Good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Aayez Academy. These are a list of news articles that will be discussed in today's analysis. They are provided along with the page numbers of different editions of the newspaper. Hope you people are aware that we have introduced a new segment in our news discussion and in this segment we will be discussing a few previous year's films questions each day for the benefit of aspirants. So now let's move on to the session. Look at this question, this question is based on the cultural history of India especially on Buddhism because the term Paramitas is related to Mahayana Buddhism about which we will be seeing now. See Mahayana literally means the great vehicle and this Mahayana Buddhism was a new form of Buddhism that developed by the first century and around the rule of the most famous Kushana ruler King Kanishka. This Mahayana Buddhism has got certain distinct features or you can also say that it has got certain changes from the earlier forms of Buddhism. Now let us see them one by one. See before Mahayana Buddhism came into practice, the presence of Buddha was shown in sculpture by using certain signs. Now say for example Buddha's attainment of Bodhi that is enlightenment was shown by sculptures of the people tree that is there were no statues of Buddha or in simple words you can say that there were no statues of Buddha but in Mahayana Buddhism statues of Buddha were made and many of these were made in Mathura while others were made in Taxila. So this was the first distant feature of the first change. Now secondly the early Buddhist teachings had given great importance to self effort in achieving Nibbana. See Nibbana means the cessation of anger and hate and literally the extinguishing of the ego and desire. Also before Buddha was regarded as a human being who attained enlightenment and Nibbana through his own efforts but gradually another idea emerged and according to this Buddha was viewed as a supernatural being and saviour and it was believed that he was the one who could ensure salvation and this belief resulted in the third change which was the belief in Bodhisattvas or the Bodhisatta. See Bodhisattvas were supposed to be persons who had attained enlightenment or Bodhi. See normally once they attained enlightenment they could live in complete isolation and meditate in peace but instead of doing this Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help the people. So this means Bodhisattvas were perceived as deeply compassionate beings who accumulated merit through their efforts but did not use this merit to attain Nibbana and thereby abandoned the world but to help others. Now here is where Paramita comes. See Paramita means any of the perfections or fullness or transcendental virtues that are practised or cultivated by Bodhisattvas in the advanced stages of their path towards enlightenment and there are six Paramitas or six virtues in Mahayana Buddhism to attain supreme knowledge and for a Bodhisattva to attain Buddhadva and these are Dhanaparamita meaning generosity or charity Silla Paramita meaning morality or character Santi Paramita means perseverance, tolerance or patience and then comes Virya Paramita meaning vigor, heroism or courage and following this is Dhyana Paramita meaning meditation or concentration and the final one is Prajnaparamita meaning wisdom or intuitive insight. Now here you just know that later these six Paramitas were increased to ten Paramitas so with this information when you look at the question you can easily infer that the correct answer is option C that is perfections whose attainment led to Bodhisattva path and because of this the worship of images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas became very popular and it spread throughout Central Asia, China, Korea and Japan including western and southern India so the right option is option C so with this let's move on to the next question now look at this previous problem's question this question is based on the difference between plant cell and animal cell now before going into the question discussion we'll see in brief about these two cells see plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells but both are not identical a typical eukaryotic cell will consist of a cell membrane a nucleus and cytoplasm this cell membrane is also called as plasma membrane and it is selectively permeable and it facilitates the transport of several molecules now apart from separating the cells from one another the cell membrane will also separate the cell from the surrounding medium when you take plant cells they possess cell walls, plastic and a large central vacuole now here cell walls are a non-living rigid structure which forms an outer covering for the plasma membrane in plants and this cell wall gives shape to the cell and it also protects the cell from mechanical damage and infection adding to this the cell wall also helps in cell to cell interaction and it provides barrier to undesirable macromolecules now here you should also remember plant cells have a cell wall outside their cell membrane or plasma membrane and the plant cell wall is mainly composed of cellulose which is a complex substance which provides structural strength to the plants now next comes the plastids see these plastids are found in all plant cells and they bear some specific pigments and thus impart specific colors to the plants now based on the type of pigments plastids can be classified into three types namely chloroplast, chromoplast and leukoplast after the cell walls and plastids comes the large central vacuole see vacuole is a membrane bound space that is found in the cytoplasm and it contains water, sap, excretory product and other materials that are not useful for the cell so you can also say that vacuoles are storage sacks for solid or liquid contents note that the plant cells have very large vacuoles and in fact the central vacuole of some plant cells may occupy even 50-90% of the