Hi, everyone. I'm Steve. I've been doing WNCD stuff for far, far too long. We, as I always do, whenever I run this thing, this is not one place for me to talk and tell you everything. I'm going to start this off and then I really want everybody here who's got the pinion or wants to ask questions to please dive in. Otherwise, it'll be a very short session and I'll feel like we've wasted any place time. So, quick agenda. I want to have a quick go on to the current status. Plans for the existing sets of images we have. Talking about maybe some more image types. Any other random stuff we want to talk about. Somebody please take note to Bobby because, again, this is a session I want to get notes for. So I'll talk the notes afterwards and send out the sort of mails to the various lists. I tend to think that's very important so the people who aren't here are also up to date. And it's a good reminder so I don't forget by tomorrow exactly what we spoke about. So, current state. We have a massive number of CD, DVD, Blu-ray and dual-ray of Blu-ray images created using WNCD. These are published on cdimage.dev.org. That includes, and we try not to talk about it too much, some non-free images. We have some non-free vets. And we also have some non-free bundles of firmware.  And literally, as of about an hour ago, also some CPIO images as well. CPIO? It's in the workout format. We also have some live images created using the live build tools. And again, we have non-free variants of those, including firmware. Again, for users who have hardware that needs it. We also have some open-stack images that are created using the open-stack provider tools. I don't see Thomas here, but he and I work through this. And Jesse was the first release where we ever had, I suppose, a cloud image included a part of our official release on our images server. I want to do more on that at the moment. All of these builds happen on Pettersen, which is a nice big server. It's actually been mined to play with for the last few years. It's awesome. Hosted by the nice folks at the University of Wales, Sweden, who are also applying the distribution site for all the Debian CD images. They have gigabits of bandwidth for monsters to use it. You like that? So, first announcement. Some people may be aware of this already. We will not be making CDs in the future. Apart from NetEast. Literally, I've been pushing changes for that for this week. Nobody uses CDs to a first approximation and people. We have the discussion multiple times in the past about when we're going to just stop doing them. And I've decided today that this week is the right time. If anybody wants to argue with that, feel free. Sure. So, by CDs you will be one such fit on a CD? Correct. We are going to continue making... Lifestyle it on a CD. That one is on a CD. Yes, that one is. Sure. We are not going to be making install up CDs anymore apart from the NetEast. The live images we are going to continue creating all of the current image variants that we have. I'm still going to carry on making DVDs and Blu-ray images for those that are potentially useful. The DVDs are still configured so the DVD number one will fit on a 4GB USB stick. I'm open to more requests for more different sizes of image. Obviously, as long as it makes sense, the more image types we add, the slower the bill goes and people obviously can be bothered by that. So, as an example, we did the Stretch DI Alpha 2 release last week for DI and Debian CD. That made 927 separate images called CDs. On AMV64, that meant we created... If you just downloaded the full CD set and wanted to wait all of them, you would need 88 blank CDs to do it. No one is ever going to do that. So, we've stopped doing it. We will continue to support the CD sets for existing, stable and old stable releases. We're not going to change those. Unless somebody really, really feels it's a total weight of space, I don't want to go back and basically and change what we've already done. So, the other change people may have seen. I asked about this on mailing lists a few days ago. The changes are in. I've picked. Again, I'm willing to be overruled. I think get.dev.org is a much better name for the CD image.dev.org. Again, fairly obviously, if we're not making CDs anymore, that's a really stupid name for server. We're going to keep the old name too. Again, people do get paranoid for good reason. For the sake of a DNSC name, we're not going to make the old things break. So, people who have existing URLs and all of the links and everything will continue to work forever, as far as I'm concerned. However, we're going to start publishing new URLs pointing here. One side effect of that is at the moment, if anybody is interested, go and have a look at get.dev.org right now. You will find that it first straight away takes you to a page telling you about devian CDs. Help with a new landing page would be awesome. We've been talking about and I've been struggling to find time, so please help. We've been meaning to change and get a much better front page that's more friendly to users basically forever. Help is always appreciated. We are still continuing to make non-free images. This is not non-free in terms of including non-free normal applications, but for those people who weren't in the firmware talk we had the other day, we explained it a bit there, they are images explicitly that contain non-free firmware. So for those people who have CD servers, whatever, no, laptops or servers, whatever, sorry, that need non-free firmware to be able to do basic things because of hardware support, we do provide images for those people. They have been unofficial because of course, we're deviant people. We don't like to advertise the fact that we have non-free stuff, but for software foundation we really don't like us doing it, but for those people who really need it, they are actually struggling to find them and that's not useful. From the firmware barf, we came up with a number of different points on how to just make really small changes that add up to improve user experience around these. I hope, again, that there will be mails coming round and we will be discussing exactly how we are going to do these things. Expect to see that the non-free images will be better late, there will be better advertised, along with text explaining how they're bad and why you don't want them, but we will make sure that people can find them who do need them. So, new image types, I absolutely want to help. If you have a type of image that we're not currently making, tell us. If it's one that you think would be better off working with a wider audience and you don't necessarily want to go through, you don't have a server with good net access or all these kinds of things, we are happy to produce more and more images on our central official server. It has the old server we're about to replace. The new one will be much faster. We actually have plenty of capacity to do more of these. As I said, we have an official signed cloud image to go in OpenStack. People have already spoken to me this week about stuff the Google Cloud and the Microsoft Cloud. Amazon people, I'm told, are also very interested. I have no idea how to use any of these. I'm not a user of any of these cloud services, but if we can help you produce images on official Debian infrastructure that are signed with official Debian key, we want to help so long as it makes sense. We have to first figure out how to do it outside of the infrastructure provided by those guys. Of course, that too. Please talk to me. If you can give me a script or give me a process that we can follow that we can run it on our own infrastructure so therefore it's totally trusted controlled by Debian, we're in. Yes. I work for Prophet Bricks and we are a cloud provider too and I created Debian and other images for our cloud, but maybe it would make sense to create the images directly on Debian. It would be even better if we would support cloud in it so that we can just use one cloud image that Debian creates and don't need one or two changes that we need for our platform. Awesome. Tell me how to do it OK. Not right now obviously. We can work this out. We have different variants of live images and Ian Learmouth, one of the Debian hand guys has been pestering me for the last few weeks on how to get a live image for Debian hand. Lots of these people Can you redirect him to us? He has stuff basically working. I've told him to talk to you as well. He's coming to my BBQ next weekend and we are going to be testing things and make sure it's all working. If there are any more talk to me, talk to Daniel and we can get loads more variants created. Again, so long as they make sense if you want to create a live image variant that's just for you we may tell you to go away and make it just for you. If it's sensible that a few millions of other users will find it useful too. Helen, we can do it for you. We are wanting to get some live images working for non-X86 as well. At the moment we've only had i386, amd 64. A lot of the architectures make no sense to have live images for because frankly trying to boot something live is hard or they don't have sufficient memory or removal media or whatever. There are things to be worked on here. Neil and I, mainly Neil will have been watching and encouraging. He's been tracking on a lot of the handy bootstrap support for making more variants of images including things with UFI support and everything in the last week. There's a whole slew of the activity going on here. Talk to us if you're interested. What else do people want to do? Does anybody have any burning requirements or suggestions that you'd like to see? We have built our own image for doing a net boot live system where we just create directly with the bootstrap and put some config in it, install some packages and so on and then do a net boot where we just have the kernel and the custom initRD to load the tarball extracted in a tempFS directory and boot into this tempFS directory. There's something that Devin provides that has similar functionality that we could use instead of our custom build script and... Don't know if anybody else is doing exactly that. This is creating a small kernel in a ramFS and then we have the tarball to extract into a tempFS. That's not too far off of what you're doing with live every day, is it? That's exactly what we're doing with live every day. You've got plenty of people doing it. You're doing it to... You can do it. Fine. Yes, I think. We have... Again, this came out in Wicu's talk about the different bootable image types we're reducing. We currently have 11 different image generator tools in Devin, and the whole slew of what was outside of Devin and the target Devin, and it's scary. Of course, the cool thing is that I think the reason why we have so many image generators is because it's not actually that hard a job to do to do the basics. So everybody starts off saying oh, I'll just do the basic bits and then they keep on adding more and more features the way they want to see them and that's how we end up with all of this work. It will be nice possibly to share at least ideas and possibly code more. We should totally talk about this on my own list and more discussion. I should say if you want to know anything more about this if you want to dive in the WNCD list is around. We have the WNCD IRC channel. It's fairly quiet most of the time because you may just find discussion between me and Keby or you'll see get commits turning up. Anything else people want to know? Anything else people want to help with? What help is always good? Yes. Is it possible to have a safety form several architectures that you either into a ham 64 machine 812 to connect with you and use also both? Yes, absolutely. We already have one existing multiarch CD where we have used the word multiarch and it doesn't mean the same thing as for packaging where the system will boot either on AMB 64 or Y386 and it has all of the packages for both if you were to do an installation with. Subset back. And we also we used to have the HP special as Walon described it so we had HPPA IO64 and alpha all on the same CD or DVD. So you could boot those. There is plenty of scope for booting lots of different architectures with one provider. If the way different architectures boot in different ways and sometimes they clash typically the way the older proprietary unit systems booted was you had to create a special set to zero on your CD or on your home disk which can take the pointers to work various other things the kernel, the init ram ffes lift so long as the different architectures you wanted to support didn't clash into what they wanted whichever offset in the boot sector it was all fine so that was why that combination worked. If however you wanted to make say an m68k on a spark boot the same CD they both wanted the same offsets for their own metadata. So you suggested what HOM64 and MIPS that shouldn't be quite easy to do HOM64 boots off CD using UEFI and El Torrito so that should work quite readily with the MIPS stuff actually MIPS or MIPSL Yeah I don't see that. That was your example. It all comes down to whether or not the two can coexist on the set with the same boot mechanisms on the same disk. There is information around describing how to do this if you can't find it yet. The question then comes down to how useful they are of course. We explicitly have the AMB64, I386 multiarch CD because that way we