for the speed of light, the cloud of dust, and the hearty high, oh, silver, the lone ranger. The girls who traveled to the west of the United States with their mothers and fathers and grew up in the great new territory heard many stories of the phantom figure of the plains. No one was ever known to beat him to the draw, and his courage was only matched by his sense of fair play. The man who deserved a second chance always received one from the masked writer of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days when the west was young. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver, the lone ranger rides again. Our story opens in the cafe at Booneville where Link Hamlin and Rusty Brennan are seated at a table. With them is young Neil Clark, who pushes back his chair and... Well, I'll be seeing you fellas again, I reckon. Sure, Neil, stay on. Have another drink. No thanks, Link. I'd better be getting on hold. Still tied to your marzipan strings, huh? That ain't so. Or leave him be, Rusty. Neil's all right. He just ain't used to being grown up, that's all. And he's still got a notion everything his folks tell him is gospel truth. That is Neil. I'm old enough to think things out for myself. And I do too. You just wait. You've both got the idea. I'm scared to tell my folks I'm going my own way, ain't ya? Well, I ain't scared and I'll show ya. Now, young fella, that's the way to talk. Maybe he's got some gumption after all. I'm going on 18. I ain't a kid no more. Of course he ain't. Neil of course he ain't. And when you get around to proving that to your old man in your mall, I drop around and look me in Rusty up. Maybe we'll be able to use ya. See, you mean to let me through him with you fellas? Sure, why not? And buddy, if you do, it won't be just wages you'll have to spend. It'll be important cash. Oh, that's sure as well here. Gosh, I don't know what to say. Well, you're friends, ain't we? But I never fidgeted. Well, don't start thinking yet a while, fella. You ain't told the folks you leave in the ranch yet? All we've said is that if you do strike out for yourself, then you can join us. Well, sure, I'd have you all right. Sure. But you'll see, I'll tell him. I ain't a scoundrel. You can't tell him before you see him, can you? But no, but I didn't tell him. Then maybe you'd better be running on home after all. Huh? Oh, oh, sure, yeah. Yeah, I reckon I better. But I said I'd be seeing you fellas again. And maybe, sooner than you expect. All right. Good night. Just a second, huh? There's a storekeeper at the bar. He's been looking this way like he wanted to talk to you, Neil. Ezra? Where? Standing next to that tall stranger. Yeah, I see him now.  It aims to give me some more of his advice, I reckon. Well, I'll show him where to head in. Ha, ha, ha. Don't take no sass off him, Neil. Hi there, Neil. What do you want, Ezra?  Excuse me, stranger. Of course. The bar is kind of crowded. Well, Ezra, the word about what?  They're my friends. Mighty poor friends to have, I'd say. Ezra, you ain't got no call to tell me what to do, just because I worked for you when I was a kid. When you were younger? Seems to me you've aged, mighty quick, then. Was more than three months ago you left me to work for your pa on the ranch, was it? You're making fun of me. Now don't go flying off the handle, Neil. Paint that at all. I'm just trying to warn you of your own good. Then you can save your breath. Oh, shucks. Does anybody else put you? That's just what I do. But your pa's my best friend, Neil. We came to Texas together. Fact is, I've always sort of looked on you like moaned kids. Well, that don't give you any rights over there. Neil, you look here. You're right at the age when you can either grow up to be the right kind of a man like your pa is, or get off on the wrong trail and end up where Link and Rusty are over there. You talk like they're crooks. Well, ain't they? I've heard enough. And I'll thank you to mind your own affairs. I guess I'm old enough to take care of myself. Now wait, Neil. Good night.  Hey, Barkeep, fill up my glass, will you? Having a drink, stranger? No, thank you. I'm leaving. Hey, Barkeep, I said fill up my glass. I can't stand around here no longer waiting for you. Rusty, you don't look like the storekeeper got very far with the kids. Oh, I noticed. What do you think? You think the kid will join us? Sure, he will. He don't. That'll mean we gotta blast open as we're safe. I just assume not take that chance. Ah, don't worry. Kid will join us all right. The only thing I'm worried about is maybe Ezra's team's accommodations is Neil will work for him. Why should he? Well, he might have... He's never suspicious. Neil will rob him, would he? Well, I don't... Of course he wouldn't. Shucks, Rusty, this is going to be the easiest thing we ever done. Ezra's always been so doggone sure his cash could be got at in that safe he is. He's never bothered to take it home at nights. We can force the back door without making enough noise to wake up a red skin. And if Neil backs out when he learns what we're planning... Then what he won't do well in, he'll do it the pint of a gun. And if the kid does try to back out, I've got a scheme that'll make him wish he never got the notion. Yeah? In that case, Rusty will get the cash. And the law will get Neil. The next evening, Neil, with all his belongings, loaded on a pack horse, rode to the corral where his father was attempting to rob a half-tamed, half-tamed Mustang. Paul. Hey, come here, Neil. Come here and hand me this best-kept critter. Hey, what's the extra horse for? And the war bag. Oh, Paul there, boy. I know, Paul, I... Well, if you are, you can change your mind right now. There's too much to be done around here for me to spare you. I ain't working here no more, Paul. What's that? I'm pulling stakes. You? Say, am I going local or are you? Did I hear you say he was pulling stakes? That's the size of it. No, hold on. Don't do no good to argue with me. I've plummeted up my mind. Did you hear your talk? You've lost it.  I'm leaving. You're doing no such thing. I'm almost 18. Uh-huh. And I've seen more Egypts at 18 than any other age. Wait. Wait a second. I was in town this morning and I seen every there.  He didn't like him to lie. I don't know.  Well, what if I have? He wouldn't have nothing to do with this crazy notion that you're leaving home today. No one tells me what to do. That ain't quite what I ask you. I know what you said. What I want to know is what's wrong with Lincoln Rusty. Don't reckon you need to be told that. Sure. Everybody says they're crooks. What if they are? They've got nerve. If they go after something, they're gambling their lives on it. They're men. Real men. They ain't safe to home wishing for things, but a fear to have them. Son, is that the way you see things? You've worked hard all your life and what's it got you? This here ranch with a mortgage on it at the bank. It's got you the right to slave for morning till night while it's sun blisters you in the summer and blizzards freeze you in the winter. It's got... Ain't you got things of my twisted, son? Working hard is what made the banker trust me when things went bad for his spell and I needed the cash. And working hard is what gave you a mall home. I'll take care of myself from now on. And that's another thing. How do you figure your mall is going to feel about this? All right. I'll see you see where I'm right someday. Yeah? When I'm able to buy things and help to make it easier for you. Neal, you do this and you'll break your mall's heart. I don't reckon that's so. Doesn't anything mean nothing to you no more? Haven't the things we've tried to teach you going any deeper than this? Goodbye, Pa. I order... Get up, what?  Neal, come along. Can you come back here? Why? Let him go, Andy. What? A mask man? Where'd you come from? I was just over there near your barn. You heard what was said? I did. I was waiting to speak to you. That mask?  