cell volume especially most mature plant cells have a large central vacuole now on coming to the animal cells the difference between plant and animal cells is that animal cells do not possess cell walls, plastids and a large central vacuole rather when you take the vacuoles in animal cells they are much smaller and also we can find a number of small vacuoles in animal cells apart from this another distinctive feature is that animal cells have got centrioles which is absent in plant cells see the centrioles are non-membrane bound organelle which helps in cell division now keeping all this information in mind let us look at the statements given in the question the first statement says that plant cells have cellulose cell walls while animal cells do not so based on our understanding we can say that this statement is correct as animal cells do not have cell walls coming to the second statement plant cells do not have plasma membrane unlike animal cells which do now here this statement is incorrect because both plant cells and animal cells are eukaryotic cells and they contain a plasma membrane so this statement is incorrect and the third statement which says mature plant cells has one large vacuole while animal cells has many small vacuoles so just like how we saw in the discussion based on our discussion we can infer that this statement is also correct so therefore the right option is option C that is 1 and 3 only now let us take up this question about the interest coverage ratio see interest coverage ratio is the ratio of earnings before interest and tax to the interest expenses here earnings before interest and tax is the company's operating profit and interest expense that represents the interest payable on any borrowing such as bonds, loans, line of credit etc so in other words interest coverage ratio is calculated by dividing a firm's earnings before interest and tax by the interest charges see this interest coverage ratio is a measure of debt, service and capacity of a company it measures the ability of companies to meet their interest obligations from their operating profits that is from the surplus generated from its operation and in simple terms interest coverage ratio measures how many times a company can cover its current interest payment with its available earnings so remember interest coverage is a consequence of a company's profitability, capital structure and cost of borrowings thus businesses that have an intrinsically low profit margin and a high interest burden may adversely affect the interest coverage ratio of that particular business or firm know that this interest coverage ratio is a crucial yardstick because higher the ratio the better is the company's safety margin and it is because higher ratio means the firm can absorb more adversity and it is more likely to pay interest on time so therefore it is less likely to default the loans but however the ability of a firm to pay interest becomes doubtful if the ratio deteriorates to 1.5 or lower now this is the reason why lenders, investors and creditors they often use this to determine a company's riskiness with respect to its current debt or a company's riskiness with respect to future borrowing mainly because interest coverage ratio is used to determine company's stability and short term financial health of a company so with this information let us look at the previous year's prelims question so if you take the first statement bank is the lender here and interest coverage ratio helps the bank to understand the current risks so therefore statement one is correct similarly we saw that interest coverage ratio also assesses company's riskiness with respect to future borrowings and interest coverage ratio is used to determine company's stability this is because a declining interest coverage ratio is an indication that a company may be unable to meet its debt obligations in the future which are nothing but indications of emerging risks so this makes statement two also correct and on coming to the third statement see this statement is incorrect because higher interest coverage ratio means better the ability to serve its debts so therefore the right option is option A that is one and two only coming to the next question this question is about pro nuclear transfer so we will be saying about it now see pro nuclear transfer is a human reproductive technology that is used to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial DNA diseases in human see mitochondrial DNA disease is a genetic disease where mitochondrial DNA mutations happen as you know mitochondria are organelles of specialized parts that are present in the cell and it is known as the power houses of the cell because its function is to convert the chemical energy from food into energy molecules which are also called as adenosine triphosphate or ATP see this energy is then utilized by the cell for performing different activities of core functioning, growth and maintenance so if mitochondria do not work properly less and less energy is generated and due to this cells get damaged and they ultimately die leading to organ failure and system failure see mitochondrial functions are conducted through more than 1500 different types of proteins and these proteins are coded by two types of DNA and they are the nuclear DNA or NDNA and mitochondrial DNA or MT DNA see this mitochondrial DNA has genes scored for 13 proteins which play different roles when it comes to the functioning of the mitochondria you know that mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother and it becomes a part of the growing embryo but the issue is mitochondrial DNA has a rapid mutation rate so when it mutates the functioning of the mitochondria is disturbed and mitochondria may become partly or fully disabled and this causes the cell to lose its ability to generate energy and this is manifested as mitochondrial diseases and in fact there are more than 150 mitochondrial diseases so if the mother's mitochondrial DNA