can have one disk, one net int you can give to anyone, almost anyone and little work on their laptop and work on their server. Job done. We're actually I don't see, you know, ODEX CDA has been working on fixing what we used to have auto-detect with Cislinux so it would pick up a 32 bit or 64 bit Intel chip at boot and then that broke. He's actually been hacking it back in recently the changes have gone in this week modular bug fixing it we should have that working again soon so the net int that is linked from the front page www.devin.org should then boot and do the right thing automatically on whatever PC you plug it into. So fingers crossed that will work again soon. So does that mean you're going to have O64 as that means in the future? At the point where AMB64 gets a sufficient proportion of users it will be easily persuaded. There's no point doing it until people are actually sufficient people with hardware. Yes. At the moment I'm creating some kind of cloud image platform which is called Vagrant doing this inside the Debian Cloud infrastructure but of course in the long term I would be very happy if I worked with you to do this. I've seen this has been done for OpenStack I don't know if it was but I'm sure it was. I'm telling it works. The images we're producing nobody's told me they're not working so it might not work. Something that would be really nice would be to have at least some simple tests that we can run on those images straight after build to check that they're at least vaguely useful. We can't test everything without a massive test infrastructure but at least it will be good. Yes, absolutely. If you have something to go for a different cloud image type again, talk to me and we can get it working. How does work, for instance, bug reporting for the OpenStack image or want to notify something about the image? At the moment I honestly couldn't say. Actually I think it comes to the Debian Cloud It should do, that's the best place for it. OK. Thank you for reminding me actually at the moment there is a pseudo package in OVTS for cdimage.dev.org We clearly need to add another one to get.dev.org and at that point we can then redirect all of those bug reports to the white people depending on which image it's about. I will be interested what test images are going through before they are published because it's kind of unified cloud image. We have to test it somehow. Exactly. At the moment the tests are whatever the image generation tool will do. Those are really minimal at the moment to a certain extent. They might even be so minimal that there are no tests. I don't honestly know what the test image does what the test build tool does. I do some simple sanity checking before release on the size of an image make sure it doesn't look too small and blow up too big and check to see if it looks like it's going to boot at least for some people. That's about as far as I've gone so far. On demo release day we try and run as many images as much of a matrix of different configuration images. Of course that works so well. That works well live and installed images for the cloud images we haven't got that far yet. We're going to unify something and there was a discussion on legal as well what we can call deviant. We have to specify the set of tests because everything will be passing. Please talk to us if you've got ideas of how to do it. We want to know. So for cloud images we usually have cloud images on them so you should be able to boot them give them network and association to them which would be a fairly good first test. But it's a good test for images working or not necessarily if it's comply with the deviant guidelines. Sure but then you have a running system which you can check against whatever you've got. So what came out of that in terms of guidelines for deviant images? If we're making them to a certain extent they're official what should we be doing? The problem is there was no explicit conclusion on it. Great. I think when deadline somebody says sometimes that the software which is used to produce image should be in main. It's obvious. The conclusion was that for example Amazon wants to have deviant images on Azure and they want, we have to approve it as a deviant. They want to run their own tests on it as well but the conclusion was they have to publish those tests and those tests have to be available for everybody to run them. So that's an additional point which you can see there. So for the installer images we have a test suite that was written by Tinchot Motton Barawi years ago when he did a GSOC project for deviant. I'll admit to my internal shame we've never fully integrated it into the CD building setup. It's been on my to-do list for so long. I want to get that in to check the installer images. Daniel, do you have any tests that are useful for live images in the same way? In the same situation for us there was a guy called Brandon who did an initial documentation of crazy VMC server stuff and had us some stuff. Who is speaking Go here? No, Go. Who hates it? That's not a solution because there is a kind of nice Go software called Packer which I mentioned earlier and you can automate various virtualizations so pre-immobil box, OpenStack, Amazon whatsoever and automate the graphical clicks through to some point. So you need to be able to rank Go and use it? No, somebody has to package it. Currently I downloaded a zip file from the page of the proposal also and just some untrusted machine and rabbit there which is not going to fly in there yet. Do we have a volunteer to help package my tailors? Where is Paul Tech? I'm interested but because I'm a sole user I have to create this image so he's not yet official yet. If we want to get to a point where we have a huge, much wider set of images to stretch obviously we want to make sure we get them tested we need to get some discussion going and actually get this done. I said definitely volunteers I'm not going to be able to do all of this for you. So back to the multi-arch topic. We have a customer install 64-bit we have a multi-arch enabled system that can run 32-bit after the end. Currently the only way to do that is full 32-bit 64-bit stuff on the installer and anybody else care about this thing. It's something people have asked about several times over the years but nobody's yet provided code. So when I first had it the support of Debian's a multi-arch image it was explicitly you would have as many arches as you want but they would all be complete up to the same level of completeness. The difficulty will be in terms of how do you define what is needed for each of the architectures if you can come up with a way of in an automated fashion working out what's needed. We have to do that anyway absolutely so we can just take in this is Debian CD itself it can take in just a package list you could shortcut the point that generates a package list or you can explicitly just have for any architectures you just want almost as a stuff say if you want AMB64 or if you want i386 available with some libraries you could just install the base system and add a few libraries to that and then just pass it straight through Shortcutting those bits of Debian CD probably needs code changes but it should be fairly obvious please follow the wishlist bug and I'll see what I can do to help I guess I'm always happy so please come and help this is in a depleted choir do every DevCon especially around to massively widen what we're going to be doing we are going to need help with making that work there's a usual choir as well especially when we come up to release time we're always looking for more people to help test what we're producing so we can make sure that we find it before end users do and they get confused because it's not just working so please keep an eye out for the call for help when it goes out for that especially if you've got the less common architectures thank you very much thank you I will say sorry I should have mentioned what I have me and my stuff you might have noticed we started a new Debian EFI team a few weeks ago I'll reiterate what I've said on the mailing list if you have a machine that builds EFI and does not just work with Debian and the installer please let us know sorry it's coming I'll come to that in a second if you've got the camera on it might not be a bad plan for EFI stuff we want to get problem reports if it doesn't just work flawlessly please let us know and tell us as much as you can about your hardware so that we can then actually track what's happening there is a cost distro effort and this is part of that work so all of the distros now are sharing information about particular brands and particular models of hardware so to be honest we can start telling the manufacturers instead of assuming it's our bug if everybody is seeing the same thing we can tell the manufacturers they're doing it wrong some of them might even listen we'll see and the second part of that is secure boot last year on how to do secure boot it got delayed I won't go into all the grotty details why it is still happening I'm hoping we'll be announcing initial secure boot support in Debian soon hopefully by the end of the year is it going to be available for KTVSE as well are you running K3 Bistie I tried a few times that's a very good question no joking the K3 Bistie folks have been asking for help to get a Jesse an unofficial Jesse release out would see the images and everything I'm happy to do that all of this stuff that UEFI would have so far is Linux only because that's what we've done I have no idea if UEFI even works tall in K3 Bistie it must do I hoped it would if anybody can tell us how to do it for K3 Bistie I'll happily plug the support into Debian CD we can plug it into all the other tools but it's just somebody needs to know I don't want K3 Bistie I don't particularly care that much with myself to go and do the work but I'm happy to accept patches now you can all go so see you on the secure boot front when you say support what does that mean exactly it's going to work properly or you can boot or it'll actually do the verification of the whole yes all of it firmware through kernel kernel modules, valuations that is the plan similar to what the Fedora guys have we are planning on having all of it so we will have a chip package that's signed we'll have signed grubs on kernels and in an appropriate mode it will be user selectable I think is the core of the plan but this is still subject to debate you will be able to say and this will only boot a signed kernel and a signed modules which key is going to be used to sign it sorry? whose key is going to be used to sign the elements of UFI we will have our own key this is part of the work that has been done we need DSA to set up infrastructure attached to FTP master that will be used for producing some signed packages that key will be dealt with entirely by trusted people only and will be offline all of that good stuff that I'm not going to bore you with we will have a chip package uploaded to the archive that will then be submitted to Microsoft for the usual for the signature process that is necessary on x86 hardware we are also very much interested in doing the same for secure boot on ARM64 and any other UFI platform that people ask for I know from the ARM world I've worked for ARM a lot of the server vendors are very interested in secure boot version once we cascade down I don't know exactly where the tail stops you probably know more about it than I do we definitely will have functional UFI secure boot in the installer, kernel and boot loaders and stuff that's the priority one can the relatives of Debian somehow focus on this whole process? probably it's something that is going to have to be talked about I don't have the exact details I'm not sure who wants to I'm hoping it will work of course it's a hard problem you know how far does the trust chain extend I know there are potential problems with the way the Ubuntu guys do it with their I have heard people complain about I don't know personally if it's a problem or not the Ubuntu, for example will happily load a non signed kernel what it calls if I exit boot services first I'm not sure whether or not that's going to be sustainable for them in the long term I've heard people say it's not but also I've not heard of anyone actually saying oh my god Microsoft would have opened our key I don't know Will the ARM images be signed by Microsoft? or have they been signed by Microsoft? that's a very good question no one has yet has come up with a central CA for ARM 64 secure boot it is very much under discussion and even if I didn't know what I probably couldn't tell you I work for all my overhear things although there are some things I should I know that I can't tell you or some things I don't know so I definitely can't tell you and now I think we are finished I hope any last question yay let's go


