the High Seas. Now according to the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, the High Seas begin at 200 nautical miles from the coastline of the particular country. So the issue here is, no country is responsible for the management and protection of resources on the High Seas. They are just governed by international law, but no country can climb the management and protection of resources on the High Seas. Now if you are asking me why High Seas are very important, it is because the High Seas account for more than 60% of the world's ocean area. They cover about half of the earth's surface. This makes the High Seas a hub of marine life. Additionally, High Seas are home to around 2.7 lakh known species and many of the species are yet to be discovered. So we can say that the High Seas are fundamental to human survival and well-being. And protecting the resources of High Seas becomes very important in that manner. So if you are asking me what are all the threats to the High Seas or oceans, see as we all know, oceans absorb heat from the atmosphere. Apart from this, the oceans are affected by phenomena like the El Nino and they are also undergoing acidification. These factors endanger the lives of marine flora and fauna. Some studies say that if current warming and acidification trends continue, then several thousands of marine species may get extinct by 2100. Now phenomena like El Nino is a natural cause. Apart from this, High Seas also face enormous anthropogenic pressures. The anthropogenic pressures include seabed mining, noise pollution, chemical spilling and fires, disposal of untreated waste including antibiotics, overfishing, introduction of invasive species and coastal pollution. These anthropogenic activities are also putting pressure on the High Seas. Now despite this alarming situation, the High Seas remind us one of the least protected areas. As per data, only about one percentage of the High Seas are under protection. So because of all these reasons only, the new treaty was drafted to protect the High Seas. Now let us move on to see about the timeline of drafting the High Seas Treaty. We all know that in 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or UN clause was adopted. This convention delineated the rules to govern the oceans and the use of its resources. But there was no comprehensive legal framework to govern or protect the High Seas. As we all know, climate change and global warming have emerged as global concerns. So a need was felt for an international legal framework to protect oceans and marine life. Therefore in 2015, after years of informal discussions, the United Nations General Assembly decided to develop a legal binding instrument within the framework of UN clause. Subsequently, the Intergovernmental Conference was convened to frame a legal instrument on marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction or BBNJ. However, there were several hold-ups due to the COVID pandemic. This hampered a timely global response on the legal instrument. During last year, the European Union launched the High Ambitious Coalation on BBNJ to finalize the agreement at the earliest. Finally, the United Nations member states have agreed on High Seas Treaty during last week. So this is the timeline of drafting the High Seas Treaty. So now moving on to see about the provisions of High Seas Treaty, see the draft agreement of the High Seas Treaty recognizes the need to address biodiversity laws and degradation of ecosystems of the ocean. Therefore, the treaty places 30% of the world's oceans into protected areas. As per the United Nations, the High Seas Treaty aims to put more money into marine conservation. Additionally, the treaty covers access to and the use of marine genetic resources. Now an important negotiating point during the treaty talks was the access to benefits reaped from the commercialization of resources, especially genetic resources, which were extracted from the ocean. Many developing countries have worried about their due shares from the benefits. So to address this issue, the High Seas Treaty has agreed to set up an access and benefit sharing committee to frame guidelines. Apart from this, it was also underlined in the treaty that the activities concerning marine genetic resources of High Seas should be in the interest of all states and should be for the benefit of humanity. The treaty also pointed out that the activities concerning marine genetic resources have to be carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes. So that's all regarding this news article discussion. In this news article discussion, we saw extensively about High Seas, why High Seas are very important, the threats faced by High Seas, we saw about the natural cause and about the anthropogenic causes. Then we saw about the timeline of drafting the High Seas Treaty and finally we saw some of the important provisions of High Seas Treaty. Since it is a happening news, make note of all the points. You can use it in your main sensor. So with these learnt points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this data point. This is here continuation of the data point article we saw yesterday. So kindly watch that analysis as well so that you can understand the story. See GDP is nothing but the sum of consumption expenditure plus private investment plus government spending plus net exports. That is C plus I plus G plus E minus M. Yesterday we saw how the different factors like consumption expenditure and private investment have aided in the economic recovery. Today we will understand how the