carries even a small proportion of mutation then it could lead to mitochondrial diseases in the child now one of the techniques to reduce this transmission of mitochondrial DNA disease from mother to child is through pro-nuclear transfer in a pro-nuclear transfer the egg of the mother is fertilized with the sperm of the father using in vitro fertilization see this in vitro fertilization is a complex series of procedures that are used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child and in this the egg of the mother has faulty mitochondria having the potential to mutate now the egg of the mother is fertilized using in vitro fertilization to form two proton nuclei see proton nucleus is nothing but the nucleus of the ovum or sperm after fertilization here other than the mother's egg and father's sperm a third one is involved which is called as the donor egg and this donor egg is contributed by another female with a healthy mitochondria note that baby is born out of this kind of arrangement called as three parent babies because they have three parents that is the father, the mother and another female who contributes the enucleated egg now the donor egg is also fertilized with the sperm of the father using in vitro fertilization to form two proton nuclei but these pro nuclei are discarded instead donor embryo becomes ready to receive the pro nuclei from the mother's fertilized egg so the two proton nuclei are removed from the mother's fertilized egg and they are injected into the enucleated donor's fertilized egg and after removal of the nucleus the fertilized mother's egg is discarded so here the donor's embryo is reconstructed and it is implanted into the mother's home now this reconstructed embryo develops into a baby with maternal and paternal nuclear DNA and a healthy mitochondrial DNA from the donor with this information let us now take a look at the question the question says in the context of reason advances in human reproductive technology pro-nuclear transfer is used for fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor's sperm genetic modification of sperm producing cells development of stem cells into functional embryos prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring what we learned so far we can easily infer that option D that is prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring is the right answer our next discussion is going to be based on this news article this article is related to an important observation that was made with the Karnataka High Court on protection of children from sexual offenses act of 2012 which is also called as the Poxo Act so in this slide let us discuss some important sections of the act the syllabus covered by this article is given below for your reference see Poxo Act has been enacted to protect children from offenses of sexual assault sexual harassment and pornography and it also provides for the establishment of special codes for trial of such offenses and related matters and incidents see the act was amended in 2019 to make provisions for enhancement of punishments for various offenses so as to deter the perpetrators and also to ensure safety, security and dignified childhood for a child now coming to the salient features of the act see the act is gender neutral and it defines a child as any person below 18 years of age and it regards the best interest and well-being of the child as being of paramount importance at every stage and this is to ensure the healthy physical, emotional, intellectual as well as social development of the child see the act defines different forms of sexual abuse including penetrative and non-penetrative assault as well as sexual harassment and pornography also know that the act deems a sexual assault to be aggravated under certain circumstances such as when the abused child is mentally ill or when the abuse is committed by a person in a position of trust or authority in relation to the child and this can be a family member a police officer, teacher or a doctor and those people who traffic children for sexual purposes are also punishable under the provisions related to the abitement in the act see the act also prescribes provisions for those people who traffic children for sexual purposes and the act is also what stringent punishment graded as per the activity of the offence with the maximum term of rigorous imprisonment for life and fine see chapter 8 of the act that is from articles 33 to 38 deals with the procedure and powers of special codes and recording of evidence see section 33 deals with the procedure and powers of special code and according to this a special code may take cognizance of any offence without the accused being committed to it for trial and this may be done upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence or upon a police report of such facts when you take section 34 it is about the procedure in case of commission of offence by child and determination of age by special code and according to this section when any offence under this act is committed by a child and such child shall be dealt under the provisions of the juvenile justice care and protection of children act of 2000 in case of any question arising in any proceeding before the special code whether a person is a child or not then such question shall be determined by the special code after satisfying itself about the age of such person and it shall record in writing its reasons for such determination on coming to section 35 it is about the period for recording of evidence of child and disposal of case and according to this section the evidence of the child shall be recorded within a period of 30 days of the special code taking cognizance of the offence and reasons for delay if any shall be recorded by the special code and also the special code shall complete the trial as far as possible within a period of one year from the date of taking cognizance of the offence now coming back to the news article the High Court observed