Welcome in the last video. We did a short little video on shuffling files and their contents using the shuff command. And you can pass anything to it. So I can say, you know, I should be able to say, this is one, backslash new line, this is two, backslash new line, this is three, backslash new line. And I can pipe that into shuff, and it will shuffle those, the output there, including the blank line at the end that I put in for some reason. So you can shuffle anything, but right now we're looking at shuffling the contents of files and file names, and mainly looking at file names. So let's say you have the list of files like I have. So I have a couple of ones that are .txt and without .txt all numbered so we can know when the orders are getting shuffled easily. And we can obviously, if we wanted to do something to a number of those files, we could pipe them into different commands, different ways. We're going to look at three different options here, or really two options, but different techniques. Anyway, we're going to say the shuff command, which again should be in your repositories, probably not installed by default, I can do dash en. So the e says we're looking at the file names, not the contents of the files. And n is the number of outputs. So we're going to limit it to four. So we're going to shuffle up the names of these files. We're going to say every file in this directory. But we're only going to look at four of them. So it's going to shuffle them all up and give us four as the output. So let's say we want to run that through a command. And right now I'm just going to echo up the name, which is going to give us basically the same results. But you can again put these into any command you want. I'm just using the echo command as an example. So we're going to say, but we're going to use a while loop here first. I'm going to say while read and then we're going to create a variable. Hopefully you know how while loops work at this point if you're watching this tutorial. If not, basically it's going to loop through each line. So we're going to have four lines going to loop through. And it's going to take the each line and put it into the variable F. And then at this point, we're just going to say echo. Oops, hit enter instead of quotation mark, dollar sign, F. And I'm just using F as the variable. It can be anything you want within reason. And I'm just saying F because it's the file name. Done. So, oh, forgot the do command. Sorry, do. No, where am I? I'm sorry. I'm messing this all up. The do command goes after the while. So let's explain this since I've just totally confused you. We're shuffling up all the file names and outputting for them. We're going to put them through a while loop. And each line is going to put a variable called F. And each time it loops, it's going to do this. It's going to echo the file name, then done. And we get this, which looks a lot like the other results. But like I said, you can use any command in here that you want or group of commands. But we can say we can do something like the blank file is selected. So now, instead of just getting the names of the file, we're actually putting it in a sentence. So we're using the echo command. But again, this is just an example. So the while loop works. But while loops can be used a little more processor than you need. You can also use a program called xargs, which I've talked about in the past. And xargs is spelled like that. And then what we're going to do is we're going to do dash capital I, percent. And I'm going to say echo. I'm going to say file selected. Well, and then we'll say, in this case, percent. So basically what we're saying here is we're going to pipe each line, the four lines that were output into xargs. And then we're going to take each one of those, put them into basically this percent symbol is going to be our variable instead of our dollar sign f as in up here. And we're going to be passing that to our echo command. So it should print out four lines there. There we go. And we didn't have to loop through it. xargs took care of that for us. It just ran that process four times. And depends on what you're doing. If you're running a lot of things with it, you might want to run it through a loop with multiple lines or even better yet, in some cases, create a function and then use xargs to pass it to the function or external command in the script that you wrote. But let's look at another way of doing this. Let's say we wanted to move four of these files. So we have all of these files. How many files is it? We'll count it out here. We have eight files. Let's move half of them. Let's move four of them to a new directory. Let's do this. We're going to make a directory. Let's move them all to a directory. We'll call this one start. And we'll call this one done. And right now, we'll move all of these into start. Sorry. That's straight. So now if we list out, I've got two directories here. And if we list out what's in start, we can see all our files. And let's randomly move half of them from start into done. So we'll use our Chef command. We'll do dash e saying we're looking at the file names, not the file contents. We're going to say dash n that we want for output. We're going to say we want you to look in the start folder at all the files in there. If we do that now, you can see we're just randomly listing out four files from that directory. So now I'll pipe that into x args, not z args, x args. And we're going to do dash 0. And we're going to say move dash t. And then our destination will say done. So if I want to randomly move four files from the start directory into our done directory, I did something wrong. Apparently, my notes are wrong. Let's try just using the method we used before for echoing it out. So let's just change this. Before we use the capital I, which takes the string and converts it over into whatever we're about to pass. It will say percent in this. That's just how I learned how to do it. But I'm pretty sure you can use any character you want there. We'll look at that in a moment. Percent done. So here we're echoing out each line, randomly shuffling for them. x args is taking each line, converting it to putting in a variable called percent in this case, moving percent to done. No errors, list, done. If I do that again, it's going to move the last four files. So we'll do that. List and all four files are in there. So let's move everything from done into start again. So we're back to how we were if we list out there's nothing in done. And then there is something in start. Let's run that command again. And again, what we're doing here, x arg dash i is taking the string. So I'm pretty sure let me do something like this. This is commonly used as well. Basically, it's saying the next string we give it is what we're creating the variable called. If we list done, now there's four random files. Doesn't seem very random in this particular case. Let's move. Yeah, let's do that again. Pretty sure that's just coincidental. Do that. There we go. It is random. It would just happen to move the first four files like that over. And if we do it again, let's go ahead. We should be able to actually, let's see if this works. I'm not sure if this will work. Yeah, no, that didn't work. We're just testing out, testing stuff while doing its role. Not a great idea. There. Now all our files have been moved over to here. So to explain it again, we are shuffling dash e is saying we're looking at the file names. We're looking at all the files in this directory. And four is saying we only want four output. Then we're passing that to XR. We're using the dash i option, capital i, in XRs, to say each line is put into a variable now called percent. Then we are moving one at a time percent into the folder done. I shouldn't have called it done because now that looks like it's part of command. But that's it. And it's giving us an error now because we've already moved all the files out of that directory. Anyway, I hope I didn't confuse you too much. I hope you found this useful. And I hope that you have a great day. Please visit filmsbychrist.com, Chris the K, link in the description.


This is stock number 9428. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck headquarters. Today, we are checking out this super clean 2011 GMC Sierra 2500 Crew cab short box Denali. This vehicle has the 6.6 liter Duramax diesel with the LML motor which gives you 397 horsepower. From this HD video, you will be able to tell that for the miles and age on this truck, it is in excellent shape. It has Anthem off-road, painted and polished aluminum rims. These are 20-inch rims, and we have BF Goodrich LT 275 60R 20 tires on it. Tires have roughly about half the tread left and the frame and under body. We're having 100,000 miles on it. It's in really nice shape, and those rims are in excellent shape. I didn't see any scuffs or scrapes on them. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone, turn them on now, because it is like you're right here looking at the truck with me. Front bumper is in really nice shape. The hood, I didn't see any dents on that. Passenger side rim. Absolutely perfect. As we go down this side of the truck, you can see just how clean that body is, how reflective and glass-like that paint is. We take these HD videos, so if you are far away, or even if you're close by and you just cannot make a trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the truck, you can still see the truck here, the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. See the cab is in really nice condition. Down this side of the truck, very clean. I didn't see any dents or dings. We'll make one tiny little ding right there, but very clean down that side. Back rim is in excellent shape as well. The back tires have about as much try as the fronts, maybe just a hair less. This has an MBRP straight piped exhaust, so it has been deleted here. It was like that when we got, we didn't delete it at our shop, but it came in deleted. It has a factory chrome step bars, back rims in excellent shape, chrome tipped exhaust, rear bumpers in really nice shape as well. This side's got a couple little couple little corrosion spots on it, but it has backup sensors in it, tailgates in really nice shape, and it has a retracts, rolling tonneau cover. We do have the lock for that tonneau cover, or the key that unlocks it. It has a spray and bed liner that's in really nice shape. The bed is in really nice shape, no major dents or dings. And tonneau cover is in pretty nice shape as well. As you go down this side of the truck, just as clean as I passed on your side. In fact, maybe even a little bit cleaner. I didn't see any dents down this side. Very, very nice. Step bars are in pretty nice condition.  There are no rips or tears in these seats, no major wear. Both these seats are heated and cooled. We have weathertech floor mats throughout. Carpentine is nice and clean underneath. And it has power windows, power locks, power mirrors. They're your heated and cooled seat buttons. And then here are your memory seat buttons. It has telescopic tow mirrors with the built-in directional signals in them. Factory brake controller, auto headlamps, and turned-out full-wheel drive. As we hop inside we have 107,004 miles on it. Instrument cluster is nice and clean. It has a heated leather-wrapped and wood-grain-trimmed steering wheel. Bluetooth audio controls on that side, cruise controls, and your heated steering wheel button is right there. It has, of course, the six-speed Allison transmission. It has the six-disk CD changer right there. Dual climate control, Bose sound, power pedals, back-up sensors, stability track, and then that's on your right here is your factory exhaust brake. Nice wood-grain trim throughout, passenger seats in really nice condition as well. No rips or tears on that seat. I don't think this truck's ever been smoked in. It smells very clean. It has the power sunroof and your home link buttons for your garage doors and lighting systems and such. And then this is your review mirror. It has the on-star capabilities and the backup camera right there. And a weather-tech floor mat on that side for the most part. Very, very nice and clean inside here. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch-child safety system. It has the weather-tech floor mats as well back here. And the carpeting is like new underneath. It has the fixed glass rear defrost window. It will take a quick look. So these mirrors they do fold in and they do telescope out. So they go out pretty easy. Under the hood we have the 6.6 liter Duramax diesel with the LML motor. Engine-based, very clean, runs very smooth. This truck has been fully safetyed and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. The truck has been gone through mechanically 100% ready to go. To see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 400 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, half-tons, three-quarter-tons, one-tons, duallys, dumps, you name it. Visit our website www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle on our lot. Videos of every single used vehicle that we have all at summitauto.com. Thank you so much for checking out the video if you want to make this one yours. Give us a call right now,<PHONE_NUMBER>. Ask for one of our sales associates who are standing by to take your call. Once again that number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Thanks again for checking out the video. If you want to check out more go to youtube.com. Don't forget to like, subscribe, and share on this vehicle and all the vehicles that you see there. In fact, in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more heavy-duty truck videos like this one on your right. If you haven't been to our website on the bottom, a link to this truck on our website, click those. Check us out and we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2011 GMC Sierra 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Denali Duramax Diesel. Thanks again.