other factors have played in the economic recovery. Now look at this graph, chart 1A. The blue line is the share of exports and the brown line is the GDP growth rate. See as exports have gone up, GDP has also gone up which means growth of exports has contributed to the overall growth in the economy. Here exports are outside factors, right? So even if there is a domestic slowdown, the exports may contribute significantly provided there is no slowdown in the global economy. But in case if the global economy is itself slowing down then exports may be affected because there will be less demand for goods in the global market. Now coming to the contribution of the second factor that is government spending. See this chart 1B. Here again the blue line is the government spending and brown line is the GDP growth rate. See government spending has also helped in the revival but it has not contributed very significantly when compared to other factors. So now we can understand from the first graph that contribution of exports in the recovery was very significant and from the second graph we can understand that government spending helped recovery but it is not very significant in aiding the recovery. Now we will try to understand how this happened. Firstly we will take the net export component. See in yesterday's discussion we saw how raising US Fed rate causes outflow of capital in emerging economies like India, right? So when there is outflow of foreign capital the local currency value depreciates. How does this happen? See there is huge outflow of dollars because investors are pulling out of Indian economy. This means we have less dollars with us. But we need more dollars to pay our exports. This means demand for dollar is high. Now what will we do? We have to buy dollars from the market. Suppose previously we were buying one dollar for 75 rupees. Now since there is high demand for dollar we will have to pay 80 rupees. This means nothing but depreciation in the value of rupee with respect to dollars. What happens when rupee depreciates? Firstly imports will become costlier. Because now for every dollar worth of good that we are going to import we have to pay 80 rupees instead of 75 rupees. But secondly exports will be encouraged. How exports will be encouraged? See if you are an exporter of mangoes you sell one kg for one dollar. So previously when your mango was sold in the foreign market you get one dollar which when converted to rupee at that time was rupees 75. But now after depreciation you are selling for one dollar but after conversion you will get 80 rupees. And if you see from the perspective of the importing country they now get more quantity for less price. Before they used to get rupees 75 worth of mangoes after depreciation they get rupees 80 worth of mangoes. This is the term of increase in quantity ok. So when rupee depreciates exports are encouraged. But this this happen in India for understanding that look at this chart 2 the blue line represents the lost rupee value and the brown line is the exports. See as rupee keeps depreciating that is line is moving upward right. The export have deteriorated the line is moving downward. This does not support the statement we saw earlier. When rupee depreciates export have to increase. But this did not happen. Why this did not happen in Indian case? There are two reasons for this. One India lost to its competitors. For example any country X was able to provide 2 kg of mango for one dollar. When we were selling 1 kg for one dollar. And secondly the global economy was facing a slow down. So even if exports are cheaper since there is no demand goods cannot be sold out. By this we can say that India did not draw much benefit from the depreciation of rupee. Now we will see how government spending worked out. See government spending must work towards achieving two things. One is demand generation and the other is redistribution of wealth. When government invest in infrastructure development more jobs are created. More jobs means more income. More income means more demand for goods. And if government gives subsidy to farmers for electricity. It means it is redistributing the wealth by charging high electricity fee for industries. So these are the two goals that government spending seeks to achieve. If you see chart 3 the government has managed its expenses through tax collection. Because both lines are moving together. But the author says this is a bad idea. Firstly because India has one of the most regressive taxation systems among the G20 countries. Which means poor people are taxed disproportionately. Two if the government is depending on tax revenue too much. What will happen when economy slows down? The tax revenue will falls deeply right. So we have to be cautious about depending too much on tax revenues to make government spending. So this is the overview of the data point given here. Now you can use the data in your mains answer to substantiate your view point. So with these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Have a look at this news article. This news article reports about the damages to the crops in three states. That was caused due to different natural calamities. This news article says that recently the hail storms have flattened the crops in northern Maharashtra region. Whereas in Madhya Pradesh the unseasonal rain delivered a severe blow to the wheat crops. And in Gujarat the rain in over 100 taluks have damaged the standing rabbi crops. As a result of these calamities the chief ministers of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh ordered to