that an accused who is booked under the FOXO Act cannot get benefit of release on bail if trial codes are unable to record evidence of the victim child within 30 days or complete the trial within one year as per section 35 now see this is an applaudable decision because this helps in preventing unnecessary delay in judicial proceedings which affects the rights of the child so with this we have come to the end of this news discussion let's move on to the next news article now look at this editorial article this editorial article is based on the patent waiver under TRIPS Agreement in relation to COVID-19 vaccine as you know India and South Africa has requested WTO to waive certain provisions of TRIPS Agreement that deals with four categories of intellectual property rights which includes copyright, industrial designs, patents and undisclosed information now the main objective behind this waiver is that it will reduce the cost of vaccines substantially and it will also enable free flow of medicines and easy technology transfer across the world and this will mainly help the developing countries in combating the pandemic but the problem here is this has been strongly opposed by the rich countries and pharmaceutical companies so based on this for the past two days we have seen what is TRIPS and some positive and negative implications of the waiver and this editorial mainly focuses on the arguments that are put forward for opposing the waiver especially patent waiver on COVID-19 vaccine development and the author of the editorial enlightens us on why such arguments are baseless or misguided so let's see these aspects now the syllabus covered by this article is given below for your reference first a patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention which could be a product or a process that in general provides a new way of doing something or which offers a new technical solution to a problem these patents may be granted for inventions in any field of technology be it from kitchen utensil to a nano technology chip so now the patent owner has the exclusive right to prevent or stop others from commercially exploiting the patented invention that is it provides patent protection see patent protection means that the invention cannot be commercially made, used, distributed, imported or sold by others without the patent owner's consent so the same is applicable for manufacturing vaccines as well but the protection is granted for a limited period generally 20 years from the date of the filling of application so the advantages of a patent are that it gives a right to stop others from copying, manufacturing selling or importing one's invention without their permission and since the protection is for a predetermined period it prevents the competition and keeps the competitors at bay and it is also a source of revenue if the patent is sold or it is licensed, see licensing a patent means that the patent owner grants permission to another individual or to another organization to make use or sell their patented invention in return for royalty payments but this will be based on agreed terms and conditions like that of a defined purpose, a defined territory and for an agreed period of time so now what is the case with COVID vaccine patent waiver see many developed or rich countries like Germany, UK, European Union etc they chose to shield their patent rights so along with pharmaceutical industry they have opposed the patent waiver since no consensus could be achieved here WTO could not approve the waiver see this is because WTO is a consensus based organization that is WTO as a tradition of making decisions not by voting but by consensus see here consensus means that no member who is present at the meeting where the decision is formally taken formally objects to the proposed decision now since countries have objected to the waiver no decision could be erect so now let us see what are the arguments that were put forward for opposing the waiver and simultaneously we will also see why those arguments are hollow see the first argument is regarding the capacity for producing vaccines of assured quality and safety it is argued that this capacity is limited to only some laboratories and the labs in low and middle income countries lack such capacity so they cannot handle the quality and safety aspect and therefore if waiver is given the quality and safety aspect of vaccines will be compromised see this argument is based because of the duplicity or the two-facedness of multinational firms including the pharmaceutical manufacturers as this is not their stand out ways see they have and are allowing the manufacturing of patent-produced products including vaccines by the low and middle income countries for the global market and this is mainly because of the low labour cost in those countries which results in low cost production now say for example we know that AstraZeneca has given a license of its patented vaccine to the Serum Institute of India so based on which the Serum Institute of India has prepared the Covishield vaccine and this simply shows that if pharmaceutical companies products or vaccines are patent-produced and they receive royalty they use the untapped capacity of the low and middle income countries and at this period no question arises on the quality or safety of such products so this highlights that the pharmaceutical companies focus is on the profits received through patents and this forms the basis for this second argument which is that financial reward or royalty is necessary for incentivizing the industries to innovate and invest in developing new products but according to the author if voluntary license is provided then also royalty is paid to the original innovators and patent-olders by the licensee so there will not be any hindrance on revenue but only some reduced profits now here you may think voluntary license of patent is a good option like Serum Institute of India but it is not a welcome option but in reality