and the sun has one of my childhood fictional heroes versus the green ranger, Ryu. Ryu's up there with Superman, Batman, Optimus Prime, Lionel, you know what I'm saying? Amongst those is just a few. You know, my childhood fictional heroes. I absolutely loved him, loved him. And that's actually who I use when I play Street Fighter. Whenever I play Street Fighter, he's who I use. If I use anybody else, it's usually Akuma. But other than that, I use Ryu. So maybe one of you will get the opportunity to face me when it comes out for the PS4. But until then, I gotta check out Batman the Sun. Batman the Sun always does a good damn job, so I can't wait to see this. All right, let's do it. This episode of Superpower V down, it's brought to you by Loot Crate, the premier geek and gaming subscription box. Sign up now at lootcrate.com slash Batman the Sun. This always sounds like The Monsters to me. Remember The Monsters? Whatever. The show that takes two Superpower legends and makes a battle. I'm your host, Mercer Ray, and we are at Collector's Paradise. And today, we are going to be battling the legendary Green Ranger versus Street Fighting Master, Ryu. Let's check in with Brian and Tatiana to see what you will be able to do. Master of the Sorayu King and the Hadoke. You were at the Long Beach Comic Expo. I'm Brian. And I'm Tatiana. We wanna find out today. Who do you think you wanna find? You look good, Tatiana. I say Ryu. I say the Green Ranger. Let's go find out. Let's go find out. I say Ryu. So who do you think was? If it's a hand-to-hand combat, I would say that Ryu has the upper hand in that fight. However, considering that the fight is going to entail some of the powers, I'm gonna have to give it to the Green Ranger. Hey guys, we're here with the Red Ranger from Dino Charge Power Rangers. Who do you think would win a fight? Ryu or the Green Ranger? As far as I like the Green Ranger, because I grew up with him, I'm gonna have to say Ryu.  Tommy does have all these powers and stuff, but Ryu is a master of martial arts. He is a true professionalist who is over 1,000 moves into his combat. Tommy knows martial arts, martial arts with him. He's just gonna get overwhelmed. Oh, he's the Green Ranger. I am a Swedish Power Ranger, and I'm hard. You gotta believe in the power of the Green Ranger. And I like Tommy. He's the Dragon Dagger from the Dragon Sword. That's all he has to do. That's all he has to do. Who's gonna win Ryu or the Green Ranger? Ryu. Oh, man. Yeah, baby. The Green Ranger's pretty good, but I'm already taken down. You know Batman doesn't shoot. I'm gonna take him down. The Green Ranger, Tommy would win? I don't know. I mean, Ryu would like Hadouken. And then Tommy would pull out the Dragon Dagger and he'd be like, Yeah. And then like, like Zords. So we're here with the half-time sword.  Ryu or the Green Ranger. And it is super power. And it's a rare weapon that only some people can wield. And it's super powerful. So I think she definitely has this in the bag. Ryu or the Green Ranger? I wanna say Ryu. Just because he always trains, he's always practicing that Hadouken.   And it's a really over. I didn't even think about that.  He might get overwhelmed.  Prince of Crime and the Dark Knight himself. Could get him. No joke, Green Ranger. He's really joking. It's gonna be a right here. No, no. Good. You can ride him. Yeah. Well the fans have a lot of really good answers today. What do you think? I still think that Ryu's gonna win. I think Green Ranger's gonna win. Back to your version. All right, Jen, what do you think? Okay, well first of all, I just wanna say Tatiana looks amazing as a lecturer.  Sorry, I can't concentrate right now. In a long way. Our good thing going for him. And afraid of a grin. Ryu's got the moves. All right, well with half the time to watch this, super power beat down. Sorry, I was in a trance. What happened, Madden Sights? Tell me what happened in the conference. I mean in the comment section.  Really, it's like a low down speed fight. Shit. Ha! I'm liking the game too.  So does that mean Ryu's gonna lose? Because, yeah. Fuckers, that must've been close. The Green Ranger is the director of the series. Really? Thanks for watching. Be sure to check out our previous episode and definitely check out our next episode which is gonna be two on two. Team up of Joe, Kurt, Harley Quinn versus Deadpool and Tom Noh. I'm so excited for that one. Be sure to get your votes in. Like us on Facebook, Matt and Ben. Also, be sure to check out Jason David Frank's exciting new reality show, My War for Life, season two. On whose channel did they say the alternate ending? It's gonna be trained by Jason online. Be sure to head to trainmejdf.com and check it out. Get your geek on with the Loot Crate box head over to lootcrate.com. Live your tides again. Sign up now. All right, thank you guys so much for watching. We'll see you next time. Okay. All right, so I can't find the link for it, but when I do, I'll react to it, all right? Post your comments down below. Let me know who you thought should have won. I think Reagan should have won, but I didn't watch Power Rangers as much as a lot of other people. So maybe Tommy is that powerful. You know what I mean?  You know what I mean? He's fighting an unarmed man.  How about that? Huh?  One million subscribers. Woo.


I'll be straight with you, I've been a bit of a noob and been doing something the hard way. Yep, using the online Microsoft MateCode editor to download and then manually transfer their hex files across to the microgrid. What does that equate to? Pain, frustration and time that you will never ever see again. Solution? Post a YouTube video that mentions this and then have the community respond with an answer. Coming your way in just a moment. Hello world surfing scratcher here, teacher, server, programmer and on this channel I make how to decoding videos. However this week it's all been inspired by Pinky Pepper who dropped a comment on last week's video about a pain point that I'd been experiencing with the online Microsoft MateCode editor. Pinky Pepper is an online scratcher and YouTuber and I'll link to them in the description below and be sure to subscribe to them. So the offline editor is a space where you get to work offline with all your micro bit projects and that always makes me feel a little bit calmer for some reason. You're not bombarded with a bunch of popups that confuse your students and downloading the hex file three or four times. In the offline editor you can choose the micro bit as a storage location directly thus removing the step of need to transfer it manually. Now just a heads up, I'm working with the Mac operating system here but the steps should be very similar for Windows. Now Pinky Pepper also mentions a little gudger, if you're at a school you might have a stumbling block of installing this onto the computer so just be wary of that. I've got a little walkthrough of the steps that you can go through to download this directly onto the micro bit. Do that now. The first thing you'll want to do is head over to the makecode.microbit.org slash offline URL so that you can go get the offline editor. Note at the time of this recording that the Macode offline app is currently in development so be sure to visit this page to check out the status of the offline app as not all extensions are available to it. When you're on this page you want to click on the Macode offline app link. That'll take you to makecode.microbit.org slash offline dash app. Have a read through and accept the following terms and once you do that click the checkbox and download the offline app that is relevant to your operating system. I'm on Mac so I'm going to click that. As the file has downloaded let's go find it. Okay let's unzip it then just drag and drop the app into the applications folder. I've already got it installed so I'm not going to do that. Double click on your applications folder and find the make good for the microbit application and then double click to open it. If you've been working with the online editor this should all look pretty familiar. I'm not going to go over this. Let's just create a new project and I'm just going to name this offline download and now for the bit that you came here for and that really excites me. Press that save button. You're going to be prompted with a dialog box and if you check out your locations you'll see that you can save directly to the microbit there so you don't have to do any transferring of files. Hurrah! And there's our confirmation. It's not ejected properly. Our app is now on the microbit. Okay I'm just back here on the online version of the make good editor. I'm going to click a project that I worked on a little while ago. Rock, paper, scissors. You can check your card in the top corner to check that out. And I'm going to press the save button so I can save it to my computer. And notice how we don't get the dialog box is just gone directly to our downloads. So what I'm going to do is jump over to the offline editor and import that and then we'll get it on the microbit. Here I am back in the offline editor. I'm going to press import. I'm going to import from a file. Going to choose a file. And let's choose the rock, paper, scissors, hex that we just downloaded. Go ahead and open it. Now we're here in the project. I'm just going to press the save button. Going to save it directly onto the microbit. Hit save. Let's wait for our confirmation. There's our confirmation. I'm just going to jump over to the microbit and give it a shake. Cool, we just got some paper. Give it another shake. And there's our rock. And now we've got our scissors. Success. All right, it's time for a scratchy question and I feel so inspired by last week's comment that I want you to drop your tips that you have that you would like to share with our community down below in the comments section. Might even make a video about it. Hey, thanks for checking out this quick tip tutorial. Smash that like button if you found some value and check out some other content on your screen right now. Also got a link to Pinky Pepper's YouTube channel. Go sus that out. But until then, I'm off to go find a wave. I'll catch you in the next one.


