I'm sad. Okay. Good morning everyone. Let's just have a sit. Okay. I'm Shlomi Al Fassi from Context Swim, which is an HP company, a company that was acquired about a few months ago. And we are doing what we have done for HP and also in HP, we implemented an SDN controller, which is based on open daylight. And what I'm going to show today in about half an hour is how we implement one of the use cases of SDN, the service function chaining, which is one of the six that we are currently working on. Okay. So, and I want to show you also what we are and how we are different than other implementation that currently other vendor are implementing the way they implement the service function chaining. Okay. So, as for the agenda, I will start to understand first what is service function chaining. And also, probably some of you was in the previous session, and I will try to go a little deeper inside to understand what service function chaining is mean. And I will show several approaches on the traditional that was introduced before the SDN, another one, the one that is used currently in open daylight. And after that, I will describe our solution, which is subscriber aware. And I explained the difference between our implementation to the previous ones. And once we understand all what is subscriber aware service function chaining, I will try to go a little even deeper to our solution, what we at Context Stream, what we have done, how we try to solve this problem that subscriber aware is introducing. Okay. So, I'll start with the very high level definition from the ITF, what is the dictionary definition of the term service function chaining. So, service function chaining is actually used to describe the way we want to introduce a set of change in the network and how we steer traffic into them. Okay. So, service can be firewall, can be load balancing, can be lawful interception, any kind of service that the vendor want to introduce to its customers. Okay. So, when we are saying service function chaining, we need to understand where we want to place it and when it should run. Okay. In a carrier environment, we can distinguish between the, over here you see the left side where this is where the traffic of each subscriber is running. It could be a mobile network that goes until the PGW and it can be cable network, optical network or whatever. Each one of this network has its own, you can call it the edge router before the place that we want to introduce the service function chaining. And the right side, you can see that this traffic can go either to the internet or maybe into internal application of the vendor itself. For example, over here we can have an IMS application that the vendor is introducing to its customers. And over here, you can see a set of service function. It's going to be a content filtering, video optimization, caching or whatever. All of them is something that the carrier want to introduce to its customer and we want them to be part of each one of the chains. Okay. As I said, I will go over several approaches that we have to implement service function chaining. And the traditional one is the one that we have until now, before SDN. We have physical boxes which the carrier, if you want to introduce a new service, has to put a new service in line with all the others. It means that for this example, if you want to introduce content filtering, we have to put it somewhere in line with all the others. And each subscriber that traffic from his mobile device to the internet, his traffic somehow needs to be passed through this new service. All of them are physical devices. This is what we have done, what we have so far. And the problem with this approach is that, as you probably imagine, each one of the subscribers is affected by a new service that introduced to the system. Which means as long as it doesn't matter if you're going to use it or not, this subscriber got a service that's supposed to use this function or not, his traffic will go through this service function. And another problem that the carrier has with this approach is that each one of this service function needs to be scaled to the top. Because all of them are using, all subscribers are running through this function. It means that all the bandwidth that this function will receive is the full bandwidth of all subscribers. And you can introduce lightweight function unless because all the traffic is supposed to go through them. And another problem that when one of them is failed, it means that everything is blocked. All of them are in line. And then one of them fails. It means that the traffic cannot continue and everything is stopped. Okay. So this is the traditional approach. Then SDN came. And I'll show how SDN in ODL is actually implemented. ODL open daylight. It's an open source controller. It has its own plugin for SFC. Okay. It uses the ITF spec to follow the use of the ITF spec in order to implement it. And ODL is using something that is called NSH, which is an encapsulation that we add inside the packet itself in order to distinguish between chains along the way. So over here you see a set of blue boxes. SFF in this case is the switch, okay, service function folder that know how to identify an NSH encapsulation and for the traffic according to this encapsulation. Classifier, which is the point where the traffic of the subscriber enter the network. This classifier will never get a new traffic for a new subscriber. The first thing that it does is actually classify its traffic to a specific NSH ID. Okay. Once the traffic was classified, the packet was marked with this ID and all the elements along the path know how to forward the traffic according to this ID. So in this example you see that SFF1 is actually because it has the purple SFC encapsulation, it need to forward to SF1 and then when the traffic gets back, it forwarded to the next switch and the next switch is forwarding to the second function. In this approach, the classifier is pre-configured to a set of NSH IDs. Each one of them is mapped into a set of chains, to a set of services in the chain, okay? And this one, this is statically configured, okay? You have a set of IDs which map to a set of chains and it's not dynamically changed according to traffic, heavy traffic in the system and whenever you want to introduce a new one, you have to reconfigure the classifier, reconfigure each one of the service functions to identify the new NSH and to know what to do with it. And, okay, so this is the advantages and what NSH is capabilities and challenges. One of the benefits that you have in this RFC, okay, in order to better forward data in this chain, NSH is introduced in metadata that you can add to the packet, okay, in order to notify other elements in the chain, how they should forward, maybe to have a better decision other than the NSH. So you can add another metadata into the packet and the next element in the chain, we can use it to forward maybe differently. When you are using NSH, it means that the transport between the switches is transparent for you. We are using, they are using the basic headers to forward traffic between the switches. So this is one of the advantages and the challenges in this approach is that you need that each one of the network functions or service functions in this case need to know how to handle NSH, this encapsulation. You need to encapsulate, de-encapsulate the header from the packet and not all of them currently know how to do it. This is something which is not, you can't expect a network function which is already running and implemented that is not going to be changed to introduce a new protocol for him, okay, so it's very hard to use currently exist network function as part of the change. This can be solved by an SFC proxy, okay, that actually know how to encapsulate the de-encapsulate the packet and this proxy is running between the SFF and the service function, you know how to handle the NSH and continue from there to the service function as a trivial regular packet of that running in the network. This is from the service function point of view and another problem is that OpenFlow currently not supports NSH at least at version 1.5, it means that you need also to kind of manipulate the packet in order to use and currently exist switches, okay, so because of all this limitation, we at Context Stream decided that we want to go to a different approach which is subscriber aware and in the next slide I will explain what does it mean to be subscriber aware, okay, so let's start with this flow. Over here you can see in the left side, you can see the PGW which is in the mobile network the place where all the traffic of the subscriber entering the list of service function and in this setup we have a set of network function, available network function, we have the TCP optimization, the video optimization, content filtering and analytics collection. If you remember in the first slide about the trivial the traditional approach in order to follow traffic between the PGW and the firewall, we have to go along each one of these hopes, okay, so now we have let's say we have two subscribers the purple one and the red one whenever we want that the purple one will use the TCP optimization and video optimization and URL filter and bypass the analytics and not will not get into the analytics and we have another subscriber this one, the red one which only use TCP optimization and the URL filtering, okay, in this approach each one of the subscriber will not be interfered by the other one, okay, since we are not using analytics at all, analytics will not get any traffic, okay, and these two subscriber traffic is running in parallel without interfering each other. Now I want to a little go deeper to see how the data flow, okay, we use the first in the previous slide, we have the controller, okay, that know how to configure the traffic inside this network in order to achieve