You put Neal up to this, I'll bet. I'm not a crook, Andy. And I'd like to help you save your boy. I was in the cafe last night and I heard the storekeeper talking to Neal. What's all this to you? I think Ezra was right. What'd he say? He said that Neal was at the turning point of his life and his whole future depends on the decisions he makes now. That's funny talk from an outlaw.  But I've told you, I'm not. Well, I ain't neither here nor there. I've got to go after Neal and bring the young-aged back here. Wait. Nope, I'm going... Listen to me, Andy. Bringing Neal back by force isn't going to solve your problem. What am I supposed to do? Just stand by while my boy goes to the band? Neal needs several things. A good licking among them. First, he needs something to shock him into realizing what he's doing. The shock I got was when my pa laid on to me with a hazel switch. And he needs enough excitement to do him for a long time to come. He'll get it. He will, Andy, if you'll listen to me. Oh, Silver. Oh, boy. Silver. Hello. See you, Andy. Yes, and he'll do as I suggested. Oh, me plenty glad to hear that. We've got to remember one thing, Kimosabi. As long as we suggested this plan, we must see that no harm comes to Neal or Andy. I learned where Rusty and Link live in a small shack just outside of town. I mean no place. And that's where Neal will likely go. If Link and Rusty really want Neal for a partner, they'll plan something soon. Once Neal is stepped outside of the law, he'll have to stay with them. They know that, and we'll take advantage of it. What we do? We're writing to town, Tyler. It'll be late in the evening by the time we get there. We may be able to learn their plans. Here's Cout. And, Tyler, I've got an idea of Rusty and Link do plan anything. They must stay clear of the law much longer. That's right. Let's go. Come on, Tyler. At the same time that the Lone Ranger and Tonto raced toward Booneville, Rusty and Link heard a knock on the door of their cabin. Hey, Link, that would be the sheriff, would it? Yeah, whatever it is. He ain't got nothing on us. Come in. Howdy, Tyler. Well, I'll be dog. It's Neal. Well, we figured. I bet you never thought I'd get up the Nervy Leaf home. Ain't that so? You really pulled up, Steve? I sure did. I told Father where I fell about things, and by golly, he saw I meant it. Did he say nothing? Oh, he tried to argue me out of it, of course. But I soon put a stop to that. I just rode away and left him standing there. Oh, well, kid, you had me fooled complete. But we're sure glad to see you with us. Ain't we glad, Rusty? We are that. Matter of fact, Neal, I don't know. Guess what we'd have done without you. Ah, I'd blame good of you, fellas, to say that. But, Erick, and I don't count for much, compared to homers that can handle guns like you two. Shucks, everybody's got their uses, kid. Ain't likely you'll be long-finered out, ain't they? I mean, you've got something planned already? Said we'd show you how to make big cash. Oh, sure. But I didn't figure on anything real, too. Even cold feet? Of course I ain't. You just try me out. We'll do that. Ain't forgot the combination to Ezra's safe, have you? You mean... We mean that's the first thing we've got for you to do. We'll rob an Ezra's store, and you're open to safe for us. Oh, but see here, Colony, it ain't going to be hard. Now, who's that? Come in. What? Hey, what are you doing here? So you came after me, huh? Well, it won't do you no good, and you might as well know it now. I said I was throwing in with these fellas, and I meant what I said. Now, son, did I say anything about coming after you? Huh? Hey, what is this? If you came here to make trouble, Andy, you'll find we can hand out a plenty. Shucks, didn't nothing like that. Then what are you doing here? I was just came here to admit that I made a mistake. A mistake? That's right, son. You see, after you left home, I got to think and move over what you said. You did? About the mortgage on the place, and working all hours, and getting blisters from the sun, and getting froze when it's winter. I... I'm sorry. Well, that ain't hard to understand. The more I thought about it, the more I got to see and where you was right. No. Yes. So from now on, fellas, the blaze is worth ranching and hard work. It's cash the easy way for me. Shake hands with a fresh made alcohol. The curtain falls on the first act of our thrilling Lone Ranger drama. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. Shortly after, Andy Clark surprised his son, Neil, in the two outlaws, Link and Rusty, by announcing that he, too, wished to become an outlaw. The Lone Ranger and Tonto reigned in their horses near the cabin. Oh, silver. Oh, fellas. Stay here, silver. Come, Tonto. I'll be coming. I don't know if we're going to be able to hear them inside or not, Kim, or something. This is all the windows on this side are closed. Maybe wind on the other side is open. Well, let's see. Well, let's find out first if Neil and Andy are inside. Andy. You see him? Yes. He's sitting by the table. Neil's sitting alone over in that far corner. Yeah. Oh, look, plenty mad. They're watching Andy as though they suspect he's up to something. I told Andy they likely wouldn't believe his story. That's why I thought we'd better be on hand. That's a good idea. Kim, we'll circle the house and see if there's any place at all where we can wait and hear what's being said. While the Lone Ranger and Tonto waited patiently, the hours slipped by. One by one, the village lights went out. Then inside the outlaws' shack, Rusty spoke. Well, Link reckons about time where he's moving. There ain't nobody awake in town now. Yeah. And look here, Andy. Huh? You ain't fooling us at all. You're up to some trick. What it is, I don't know. But I'm warning you, you'll make a false move and it'll be your last. Said I was going to be a crook, didn't I? Don't you think I'm old enough to know my own mind? Hey there, Neil. Quit sulking. Come over here. I've been thinking things over. Yeah? The way you've been sitting in a corner all evening without talking to anybody, I thought maybe you was mad at me. You can't do this. No? You can't just walk out in a ranch as if it didn't mean anything to you. Did it, didn't I? And just wait till the banker comes around to collect the cash we owe him. He's going to find himself in the cattle business. But how about Ma? Well, what about her? You can't leave her like this. Can I? You don't see us how I owe her any more than you do. Don't you figure after 30 years of paying bills, I've done my shares? Look at all she's done for you. Now, son, what she's done for me, she ain't done for you. Well, I... What's right for one is right for all. He's done all kinds of things for you. That's right. And it seems to me, I recollect you're going without sleep for near a week just nursing you when you had the fever. And there was a time you broke a wheel on old Zeke's buggy. And Ma took the blame so she wouldn't whop you. And I'll never forget as long as I live how she cried when you was born. She was that glad about it. Whatever place is going on here?  