Ever since the stars align to bring her here, Una has loved space, so here does everyone here like space or some people not too sure? Anyone here not too sure of space yet? You're not too sure of space? It's scary. It's very big. Kind of goes on without end, doesn't it? It goes on forever because it's continuously expanding. Maybe. We're still not sure. Are you okay on space? Yeah. So Una loves space from the first time she can remember. Her first step was one giant leap. Who took the first giant leap? Neil Armstrong. That's right. And with each birthday, Una's cakes became ascendingly astronomical. Yeah. Her first word was gravity. Gravity. And so I used to make cakes. My children now are pretty old, but I used to make them astronomy cakes too, but they were more for me than for them. Now, after a few more laps around the sun, what's a lap around the sun? A year. A year, isn't it? It's a year. That's what happens. The earth goes around the sun. Una lives in a world of cosmic curiosity and intergalactic inspiration. What's intergalactic? What's he? Well, more than that. Anyone? I'll find a way. It's a little between the galaxies, right? Actually. We have a galaxy that's got about a hundred billion, a hundred billion stars in it. Actually.  Um, the galaxies out there. Yeah, it's hard to measure them. The theory that of expansion, that universe that's observable right now is 93 billion years. And there's a theory that says that the expansion could be the current universe size could be 150 sextillion times greater. It's big and sextillion is such a big number. I don't even really know what it is. So she has her own little meteorite. I bet you no one here has a meteorite at home. And you know why? They're pretty rare and really, really expensive. That's what I said. We had one up at Mount Stromlo and someone stole it. Oh. Because it was so valuable. Oh, God. Okay. I think we eventually found it again, but someone's probably gonna have to make amends.  The constellation, my favorite constellation Orion. Orion. Has anyone seen Orion up in the sky? It's very, I like it because it's got, well, it's got a big red star. What's the big red star in Orion? Beetlejuice. Beetlejuice. What's the big blue star in Orion? There's a red one and a blue one and they're both really bright. Blumen. Rigel. Rigel is the other one. And then there's other great stars like Zeta Orionis, a great star, but maybe not such a great name. All right. Boone dreams of a life in space. Life on Earth is just so, so, so. Especially the last year has been kind of so, so, so. So she has her here, her little notepad and she talks about Earth and she says meh. It's just meh. I kind of feel like Earth's been meh for the last year as well. But she likes the idea of going out and maybe going to a planet. Earth can't zip through space like a comet. Is that true? Yeah. No. How fast is the Earth moving around the sun? Does anyone know? How fast? 30 kilometers a second. That's correct. Now, how fast is 30 kilometers a second? That gets us to Sydney in less than 10 seconds. So that's fast. So we are zipping around like a comet. Now some comets. Which comets? Now here's a hard question. If I wanted to find a comet that goes faster than the Earth, what do I know about it? There's really only one thing I know about it. Yes? I'm going to go back. If I want to find a comet going faster than the Earth, it has to go. That's correct. Well done. That was a hard question. Right? So a comet that goes closer to the Sun than the Earth goes faster than the Sun. Anyway, one day, Una will become an astronaut. She will leave the Earth behind. Hope she doesn't get sick like me. But for now, she is an astronaut in waiting. She's not very tall yet. But I would think being kind of short, what's good about not being super tall to be an astronaut? Yeah? So the ship doesn't have to be big, but there's something even more important. What do you think? No, no. You don't want to be six foot tall to be an astronaut. It's too big. Less than six foot. Less than, but there's something really important about not being tall. Let's go, you. So that's part of something more important. Yes, let's see. I'm looking for someone who hasn't asked a question yet. You've given an answer once. We'll let you go. Get a little taller, but the thing that really is important in going to space is something pretty fundamental. Yes? Let's go for you. Less weight. That's right. Oh, that's right. Someone cheated. All right. Ryan or Tim, you're probably, I know Ryan, Ryan would do that, I bet. It turns out it's really, really expensive to get heavy things into space. So the lighter you are, the better it is. So I don't think I would be going into space anytime soon right now. Yeah, if you could be really tall and thin, that would be fine. But you'd still have to fit inside things. Oona very much likes the astronaut bit. She is not so keen on the in-waiting part. It'll take eons to grow this tall. But we all grow. Yes? And eon. Eon is, court of means, a long, long time. It's sort of a it could be even longer than that. Come on. So eons ago and when the dinosaurs occurred, eons ago is when the big bang occurred. Eons ago, eons just a long time compared to what you want it to be. Right? So for example, lunch can be eons in the future if you're really hungry. All right. But here's the good bit. Oona has been industriously working on an interplanetary plan. This book has really big words that are hard for me to say industriously. That means working really hard with purpose like you would do to build a factory or something. And you can see she's got all figures about how to travel around. And she has astronaut ice cream. I bet astronaut ice cream tastes even better in space. Has anyone had astronaut ice cream here? I think Questacon sells it. It's freeze dried, isn't it? It means it doesn't have any water in it.  So I bet you it tastes better in space, especially if you add water. So she's been planning her interplanetary plan with accompanying a tire of course. So she's made a fishbowl helmet. I'd be pretty careful about doing that at home because you might not be able to breathe, right? You need to be very careful about doing that because you need an oxygen tank. That needs to be connected to it. Yeah, exactly. So I would not do that at home and I'd be worried about her fish Neil who doesn't have a tank to sit in. So that would be bad. I have a cat at home that would think that was really good. Sorry. Sorry, but sometimes sorry is not enough. Okay, I think Neil would like that. Has a hand-me-down snow suit from Big Cousin Carl. I had snow suits because I grew up in Alaska, but my experience is most people here don't have a cousin Carl with a snow suit. But I grew up in a place where we did have big white snow suits. Why do you need to have a big suit in space? Just go ahead and scream it out. The vacuum is space. So the vacuum is space is one thing. What's the other part of space? It's cold, right? It's black and that's why it is distinctive. It's cold. It's cold. And white's good as well because you can see it. So you can see it. Yeah. Mom's dusty all-white Uggs. Still cool. I have some Ugg boots from 1995, but they're not white and they're pretty ugly. And Carl's ski gloves. Little too big, but they do the trick. And today is the big day. Today, Una will finally swap her humdrum, ho hum, life on earth for an extraordinary extraterrestrial life in space. What's extraterrestrial mean? Someone just tell me. Well, it means terrestrial. Terrestrial means if you're Greek, it means earth. So it's beyond earth is what extraterrestrial means. Well, so she's going to do this, but the first thing she has to do is once she has packed a picnic and said so long to Neil, who's in a little bag, Neil the Goldfish. Oh, poor Neil. I'm worried about Neil. And he's like got his head down. Permission to find life in space. That's going to be tough. That's something I've been trying to do for a long time. I have not succeeded yet. The first thing she has to do is to get there and you want to say something. Lily? Maybe Mars. Yeah, it's because there was something that actually he stung. Someone was, the scientists were stunned once because they saw something that looked like a human face. Oh, the human face on Mars. Yeah, I think that's just a kind of a shadowy thing. It's kind of a cool, you know, how have you ever been?  Sometimes there are little places. I think that's what that is. And we still have not found life on Mars, but we think it's our best chance of a place to look. The other place to look is my favorite place is the Moon Enceladus. Okay, so the first thing she needs to do is she's got to get there, okay? So Una needs to try to get to space first. So our first attempt, it looks like she's made a soda and mints. Has anyone done the soda and mints trick? Well, may I suggest only trying it with parents involved, but it does work pretty well. I can tell you if you can use diet soda so it doesn't get all sticky and the right type of mints. Attempt two, giant party balloon filled with hydrogen. I reckon that might have worked. I don't know who here has a tank of hydrogen at home. Why do you have a tank of hydrogen at home? You don't think it's helium? Yeah, I bet you it's helium. Hydrogen is what they made the Hindenburg out of. Yeah. And hydrogen goes kaboom if you're not careful. So most people don't have tanks of hydrogen around, okay? Yeah, that's right. Well, we're going to have hydrogen. You may well have hydrogen in the future to power your car, but we're not there yet. There's one hydrogen fuel station in Canberra. And I think we're the first place in an Australia to have one. So she got up 56 centimeters. Attempt three, she made a rocket. Well, that's pretty fancy rocket. And Neil's counting down. Look at that. She must know Elon Musk. That's the only thing I can think. So up and away she goes. Space was even more extraordinary than Oona had hoped. There was no so-so, no humdrum, and certainly no ho-hum out here. The spol isn't connected to her like suit. It's got holes in it. So that tells us maybe this is a bit of a dream, don't we think? Yes. But she's got Mercury. Mercury is closest planet to the sun. So it's very hot. But interestingly enough, Venus is further away, and it's the planet that's the closest in size to Earth, but it's even hotter than Mercury. Yes, because it actually has an atmosphere. And it's so dense, like mad. Yeah, so it's got that really big greenhouse effect.  