it is not a welcome option because like the patent it also restricts the vaccine manufacturing to those few firms that obtain license so based on the first argument it is also said that there is no evidence of existing extra capacity for producing vaccines outside the current vaccine manufacturing when you look at this argument this argument is also not true because recently WHO called for expression of interest for its new initiative of COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccine technology Transfer Hub see this initiative is aimed at expanding the vaccine production capacity to low and middle income countries and is scaling up vaccine manufacturing to increase the global access and for this already more than 50 firms have expressed interest showing their existing capacity now the next argument is that even if provided patent waiver will be useless in combating current pandemic due to the time taken by the firms to produce vaccine now on the phase of it this argument is baseless since we do not know how long the pandemic will continue so even if new firms take time to develop vaccine it will be helpful for the future infection search and also we have to remember how last year these vaccine manufacturers they produced a vaccine in record time and it is also possible by other new firms now the next argument is if patent waiver is given then countries like China will be able to steal their patented technologies see this argument is hollow since it was China which openly shared the original genomic sequence of the virus that helped in vaccine development and further existing vaccine manufacturers did not produce vaccine on their research alone but also based on the foundational science from public funded universities and research centres so boasting vaccine production as their own accomplishment is something which is deceptive so these are the arguments that opposes the patent waiver now to counter this the author provides a suggestion of issuing compulsory licenses which is based on the WTO Doha Declaration on the Chips Agreement and Public Health of 2001 see this declaration identifies specific options or flexibilities that are open for governments to address public health needs and the flexibilities also includes the right to grant compulsory licenses see a compulsory license is issued by government authority or a court to make certain use of a patented invention without the consent of the patented holder and article 31 of the Chips Agreement allows this under various conditions which are aimed at protecting the legitimate interests of the patented holder so therefore compulsory license shall be provided by the countries to share the vaccine technology as a step to tackle the ongoing pandemic so with these informations let us now move on to the next part of the news discussion now look at this article this news article is about the recent initiatives by world powers to hold high level talks aimed at bringing the US back into the nuclear deal with Iran and the talks began in early April of this year in Austria and it is said that the delegation seems to be ready to stay in Vienna as long as necessary to achieve the goal so in this regard let's see some relevant facts about the history of the Iran nuclear deal see the Iran nuclear deal also known as joint comprehensive plan of action is an agreement between several world powers to make it clear JCPOA is a result of prolonged negotiations from 2013 to 2015 between Iran and the P5 countries which includes US, UK, China, Russia and France alongside Germany and European Union and this agreement came after years of tension over Iran's alleged efforts to develop a nuclear weapon however Iran insisted that its nuclear program was entirely peaceful but the international community did not believe that and later on after back channel talks between the US and Iran the deal came into force in January 2016 and the timeline for the implementation of the deal is given below for your reference you can have a glance at it now let's focus on the JCPOA agreement see this agreement sets out rules for monitoring Iran's nuclear program and it babes away for the lifting of UN sanctions on Iran in return as a part of this deal Iran agreed to limit its sensitive nuclear activities and to allow in international inspectors in return for the lifting of crippling economic sanctions note that it is a win-win situation for all the players in the deal and their aim of restoring peace and stability is rightly balanced through ensuring economic development in Iran by lifting the sanctions note that the UN is also involved in this process and as said earlier there is a monitoring mechanism put in place to assure that Iran complies with the accord and hence for this purpose the UN SE has passed a resolution in 2015 and according to this the UN's atomic energy agency which is called as the International Atomic Energy Agency will have regular access to and more information on Iran's nuclear program now coming back to the deal note that the deal mandates Iran and commenting itself to restrict its nuclear programs see the key commitments of the deal includes limiting the uranium enrichment to 3.67% of uranium-235 by 15 years and then the enrichment will be done only at particular places such as Nantaz for 15 years and also it imposed restrictions on uranium stockpiling advanced centrifuge research and development and all key components for nuclear weapons but in spite of such restrictions and monitoring mechanisms in place the deal is yet to progress in the right direction now let us see the reason for it see firstly the agreement got off to a fairly smooth start and the IAEA certified in early 2016 that Iran had met its preliminary pledges and even the United States, the European Union and the United Nations they responded by repealing their sanctions see more significantly US President Barack Obama's administration dropped secondary sanctions on the oil sector which allowed Iran to ramp