conduct a survey. This is to estimate the damage to the standing crops in the affected districts. Apart from this opposition leaders from these states are demanding for immediate relief to the farmers. So this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context let us understand about hail storms from an exam perspective. See hail is a type of solid rain which is made up of walls or lumps of ice. And the storms that produce hails are known as hail storms. Now that hail is formed at high altitudes where super cool water droplets adhere to each other and it forms the layer of ice. Remember the hail is formed within massive clouds and they fall on the ground when a storm occurs. The average velocity of a falling hail storm is approximately 106 miles per hour. Now moving on to see about the conditions that are required for hail formation. See there are several conditions which are required in the atmosphere in order for hail storms to occur. Now we will see them one by one. The first and foremost condition is the presence of highly developed cumulonimbus clouds. Know that the cumulonimbus are the massive anvil or mushroom shaped clouds that was seen during thunderstorms. These clouds can reach up to the height of 65,000 feet so highly developed cumulonimbus clouds should be presented from the formation of hail. Then the second condition is that there must be strong currents of air ascending through cumulonimbus clouds. These strong currents are commonly known as updrafts. Know that the updrafts usually contain ice particles. This is because a large number of water droplets found within the massive clouds become solid ice at the low temperatures. So the ice particles in the updrafts further strengthen the hail formation. Therefore ascending strong currents of air should also be there to aid the hail formation. And the last condition is that the high altitude cumulonimbus clouds need to contain high concentrations of supercooled liquid water. See this supercooled liquid water further gets cooled at high altitude and becomes an ice. So presence of supercooled liquid is also another important condition. Now finally let us see how hail storms form and reach the ground. Now look at this image given here. The occurrence of hail storm begin with the water droplet. See the water droplet gets drifted up by an updraft inside of a cumulonimbus cloud. Already there are a large number of other supercooled water droplets present inside the cloud. So these supercooled particles will adhere to the water droplet and form the layer of ice around it. As the water droplet reaches high elevations within the cloud it comes into contact with more and more supercooled particles. This is because water droplets are at the highest parts of the cloud. And the temperature is also too low for water molecules to remain in either a liquid or gaseous state. So water droplets become an ice and it aids the formation of hail stones. The immature hail will grow larger and larger as it reaches higher altitude in the updraft. Then the hail stone will reach optimum size and weight to fall on the ground. And finally as a result of gravity the hail stone will fall to the earth. That favour the formation of hail stones and the occurrence of hail stones. So with these learned points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. The news article says that Indo-Pacific humback dolphins were spotted near Injambakkam coast. So in our discussion today we will see some facts about Indo-Pacific humback dolphins. The Indo-Pacific humback dolphins also known as Chinese white dolphins are a species of marine mammal that inhibit the coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans.  These dolphins are easily recognised by their unique appearance.  They have a long door cell fin which can reach up to 30 cm in height and a pinkish white colouration. Adult males can grow up to 2.8 metres in length and weigh up to 300 kg while adult females are slightly smaller with a length of up to 2.4 metres and a weight of up to 150 kg. Now talking about their distribution. The distribution of the Indo-Pacific humback dolphins ranges from South Africa to Australia and across Asia to Japan. They are also found in the waters around the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea. These dolphins prefer shallow coastal waters and are often found in estuaries, bays and mangroves. Talking about their conservation status, the Indo-Pacific humback dolphins are classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threat End Species. The Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 provides the highest level of protection to the Indo-Pacific humback dolphins in India. The species is listed under Schedule 1 of the Act which prohibits hunting, killing or capturing dolphins. The Act also prohibits the possession, transportation and sale of any part of products of the dolphin. So what are the threats faced by these dolphins? See the main threat to the species are habitat loss, overfishing and pollution. These dolphins depend on coastal habitats like mangroves, estuaries and shallow bays which are increasingly being destroyed by coastal development activities like land reclamation, port construction and treaching. Overfishing has also affected their food sources, reducing their prey populations. Apart from this pollution like oil spills, sewage and plastic waste can harm their health and cause mortality. Conservation efforts for the Indo-Pacific humback dolphins include habitat conservation, regulation of fishing activities and reduction of pollution levels. Know