Yeah, and we don't want to have that greenhouse effect here on Earth, do we? Amounts of carbon dioxide. Mars is the next planet with Earth in between. Exciting. And we have, is everyone watching the pictures from Mars from- Titan. Yeah, and what about the helicopter? People ready to see the helicopter taking off? What's about Titan? Yeah, well, we'll talk about Titan in a second. We got to get to Jupiter first. Now, not here. What's between Mars and Jupiter? Asteroid belt. Asteroid belt. Yeah.  Now, Jupiter was almost a star. Almost, this missed it by this much. What would have happened? What needed to happen in Jupiter to become a star? Yep. Well, you need, so it needed to actually be a little heavier, and then gravity would have started a nuclear engine in the center, and it would have shined. That didn't happen. You want to- You reckon? You reckon? I think it needed more than that. Finally, we get to Saturn, and we have- Saturn has a really big mood called Titan. I like Titan. It's a pretty thing, but it's got methane. Methane. All over it. Methane smells bad, at least here on Earth.  Made out of fox. Well, yeah, it's because we add things to make it smell bad, actually. You can't smell methane unless you add something to it. And it turns out your body or a cow does that naturally. But yeah, methane is a good thing in small quantities. Finally, speaking of methane, getting to Uranus. Uranus. Uranus, as I like to call it. Uranus. I'm sticking by Uranus. And then- Methane. What's the real funny thing about Uranus? Yeah, we're going to let someone else try. What makes Uranus interesting besides its name? Okay, I'm going to go for you. You can also call it your aim. Okay, anything other than its name. Yes, what do you think? Massive. It's got a pretty good storm, but it's not unique. What do you think? It's because its rings are the one way around. The rings are wrong, and that's because of something else. It acts as tilt. It's on its side, right? And that's because we think when it formed, it got, you know, it got smacked. Probably is do things come together. So it's way over on its side. It's got with a rude name. Anyway, she goes all the way out to almost to the edge of the solar system. Uranus was really smelly, even if I called it that way. She's worried, I'm alone. Did I remember to feed Neil? I don't think she remembered. That's why Neil was happy to count down, because I think Neil is kind of sick of Una. Doesn't treat her very, doesn't treat him very well. Did I remember to feel Neil? She's thinking, maybe there's no life in space. Una's mind expanded like the universe with each new moment. Space and time seem to stand still as she traveled further towards the edge of the solar system. Well, it's not an easy edge. It's not like a wall. What's the furthest thing that humanity has put out? Yes? What? Voyager 1. Voyager 1 or Voyager 2? Voyager 2. Voyager 1. Brain's trust. Brain's trust. Ryan, what's the answer? Voyager 1. Voyager 1. Voyager 1. Okay, we'll have Ryan tell us. It's 1. Voyager 1. Thank you. It's either 1 or 2. Voyager 1. Space and time seem to stand still as she traveled further towards the edge of the solar system. Neptune, the most distant planet we know of in our solar system. I'm still kind of think Pluto is a bit of a planet, but anyway. But I think there are other things like that. If Pluto was, there are a few moons in Jupiter as a planet. So, Neptune's pretty chilly minus 214 degrees Celsius. That's cold. That would keep your ice cream cold. Probably pretty frozen. No life on Neptune. What's Neptune made out of, mainly? Not water. Ice. No. It's gas. It's made out of methane as well. And an ice layer inside. Yep. Probably got a big ice layer inside. With all of this astronauting, Una had worked up quite an appetite. So, she found a lovely spot on a ring of frozen rocks and launched into her cheese sandwiches and astronaut ice cream. I reckon at minus 214 degrees, that cheese is going to be pretty hard. How can she eat it when she has a helmet on? Well, I think it's pretty hard, but maybe you can sneak up. Who knows? It'd be hard. Now, she's out way out at something called the Kuiper Belt. Kuiper Belt. It's named after Gerald Kuiper. Yes. Where I was an undergraduate. He discovered the second largest moon on Neptune. And many other things he was. So, the Kuiper Belt, as I will call it. Kuiper. Kuiper. All right, Brains Trust. Is it Kuiper or Kuiper? Kuiper. I think he's Dutch and I think it's Kuiper, but I might be wrong. Kuiper actually discovered that the two stars exchange, the binary stars exchanging matter. So, the belt out here is where we think a lot of comets come from. Okay. So, this is a place though where there are lots of like Pluto and some other planets. What's the only thing out in the Kuiper Belt that's bigger than Pluto? I forgot the name. It's does of E. Eres. Eres. All right. There might be something else. What is the mystery thing out there? There's something. There's a bigger mystery that one of my friends thinks might be there. Planet X. Planet, well, Planet Nine. Planet X is the old version. This is Planet Nine. Planet Nine is, we think there is evidence there might be an undiscovered planet much bigger than the Earth out beyond Neptune and Eres. But they haven't, we've all been looking, we haven't found it yet. We shall see. I've been told there's going to be some sort of news on Planet Nine in the next few weeks, but probably not a discovery. All right. Let's look down here. C3H602. I've read that the center of the Milky Way tastes like raspberries. I can't believe that's true. Then it will explode. Tastes like raspberries, thanks to the compound ethyl formate C3H602. Wouldn't that be cool if the center of the Milky Way tastes like raspberries? It means you wouldn't have to flavor your ice cream. You can just bring it with you that way. In the distance, you can see Oona there. Something caught Oona's eye, shining the light of a nearby star. A tiny blue speck seemed to shimmer as if it were alive. Captivated, Oona quickly packed up her picnic and set off towards it. What do you think that is? You think it's probably a good place to go back? She's going very fast, 30 kilometers per second. You're right. It spins at 1,600 kilometers per hour. So how long, if the Earth spins at 1,600 kilometers per hour, how long does it take to completely turn around? 23 hours and 56 minutes. And four seconds, correct. Well done. It's like having a marching encyclopedia here. It's great. And as she moved closer to that blue speck, she could see the shimmering blue planet was orbiting on a tremendous loop around its star. And it has one moon. What's interesting about our moon? What do you think? What's interesting about our moon? It's because it sort of stops us from going into an elliptical orbit. Something more fundamental than just that. What do you think is important about our moon? It makes tides, but why does it make tides so big? Yes? Say it again? The moon's gravity. It's big. Yeah, so the moon didn't even smash into us. Something else smashed into it. And the moon actually is just the Earth. If you look at the moon, it's essentially a big piece of the Earth from four and a half billion years ago. It would have been a really bad day to be on Earth on that day because something probably the size of Mars hit Earth. What could it be that blue speck? Had she discovered life in space? A trillion possibilities rushed through her una's mind as she approached the spinning sparkling sphere. Let's not give it away. And just like that, it came into sharp focus. The blue planet was the Earth. Tum-dum. Suspended in space, her beautiful blue home now shimmered even more brightly than before. That's right. Australia, New Zealand, but no Switzerland. Just New Zealand for Ryan. In that moment, Una made the most marvelous observation. There is life in space. We are life in space. And we are all the crew of the most spectacular spaceship in the universe. That's our Earth. It's pretty amazing, our Earth. Everything we need to explore the cosmos is already on board. Fresh water, air, lots of lovely food, especially the ice cream, fellow travelers of all species shapes and sizes, and plenty of room to live, love, learn and play. It is a very good spaceship, Earth. With her mission complete and astronaut ice cream supplies severely depleted, it was time to return home and begin a new mission. We are all traveling through space right now. The Earth is our spaceship. And it's only home we've got. It's our mission to take care of the Earth so that we can explore the universe for light years to come. Uh-oh. What's that light years to come? The distance like travels in a year. Yeah. It's kind of like what Star Wars got wrong on traveling the blah, blah, blah, parsec thing. Kind of grates a little bit, doesn't it? So the last thing we're going to finish on is a quote by Neil Armstrong, the person who 52 years almost ago went through and said, I put my thumb and shut one eye. And my thumb blotted out the planet Earth. I didn't feel like a giant. I felt very, very small. Because although it seems really big to us and there's so many of us on the planet, it's beginning to feel smaller and smaller. So we do need to take care of it.