up its oil exports and additionally the United States and many European nations also unfroze about 100 billion dollars worth of frozen Iranian assets now in spite of all these positives however the deal has been near a collapse since President Trump withdrew the United States from it in 2018 and reinstated devastating banking and oil sanctions now according to Trump the agreement failed to address Iran's ballistic missile program and its proxy warfare in the region after a move from the US, Iran accused the United States of revoking its commitments and faulted Europe for submitting to the United States unilateralism and the relations worsened with the drone strike on Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps commander general Qasim Suleiman and following this, Iran announced that it will no longer observe the JCPOA's restraints however in a bid to keep the agreement alive France, Germany and the United Kingdom launched a barter system known as INSTECS and this barter system facilitates the transactions with Iran outside of the US banking system but however the system is meant only for food and medicine which are already exempted from the US sanctions following a year later the United States ended the way worse with the aim of alting Iran's oil exports completely and this prompted Tehran to breach the deal where Iran started exceeding limits on the sale of low-enriched uranium in 2019 and it also began enriching uranium to higher concentrations now coming back to the news article see the recent moves indicate that the US and Iran are in favor of finding a solution to this issue and it becomes evident with the current president Joe Biden showing interest in rejoining the deal and in that way the US delegation in Vienna took part in indirect talks with Iran about the significance of this deal to India know that removing sanctions may revive India's interest in the Chabahar port, Bandar Abbas port and also in other plans for regional connectivity and this would further help India to neutralize the Chinese presence in Guadar port located in Pakistan mainly the restoration of ties between the US and Iran will help India to procure cheap Iranian oil and aid in energy security so with this we have come to the end of this news discussion so in this news article we saw about JCPOA the members associated with it and also on its significance so now let us move on to the next part of the news discussion now let us take up this article this article says that Chief Justice of India Envy Ramana had nominated four separate benches of the Supreme Court to hear extremely urgent cases during the first part of the summer holidays it is said that more such benches would be constituted for the second and third parts of the holidays until the court reopens on June 28 know that the apex court takes two long vacations each year that is the summer and winter breaks but remember the apex court is technically not fully closed during this periods and in such scenario under Rule 6 of Order 2 of the Supreme Court rules of 2013 Honourable Chief Justice of India nominates division benches and hence a vacation bench of the Supreme Court is a special bench that is constituted by the Chief Justice of India according to Rule 6 the Chief Justice may appoint one or more judges to hear during summer vacation or winter holidays all matters of an urgent nature and under these rules it may be heard by a judge sitting singly and whenever necessary he may likewise appoint a division court for the hearing of urgent cases during the vacation which require to be heard by a bench of judges see remember the i-court and the trial courts too have vacation benches to hear urgent matters under their jurisdiction and these vacation benches gain significance in important political cases for example when the Karnataka assembly results were announced the decision to invite the Bharatya Janata Party by Karnataka Governor was challenged by the Congress before the vacation bench and the apex court passed an interim order to conduct a floor the very next day and this played a key role in setting of events relating to government formation see generally most of the cases before the Supreme Court are heard by a division bench of 2 or 3 judges now on coming to a constitution bench see it consists of at least 5 or more judges of the court see this constitutional bench is set up when a case involves a substantial question of law under article 145 clause 3 or any reference made under article 143 of the constitution see article 145 clause 3 is about the minimum number of judges what is set for the purpose of deciding any case involving a substantial question of law in relation to the interpretation of the constitution and article 143 is about the power of the precedent to consult Supreme Court apart from these the other situations when constitutional benches are formed is when a petition calling in question the election of the president and vice president at article 71 of the constitution comes apart from this the Chief Justice of India may from time to time constitute a bench consisting of 5 or more judges for the purpose of hearing any other cause appeal or matter so with this information let's see what the next article has got to tell us now we will take up this news article the news article mentions that National Commission for Women will submit a report on West Bengal and this National Commission for Women constituted a three member committee to look into the post poll violence against women in West Bengal and a report of the committee will be submitted to the Ministry of Home Affairs possibly today so in this context it is known about NCW or the National Commission for Women see it is a statutory body that was set up in 1992 and it was set up under the National Commission for Women Act of 1990 the objectives of the body includes to review the constitutional and legal safeguards for women to recommend remedial legislative measures to facilitate re-resil of