that several organizations are working towards the protection of this species including the Indian Ocean Humback Dolphin Conservation Project which aims to raise awareness about their conservation needs and promote their protection in India. Lastly before concluding, let us see the significance of the species. The Indo-Pacific humback dolphins are an important indicator species meaning their health and survival reflect the overall health of the coastal ecosystem. Their conservation is therefore important not only for their own sake but also for the health of the coastal ecosystem and the well-being of the communities that depend on it. So that's all regarding this news-article discussion. In this news-article discussion we saw in detail about Indo-Pacific humback dolphins. We saw about their appearance, their distribution, conservation status and threats faced by them. So with these learnt points, now let us move on to the next news-article discussion. Now look at this picture given here. It shows a group of girl students getting colour-repaired to training in Malapuram, a city located in the state of Kerala. The training is being offered by the Malapuram municipality to women with the objective of women empowerment. This is the cracks of the image given here. In this context, let us learn few facts about colour-repaired from an exam perspective. See colour-repaired is the martial art form of Kerala. It is one of the oldest martial art forms still in existence. In Malayalam, colour-repaired means open space or battleground. And paita means fight or practice or to become trained. Know that there are northern and southern styles in colour-repaired. But the northern style is the most renowned one. In the past, colouries formed an integral part of the lives of the people. The boys and girls in their childhood would be sent to the colouries for practicing without any gender discrimination. So this is a brief background about colour-repaired. The origin of colour-repaired came to be tracked back to the ancient times where it got mentioned in the 3rd century A.D. Sangam Tamil Literature. The colour-repaired gained its prominence under the Chera rule during 9th to 12th century. The golden age of colour-repaired ended in the 18th century with the arrival of the British. As we all know, the British brought firearms to India so the use of martial arts has diminished. Furthermore, the British banned the practice of colour-repaired. This eradicated the martial arts and its traditions. But since India's independence in 1947, the colour-repaired is experiencing a renaissance. Now, colour-repaired is one of the famous martial arts not only in Kerala but throughout the entire sub-continent. Now that in 1995, the Indian Federation of Colour-repaired was established. This was to safeguard the techniques of colour-repaired. With social life undergoing changes, the position of colouries and their influence also changed. Today, colour-repaired is staged during festivals and other occasions as a showpiece. Now let us quickly revise about the techniques that are involved in colour-repaired. See, colour-repaired has different techniques. Now we'll say about them one by one. The first technique is the May paitu which means physical body exercise. See, during the exercise, the body of the trainee is well oiled. This is done to fine-tune the body for the next step that is paitu or fight. Then the second technique is the Vadi paitu or Kul paitu which means the fight using sticks. This involves defensive and offensive techniques. In this stage, oral instructions will be given by the guru to the trainee. Then the third technique is the Val paitu which means the fight using swats. To allow more persons to take part in this exercise, the target areas during the fight are head, chest, back, stomach and the portion below the knee. In this stage also, oral instructions will be given. And the final technique is Verum kai prayoga which means the bare hand exercise. It is a technique in which weapons are not used. Through this exercise, the person gets the will power and physique to deal with armed opponents. So, through this technique, the concentration and the flexibility of the trainee will be developed. So, this is all about the techniques. Now, note one important point here. Kul paitu also has its own system of medicine. It is based on Ayurveda and Kalari Shikitsa or Kalari treatment. This treatment is very unique whether ancient gurus had framed the system. So, that's all regarding the Kalari paitu and the techniques used in the Kalari paitu. So, with these learnt points, now let us move on to the next part of the news article discussion which is the Pram Narip practice question discussion. Now, look at this first question. Two statements are given here. Statement one, higher inflation can lead to currency depreciation. See, this statement is actually correct. When inflation is higher, this tends to have a depressing effect on the value of a country's currency. This is because increased inflammation reduces the currency's buying power, which we consider against other currencies. So, statement one is actually correct. Now, the statement two says, devaluation means that more local currency is needed to purchase imports. This statement is also correct. Devaluation of a currency makes import cost layer. So, the correct answer for the question is option C both one and two. Now, moving on, this question is about thunderstorm. During a thunderstorm, the thunder and the skies is produced by statement one, meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in