this chain, these two chains, okay, and once this configured in the in the switches, we will see over here how the traffic and the data is actually flowing, okay, so I'll deep dive only to one of the one of the hops just to see which how we use the switch table and the rules inside this open flow switch to forward the data and okay, so I illustrate the traffic between the TCP optimization and to the URL filtering and over here we are using all this V-switch that we have are currently running and actually not just the V-switch, also the VNFs and the controller, all of them are running inside an OpenStack, so OpenStack is not aware that we are running something special that forward traffic, for OpenStack we are just a set of VMs that he loads, we use the Nova to load them and to and Neutron to configure tunnels between set of OpenStack tunnels between data centers if we need to go between data centers, so like that, okay, so we started with the TCP optimization, okay, the VNF, the VNF returns traffic for a specific subscriber and the first thing that we are doing is just going to a subscriber switch, now this subscriber switch is OpenFlow switch, a regular OpenFlow switch with a set of table, the only difference between the subscriber switch and the tunnel switch that I will talk about it later, it's the size of the table, okay, all of them are using the same mechanism of match from one side and do an action as a result, like any OpenFlow rule, but subscriber switch handles millions of rules, okay, because each subscriber that we have, let's say if we are in a large scale setup where the carrier has millions of subscribers, each one of these subscribers has its own rules in the switch and we need to have a very efficient switch that will know how to handle large scale tables, okay, the current implementation of this switch know are very optimized to a data center application which has not too many five tuple matches to look for and since we are just forwarding to a server, a set of servers, not a limited set of servers and which are not dramatically changed, okay, they are pretty much static, when you go to subscriber, subscribers are connecting, disconnecting rules are added to the table, removed from the table and you need to have a very efficient switch that know how to handle it, currently one can say we can use the top of rack switch and we can use the hypervisor switch to install something over there and the current implementation that we try to use was not efficient enough, okay, so and we are in context we have our own v-switch that run in on a VM and that can handle this up to 100 million subscribers and with very low latency and latency I'm talking about something about tens of micros per subscriber and and okay, how now that we know what how the subscribers which table the subscriber is using we need to understand how it actually forward the data, okay, so eSubscriber we identify subscriber by its IP address, okay, and maybe the villain that it came to came from, so and the first thing that we are doing in this subscriber switch in the rule table we are trying to match the IP and the interface that the subscribers came from, once we identify this subscriber the action that we need to do is probably go to a different different vnf and and go so we get go back into the folding engine and probably we need to decide in this case that we want to go to a different data center we need to under to identify which tunnel we want to use in order to continue so we have a tunnel switch which is actually the same v-switch different tables that we are match this tunnel switch only by the interface that we came from not this is not a scale switch and the action of this rule in this tunnel switch is where to go which harder switch we want to use which tunnel we want to use in order to forward to the next vnf and in this particular example you can see that the subscribers which and the tunnels which are separated but basically we can have them in the same in the same open flow switch it's depend what access do we have to the entire network if we can configure the the hypervisor switch the v-switch and the hypervisor all in the top of rack we may consider to put the tunnel over there okay and use the high capacity of these elements if we cannot because any reasonable reason okay we can put and join these two switches into a one process and combine the subscriber switch and the tunnel switch into a single switch each one of them is using a different tables so there is no overlapping in the information and and there should be a problem to run both of them together okay so once the tunnel switch decided in this case that you want to go out of the network and maybe go in this case go to a different data center and a different open stack and we are forwarding the traffic into the hardware switch and from the hardware switch it's just go in the same path until it gets to the url filter and okay so okay and what are the challenges okay it's nice to say that we want to handle million of subscribers but there are challenges that came with that and first of all the first challenge is actually the the number of subscribers number of rules that we want to introduce in each one of the open flow tables and I talked about that that switches have some capability issues with this number of rules and so and it's not just the number of the rules it's also the number of changes in the mobile network where users are connecting and disconnecting and it can get up to a thousand and tens of thousands of changes per second okay and this is something that subscriber-aware approach need to handle and I will show later how we solve these problems and multi-data center as you know open stack today has some issues with multi-data center we need to overcome them and to see how we forward between multi-data center we are using a federated controller between them just in order to move traffic efficiently between different multi-data center and since we are carrier grade solution and we need to have a very efficient and high availability and redundancy each one of the elements in this solution need to be redundant and can start with the vnf the controller each one of the switches and all the connectivity between elements need to be redundant and high available and I have a slide later on how we manage this issue and another challenge is to reuse vnf okay even though they are virtual vnf virtual network function and we can load as much as we want and eventually at the end we want to reuse vnf to a set of chains okay we don't want to introduce pair chain network function this vnf should be shared between between chains and we want to use physical as well okay we want we don't want our chain to be agnostic to physical or virtual and this service function the approach just for the packet into this element without even knowing if it's a virtual or not virtual and this way we can reuse a network function that we currently have and not we're not mandatory must change all of them just because of this new approach and and this subscriber aware approach overcome the limitation that we have in the odl approach which is using the nsh in our solution there is no need to understand and to encapsulate the didn't encapsulate the nsh header from the packet we are forwarding it just according to ip mac any traditional protocol that we have okay and advantages okay once we finish with the challenges what we gain from being a subscriber aware and actually we are using the sdn fabric to do it okay it means that sdn know how to control the traffic and forward into a forward into a specific network element very transparently and this is something that is advantage for us and we can enable and deliver services per subscriber which mean and we can introduce a new set of change very easily very dynamically and this is not just for and to satisfy customer needs it's maybe also for introducing new services as a carrier you want to test it before you try it before you provide it to your customer and once you isolate a specific chain just for your testing no one will going to be interfered by that and and this is something very important and security as well the same way you can introduce a new service chain you can disable a specific service chain without interfering all the others other approaches in the traditional one if you stop one of the elements it could be and block the entire chain in the nsh it means that you probably shared with many other subscribers and changing this chain will affect all the others and in this subscriber where everything is very easy to to be automatic and to okay very elasticity and we'll not go over all these details actually we talked about it in the previous slide so kind of repeating myself and okay so now we that we understand a little bit more about subscriber aware and I will let go deeper to see to show you how we in context stream and HP and how we solve this problem and what we have done so far to make it carrier grade solution okay so a little bit about the architecture and we have the network network layer and it's an in the left side you can see the mobile network in the middle we have the underlay which is the connectivity between our elements and after that it's actually the network itself between between these two elements we have overlay network okay which is actually configured it can be configured by the open stack it's a set of tunnels and whatever tunnel we want it could be MPLS, GRE, VXLAN or whatever and when it's actually a connect between open flow switches between the two sides of the network okay on top of them we have the context control okay which is the SDN controller SDN controller which is based on open daylight and it's a federated controller okay which means it can reside in several data center different data centers but still act like a like a one they know this controller know how to talk one to each other to