grievances and also to advise the government on all policy matters affecting women and based on these objectives the National Commission for Women functions as per section 10 of the Act and under this its function includes investigating and examining all matters relating to the safeguards provided for women under the constitution and other laws and annually submitting a report to the central government regarding these safeguards also making recommendations for the effective implementation of those safeguards for proving the conditions of women by the union or state added to this it also takes up cases of violations of the legal or constitutional provisions of legislation related to women and then function also includes considering complaints and taking so more to notice of matters relating to deprivation of women's right etc so based on its mandate the commission has taken up the issue of child marriage and it is sponsored legal awareness program etc and it is also reviewed the laws to make the most stringent and effective such as dowry prohibition act of 1961 the preconception and prenatal diagnostic techniques the prohibition of sex selection act of 1994 the Indian penal code of 1860 and the national commission for women act of 1990 and on talking about its composition this national commission of women it consists of a shared person five members and a secretary and all of them are nominated by the central government here you should note that among its members at least one member shall be from among persons belonging to the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes respectively and the chap person and every member shall hold office not exerting three years so these are some of the facts related to the NCAA so with this let us move on to the practice question discussion now look at this prelims practice question about instex statement one says that it is a trade mechanism that was established by France Germany and the United Kingdom to allow US entities to maintain trade with Iran and statement two says that this system is meant for trading all goods and services and are not restricted by any means and we need to identify the right statement so coming to statement one see instex or instrument in support of trade exchanges is a trade mechanism that was established by France, Germany and the United Kingdom in January 2019 and this mechanism was done to allow European entities to maintain trade with Iran and not for the US entities to maintain trade with Iran hence statement one is wrong see remember this measure or this mechanism has been designed to circumvent US sanctions against trade with Iran by avoiding the use of US dollars now coming to the second statement see instex will initially be used for non-sanctionable trade including humanitarian goods such as medicine food and medical devices so therefore statement two is also wrong and since the question is asking to identify the correct statements the right answer is option D that is neither one nor two now let us discuss this question about the Poxo Act statement one says that the act is gender neutral and it defines a child as any person below 18 years of age and statement two says that it empowers special court to take cognizance of any offence without the accused being committed to wait for trial and we need to find the right statement see statement one is correct because as we saw earlier Poxo is gender neutral and it applies to both girls and boys below the age of 18 see coming to statement two this statement is also correct as under section three of the act special court may take cognizance of any offence without the accused being committed to it for trial and this can be done upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence or even upon a police report or such facts. Therefore the right option is option C that is both one and two. Now look at this prelims practice question it wants us to identify the correct circumstances under which a supreme court of India may form a constitutional bench and three circumstances are given one is when a case involving a substantial question of law under article 145 clause 3 arises, second when a reference is made under article 143 and third when a supreme court takes summer and winter occasions. So based on our discussion we can infer that statement one and statement two is correct but when you take this third statement it is incorrect because it is not a constitution bench but rather a vacation bench is formed when the apex court takes two long vacations each that is during the summer and winter breaks. So therefore the right option is option B that is one and two only. Now let us discuss this question about the national commission for women the question wants us to identify the incorrect statement. Statement one says that it is a constitutional body see this statement is incorrect because it is not a constitutional body but it is a statutory body that was established under the national commission for women act of 1990. Coming to the second statement it states that it is headed by the president of India. See second statement is also incorrect because no such provision is mentioned in the act and as per the act a person committed to the cause of women is to be nominated by the central government as chairperson. And statement three says that it can inspect a jail, remand home, women's institution or other place of custody where women are kept as prisoners. See this statement is correct because this is one of its mandate. Since the question wants us to find the incorrect statement the right option is option A which is one and two only. The list of main's questions is provided here. You can write your answer and post them in the comment section below. With this we have come to the end of today's end of news analysis. If you like the video don't forget to like, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankara is Academy YouTube channel for more updates regarding UPSC civil services preparation.