the sky. Statement two, lightning that separates the nimbus clouds. And statement three, violent upward movement of air and water particles. So, the options given here are option A, one only, option B, two and three only, option C, one and three only and option D, none of the above produces the thunder. See, the correct answer here is option D, none of the above produces the thunder. See, thunder is the sound caused by lightning. The sudden increase in pressure and temperature from the lightning produces rapid expansion of the air surrounding the area of lightning. So, the expansion of air creates a sonic shock wave, which is similar to a sonic boom. This produces the sound of thunder. So, the correct answer here is option D. Now, moving on, here on the left-hand side, species are given and on the right-hand side, conservation state is all given. You have to choose how many pairs are correct here. The only disadvantage with this type of question is you cannot attend the question if you don't know exactly the correct answer. Even elimination techniques will not apply here. So, it is advisable to not attend these type of questions if you are not very sure about all the four pairs or all the three pairs. Okay? So, here the correct answer is option D, all four pairs are correct. See, there are four recognized species of humpback dolphins with a very little overlap between their ranges. The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin, the Atlantic humpback dolphin and the Australian humpback dolphin. So, the correct answer for the question is option D, all four pairs. So, with this, we came to the end of the news article discussion. If you liked the video, hit like, do comment and don't forget to subscribe to Shankara AS Academy. Now, thank you for listening.


Make sure you hit the like make sure you hit the subscribe. Make sure you hit that notification bell. Let's support Bobby's channel. Thanks guys All right guys, welcome back to ask a farmer if you knew my name is Bobby guys today We have a very special question for our food producer Rob But before we get into it guys again if you want to support our ask a farmer series Please make sure to check out our go fund me page because the ask a farmer series is just a teaser a trailer of sorts to Give you a little bit of insight what we want to do once I get over to Australia This is where it will really go down and expose the vegan agenda for what it is All right, but no further do the question for Rob Rob Doesn't raising animals require much more land You're right livestock needs six times more area when they're grazing than to grow crop But they utilize the field in a very different manner That's to be feed all year round for them. So they don't eat the out to nothing There's always food left for the insects then all the smaller animals. So the snakes lizards and Birds and mice they all survive and then the predator animals can stay over the top of that So there's a complex ecosystem that gets to them being retained when you're grazing That doesn't get to be there when you crop when you crop nothing left So even though livestock use six times the area the kill count is still Significantly less because of the way it's being operated the grazing pattern means that all they have done is displaced the large Herbivore 150 years ago when they decided to clear this place They put sheep and cattle on it and some parts they cropped So the area that was cropped produced a lot more calories per acre the area that was grazed Allowed room for other animals to survive It was a complex ecosystem. The other animals operate alongside the sheep and the cattle Now sure they displaced the larger herbivores. So there would be kangaroos wallabies and emus that were displaced 150 years ago Utilization rates very different and that's why the areas are so different in size. The other thing that happens is grazing usually occurs in places Where you can't crop So the rainfall isn't high enough to crop or there's too much rain or it's too steep There's a whole lot of reasons why you can't crop or it doesn't rain at the right times or the rain comes at the wrong times Well, there's two frosted too high Further north past the cropping regions where you get into the grazing country. It's too dry to crop in some cases They're only running one beast one cow per square mile They're having very little impact on the environment because one cow might only see one patch dirt once in its life as it's grazing path Grazing livestock is very very different to running crop You have very little chemical runoff when you're grazing You have very little impact on other animals when you're grazing But the downside you need a much larger area for the same number of calories But that's because the way they utilize the land is very different. We need the food source to remain For the whole year because obviously we want our grazing animals to continue to eat So while that food source is there all the other animals can survive alongside As opposed to cropping cropping the area is a lot smaller for the same number of calories But it's way more intensive utilizing 90% of the resources that paddock So that bit of dirt is getting used It's only going to be used to grow that crop everything else is killed everything else is poisoned everything else is baited Everything is destroyed for the focus is on producing calories on that paddock So that's what the difference between cropping and grazing and that's why there's an area difference obviously With grazing we're allowing room for other animals with cropping none