Now you've seen me take pencil to paper and we looked at powers and we looked at roots and we looked at logarithms. Now we can do all of that with symbolic Python as well. And that's what this lecture is all about. We're still pretty much exploring how to use Sympi. Later on we'll put it to a real test. Now I do want you to watch the pencil and paper videos because that's where we learn about these topics. But here in these videos, in the Python videos, we see how easy it is to deal with that algebra using Sympi and Python. However, you don't have to install anything or have any prior knowledge of Python. Just watch these videos. And there is a link in the description down below to a video where I show you how you can set up your Google Drive to code in Python. I'm inside of my Google Drive. I have navigated to the folder, which is the place that I store all these notebooks and I'm going to go to New, More and Google Colab. First thing is going to be changing the name of this file.  That's fine. And let's do things a little bit differently. I'm going to go to the top right and see the connect button. I'm going to connect right away. So instead of me having to wait until I execute the first Python code cell, I can just connect right away. So let's give this notebook a title. So I'm going to hover right in the middle and I'm going to hit text. Let's double click there. I want to show you a different way just to add the one hashtag or two hashtags. You can just click on this little toggle heading. If I click on it once, it's going to give me the one hashtag or pound symbol, a space, and it's going to just add a title for me. Now I want to delete all of that. So I'll highlight it and just delete it. And let's call this notebook powers, roots, exponents and logarithms. That's quite a few things that we have to cover. Let's create a brand new text cell. So just hover in the middle. I'm going to click the text button. This time I'm going to hit this button, the toggle heading button. I'm going to do it twice, one, two. And now it gives me the two hashtag symbols. Unfortunately, it does give you a name. Just highlight it and delete it. And I'm going to say packages. And this is where we're going to do the imports. Once again, let's do things a little bit differently. So there's my code cell. And now I'm going to do the following. Instead of saying import SMPI, have a look at this. I'm going to say from SMPI import. So we haven't seen this before. Now remember last time in the previous lecture, what we did was, we just said SMPI dot and then this name of a function that was inside of SMPI. But what if I know already all the functions that I want to use and I don't want to say SMPI dot, SMPI dot, SMPI dot all the time. Now this is a way of just importing those functions so that I can just use them without that dot notation. So the first function that I might want is the init underscore printing function. Now I'm just going to use a comma and space. I want the symbols function. We've seen that one last time around. Maybe one that I want is rational. Now that comes with an uppercase R. So just be careful, rational, exp for exponent, log for log. And you can list all the functions that you want to use without going through the SMPI dot. So that this would be a different way, much more efficient way of doing it. The only problem is you would need to know all the functions that you want to use. All the keywords inside of the SMPI package you will need to know. Now you don't need to know them right up front. You can always come back to the cell and just keep on adding more and re-execute this line of code. So that's not a problem at all. Now that those functions were all imported, now I can just use them. I don't have to say SMPI dot. So I'm just going to say init underscore printing and open-close parentheses because it's a function and just execute that. Now remember what that does, that allows for that pretty printing. That is that nice type setting that we see when we print our results to the screen. So let's add a new section. I'm going to hit this toggle heading twice. Just click on the new section because I want to delete it. And there we go. And I'm going to call this section powers. And let's think about doing some powers. Now let's just do it numerically. What is two to the power two? And to the power is the two star symbols, remember? So this says two to the power two. And if I execute that, I should get four. What is two to the power three? Well, I'm going to get eight. And you can do any calculation that you want. Now there's some special things. If I raise anything to the power zero, let's take seven and I raise that to the power zero, we are going to get one. Now let's do zero to the power zero. Now that's a little bit special. Let's execute that in some mathematical circles. We say that zero to the power zero is undefined. In other mathematical circles, we say, well, zero to the power zero should be one because anything raised to the power zero must be one. And that's exactly the camp that's Python is in. So zero to the power zero in Python language at least is going to be one. Really an algebra, just thinking about the basics of algebra, we're going to say that zero to the power zero is undefined. We do not want that. Let's take anything to the power one. So let's again take seven and we're going to raise it to the power one. Well, that's just seven. So those are the basic things with powers of zeros and powers of ones. You know all of these things. Now let's have a little bit of fun with powers. Let's create a couple of mathematical symbols.  I'm going to assign them. That's my single equal symbol. The symbols function and are no longer, do I have to say some pie dot symbols? We've already imported it. Look up there from some pie import. In the last lecture, we just said import some pie, but now we say from some pie import, one of the functions that I imported, what's the symbols function? Now I can just use it outright as if it is part of base Python. And so let's put our parentheses, it is a function. I have to use quotation marks and now I can just say X, space A, space B. I don't have to use commas there. Now I've created mathematical symbols X, A and B and I've assigned them to these computer variables X, A and B, these names X, A and B. So let's have a look at the following. Let me say X to the power A. Now if you did not make these symbols, you're just gonna get an error back from Python because by default, Python wants something to be assigned and that must be a number or a list. Something useful to Python, but this is symbolic mathematics. So now Python understands that these are indeed mathematical symbols and now look what it does. X to the power A and look at that. X to the power A, that's lovely. What if I take X to the power A and I add to that X to the power B? So that's X to the power A plus X to the power B and look at that, X to the power A plus X to the power B. Now let's change things up. I'm going to say X to the power A and then a space and then multiply with X to the power B. Now it's multiplication, not addition. Now can you remember the rule? Let's execute that. Look at that, X to the power A, X to the power B. That's written out very beautifully, but hang on a minute. I just said, do you remember the rule?  Well, let me show you this. I'm going to do a set of parentheses. Inside of that set of parentheses, I'm gonna say X to the power A space times X to the power B and now I'm putting that inside of parentheses so that that is one entity. And now because this is an object, remember I said most things in Python are objects, now that it's an object, I can do something with that object. And what I want to do to this object is to simplify it. Now watch this, dot simplify, open and close parentheses. Now first I'm just going to execute it and then I'll explain because there's a little bit of computer language knowledge. I'm gonna execute that and now look at that, X to the power A plus B. Some pi knows that rule and look at that, isn't that beautiful? If you just printed it like this, if you wrote that code, it's gonna give you X to the power A times X to the power B and some pi takes away the multiplication symbol or the dot notation. It just takes X to the power A, X to the power B as you would write it, pencil and paper, as your textbook will have it. But if I create a single entity of it by putting it inside of parentheses and then saying dot simplify, it's actually going to apply the rule that we know that you can add those powers. Now, a little bit of technical stuff which you don't have to know but let me explain it to you in any way. Do you see simplify, it looks like a function. Can you see there's open and close parentheses so you think that is a function. Now there's a thing in Python where once you have created an object, you can immediately send that object to a function but this is actually in reversed order. So instead of having the simplify function and passing X to the power A times X to the power B as an argument, in other words, putting it inside of those parentheses, you can apply it after the fact. And this is now turning what is actually a function into something that we call a method. Now there's a bit more to that as well but I just want to keep things simple. This is a method that exists for this object and depending on the object in Python, you can use certain methods. Those methods apply to certain objects and X to the power A times X to the power B gives me this symbolic object and I can apply the Sympy method to that object and this is what we do. As I said, you don't have to know anything about that. That's actually just computer science stuff going on there. I'm interested in the mathematics here. So if I do make that one single entity, that's a term X to the power A times X to the power B and now I say dot simplify, now we're gonna see that rule apply where I can just add those powers to each other and that is absolutely fantastic. Just wanna show you that we needn't just deal with these symbols. What if I just want to look at just using normal numbers? What if I have two to the power three and I want to multiply that by two to the power four? Now look at this, the bases are the same. It's two to the power three and two to the power four. Now if I execute this, I'm just gonna get the solution, 128. There's no symbolics going on here but I just want to show you that remember the bases are the same so I can add those two powers, so three plus four, seven. This would be the same as saying two to the power seven. Will that be the same? Yes it is, 128. And remember from before I can actually use that comparison operator, the double equal symbols. Have a look at this, two to the power three times two to the power four. Is that equal to, so the double equal symbol, two to the power seven, are they equal? Is the left hand side and the right hand side equal? Yes they are, they're both 128, aren't they? So that is absolutely fantastic. Let's explore what happens when you say X to the power three times X to the power four. Let's see what's going to happen. And because we use numbers in the powers, we're going to see that that's already done for us. We don't have to simplify this one. What Simpa is going to do here, it's going to add the three and the four to give us seven in one go. So just be aware of that. Now let's see what happens when we divide something. Let's say X to the power a, divide that by X to the power b. What's going to happen? Well look at this, it's doing some weird notation. I've got X to the power b in the denominator and I can bring that up into the numerator as long as I make that power a negative. So it is indeed actually what we are doing. We are saying X to the power a times X to the power negative b. That would be the same as having X to the power b in the denominator of a fraction. Now let's create two more symbols. Let's create the symbols Y and Z. That equals, now remember, I can use symbols straight away. Quotation marks, I'm going to have a Y and a Z. And I'm just going to execute that. So now X, Y, Z, A and B, they all mathematical symbols. So let's see what happens can Simpa actually do some simplification for us. So let's have the following. Let's have four, and I'm putting this in parentheses, times X to the power six, times let's do Y to the power three. Let's do times Z to the power, let's make that Z to the power two. And now I'm going to go outside that parentheses and I'm going to do a forward slash and another set of parentheses. So I'm going to have a numerator and a denominator. Let's put in the denominator two, times let's make it X to the power four, times let's make it Y to the power three, and let's make it times just Z. Let's see what happens. Oh, and that simplification happened for us. Cancelation, everything happened, it's now two X squared times Z. And isn't that a thing of beauty?  And because my powers, they were just numbers. Remember when we said X to the power three, times X to the power four, it already gave me back X to the power seven.  