Now, partners, don't mind my calling your pards, do you? I'm just trying to show Neil I got just as much right to turn quick as he has. Well, I ain't going through with it. Yeah, now what's this? I ain't, I tell you. It's wrong. Pa, you're going back to the ranch, and I'm going with you. And we're going right now. Yes, hold on. And let me handle this, pards. Neil's a mighty excited. Maybe I can do more with him than you can. Pa, how can you sit there and talk like that? You ought to be ashamed. Son, you said yourself you wasn't the boy no more. But Pa, don't... And when you're a man grown, you learn that when you make the choice, you have to stick to it. And that's just what you're going to do. Pa, I never thought to hear you talk like this. Well, for the matter of that, I never thought a boy of mine would want to turn crooked. So that's it. Huh? You came here pretending to want to join us just so he can make the kid change his mind. How weak, Pa. Pards, eh? Now then, take a look at these shooting eyes. I see them. And listen to what I got to say. You came melon here where you wasn't wanted planning on spying on our scheme. Ain't you sure to jump into conclusions? I savvy your game. But it ain't working. Neil ain't backing out cause it's too late. If you pull, can't figure I'm going to open as it's safe for you. You're local. Neil open it. What makes you think so? Or your pa'll get shot. You... You wouldn't do that. Suppose you try it and see. Pa, what am I going to do? Neil, they're just bluffing.  Or Neil gets shot. All right, you two. Come along. We're heading for Esri's store. And just keep this in mind. If you're the one or you try anything, it won't be yourself. You'll be hurtin'. It'll be the other. Under the watchful eyes of Link and Rusty, Neil and Andy mounted and rode with the outlaws through the silent streets of Booneville. Finally, they reached Esri Miller's general store. Keep watch, Andy, Rusty. I'll try the door. I'm watchin'. You... You're still kiddin' it. Your pa'll gets drilled. It's locked. Figured it would be. Just give it a shove.  Door ain't barred. Yeah. Try again. There, hold it. See if anybody heard us. I reckon not. All right. Inside, you two. You fellas will pay for this. I reckon we won't, Andy. If you and Neil is gonna pay. Huh? Watch out for them boxes. Thanks, Rusty. I've never seen him in the shadows. What do you mean? It's me and Neil, little pa. Here's the safe. Curious, are you, Andy? You fellas don't think you can frame us for this, do you? Maybe. Open up the safe, Neil. I am Pronto. You'll get yours one of these days. Can you read the numbers on the dial? He'd better. We ain't lightin' any matches so that we can be seen. Gettin' it, kid? Yeah, just a sec. There. Now, hand over that cash box in there. There you are. See, see what's in it, Link? Rusty, there's a plenty. More than I figured on. And most of it in folding money. Good. Hey, why'd you put that cash in my pocket first? It's just your pay, Neil. I don't want no stolen money. You don't get the idea, Neil. What we give you there ain't nothin' though while we're keepin' for ourselves. But when the sheriff finds it on you, he's gonna be blamed sure you and your pa are thieves. Sheriff? Sheriff, you take the cash box and get goin'. I'll stay in guard over these fellas. What'll happen when I tell the sheriff that he's too scum? He's the best part of the whole thing, Andy. Rusty'll have the cash right in his saddle pockets when he's talkin' to the sheriff. But by the time you tell your story, he'll have the cash hid where nobody'll ever find it. All right, Rusty, on your way. I'll hold these cooks we found robin' a safe and you'll get the sheriff out of bed. There goes Rusty, Tuttle. That scheme was clever. But they overlooked just one thing. What's that? There isn't time to explain that, Tuttle. We've got to act fast. You'll make outlawful cash back? I've done that, Tuttle. But then there wouldn't have been a robbery. And there would have been nothing for which Link and Rusty could be jailed. My plan would clear Neil and Andy and convict those outlaws. What me do now? If Rusty's going to hide a stolen money, he won't be able to come back with a sheriff. Isn't that right? I'm going to call on the Storkieber, Tuttle. And you're going to follow Rusty. Let him tell his story to the sheriff. But when the sheriff leaves, hold Rusty till I get there. There's Rust. Open this door. It's been time a night to... Mass! You're getting dressed. I'll carry you with me. You've got to get to your store before the sheriff. Now get into your clothes and I'll tell you what you're to do. The old Storkieber was at first indignant, but as the Lone Ranger explained, his indignation changed to excitement. He tumbled into his clothes, saddled his horse and raced to the store. Whoa, there. Whoa, whoa, whoa! What's all the lights doing on in here? I made a blight to land there after I caught him, sheriff. It ain't the sheriff. It ain't the sheriff. No, look, Mr. Miller, we didn't... What's going on here? I think what are you holding our gun on them for? But I thought that they... And Neil, I thought I told you when you were far to get the cash out of the safe and bring it right back to me. What's that? You told us what? I caught it while he was telling the truth. I got the crook, sheriff. One of them got away, but I caught these two all right. Andy, I never figured you'd turn crooked. You neither, Neil. But, sheriff... Hold on a second. Does everybody know going here? Sheriff, what are you doing here? I come here just as soon as Rusty told me about your store being robbed. Who's supposed to have robbed it? Well, Neil... Oh, here. No, he didn't mean to.  Sheriff, can't I send Andy and Neil after my cash without rousing the whole town? You. You sent him here as ring? Of course I did. Man, it ain't true. If you sent him here, why wasn't the lights on when I caught him? And why did they bust the door to get in? I told him not to light the lamps, just so there wouldn't be a lot of fuss. And I broke that door myself this afternoon. That's what I wanted the cash for. I got to worry him. I'll hand it over, Neil. Well, I... Well, this is all I got, Mr. Miller. There. I told you they were seenin'. It was the fellas that got away who took the rest of the cash. Is this the man? What's the matter? Here's your seat, Sheriff. They have the cash in his saddle pocket. They were in on it. Neil opened the safe. He and his pa helped it. It was just because... Andy, don't you know enough to keep still at your age? But there's really... Wasn't it enough that took you and Neil so blame-long to get back here with the cash that I had to come down here myself? Now, I don't want to hear another word out of you. There, don't explain why Rusty roused me out of bed. But it does. These crooks figured you'd come to me. And I'd tell you I never sent Neil here. Then if Neil said Rusty had the cash, you'd just believe he was lying. Listen here. You can't... I'll take him out of jail, Sheriff. I'll do that. But who in carnation is this Massfeller? He's a friend of mine. And that's all you need to know. Maybe he's wearing a mask, but he ain't no outlaw. Every your word suits me. And as for Lincoln and Rusty here, I've been wanting to see them behind bars for so long, I just about to give up hope or turn to the trick. But that's where they're heading now. Get along, Nick. You too, Rusty. Go on. Well then, Neil, you still want to be an outlaw?  But, Pa, you never meant all those things you said back in the cabin, did you? About leaving the ranch and more and all the rest? Of course I didn't, son. That was just part of the Mask Man scheme to bring you to your senses. But stranger. Yes? How do you get us out of this mess? I still don't see things quite straight. You're free, Andy, because, as I told Tuttle, Lincoln and Rusty made just one mistake. Yeah, what was that? Can't you guess, Andy? The Mask fella knew you and me was friends. We all us have been. Uh-huh. And, Andy, the Mask fella knew that real friends don't never let each other down. I don't feel my heart. Come on, tail roll, son. It's adventure on the trail ahead. I don't... You have just heard as a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