get a better performance and to utilize better the network and this controller is configure each one of the switches using the open flow and this is what we have right now but basically as long as there is an API from the switch we can configure it in any way that we want and now we talked about that this the controller are federated but there is no direct connection between each one of the controller to another and we are using a mapping service which is using a distributed database to propagate information from one controller to the other okay this and the information this database could be scale tables like subscribers okay subscriber tables are measured by millions if a single data center handle can be located let's say in the east coast of the united states and handle a portion of the subscriber and the other one it's in the west coast and handle the other portion and the mapping service which use lisp is located identification separation protocol and we want to use and be able to identify each one of the subscriber across all data centers so we are using distributed database that know how to propagate all the information between the nodes each context control is accessing a specific context map which is an interface into the mapping service and okay so each one of these three some is of switch control and map we call it a context node a context node is located in a in a single data center and as you can see these two data centers can communicate one to another and and the limitation that we have it's not kind of limitation but the issue that we have in open stack that when walking with the multi data center is solved by this approach we are using the capabilities of a distributed database to propagate information between two or more open stack data open stack instances and as for a northbound of this solution we have a set of a broker and it could be rest broker could be triple a if we want to identify new subscriber and learn about new subscriber from a triple a server it could be a radius it could be a gx diameter whatever we have a broker for each one of them and we have a context management that expose the information like any other management ui cli and we show the configuration of this entire system and and we have a context which is a performance tool that know how to collect analytics and additional information from our system and on top of all this we we are using open stack and it doesn't have to be necessarily open stack but this is what we are using right now and to create all these instances each one of these box blue box over here is actually running in its own vm and and we are using open stack the nova open stack to introduce new one to create new to create an instance to remove and and to actually to manage their life cycle and in addition to that i mentioned it earlier and all the overlay connectivity the tunnels that we are using and and the connectivity between the component themselves internally and we are using also the newton to configure all this connectivity okay and as is this a solution for a carrier grade solution okay the major thing that we want to handle is failures and high availability and in order to in a regular case where this let's say it's this rack is handling a set of vm which are and belong to application which and it's not carrier applications and in case of a failure and the high availability is most of the time is solved by the application themselves okay if you are running in amazon and one of the rack is failing and amazon know how to handle this failure and their application know how to recover from it and in the carrier solution situation you can't afford losing a rack because once you lose this rack it means that million of subscribers will lose connection that will be interfere okay so and we want to make our solution very efficiently high available and right now you will see that we talked about each one of the context net node and which i showed you that each one of them has a control map and switch and in order to make it high available each one of them is actually in the same node we can have a set of instances of each one of this element and this actually gave us an n plus one active all active instances of each one of the element and whenever there is a map a failure and we know how to connect to a different a different map and and once this map is going up again the distributed database know how to sync it again and as for context control it's it is a federated controller and once one one of them is going down and it doesn't affect all the other because the walk is split into another controls and and as for the switches we are using redundant redundant connectivity between them in order to make sure that in case of failure and we won't get and we won't be affected from that and okay so once there i talked about controller that can fail and how we make sure that it's not interfering us in each one of the node we have a leader okay and this leader its responsibility is actually to split the walk between all the current controllers in its node and this way we can reduce the the load from a single controller okay and this controller is actually doing a very simple walk that identify which one of the controller should handle and and the walk that need to be done because we want to have we want the the controller need to configure the switches and the the efficient way to do it is to make the controller that very close to this switch okay in the same hypervisor in the same problem the same node and we need to select the the appropriate the best one the best one of the controller to do this job this is the what the leader needs to do and it's a very simple walk of dispatching and the walk to other controllers in high availability in case one of the elements of the controller failed and stopped walking the leader identify it and just stop forwarding traffic to this controller and in in this case nothing is going to be harmed because of a failure of controller as the connectivity between the switches we have a multiple underlay pass okay for redundancy we can allow that if a single pass is failing to stop all the connectivity so each one of these elements are having at least two redundant passes and if the same goes for the broker if we are learning about new subscriber from radius okay so and so we need to have a duplicate multiple radius listener each one of the broker is highly available and we can do the same in each one of of its instances to do the same job and now as for for a vnf vnf failure whenever we are not just configuring a single path for each one of the subscriber we are configuring two or more so in case one of the vnf fails and the alternative pass will start working because the switch will identify that it's not the path to this network function is not accessible and we'll use the second the second path and so this way we cover a high availability for all the elements that we have and this is kind of level of availability a carrier great solution should have okay so this is for high availability and how we gain new improved scalability and we are talking about having several context node okay in order to better utilize the network we don't want to have a single node that handle all the millions of subscribers in the same place and we can we want to make them as close as possible to the actual subscriber exist where they are actually exist and but we can introduce this is a distributed solution so we can introduce several hundreds of context nodes in each context node we have as I showed before a set of context controls and and since context control is open daylight based and is java based we have our own limitation java has its own limitation regarding garbage collection and memory footprint and so in the same vm context control vm we can have several instances of several jvms that running the controller code each one of them is limited to a lower memory full footprint and so in order to reduce as much as we can the garbage collection effect on the entire system and scale out for vnf is since everything is a vm we can scale out as much as we want we can introduce new vm and collect them as a group and just forward the traffic into this vm and we can support up to a thousand vnf interfaces okay this is pretty much it we are running a demo downstairs in the hp booth that show exactly what I show over here how dynamically we can add new services to the system per subscriber so thank you everybody if you have any questions thank you I can hardly see with the light to my face okay I'm thinking give you a microphone all right so the the questions my question is focusing on around the odl controller layer okay so once the the the federation you mentioned across multiple data center and I guess it's all odl I guess it's essentially a clustering capability right yeah with the federation yeah the word is the federation's more I guess actually the bottom my question has that the capability you have here federation or clustering high availability are these partially I guess are these efforts with hp or some some of these are actually part of the odl community effort projects upstreaming and some capability is going to be part of standard odl the federation solution for us in that we made for the controller it's not something that part of the odl okay the odl has clustering mechanism to do some and distribute information between instances of a controller we are not using this clustering we are using the as I mentioned before I we are using the mapping data mapping service in order to federate the knowledge about what exists and what not exists in the in the system about statuses and subscribers and stuff like that odl as a platform currently is not federated the way we need it okay that's clear thank you so the then the sfc part of it you know as you mentioned that you're now using ish and then basically ran out based on mac and ip address