And that is absolutely fantastic. I just want to play around with this notion of having something in the denominator, a power in the denominator and what happens to it. So let's just play with that a little bit. I'm going to say one divided by X to the power A. Let's see what happens. And you can see what's simple is going to do. It's going to say one over X to the power A, I can actually write that as X to the power negative A. Those are exactly the same thing. Now what happens here? Let's do X and let's put that in parentheses actually. Let's do this X to the power A and then directly to the power B. What's going to happen here? It's going to write it out just like I wanted it. X to the power A, raise to the power B and you say, hang on, isn't there a rule for that? Of course there is one. How are we going to do this? Well, let's create one single entity of this. So look at this. I've got my outside set of parentheses. Now my inner set of parentheses X to the power A and then outside of that inner set to the power B. So all I've done is I've taken this line of code and I've wrapped it inside of its set of parentheses. Now I can say dot simplify so that this method is now applied to that whole object. And let's see what happens. What happens? Oh, unfortunately it didn't do X to the power A times B. That would be the rule, but you have to get used to some of the quirks inside of some pie. Not everything will be printed to the screen exactly as your textbook would do, but you've got to explore and get used to this. This is the way that some pie is going to deal with that. The next little trickery I want to show you is the rational function. Remember we imported that, so we can just use it as is. And a rational, remember that's a numerator divided by a denominator, but look at this. The rational function takes a numerator and a denominator as arguments and remember arguments are separated by a comma. So if I want a half, I'm gonna say one comma two, not one fourth slash two. That would just be numerical and it's gonna give me back a half. I want the rational one divided by two. Have a look at this. Oh, isn't that beautiful? Looks like my textbook, that is one half. Now I can start thinking about, hang on a minute, can I not do roots as my power? Yes, absolutely you can. So let's do X to the power rational one comma two. Now this is a little bit superfluous, but I can absolutely do that. And look at that, look what happens. SimPy realizes that's nothing other than the square root of X. Isn't that fantastic? Let's just explore a little bit. The best about these things is just to play. Let's do the rational one over three. What's going to happen there? Oh, look at that, isn't that fantastic? SimPy recognizes that's the cube root of X. I absolutely love this. This is absolutely fantastic. Let's do X to the power. Now I just want to warn you, the rational function, those arguments, the numerator and denominator can only be numbers. For rational, I don't put A's and B's in there. So what I would want to do here is to put inside of parentheses A divided by B. So X to the power A divided by B. And that's what SimPy is going to do with that. It's going to print out for you X to the power A divided by B. Let's have some more fun. X to the power, let's do A over B. And let's multiply that with Y to the power. Let's do A over B. Let's see what that gives us. And exactly as we asked for. X to the power A over B, Y to the power Y over B. Can SimPy simplify this for us? Well, let's give it a go. Now I'm going to do something very cheeky. I select all of that. Hit control or command C to copy it. I'm going to have my parentheses. And inside of the parentheses, I'm just going to do control or command V to paste. And let's say dot simplify. See if that will work. You have to explore these things. And it does actually does nothing. In this instance, once again, the simplify does nothing. But you do remember the rule that you can actually combine those two. Unfortunately, not everything works, especially not these simple things. Later on, when we do some more complicated stuff, you'll see SimPy really start to shine. But what I want to do here is this for you to explore. Now let's do the next little section. I'm going to say text to hashtags. And I'm going to say, let's explore the exponents. By exponents, I'm going to mean, I'm going to put my variable X. I'm going to put that inside of the power. So now I'll have something like A to the power X. See my variable is actually X. A is just a constant. It's going to be some number. But to the power X, and now that's what I mean by exponents. And when we talk about the exponential function, we actually mean the number E. So we imported the EXP function. And remember, anything raised to the power one is just that thing. So I'm just going to pass one as an argument. Look what's going to happen. There we have Oilers number E. So EXP refers to the base E. If I raise it to the power one, I actually just get E back. Now let's do something else. If I go right to the top, let's add something else that I want to be imported. Let's do the number Pi. So I'm saying comma and I'm just adding Pi. And now I'm executing that code. As I say, you can just go back and add some more. And there you've seen an example of that. Let's go back down to the bottom. Let's now just write Pi. And you're going to see that's going to be straightforward Pi to the screen. Now what if I want the actual, or some kind of numerical approximation to this? Now let's say Pi dot. Now look at this Eval F. Open close parentheses. Let's see what happens. Now I get a numerical approximation. Let's do this again. I'm going to say Pi dot Eval F. And I'm going to pass an argument 100. Look at this. 100 decimal places for Pi. Isn't that fantastic? So even though some Pi have these constants, these irrational numbers, and it contains the symbolic representation of that. So the actual value, we can also do numerical approximations are something that's symbolic. And what we do is we just pass the Eval F method at the end. And we can also pass an argument to that Eval F method telling some Pi how many decimal places we want. The last section in this video is just to work with logarithms. So let's do two. Let's just overwrite this logarithms. Just want to show you how logarithms work. So let's ask for the log of 100. What do you think is going to happen? I get the symbolic representation of this. This log function is the log inside of some Pi, not inside of one of the modules that we saw right in the beginning, like the math module. The log function inside of that package was actually just doing the numerical computation for us. If I wanted to get the numerical representation of this, I would say log 100. Now I would say Eval F, and maybe we want 10 decimal places. And there we see a numerical approximation for the log of 10. Now, if we just use the log function, the base is E, Euler's number. And that means the log function inside of some Pi is the natural log. Now I can say, well, I'm not happy with that base. Maybe I want base 10. So let's do log of 100. Then I can pass a second argument, 10. The second argument in the log function in the SimPi package is the base. And now I'm going to get back the result two because 10 times two, 10 to the power two, I should say, is 100. So the log function is very nice because it is going to do this numerical approximation when I ask for it, but it will also do the symbolic representation. So let's look at the log of X times Y, and I get back the log X, Y. Now remember there's a rule for that one, but SimPi is not going to print. In this easy case, it's really not going to print that to the screen for us. And that is it for this lecture. I've given you enough of a base to start playing with. There's nice documentation online for the SimPi package. Go out and learn stuff. By that I mean just go and explore, play, write some code, explore. It is wonderful. And we are nearly there that we can really start using the power of SimPi to do some actual calculations for us.


I've talked about i3 Window Manager on my channel a lot over the last year, so ever since I switched away from DWM, I've found myself liking i3 more and more. In fact, I would go so far as to say that I would have a hard time using another Window Manager, and I've proven that to be true because I've tried several times to use other Window Managers just to kind of switch things up.  One of the things that I've never really cared about on i3 however is that it's a manual tiling Window Manager. And while it's not that big of a deal because usually the most Windows I'll ever have on a screen is two, when I do have two or more, I really don't care all that much for how i3 handles Windows. Now, you probably are thinking, well then why would you use a manual tiler if you don't like a manual tiling Window Manager? Well, I like all the other things about i3 and like I said, I don't often have to deal with the manual tiling aspect of i3 anyway, so it's never really been that big of a deal. However, one of the things I have said over the last few months is that if I could combine DWM and i3 and take all the great features of i3 along with the few features that I missed from DWM and put them all into one Windows Manager, I think it would be absolutely perfect. Now, for the most part, that's pretty much impossible. But there is one aspect of DWM that I can bring into i3 and that is transitioning i3 away from being a manual tiler into a dynamic tiling Window Manager. And you do that with a little script called Auto Tiling. Now, Auto Tiling is a way to kind of hack i3 into being a dynamic tiling Window Manager. And let me show you what it does. First, actually, before we do that, let me go ahead and show you how i3 normally acts. So when you open up Windows, if you don't have Auto Tiling enabled, this is what you get. And then you have to do something like this, like a keybinding in order to get it to go the other direction, okay? And then you would be able to do something like that. I mean, you can't really see that now because it's behind my head, but if I go over here, you can see if I do another keybinding, we could do this. And that's the way a manual tiler works. You are always in charge of where the next Windows spawns and you can control that by a keybinding. And that's okay. I like that kind of control if I were to always need it, but I'm a lazy guy. So I really don't want to have to have that control when I don't need it. So Auto Tiling enables me to kind of get rid of this mess. Let me close these windows real fast. So when you have Auto Tiling enabled, it looks like this.  So basically this is what it does. And I'm not pressing any keybinding other than to open up the window. And as you can see, it basically creates what is known as a spiral layout for a Tiling window manager. And really what it's doing is that every time you open up a new client, which is what this is called as it's a window, every time you open up a new application, it automatically sends a signal 2I3 to switch to the opposite layout. So let's just say I have this window here highlighted, I'd actually start going like this. And really what it does is it switches between vertical and horizontal Tiling every other time you open up a window. So it goes vertical, then horizontal, then vertical and horizontal and so on and so forth. And that's what it does. It turns it into a dynamic Tiler. Now it's not as great in my opinion as like the master stack layout. You can finagle a master stack layout out of I3 with a certain script. But in my experience, it's always been kind of hit or miss. The auto Tiling script has been rock solid and I've experienced no problems with it whatsoever. And it is easy to install. So if you are on Arch Linux, it is in the AUR. If you are on Fedora, you will have to make it yourself. And there are instructions on how to do so on the GitHub page. Basically what you're going to do is download the GitHub repo, rename the script that is in the Git repo and then move it into your path. That's basically all there is to it. So you can run this on pretty much any distro you have, even if it's not in your repositories. And that's cool because one of the things that I thought I was going to miss when I switched to Fedora is this script. But it turns out it was really easy to install. This is all auto Tiling actually does. It turns I3 into somewhat of a dynamic Tiler. And I find that almost indispensable. I never have this many windows open, first of all. So honestly, anything over three or four, I'm never going to really notice. But I do sometimes have four terminals open up on the same screen. And it's nice to not have to control where those windows are going to pop up next. So while I'm here, let me actually show you how you would do this. So once you've installed auto Tiling, whether you've done this from the AUR or you've built it yourself, getting it to run is actually really easy. So if I see into where my I3 configuration file is, which is in my repository, and then I them into my auto start file, you might have auto start in your I3 config itself, or you might have a separate I3 auto stuff file. It doesn't really matter. All you need to do in order to get this running is add auto Tiling to your either your I3 configuration file or your auto start file. And it's just like this. And then it's done. You know, restart I3 and it will start doing auto Tiling. So that's really all you'll need to do in order to get this up and running. And like I said, it's very easy to install. So pretty much anybody should be able to do it. So that is auto Tiling on I3. I adore it. I think it's one of the things that really kind of adds some extra feature to I3 that you really want to be able to get otherwise. And I'm always looking out for things like that. And it really does kind of make me miss things like DWM less, because one of the things that I missed about DWM was the dynamic aspect of it. And now that I have that on I3, I don't have to miss it at all. So while it's not quite as good as Master Stack, it's still good enough. So that is it for this video. If you have comments on auto Tiling or you have any other cool I3 tools that you think I should check out, leave those in the comment section below. Just remember, don't give me any links because YouTube will delete them. You can follow me on Twitter at Linuxcast. You can follow me on Massadon or Odyssey. Those links will be in the video description right below the like button. If you could hit the like button and really help me out, I'd appreciate it so very much. 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