So, in this lecture we will see another type of accelerator named the microtron and it is useful for electron acceleration. In previous lecture when we discussed about the cyclotron, we have learnt that in cyclotron if gamma changes much particle cannot be accelerated. So, only in low energy regime heavy particles or protons can be accelerated. In case of electron because of very light element gamma changes rapidly. And in that case electrons cannot be accelerated into the cyclotron. We see how the revolution frequency changes in the case of electron and proton. In case of electron the rest energy is only 0.5. And means even 0.5 may be kinetic energy is comparable to the rest energy. So, particle becomes relativistic very early. And in the case of proton rest energy is 0.58 amm means it is near to 1 g. So, up to 15 amm or 100 amm particles kinetic energy much lesser than the rest energy. So, gamma does not change in case of proton in lower energy region while for electron it changes rapidly. So, revolution frequency which depends on the gamma changes rapidly in the case of the electron. This curve is for electron. So, you can see that revolution frequency changes rapidly if we consider B as a 1 plus 1. So, you can calculate it very easily using the revolution time formula considering gamma also in the formula. While in the case of proton it does not changes. So, proton can be accelerated nicely in the cyclotron while electrons cannot be accelerated because synchronism will not be there. So, how we can accelerate the microtron in circular accelerators or cyclic accelerators. So, we have to change the technique of synchronization we are using in the cyclotron. So, how we can change the synchronization technique? We instead of making synchronization with revolution time of the orbit actually synchronize the change in revolution time of the orbit. Means what is the delta T if particle goes from nth orbit to n plus 1th orbit and make the synchronization of RF frequency with their delta T. Then it is possible. Means we calculate the delta T that is the revolution time in the n plus 1th orbit minus revolution time in the nth orbit and make it synchronize with the RF. So, this delta T revolution is BTRF B is some integer B is some integer synchronization. However, for the first orbit what we will do? So, first orbit we will make synchronization separately we will see it. So, first of all because we are talking about the delta E how much energy changes in terms of gamma means delta gamma it is T because E is actually gamma P0. So, when we talk about the delta gamma we are talking about the delta. So, we obtain our formulation of gamma MV square is going to be in the terms of energy. So, V by R this is this will give you the revolution time we will cancel out here. So, V by R will be QB by gamma here now we will not consider gamma as a constant rather than we will take changing gamma in account. So, T revolution will be 2 pi R by V and this will be 2 pi gamma QB this is the same formula we obtained for the case of cyclotron. Only thing was that we were considering that gamma does not change much now because we want to convert this formula in the form of energy. So, we will do it this 2 pi gamma m C square upon QB C square. So, if we multiply numerator and numerator both by C square this gamma m C square will be the energy. So, 2 pi upon QB C square into L energy of the particle. So, T revolution is directly proportional to the energy of the particle. Remember it here E is the total energy not the kinetic energy gamma m C square gives you the total energy. Now, there is an exercise for you that you know that E square is equal to C square B square plus m 0 square C square. Obtain the E is equal to gamma m C square using this definition this is an exercise for you. So, in the first orbit what will be the T revolution? Here in the first orbit T revolution will be 2 pi Q by C square E 0 E 0 is the rest energy plus some energy. Delta E is the energy gain when the particle passes through the RF cavity and there is some fraction of F. What does it mean? We will see in a moment how I consider that there is a factor F and it comes into the first orbit. Because it depends whether we are putting our cathode for electron as an electron source. So, position of the cathode inside the cavity dictates what should be the value of F. So, this will appear only in the first term. So, now this first orbit T revolution time should also be synchronized. So, 2 pi by Q B C square is not plus at delta E which we have calculated here in this equation. It should be ATR, A is again some integer. So, we now we have two integers for synchronization. One is A which takes care for the first orbit and another is B which takes care of all consecutive orbits. Now, change in revolution time we have seen that when T is equal to 2 pi by Q B C square E. That means delta T will be 2 pi by Q B C square delta E and this is a different way. So, delta T revolution means change in revolution time in consecutive orbits. Say nth orbit and this is n plus 1th orbit. So, what is the change in revolution time for consecutive orbits? This is given by this form. Again delta E is the energy gain in the RF cavity when particle passes through the RF cavity. Now, we know that this 2 pi Q B C square delta E should be B T RF. So, for maintaining the synchronization we now calculate delta E is equal to Q B square by B T RF and T RF from the first orbit synchronization comes out this. So, put the value of T RF here. So, you will get delta E is equal to Q B square E, this is here, this quantity which is written here and at the value of T RF we have put this value here. So, this is the equation. So, this 2 cancels out and now you have a nice relation between the integers. Means we have 2 integers first for making the synchronization for the first orbit and another B for synchronization of the change in revolution time in consecutive orbits. So, this relation gives you what are the relation between A and B. So, now you can get that change in energy per turn or when the particle passes through the RF cavity is given by B E 0 by A minus B. This change must occur then only B T RF can be synchronized with change in revolution time. And using now this delta E in this expression. So, you will get the required magnetic field of the microtron. So, delta E also depends on A minus B F and B and magnetic field also depends on A minus B F. Now, if magnetic field is higher we can make the microtron compact. So, for making the compact microtron A minus B should be small. Now we are saying that A is also integer B is also integer. So, smallest difference is 1. So, the minimum possible value is 1. So, if we take A is equal to 2 B should be 1. If A is equal to 3 B should be 2. So, A minus B will be. For lowering the RF voltage we see again the previous slide. Because we want lowering the RF voltage means minimum RF voltage should be there to accelerate the particle. It means B should be lower and minimum value of B is 1 and because A minus B should be 1. So, A will be 2. So, values of B is 1 and A is 2. If we choose these values we can calculate what should be the magnetic field for making such microtron and what should be the energy gain. So, for this energy gain we have to apply to RF electric field and this magnetic field has to be generated. If these are guaranteed means this energy gain and this magnetic field is there microtron will operate successfully. And we can accelerate the charged particle in every microtron. So far we have considered that even gamma changes we can accelerate the particle. Means we can accelerate electrons easily in this microtron. What is the, can we accelerate heavy ions of protons in this? No, we cannot accelerate. Why? When we have considered a very general case whether the gamma changes or not changes all things can be posted here. Then why heavy ions of protons cannot be accelerated? The thing is here, the limitation lies here. Now you see that delta E is equal to E0 means energy gain per turn should be equal to the rest energy of the particle. Means voltage which you are applying and giving the energy boost per turn to the particle should be