you know to identify the subscribers and then you know doing different personalized chains and so the also the same question the this part of the sfc has anything to do as what's going on within odl project or is basically something that no our sfc it's different sfc that i mentioned over here it's a plugin and part of the repository of open daylight ours is external to that so we are not we consider contributing our solution into the odl but it's not something that we have done so far but okay we expect to do it some potential something okay great thank you right thanks any other question do you have right now some kind of a mechanism to provide you know assurance for for service chaining because you know you can have a chain yes but probably the performance on this chain can can degrade it also do you have some kind of mechanism right now yeah we can the easy it's not just you're looking for overloading of this chain or something like that to understand where you want to split it to several what do you mean by what you're saying because for for me the chain it's it's like a transport yes i just i just care the the consequences of vnfs which i should pass through yeah but it doesn't mean i i have a guarantee that's like my pocket will be done well like so so yeah you we can troubleshoot to see where the problem is but the first thing the controller is doing is actually configure this chain okay specifically for you for your ip i mean and it shouldn't be interfered by other if there is some kind of failure in the network okay that make your traffic i don't know blocked or something like that and we have troubleshooting you know to see it and but you should be you shouldn't be affected by others so if so in case of failure it's probably not going to harm only your session and we have a mechanism that identify the state and the accessibility of each one of the network function to see if your network function is i don't know fail we know how to move you to a different network function with the same capabilities of course and to maintain your session as much as we can okay okay so how do you identify subscribers you mentioned ip address so are you using anything else in addition in addition to ip address yeah and it's a walker hi okay it's okay i mentioned the triple a broker okay the triple broker is something that the pgw for example a pgw notify our system by a radius message about new subscriber that introduced into the network and part of this information it could be usually we are using the imsi the mc id and the ip address but basically we can have what whatever we like and the basic concept of flisp which is a location identification separation protocol it's it's the basic concept over there it's that it's not just ip okay ip it's the traditional way to identify a subscriber because most of us are using ip but basically it could be whatever you like okay so and we are identified subscribers in our system also by an ip plus imsi and because in a network not networks and you can have the same ip address for different subscribers so the uniqueness is gained by using also the imsi of the subscribers and okay so how do i unwire myself


The next item of business is a statement by Paul Wheelhouse on draft Scottish energy strategy. The minister will take questions at the end of his statement and so there will be no interventions or interruptions. Minister, ten minutes please. The success and wellbeing of Scotland's people, communities, businesses and public services are underpinned by the supply of reliable energy. Affordable energy provision is a prerequisite for our quality of life, good health and for ensuring that we have a productive competitive economy. Our energy sector already provides high quality jobs and a vibrant climate for innovation. In established sectors like oil and gas where skills and expertise gain through more than 40 years' experience of operating in the North Sea will prove invaluable in the engineering and innovation challenges in creating the energy system of the future and in renewable energy sectors such as offshore wind, wave and tidal energy alongside grid scale battery and pump tidal storage. I'm announcing today to members that the Scottish Government has now published a consultation on our draft Scottish energy strategy setting a vision for the future of energy in Scotland between now and 2050. Our climate ambitions underpin all of the choices laid out in the draft strategy and have in turn been determined by our commitments under the 2009 Climate Change Act. The strategy has been developed in concert with and as a companion to the draft climate change plan laid in Parliament and presented in this chamber by the Cabinet Secretary for Environment, Climate Change and Land Reform last week. As we stand here today, the task to decarbonise our electricity production has been largely achieved. The equivalent of 59.4 per cent of Scotland's gross electricity consumption is now met by renewable energy and we are well on our way to meeting the 2020 target of 100 per cent, albeit that UK Government policy changes have made our progress more challenging. Our options in terms of the scale of supply of energy have substantially broadened in recent years. Consumers can now generate energy for their own needs from solar panels or a wind turbine, for example. Scotland has been at the forefront of the drive for community and locally owned renewables. Over 15,000 locally owned and community owned renewable energy sites in Scotland with an installed capacity of 595 megawatts, surpassing our target of 500 megawatts five years early. By the end of 2015 we had seen the largest annual increase in renewable heat output since measurement began up by more than 1,100 gigawatt hours in a single year. In 2015, Scotland produced enough heat from renewable sources to meet between 5.3 and 5.6 per cent of non-electrical heat demand. We can all take pride in such successes. However, it is clear that more progress will be required, particularly in the supply of low carbon heat and transport, if we are to remain on track to meet our ambitious climate change goals. To maintain momentum, a new 2030 All Energy Renewables target is proposed in our energy strategy, setting an ambitious challenge to deliver the equivalent of half of Scotland's energy requirements for heat, transport and electricity from renewable energy sources. I hope that members will welcome this landmark proposal, given the support that was shown for such an ambition last month in this chamber during the debate on support for Scotland's renewable sector. Our renewable sector is facing an uncertain future with unwelcome cuts to UK Government support schemes jeopardising a very strong investment pipeline and the strong Scottish supply chain across a range of renewable technologies. Onshore wind, for example, is now a mature technology and a number of issues need to be addressed, including the approach to repowering existing wind farms coming to the end of their planning consent or extending the life of sites where appropriate to do so. In our accompanying onshore wind policy statement, we set out our approach to these important matters in more detail. The Straft Energy Strategy calls on UK ministers to do more to restore confidence in the sector in light of UK's slide down investment attractiveness league table and for industry itself to continue to deliver the cost reductions required to ensure low-carbon energy is affordable. Our strategy sets a challenge to the industry to make Scotland the first place in the area in the UK to host subsidy-free onshore wind. Cost reductions are real, like those announced today by the offshore wind programme board, showing offshore wind energy costs have fallen by 32 per cent since 2012. This has proved that offshore wind is rising to the challenge to reduce its costs and Scotland can be proud of how we are playing our part and leading the way in marine energy and in the development of floating offshore wind projects off our coastline, a technology that is well suited to our deeper waters. The strategy reiterates our commitment to delivering a stable, managed transition to a low-carbon economy, highlighting a range of technologies and fuels that will supply our energy needs over the coming decades. The strategy makes clear our commitment to the oil and gas industry in Scotland as a key contributor to security and stability of energy supplies throughout our transition, with around three quarters of total energy consumption in Scotland being supplied by oil and gas. The production of oil and gas in the North Sea and West of Shetland is highly regulated, with some of the most advanced and comparatively least-carbon intensive production methods of their kind anywhere in the world. Our oil and gas sector will continue to make a positive contribution as the engineering and technical bedrock for a wider energy transition. Advances in technology mean that new and innovative ways of using hydrocarbons are emerging, and they will continue to do so in the decades ahead. Energy sources such as hydrogen, a zero-carbon fuel at the point of use, have potential to substantially reduce the total system cost of decarbonisation, providing a range of services to our energy system, and integrated low-carbon solutions across heat, power and transport sectors. Such innovations are already here. Aberdeen hosts the largest fleet of hydrogen-powered buses in Europe, supported by two hydrogen refuelling stations. At the Levenmouth Community Energy Project, renewable wind power is being used to run a fleet of hydrogen vehicles, including five council vans and refuse collection vehicles. The strategy makes clear that the Scottish Government is committed to examining the evidence and engaging with the citizens of Scotland to gather their views and understand their needs and perspectives. Our approach to evaluating the impacts of unconventional