in the order of rest energy of the particle. Now protons rest energy in one GBV. So for boosting per turn to the protons by one GBV needs one giga volt. Means this is not a practical value for particle accelerations. So practically we cannot make microtron for heavy ions and protons. So cyclotron was working for the protons and heavy ions and it was not suitable for accelerating the electrons. While microtron is suitable for accelerating the electrons it cannot work for heavy ions of protons. So sometimes therefore microtron is also called as electron cyclotron. So we have electron cyclotron in terms of microtron and cyclotron. So electron cyclotron accelerate electrons and rest of the particles can be accelerated through cyclotrons. Now we see the orbit, how orbit looks like in the microtron. So suppose magnetic field is coming outside the screen in the perpendicular direction here and here is the RF light. So whenever particle will cross this RF cavity energy change will occur. So this is the first orbit particle is doing like this and when it passes through the RF cavity it gets an energy. After energy because this is a constant magnetic field the radius of curvature for the orbit will increase. So next time particle will go on a larger circular path. This is the larger circular path. And after reaching again in the RF cavity its energy increases. So in the next consecutive term it will take even larger circular path. So in this fashion the radius of curvature increases for the consecutive parts. Now here you can see that only one acceleration is there in one complete cycle, in one complete cycle. In the case of cyclotron there were two times the acceleration in one complete circle because D was there only after half circle there was an acceleration. In case of microtron this happens only once in a complete cycle. So all the circular orbits are having a common tangent area and at that common tangent RF cavity is there. Now for extracting the beam from microtron again we have the extraction channel where we shield the magnetic field. If we are able to shield the magnetic field when the particle will come inside this channel there will be no force and it will go straight forward. And it can be extracted from the microtron. Now we have obtained our formulation and one parameter was there in our formulation that was F. And at that time we said that the position of cathode inside the cavity indicates what is the value of F. Now we see how. Suppose this is a cavity and this gap is for particle traversing through the RF cavity. Now we get cathode here. Again consider magnetic field is perpendicular to the screen and this cathode is mainly LAB6. We use this. Now after ejecting the electrons from this cathode they feel a magnetic field which is applying perpendicular to this screen. So they take a circular path here. So even before the first term particle passes through the cavity's electric field. So it gets some energy. Now an electric field of the cavity imparts delta E when particle passes through the cavity. Delta E is the energy gain for the particles. So we can say before the first term some fraction of delta E has been obtained by the particle. That's why F delta E was used in that expression for the energy in the first term. Now this is the first term. So before arriving the first term particle already has some energy through the RF cavity. And these are the subsequent terms. This type of cavity is known as type 1 cavity and you can see easily that before first term the particle has arrived almost at the same energies of the first term. So F is almost one. The another possibility is here. Here you can see that again the cavity is of same structure like this with some additional hole here. Why this additional hole is here? Because now cathode is put on this surface rather than the above surface. So cathode is now put in the lower surface of the cavity in this figure. Again magnetic field is in the perpendicular direction to this screen. So when electrons are ejected it takes this path. So here you can see that particle is accelerated up to some extent by the electric field of the RF cavity because it is inside the cavity. And it passes through this hole and again comes here. And again it takes complete delta E energy from the cavity. And then this is the first term. So before arriving up to the first term the particle takes once time completely the delta E from the RF cavity and some fraction of delta E before reaching to this hole. Means in this case F will be larger than however F will be lower than 2. And these are the consecutive orbits. This is the first output. So now we have this is type 2 cavity so F may have values between 1 and 2. So position of cathode dictates what is the value of F and that will have to put in that formulation which we have. So now we see that how delta E energy change takes place in the RF cavity. Means a synchronous particle always comes on the synchronous phase. But what about the demated particles? How they are kept in the revolution orbits? So in microtron we have T is equal to 2 pi gamma M upon Q. So now you can see that as gamma increases T revolution increases. As gamma increases means high energy and T revolution also increases for that high energy particle. Means it takes longer time to complete a path close path than the lower energy particle. Means higher energy particle seems to be slower. Now consider that synchronous phase is this. We say that this is the synchronous particle. So synchronous particle revolution time is integer multiple of the RF time period. So always after revolution it will reach on the same phase. So for an example consider that integer to be 1. So after one RF cycle this synchronous particle will reach on the same phase here. And again after one turn it will reach on the next cycle also on the same phase. Now consider two more particles which are having initially the same energy of the synchronous one but demated in phase. So say one particle is here 1 and second particle is here 2. Now particle 1 it is at higher potential in the RF field means it takes more energy from the RF field because it sees higher electric field. So its energy becomes higher than the synchronous one. And now as higher energy particle takes longer time to travel. So it will come later than the synchronous revolution type. Means if had it been a synchronous particle it would come here. But because it will take a longer time to reach it will come somewhere here after some time. And similarly for the particle 2 we can see that this will take lower energy or energy gain will be lower compared to synchronous one. So it will move faster and it will come earlier. So instead of this it will come on this phase. And in next cycle again the particle 1 is taking higher energy. So again it will take longer time to move so it will come here. And this particle again it is at lower energy than the synchronous one. So this will be faster and it will come. So all the deviated particles are coming closer to synchronous phase. It is same as we do in focusing. A deviated light ray comes towards the optic axis when we focus it. Similarly the deviated particle in phase come closer to synchronous phase. Means it is a kind of focusing. This is known as phase focusing. And this principle enables the construction of microtron and synchrotron. In synchrotron also this kind of focusing takes place. However in cyclotron where the revolution time is not a function of energy. Revolution time is not a function of energy. Here every particle takes same time in the revolution. So in cyclotron there is no phase focusing. Now suppose in cyclotron if this particle was here again it will come here. So in next cycle again it will take more energy. And here it will take again more energy. So energy spread of the beam will increase in the cyclotron. While in the case of microtron