oil and gas is an example of this evidence-based and measured approach. As I outlined in my statement on 8 November, we will very shortly launch our full public consultation on unconventional oil and gas so that the people of Scotland can express their views on this important and contentious issue. The results of that consultation will be a key consideration in finalising our energy strategy later this year. Our draft energy strategy confirms our proposal that underground coal gasification will play no part in our energy mix. Presiding Officer, our energy strategy is not just about energy supplies. Consumers of energy are at the very heart of our whole system approach and our patterns of energy use are changing too. We are now more efficient than ever in using energy but major shifts lie ahead. How consumers engage with those energy choices will be informed by smart technologies that provide better information on energy use and a better platform for informed decisions around the consumption of energy. Scotland will need a more flexible energy system which can accommodate the many choices that consumers and generators will make in the future. That energy challenge represents an exciting opportunity to capture economic benefits of pioneering those approaches here in Scotland. Smart and controlled charging of an ever-growing number of electric vehicles in Scotland will, itself, grow demand for electricity while providing energy storage capacity and ability to absorb intermittent loads from renewable generation and potentially a source of grid power input when required. Most importantly, we recognise that energy remains unaffordable for too many in Scotland. That is driven by high-energy prices, but our housing and non-domestic building stock, which is all too often profoundly wasteful in energy, is another key driver. Despite our very significant investment in improving the energy efficiency of Scotland's homes, the draft energy strategy seeks to address the needs of those least able to pay for their energy, supporting energy solutions that provide warmer homes and better outcomes for consumers as well. Scotland's energy efficiency programme, SEAP, is a programme to improve energy efficiency in both domestic and non-domestic buildings with the ultimate aim of decarbonising Scotland's heat supply, making energy more affordable and reducing carbon emissions from our built environment. We have committed more than £500 million to SEAP up to 2020-21. SEAP is currently in its design phase and today we are also publishing two key accompanying consultations in support of the draft Scottish energy strategy. The first consultation focuses on options for the programme and policy design of SEAP, and the second consults more specifically on the role that regulation could play in supporting the development of district heating in Scotland, as well as a framework for the planning at a local level of heat decarbonisation and energy efficiency programmes. Scotland is now a pioneer in the development of innovative local energy systems. Heat, electricity and storage technologies, combined with demand management and energy efficiency measures on an area-by-area basis, could realise substantial local economic, environmental and social benefits. Scotland's communities and island populations are increasingly playing an active and important part in the delivery of local, innovative, low-carbon, smart energy systems in partnership with the private and public sectors. Those projects benefit from funding support from the Scottish Government, including the local energy challenge fund, which has to date allocated £31 million to a wide range of innovative projects. In addition, under the low-carbon infrastructure transition programme, we have already supported over 40 low-carbon projects, and today I can announce that around £50 million will soon be awarded to 13 low-carbon demonstrator projects at sites across Scotland. Those projects are at the cutting edge of innovation and provide a solid basis for our learning as we mainstream a local energy approach. In conclusion, I am proud to present our draft Scottish energy strategy to the chamber and to launch a consultation exploring the choices we face on our future energy system. I invite members from across the chamber and all our constituents to have their say on key decisions that will determine the shape of Scotland's energy future. I hope that, in the months ahead and finalising our strategy, the document stimulates well-informed debate on the energy challenges in Scotland and the policies needed to meet our aspirations to deliver a secure, sustainable energy future for all, an outcome that I have no doubt will be in the best interests of our communities, our economy and our environment. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, minister. I take questions on the issues raised in his statement. I intend to allow 20 minutes for questions after which we must move on to the next item of business. The help of members who want to ask questions, press the request and speak now. The mantra is always to try to make your questions brief and if the minister can, brief and succinct as well. I now call on Alexander Burnett, followed by Jackie Baillie, Mr Burnett. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. I thank the minister for early sight of his statement. Before I start, I would like to note my registered interests regarding renewable energy. I welcome the new targets to push our renewables' ambitions even further. Since the inception of the CFD programme, Scotland has received 40 per cent of its funding for projects from the UK Government, a fact acknowledged by the Scottish Government. It is right that we should be at the forefront of the renewable energy sector. However, the minister will know that the low-hanging fruit has been picked, and we now need significant investment in renewable heat and specifically not wasting heat from our homes, a policy that is handled here in Holyrood. However, the current homes installation budget is already £1 million behind where we were two years ago, and that is simply not good enough. The Scottish Conservatives have called for all homes to be EPC-rated C or above by 2030, and we have also called for £400 million a year investment by the end of this Parliament to reach those renewable targets, a policy that is supported by stakeholders such as WWF. Why does the minister think that his budget of £114 million is sufficient when stakeholders are clearly telling him that it is not? I certainly recognise the issue of the importance of tackling fuel poverty and improving the energy efficiency of our buildings. I hope that we have common ground on that. Clearly, we have a difference of opinion as to the approach that the Scottish Government is taking. I would like to highlight, in recent years, from my previous tenure as Environment, Climate Change Minister, how much chopping and changing there was on policy around green deal and other measures to support energy efficiency. Obviously, that has been cancelled. That had a direct impact on the Scottish Government's budget. We have tried to replace the loss of green deal funding and therefore putting substantial investment. It is not a minor matter that £500 million is being invested over the period up to 2021 by the Scottish Government, but it is very much. I just want to reassure the member that we will be on 2021. That is certainly why we are launching the consultation and seek to try to elicit views as to how best we can implement Scotland's energy efficiency programme, which is a national infrastructure priority and therefore a very high priority for this Government and I hope for the whole chamber. I am happy to work with the member and his colleagues in the Conservatives if they have positive ideas to support how we take forward the seek with Mr Stewart, the local government minister, so I am happy to engage with Mr Burnett because the Scottish Government has been putting its money where its mouth is. There is not an equivalent programme in England at this moment in time, so we feel confident that we are making great strides for us. We could always do more, but we are making significant investment in energy efficiency. Jackie Baillie, followed by Kate Forbes, Ms Baillie. I declare an interest, Presiding Officer, as the vice president of Energy Action Scotland. I thank the minister for an advance copy of his statement and indeed for much of the content. In particular, I very much welcome the energy target. It was in Labour's manifesto, it was in the SNP's too. It is ambitious and rightly so, but the challenge, of course, will be in implementation and we look forward to examining the detail. While Scotland, more often than not, generates more energy than we use, it is the case that there have been occasions when we require to import energy. Baseload is, of course, a key issue, yet the statement is short on what the Government will do to make sure the lights stay on. What actions will the Scottish Government take to maintain baseload? Does he intend to continue our helpful partnership with the rest of the UK energy market? Secondly, Presiding Officer, I am concerned that we measure the effect of what we do on people. Rather than inputs and outputs, I want us to measure outcomes. Will the Scottish Government therefore make sure the focus is on how many people it has lifted out of fuel poverty, not how many houses it has insulated? Minister. The latter point, I have some sympathy with what Jackie Baillie says, is ultimately about trying to help people to tackle fuel poverty. I think that we are all in agreement that it is one of the biggest problems we face with our constituents that we deal with on a regular basis, where people are facing making choices between heating their homes and eating that is clearly not a satisfactory position far from it. I do take the point that it is not