you can see that this phase focusing is taking place. Now we see another part of this RF cycle. Suppose instead of taking synchronous phase here we can take synchronous phase here also. Because at this level electric field in the cavity is same. So energy gain of the synchronous particle will be same either here or here. So in last example we took synchronous phase here. Now we take synchronous phase here. Because this is the synchronous phase it will come again on this phase after one cycle. And again after one cycle it will come. So this is the synchronous particle which is coming on the same phase in each time. Now again take deviated in the phase particle 1 and particle 2. Initially consider they have same energy. Now because this is that higher field it will take more energy from the field. Means energy gain will be higher than the synchronous one. Now higher energy particle will take a longer time to evolve. So it will come later here. And on next turn it will come even more later. And similarly this particle which has lower energy gain than the synchronous one it will come on the same here. And in the next cycle it will come here. So in this case these particles are going away from the synchronous phase. So when we take synchronous phase on the falling edge of the RF cycle phase focusing occurs. And when we take synchronous phase on the rising part of the RF cycle defocusing type action occurs and there is no phase focusing. So stable particle motion is possible only in the falling phase of the falling edge of the RF field. Now you can say that when we take our integers values of A and B as 1 and 2 then we get approximately 20 degrees span. To be very exact it is nearly 70 degrees span of the phase where stable motion takes place. So we get a very small duration of the RF cycle where stable motion takes place. And because of such narrow stable region from microtron we get a very beam with very narrow energy spread. So beam quality is much better in terms of energy spread from the microtron. In synchrotron also this kind of phase focusing occurs. However in synchrotrons both possibilities are there means higher energetic particle can take longer time as well as in some configuration higher energetic particle can take shorter time also. So depending on the configuration of the synchrotron rising edge of the RF phase may also be stable or falling edge of the RF cycle may also be stable. So it depends on what kind of configuration we are having in the synchrotron. When we consider the basic longitudinal dynamics of the synchrotron this picture will become more clear. Now how the microtron looks like. You can see and inside that RF cavity there is a cathode by which we get the electron. And here in the perpendicular direction to this there is a magnetic field. This is the extraction channel by which electrons can be checked it out from the microtron. And these are the orbits in this plane as energy increases orbit radius increases. And when it reaches to the desired energy level it exits from this extraction channel. Now this is the photograph of microtron situated in Raja Ranma Centre for Advanced Technology at Indore. I can see that microtron is kept vertical. This gray part is one of the poles of the magnet. The other pole is on that side which is not seen from here. Here you can see that here is the RF cavity which is inside this structure of the magnets. And you can see that there is one thing this is known as klystone. It is the RF amplifier so it feeds RF power through these wave waves to cavity. So this is the RF source you can see and this RF source feeds the RF energy to the cavity from here and this RF energy gives the energy to the particles or to the electrons. Electron revolves like this, like this, like this and here is the extraction channel inside this microtron and ejected particle goes through this line. And this line also contains various magnets to control the charged particles. So this has certain charged particle optics here in front of this. This microtron raises the energy up to 20 amperes for the case of electrons. Actually microtron raises energy up to 20 or 30 amperes. And this microtron is used to send the beam in bigger accelerators of the Raja Ramayana centre for atmosphere. So this we can say is a pre-injector accelerator for the bigger accelerators. One such type of microtron by RRCAD or Raja Ramayana centre has been installed in the Maglaw University also. Now few remarks about this microtron. This is a very simple machine. You can see that very few components are to be operated. One is the RFKFT, other one is the magneton. There are practically certain coils for correcting the orbits. So very few components has to be operated. Can reach up to 30, 40 amperes in the case of classical microtron. Why I am using the word classical microtron? We will see that there is another configuration known as wrist-track microtron. So we will see later that what is that wrist-track microtron. 100 microampere of beam current can be achieved as a beam. This current is much higher than we can obtain from the beta-tron. That is why beta-tron begins observance. And at the place of beta-tron, now we have microtron as the electron accelerator. Means compact accelerator is the microtron for electron acceleration. Now transfer focus is done by the RFKFT also. Also known as electron cyclotron. Vladimir Wexler, which gives the phase focusing principle also gave the idea of the microtron. Now what is the wrist-track microtron? Instead of an RFKFT, there is a complete linear accelerator. So particle gets much, much higher energies in one time. And then after reaching in this magnet, this sends the particle on this orbit. And again reaching on this magnet particle will be sent to this magnet. So in this fashion, we have recirculating the electrons in the limit. Now transfers focusing because this is a long drift space. So beam can be defocused in this drift space. The rate should be some mechanism of transfers focusing in this wrist-track microtron. So transfer focusing, you can put focusing lenses for the charged particle optics. You might have studied this in course of linear accelerator that quadruple can be put for charged particle focusing. Here we can put or here we can put. So when these magnets can take care of the focusing for charged particles. Or you can keep quadruples here on each trajectory like this. Here all the energies passes through these optics. Means these optics works for all the energies. So design is a bit complicated and beam will not be focused so tightly using this kind of optics. If we are using focusing optics in each trajectory, then well-focused beam can be obtained through the wrist-track microtron. However the number of optical elements is much higher than this simple optics. So in this case, wrist-track microtron we can reach up to 70-80 mm easily. Now again the references are seen for this course as earlier. And there is a book as Kapisabha V-minim dedicated to microtron. So students can see the details of microtron in this text. In next lecture, now we will go towards the quantification of parameters. So we will derive the equation of motion of charged particle in the electromagnetic field.