entirely my decision to say this but I have sympathy with the point about trying to focus on how many people we help rather than eating houses. It is about trying to help individuals. It is a very constructive point and I will work with colleagues in the Government to see how we can implement that. It is worth stating that we are going to be working with stakeholders to try and identify our approach to tackling fuel poverty, having a renewed strategy for that and also looking at how we measure that and the scope of targets in that respect. I would hope that there is a possibility to engage with Jackie Baillie and her colleagues on how we take forward that agenda. On the flexibility issue, I very much recognise that we have the important need to make sure that we have a secure, reliable supply of energy. I would continue to want to work with UK Government ministers in trying to achieve that end. I have engaged positively with them on issues like pumped hydro storage and I know there is an agenda as well on looking at battery storage south of the border that is a focus of industrial strategy as well. I hope that we can work together on that. It does take two to tango as I have discussed with Ms Baillie but we are keen to... That sounds like an offer. It was not a comment directed at Ms Baillie. Do not keep digging minister. It was a reference to UK ministers rather than Ms Baillie herself. I have always worked very well with but we do recognise the need to generate baseload and therefore it is important that we look at what we can do around areas like thermal generation as well. There is currently an environment of framework in place which is harmful to establishment of replacement plant for cackenzi for lungannate and there is an existing consent for cackenzi but we do want to work with the UK Government to create a more propitious environment for that baseload to happen. I asked 14 people trying to get in minister so I could only be brief and could I ask the minister with respect to try and shorten answers. Kate Forbes before by Dean Lockhart. Thank you. Can the minister give further details on how he believes the proposals in this energy strategy will help reduce social inequalities or individual communities' benefit from renewable energy projects? Minister. Will we touch on issues to do with fuel poverty? I think that there is a particular rural dimension. I know the cost of living is higher, I know that Highlands and Isles Enterprise and Joseph Rindley Foundation have done work in the past to look at the high cost of living in rural areas and therefore fuel poverty is a particularly acute problem in rural areas particularly in the island communities of Scotland. I would say that Scotland's consumers, households and businesses are very much at the heart of this strategy and we are looking for opportunities for consumers and suppliers alike to address in particular impact and fuel poverty. There will be a renewed focus on energy efficiency. There will be wanting to seek, as I referenced the point that was made to Ms Bailey an energy market that works for everyone working with UK ministers where we can do that and we want to create local vibrant energy economies as well across Scotland where we can do that with us. Perhaps local arrangements for supply and demand of electricity but we are to a point that we have made committed to increasing the scope to work in partnership with host communities where renewable projects are taking place and we just cite that we have a up to our target, up to our game, we met our target for community energy to be generated by 2025 years early so we have doubled the target for 2020 that remains a key part of the energy strategy to achieve one gigawatts of community and locally owned energy by 2020 and we have an aspiration for at least half of newly consented renewable energy projects by 2020 to have an element of shared ownership so that should also help to ensure economic benefits are felt at a local level. Dean Lockhart for all by Richard Leonard Thank you. I would note my register of interest in relation to a smart meter company based elsewhere in the UK. The minister has just announced yet another delay on a decision on fracking, more than two years after the initial moratorium was introduced. In his statement he stressed the importance of decarbonisation and we agree with this. However, is the minister aware that Scotland is currently importing over 40,000 barrels of shield gas every day from the US? An unnecessary 3,000 mile journey which is resulting in a significantly increased and unnecessary carbon footprint at a time when we could be We could be extracting this gas domestically does he not recognise the huge benefits available for jobs and the economy in Scotland? Presiding Officer, with the greatest respect to Mr Lockhart I would just say that that's a matter for the people of Scotland to inform us through the consultation that I promised in our November statement to take place at the end of this month. Mr Lockhart will not have long to wait for the consultation and I look forward to reading his submission to it. However, I would point out in my statement on underground coals gasification at the time being heavily criticised by the Conservative benches for taking a decision that was measured and based on evidence which is our approach rather than the UK Government approach. We were criticised at the time by the Conservative Party in this chamber and lo and behold the UK Government has followed Scotland's lead and done exactly the same. Mr Lockhart will then listen to our evidential base approach and listen to the determination that we make and we will bring the matter to Parliament and allow Parliament to vote on the future of unconventional gas in Scotland. Richard Leonard, followed by Richard Lochhead. Meeting these energy transition targets demands leadership, political leadership but if local supply chains are to benefit and if in turn we are to generate local jobs it demands economic leadership as well. Can the minister tell us whether the Government is committed to a plan for the economy to go with this energy strategy so that we maximise the benefits to local manufacturers, local suppliers and to local jobs? Minister? I certainly agree with Richard Leonard one of the key objectives we have as a Government and I'm sure it's obviously shared by Mr Leonard from what he has said. It's trying to ensure in making a low-carbon transition we generate local jobs in Scotland. It's part of the implicit deal that was struck in 2009 with trade unions in civic Scotland and the historic transition to a low-carbon economy but do so in a way that brought people with us and for areas that were high-carbon in the economy helped them to transition to low-carbon. It's very important that as industry develops in response to the climate change plan and the energy strategy that we set out today we work very hard with industry to make sure that we convert those opportunities into jobs in Scotland. We have launched an innovation action plan that makes specific reference to low-carbon and tackling climate change within it. We have our established manufacturing action plan for Scotland, which is not bad as an industrial policy but effectively is a co-component of an industrial policy and we look forward to working with Mr Leonard and others to make sure that we can take forward that agenda and secure the vital economic opportunities that we hopefully can see come from this strategy. Richard Lochhead, followed by Maurice Golden. Can I warmly welcome the minister's ambitious strategy? As he will know, I have been a long-standing supporter of the creation of a publicly owned national energy company in Scotland to ensure that our people capture more of the benefits from our natural resources. Can he assure me that work is already under way to create such a publicly owned energy company because the Danes can do it, no regions can do it, other countries can do it, hopefully we can do the same here in Scotland so that our people don't just have the crumbs off the table but get the maximum benefits from our vast energy resources. Minister. I very much recognise Mr Lochhead's commitment to this issue. I remember well having conversation with him in 2014, I think, so as long as he goes that on this very subject. I know he is very strong on this issue. I would want to reassure Mr Lochhead that it might not have been referenced in my statement but it is very much part of the energy strategy that we are making a commitment to explore the role and remit of a government owned energy company. There is a specific question in the consultation. It invites views on the potential role for such an organisation. I certainly look forward to Mr Lochhead's considered contribution to that. We believe that it should address issues or it could potentially add value through accelerating progress towards relevant policy aims or goals that are set out in the strategy. It could even take on a number of potential roles in relation to delivery of projects as well. There is potentially delivery support of existing and new schemes and initiatives that potentially deliver energy infrastructure including district heating or to co-ordinate the procurement of energy efficiency and heat technology measures. It could act as an energy supplier or to be administering Scottish Renewable Energy Bond which is another question in the energy strategy. On all those issues, we would welcome people's views on the potential role of such an organisation. Maurice Golden. We welcome the consultation on the regulation of district heating but in light of the fact that less than 1 per cent of homes are currently connected to district heating what steps will this Government take to develop innovative financial models such as shared stakeholder investment in order to increase access to district heating? Minister. I recognise Maurice Golden's strong interest in the areas raised in district heating a number of times so I commend him for taking this issue forward. Again, I would hope that we could have common ground on. In terms of what the Government is doing we are on district heating we are taking forward a target with an ambition to deliver one and a half terawatt hours of Scotland's heat by district or communal heating by 2020 as part of the wider strategy out to 2032 to support the environment secretary's climate change plan. We are looking very much at what more we can do to step that up and hence the work that the special working group has done to inform the regulatory environment that might make that happen faster and securing greater private sector investment is very encouraging. I have also just said that I have had considerable international interest in what we are doing in Scotland. I think that Scotland and London are at a point of district heating projects because we are getting the regulatory position correct and I commend the work on my predecessor, Fergus Ewing, in taking that work forward as well so I have picked up very much to try to pick up the ball from him. I congratulate the Scottish Government for rising to the challenge that the Greens set in this chamber last month for targets of half of all our energy to be renewable by 2050. The Government must match that with a commitment on heat. Can I ask the minister further to his previous answer how he will switch nearly 2 million homes to low-carbon heating by 2032, which is clearly going to require more than just district heating? That's the number of homes that will be required to meet the 80 per cent domestic heat target that's in the climate plan you just referred to. Minister. I think that it's a fair point that Mark Ruskell makes about the fact that we can't just rely on district heating. We don't think that every house will have a district heating solution to it, but we are looking at its alternative fuels, potentially as a role for areas like hydrogen to be replaced, but it's not that long ago. It's part of the town gas that was going through the mains in a lot of towns in Scotland. It may have a role, but that's a question for the consultation to answer. We are investing heavily in CEP itself to improve demand management for energy, so we reduce people's consumption of energy and wasteful loss of heat, which will also help the equation. We are trying to reduce demand and improve energy efficiency at one level, and we are also trying to improve the supply of renewable source heat at the other end. I hope that we can get there, but I welcome potential engagement with Mr Ruskell and his ideas on how we can take that forward. Liam McArthur, to be followed by Mary Todd. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. I can make the chamber aware that I am the owner of a micro-turbank. I also join others in welcoming the Government's acceptance of the demands of Scottish Liberal Democrats and others for a 50 per cent renewables target by 2030. On transport, how does the minister expect the ambitious 33 per cent target set out by the Cabinet Secretary last week to square with an expectation in his draft strategy that effective biofuel use in transport decarbonisation is unlikely to reach above 10 per cent for some time? Does he believe that the Scottish Government's approach to business rates will help or hinder efforts to make Scotland the first area in the UK to host subsidy free onshore wind? Minister. There are two issues. The first one really around the decarbonisation of transport is clearly one of the biggest challenges that we face in society. I do accept that biofuels will not necessarily be the only answer we have to explore here. That's why it's very important that there's measures in the energy strategy. I appreciate that the member has not yet had a chance to see where we're talking about very much the decarbonisation to electrification as well as hybrid vehicles, potentially hydrogen, which I cited when I commend Fife Council for using hydrogen in relation to refuse collection vehicles and smaller vans and like-good vehicles. There's a very good pilot work being done in Orkney as well. Cwily, the member has mentioned Orkney in the context of being a bit of a living laboratory, and he is right in that respect. There's very good work being done on hydrogen for use in the ferry fleet, taking the advantage of the off-grid nature of Orkney at this moment where there's surplus electricity being generated in transport. We're looking at all those issues and I welcome feedback from industry as to how best we can achieve our goals. Mary Todd, to be followed by Claudia Beamish. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Will the minister give more detail on how the energy strategy will interact with the climate change plan and offer us thoughts on the news that the UK Government's dithering on carbon capture and storage cost the taxpayer £100 million due to the cancellation of its £1 billion CCS competition in which Peterhead was the frontrunner? It's a hugely important issue, Presiding Officer. I don't want to strike a discordant note, but it was, I believe, a pretty disgraceful decision in relation to Peterhead in that investors were led to believe that there was support and it was pulled from under them at the last minute. Clearly, within our energy strategy, which again I appreciate members, I've not had a chance to look through in detail at this stage, we very much do cite the importance of CCS as a technology for demonstration in Scotland. We believe near-term demonstration of small-scale projects leading to medium and large-scale deployment of CCS, along with the development of co2 utilisation, which potentially has an economic use itself, will be critical for the cost-effective decarbonisation of heat power in industry. We do regret very strongly the fact that the UK Government withdrew all of the funding for the £1 billion CCS competition. We will try and persuade them of the logic of carrying on with investment in CCS because we do think it's a very important part of the future energy supply in Scotland. The development of CCS would, of course, protect Scottish businesses against future carbon price rises and secure economic benefit for the supply chain, too, to pick up Mr Leonard's point. The knowledge and expertise could be transferred to international markets as well, where there's growing interest in CCS and, indeed, allow Scotland to play a leading role in global decarbonisation if that's possible to do so. Claudia Beamish. As the minister said, our climate ambitions must underpin all the choices laid out in the draft strategy. Can the minister explain what synergies there will be between the scrutiny by Parliament of the draft strategy and the draft climate change plan and what formal assessment has been made to ensure that the transition is a just one to the low-carbon economy for affected workers and communities? Minister. I recognise a similar point that was made by Claudia Beamish's colleagues that we have to take into account the impact on society. It's part of the challenge that all developed economies face in terms of transitioning from a very high-carbon model to a low-carbon model, that we try and make sure we take people with us and we don't break the economy in the process, so I appreciate sometimes it's going slower than some folk would like, but we have to have the leading ambition. Obviously, the targets set the frame and allow industry to see the future ahead of them and obviously help them to migrate over a period of time to a different model. But I'm happy to engage with the trade unions and see who we best take that for. I'm sure that the environment secretary is very aware of the need to make sure that we take those points on board, but I look forward to engaging with Claudia Beamish on the energy aspects of that. That concludes questions. I apologise to five members across the parties. I've been unable to call with time. I have to move on to the next item of business, which is a debate, so I'll give a minute for Front Bench to change places.


way climate alarmists intentionally deceive you is by changing the starting date of their graphs so as to suit their agenda. I'll explain. The starting day call applies to almost everything the alarmists do, but we'll start with one example, the Arctic sea ice. This is a graph of the Arctic sea ice extent since 1979 and what matters is the red one, which is the September the end of the summer graph and it shows a continual decline in the extent of the sea ice. This is the alarmist graph. So why did they choose 1979 as the starting date? Well you can guess that's because there's a very high level of sea ice then. So let's now take that graph and attach it to another graph that shows the history prior to 1970. This graph shows and it's from official IPC sources in 1990 that the actual sea ice extent was far lower just a few years before 1979 in 1975 and it is claimed these are measured by the same system by satellite. So they hid the 1975 low sea ice extent. Well let's extend further back in time, not using satellite but traditional well-tested methods to observe Arctic sea ice extent. Now a full deception is revealed. The ice extent was much lower earlier in 1950s when the actual CO2 levels were considered very safe. There is simply no relationship shown here between the extent of Arctic sea ice and the CO2 level. The red line in this graph shows the mean Arctic sea ice extent for the last 15 years and as you can see it's pretty level. For another example let's take wildfires in the USA. Look at the old regions graph it's terrible growing wildfires blamed on climate change but if you don't start at that low 1984 figure for wildfires and look at the history of wildfires in the USA this is what you get over 10 or 15 times the amount of acreage was when CO2 levels were super low.