Hello and welcome. I'm Dr Jody Oakman. I head the centre for ergonomics and human factors at La Trobe University. We are a WHO collaborating centre. Our research program in the centre for ergonomics and human factors has a large focus on the risk management of musculoskeletal disorders. So today I'm going to talk to you about improved risk management of musculoskeletal disorders, the need for a new approach. I'm going to pose and then address three key questions today. What does the research evidence tell us about the causal factors of MSDs? Are there gaps in current strategies used to manage MSDs? And then finally what are we doing at La Trobe University? Contribute to the knowledge of management of MSDs. Just some background. We are getting older. That's a fact. The population is aging and people will need to work until we are in our 60s and it has been postulated until we're 70. So this poses a couple of issues. The first being that we need to encourage people to want to work for longer and this requires quite a shift but that's not the focus of my presentation today. The second thing is ensuring that people are able to work for longer and that ensures that they're not exposed to excessive physical or psychosocial hazards over their life course so that they can make choices about their employment up until retirement, the time for retirement. The way we work has undergone transformational change in the past 15 to 20 years. We're now on call responding to things in our leisure time sometimes because we have to and sometimes because we've loosened the boundaries between home and work. The impact of this on health outcomes hasn't been fully explored but is part of the whole overall picture of management of occupational health issues such as MSDs. Now what are MSDs? The issue of development of MSDs is a pivotal part of the discussion and in many ways we try and fit compensation schemes to an injury rather than the other way round. Mostly in musculoskeletal disorders we're not talking about injuries at a particular point in time event we're talking about development of a disorder due to exposure over a long period of time to occupational hazards. The issue and complexity is the number of hazards and how they interact and this makes MSD risk management particularly complex. There are a number of definitions of MSDs but there is consensus on versions of the following that work-related musculoskeletal disorders affect tinsons, tendon sheaths, muscles, nerves, bursae, blood vessels in the body. So how do we know whether it's an injury or a disorder? In many cases the clinical diagnosis of MSDs is inaccurate, the reliability often poor and we've know that in recent times there's been a bit of publicity around the relationship between MRI scans, x-rays and the symptoms that people demonstrate. One of the issues in occupational health is that we often spend a lot of time to the right of the arrow rather than down the left focusing on the onset of symptoms and trying to target our risk management strategies at that end of the arrow. I'd suggest that prevention activities need to really start well before we see people move into the compensation or claim cycle which we know some people have a lot of trouble getting out of. Perhaps our over reliance on clinical diagnosis can cause us to consider events attributed to the injury in a way that may not be particularly helpful and particularly when we use these diagnoses to develop our provincial control activities it may lead us down a garden path. Mostly MSDs are cumulative in nature that is a result of exposure to a range of hazards over time and it's very difficult to attribute one single event and in fact evidence would suggest that this is in fact correct and that what we're seeing is the straw that breaks the camel's back. This model here is 2001 model developed by the National Research Council in Institute of Medicine is quite a well-known and well-described model in the literature. It was developed after an extensive review by a panel of experts who reviewed epidemiological evidence around causal factors of musculoskeletal disorders and we can see here in this model that the influence of both biomechanical hazards of which we are mostly very familiar with and they're well accepted and well entrenched in our risk management plans for reduction of musculoskeletal disorders. Down the bottom we can see organisational factors and social context which I've grouped there as psychosocial hazards which is a commonly used term here. These factors can either independently or or both influence the the person effects through biomechanical loading, internal loads and physiological responses. These in turn influences internal tolerances and how the body responds to these particular hazards resulting in a range of outcomes pain discomfort leading on to impairment and disability and of course on the right are the individual factors age, gender, different capacities. These are largely outside the sphere of influence of workplaces and so our prevention activities really need to focus on the workplace factors. This tells the same story as the last one but highlights separate but interacting causal mechanisms. We can see here that the psychosocial hazards and the biomechanical hazards can both influence the cumulative tissue damage resulting in presentation of injury. In our work of at this model in 2014 takes into account both of these models and we use this conceptual framework to underpin our research here at La Trobe which is heavily focused on on risk management of workplace MSDs. So we can see here that what we're what we're seeing is this match between or poor match between individual factors those work-related abilities and skills personality genetic vulnerabilities and the workplace factors so those psychosocial factors, organisational factors and physical loads. When these are not well matched so we have a demand capacity imbalance we see that we get effects within the person so biomechanical loads, we get a stress response, fatigue, reduced internal tolerance resulting in tissue damage and or pain. Workplace hazard categories can be broadly grouped as manual handling hazards which are focused at on the task or psychosocial hazards and there are two groups of these one is the organisational factors which are around the organisation of work and job design and then there's the social context the support the communications the relationships with managers many there's some examples of organisational and social context hazards. Organisational hazards can be around working hours workloads, how jobs are designed, levels of control for individuals, pace of work conflicting work demands. Social context is around communications with management, the value of individuals, health and safety culture, relationships with colleagues and supervisors. Many organisational hazards are actually the responsibility of managing supervisors they arise from how work is organised and job designed. There is an overlap between these two groups, managers and supervisors play a key role in creating these hazards but also in developing effective controls. MSD risk is determined by many hazards organisational and psychosocial and these interact or additive but we're still faced with a big question by many people aren't manual handling hazards the main problem that is isn't it the physical aspects of work that are primarily responsible for the development of musculoskeletal disorders? In the literature of which there is a large substantial body of evidence to support the role of both physical and psychosocial factors this particular paper by Johnson et al was focused on retail material handlers so very physically orientated job, large population 6,311, good study design what they found was that what these odds ratio is predictors of new back pain and we can see there that job intensity had a odds ratio of 1.8 or predictive ratio of 1.8 compared to the lifting the physical aspects of the work 20 pounds at work. So in summary the psychosocial factors were at least or even more so influential on the development of new back pain. In this review really was a systematic review of a large number of papers about 50 which they undertook statistic rigorous statistical and analysis to examine the impact of psychosocial factors on MSD development and so what they found was that again looking at these odds ratios or predictors of the likelihood of developing low back pain was that high job demands were had a higher likelihood than low job