we'll come back to another XO heroes video so today we are going through the forgotten memory banner or the past banner but before that if you want an updated XO heroes content please hit the subscribe button down below. Alrighty guys so so today we are ranking all of the heroes in the past banner this is actually in relation to the newly dropped banner the choice fate query for the past banner okay so let's start with our ranking with number six so what we have here is going to be Reed Marie unfortunately Reed Marie had a had a rework already and it did pretty much give her a little bit of a boost but not so much and some were actually arguing that it even it even actually made her go into a lesser lesser form in terms of skills but let's take a look at her passive first so she has focus far 2 clicks target with focus far mark and decrease dodge block for one round on basic attack gains one mana when mark target dies dragon night blessing of course she is actually good with the dragons increases damage dealt to dragons with damage with dragon skill of order activated by 250% okay and then her new passive skill will be pirate's pride so grand self with pirate's pride mark which allows protection from death one time so kind of like battery when when they have tranquil so protects from death and grants skill damage immunity when mark would protection from death okay so she can only be afflicted damage by your basic attack so she's immune only one time for this one okay next would be her let's take a look at her s1 so ultimatum deals 187% damage to one enemy afflicts target with frostbite dealing 115% damage every turn for two turns most most of her skills are actually built for pve because actually of the damage over time which is actually good then her s2 would be total bombardment regard mana five this used to be i forgot the the the previous version of this skill but i believe this the previous one was better than this her current s2 so her current s2 is deals 124% piercing damage to all enemies um afflicts target with frostbite dealing 43% damage over time for four turns the reason why she's not really effective right now in pvp because again she's a frost hero so if you encounter um summer's blessing this will not be you know this will not really be really good skill especially for s1 and s2 and it it also has damage over time which is actually more useful in your pvp sorry in your pve okay number five on our list would be emma so emma the rework for her kit is um actually good enough to um she was actually the one that i used before um fc april for for what do you call this for for linombe so she was the one in the front line while the rest on the back line so let's take a look at her skills her passive is cleanse three consists damage over time and debuffs the effects from an ally gains mana uh when the target's health is 20% or less and the other one is 70% or more she also has dragon knight blessing she also has head dragon knight um decreased damage from raging breath by 50% decreases damage should increase damage reduction effect for for allies with dragon knight blessing by additional 20% can't stack with another head dragon knight so again she is actually very viable still in your dragon in pve the ability debuff um decreases the defense of the attacking enemy by 20% of the caster's maximum health for seven turns if the caster survives an attack stacks up four times okay past recollection decreases the defense of all enemies by 30% of the caster's maximum health for 10 turns when the caster dies so again the effect uh this takes effect when she dies and gives a decrease of defense by 30% for 10 turns so again she's actually a good support hero but she has to die for this to be effective let's move on to her s1 s1 um again not really that that uh very impressive of a skill touch of dust mana three deals 525 damage to one enemy so this actually is a pinpoint damage s2 has more of a more of a status effect um for her skill so soul capture deals 375 damage to one enemy decreases attack of target by 54 54% of own attack so you have to increase her her attack so that that percentage would be increased as well not really increased but more on as you increase her attack um a certain percentage also increases so this takes uh up nine turns so again she's a valuable support for your back line or for your team and also she decreases attack and she she does debuff so she's one of the more better debuffers in the game but right now we haven't seen her in action in pvp um that is why she is mostly going to be at number five at number four we have here deva uh previously the queen of pvp she has actually dipped um in terms of usage because again the the meta right now is kind of tank here that it was before then when we started the game way back a year ago or less than a year ago let's take a look at her kit again she also has dragon hunter blessing so attacks enemies so she has finishing blow too and what what's good about her passive is crimson strike increases own critical damage by double so this is what what makes her very effective before in pvp right now she's still kind of effective but she can be you know she can be more of use in your pvp tag let's go through her skills so for s1 she is acrobatic dance deals 76 damage to all enemies resets turn if a target dies this what this was what made her very op before um especially when the enemy has some squishy characters this triggers every time it's only two mana you know skill and this is really crazy and by herself she did a lot of damage before and she could win the battle for you just by herself so let's move on to her s2 tiki time bomb which i still do like deals 700 damage to one enemy a debuff takes effect so a flicks target with silence for five turns if you don't kill the enemy that enemy is being silenced so after five turns a flicks target with tiki time bomb that inflicts damage equal to 163 63 percent of her own current health okay so again she is still very useful um both for pve and for pvp okay so annie here at number three is one of the favorite heroes that i have or i have been using from the start she was actually one of the best heroes coming out when uh exos here started global so let's take a look at her passive so she has mana utilization to increase attack based on allies man account against one mana if allies man account is at 10 or more on own turn so she a shell investigator to increase the damage 200 against monomos with fire barrier burning soul is actually what makes her really crazy so mark grants damage immunity to an ally with the highest attack speed so imagine um either rara gets this for me it's rudley um sometimes if you have this with baraka he actually gets this and except for self while increasing critical hit by 300 percent so crazy for two turns and gain mana again three mana every round so that fast hero not only gains critical hit 30 percent gains mana as well three per round which is actually again very crazy and also gains damage immunity so alone for this passive she is actually very excellent in terms of if you want to pull for her um let's move on to her s1 so s1 is crazy perry period deals 100 damage to an enemy which actually is a good damage but what this skill is actually um giving you is the silence flicks target with silence for five turns after five turns a flicks target with crazy period that includes damage equal to 100 of own current health which is actually crazy because after you silencing them there's another damage coming in with 100 of own current health so again crazy control spell with only one mana and really very good in terms of utility has been fantastic in my pvp roster for wasted red so again she's one of my mainstays still until today and she has proven her worth locking down enemies with her silence again only for a required mana of one next is her unbelievably high damage s2 explosion star required mana is five but it is a burst skill deals three five seven damage to all enemies which is actually again crazy crazy damage um similar this this spell is actually similar to batteries s2 as well in terms of the the damage dealt and a burst spell okay second on our list is going to be battery of course battery is going to be a mainstay in terms of your teams if you're carrying green land so mana utilization three as well so increases attack as well based on allies mana count kind of similar to annie breath of mana um over time front row allies permanently gain one mana okay she's actually very good she supports usually talia in the front and if you still have um tantaloid in the front they actually gain one mana permanently every round she actually gives you tranquil which most of the people are really a fan of including me grants allies with less attack than self with tranquil market protects from death one time so again even though this is highly counterable by signature force this still is an annoying skill to have or annoying passive to give and next is himing leva over time effect increases health of all allies except the caster by 20 so again she gives everybody a buff by 20 in terms of their health so let's move on to her s1 s1 not really a very good skill so deals 102 damage to all enemies but her s2 again as i've said deals 357 damage to all enemies and it's a burst burst skill which is leviathan required mana is five so her utility and support is actually very good the only problem with her is that she is actually a frost hero which she's usually countered by summer's blessing but again that's we usually have a workaround for that problem but she is very valuable for her passive so again um great attack and support general to have on your team mana protection from death health increase okay so let's move on to our final and our ranked number one hero so for number one we have rudley rudley has been underestimated or has been underrated for a couple of months actually he actually rose to popularity recently having seen him in other um nation comps like um greenland you've seen him in linombe of course he's from wasted red so you see him in wasted red um he's all around the place because number one he is very versatile there's damage again in terms of giving support and also um hp defense you name it so we'll start with his passive counter three so it counters upon taking damage again one mana if the target dies again one mana if health of the target is 70 or more and vanguard if mark with combat command mark grants a barrier to self and an ally with the lowest health when the skill strikes an enemy okay so vanguard um the command mark is be given by garf but again if you splash him with other teams this usually doesn't take effect which um most players do not value the most let's go to his s1 which actually his s1 is like similar to annie um in terms of silence so s1 living shall perish so gets a required mana one deals hundred percent damage to one enemy which you don't really are looking after but the debuff flicks target with silencer five turns after five turns the flicks target with the living shall perish that inflicts damage equal to 100 of own current health which is actually similar to what annie gives vanguard if you have vanguard activated so grants a barrier equal to 29 percent of own maximum health for 10 turns okay so again very impressive s1 and for his s2 which is more impressive decisive strike deity deals 255 damage to all enemies and what's great about this it's a burst spell when the attack hits it will increase the health of all allies by 122 percent of own maximum health so the key is to increase his own health so that he could give a large um increase of health to his allies again this is a good substitute if you are lacking a healer and also it increases the defense of all allies by 83 percent of all defense so this really is a ridiculous spell also if you have vanguard the grants a barrier equal to 70 percent of own maximum health for three for 13 turns again you have increased health increased defense and a barrier to very very impressive um s2 and you can't go wrong with redd being splashed with other nations that is why he is our most ranked um fatecore for the past banner so more or less guys i hope this helped you in terms of deciding who you want to pull for in the current banner that is out the choice fatecore re for the past banner and more or less this is just guys my own opinion so don't hold it against me um in terms of how i ranked all of these fatecore for those who have reached this far to this video please do consider subscribing and also don't forget to click the bell icon and also put a like if you have uh if you have considered this video very valuable or have helped you in a way also guys um don't forget to put your comments down below if you find this video uh video helpful and also if you have suggestions um always take care guys stay safe this is the warden and i'm out here