satisfaction supervisor support or low social support although they're fairly close but the key message here is that these factors were important in determining new cases of low back pain. I don't think it's helpful to focus particularly on the numbers but just that both factors are important both psychosocial and physical factors are important. In Australia more specifically at La Trobe University we've had a long-standing research program on musculoskeletal disorders beginning in 2003 was the first piece of work but here we can see in 2006 we started with a review up until 2015 where we're currently working on a project looking at workplace barriers to reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal and mental health disorders. In addition to that we're currently working on an intervention project in the aged care sector to look at new ways to reduce risks associated with MSDs and more locally in in our work we found that taking together a number of studies in healthcare manufacturing logistics when we start looking at those odds ratios or predictive contributions is a good way to describe these contributions to increasing MSD risk we see that physical and psychosocial hazards contribute very similarly to increased MSD risk and low job satisfaction equally makes a contribution to the increased likelihood of developing a musculoskeletal disorder. So in terms of MSD risk management it's clear assessment and management of psychosocial hazards is essential it's not optional there is sufficient evidence and sufficient good quality evidence to support the role of both physical and psychosocial factors. In addition the severity of exposure to any single hazard isn't necessarily a good indicator of overall MSD risk so and the output of tools for assessing adverse postures and biomechanical loads indicates severity or riskiness of the particular hazards it doesn't necessarily indicate overall MSD risk because they often take a very narrow focus rather than looking at the job as a whole. There are a number of barriers to improving current workplace practices for reducing MSD risk or prevention of MSDs. We still have an ongoing widespread erroneous belief that MSD risk is largely due to physical hazard exposures. Many of the guidance materials that we use still focus on the physical aspects of work including the sorts of tools that we use to identify and control hazards and risks associated with MSDs. The conventional OHS risk management paradigm that we use doesn't necessarily help us to develop and promote effective risk management for MSDs. It tends to operate quite separately to other business management strategies and procedures and it would be beneficial to see these better integrated. One of the issues is this focus on hazard by hazard rather than looking more holistically at all the factors so rather than taking into account the job as a whole and you'll see there an example of perhaps a moderate force for pushing a trolley might be a problem if it's done a lot and there is a lot of time pressure associated with the job but if it's done only occasionally and without time pressure it may not be a problem so we need to be much better at looking at the contextual factors around particular tasks that individuals are undertaking. In addition our conventional aim in terms of eliminating or reducing hazards isn't always appropriate. Sometimes physical hazards shouldn't be always eliminated. Workloads should not always be minimized. We know that people having interesting challenging work is actually good for them and that work without challenge is actually hazardous in itself. So we need expansion of our standard risk management paradigm and there's a parallel here with the approach needed to reduce the risk of major accidents and I quote here, take a quote here from James Reason who argued that errors like mosquitoes you can swap them one by one but they still keep coming. This is an alleges to MSD hazards and they're a bit like human error that you can swap them one by one but it's not the most effective way to reduce risk. We need MSD risk management tools and associated guidance that covers both physical and psychosocial hazards and it encourages a high level of work of participation. We know and encourage worker consultation but we need to encourage participation in terms of risk management for MSDs. It needs to include appropriate assessment methods and advice on how to develop appropriate controls for both physical and psychosocial hazards. At La Trobe University we have been developing an MSD risk management toolkit over the past number of years. We are currently implementing this toolkit in the age care sector and testing various aspects of the implementation process. It very much the toolkit follows a standard risk management process with some key differences to address these identified gaps in current practices. So it's highly participative involving the gathering of a risk management team and collation of available data on MSDs. It involves education of management and supervisors in what are all the relevant associated factors with increased MSD risk physical and psychosocial. A key plank of this risk management toolkit is the use of staff survey results which measure both hazards in the psychosocial workspace and the physical workspace and these are helped to develop a hazard and risk profile. These are then developed used to develop risk controls with the risk management team. Of course then there's an implementation phase and a review and evaluate phase consistent with a risk management cycle. The toolkit has been developed under the guise of the WHO framework for all toolkits which involves a base which is based on the WHO healthy workplace model. The toolkit is currently being tested in the age care sector as I said before and we're working to customize the toolkit to their existing IHS management systems. It'll be interactive allowing users to customize as they need and enter their own workplace data. Future work from our end will involve implementation and evaluation and comparison of data across different sectors. So we come back to the three questions that I posed at the beginning of the presentation. What does the research evidence tell us about the causal factors today? I hope that from the presentation today you can see that there is very strong evidence to support the role of physical and psychosocial factors in the development of MSDs that identification and of both physical and psychosocial factors is not optional but mandatory if we do effectively develop risk controls for MSDs. Are there gaps in current strategies used to manage MSDs? I think I hope again that you see from the presentation today that there are, that we currently still focus on the physical aspects of work predominantly in the management of MSDs and I would suggest that this is in part why we find perhaps difficult at times to significantly reduce the large numbers of MSDs and thirdly what are we doing at La Trobe University to contribute to knowledge of management of MSDs? Well we've been working over the last 10 to 15 years to help further that evidence base and then really working on translation taking that research out into practice to develop more effective materials and supports to help organisations manage their MSDs more effectively. So I thank you today for listening to this presentation and if you're interested in further discussion there are my details. We will be seeking partners in the coming year to work further on implementing the toolkit in a range of different organisations and we welcome discussions about potential partnerships and if you're interested in learning more we have a short course coming up called Health and Design of Work and we also offer a graduate certificate of Masters or Masters in Ergonomics Safety and Health at La Trobe University. Thank you very much.