Namaste. In our earlier sessions, we have been discussing CVP and particularly its applications. So, we have seen variety of decision making cases involving let us say sales mix, involving product planning. We have also discussed in our last session about decision making in case of a key factor. Now, let us do one more case where profit planning is involved. So, different decision scenarios and how will you react to those decision scenarios? Please take the sheet which you have, read the problem with me and to try to solve it along with me. Let us start. The budgeted data of pranam chemicals for the year is as follows. Direct materials 30, direct wages 24 and production overhead variable 18. All these 3 A is on per unit basis and fixed production overhead in total is given as 30 lakhs. Admin costs again are fixed. They are 18 lakhs. Selling and distribution 18 lakhs. Selling price is 152 per unit. Now, company operates at a margin of safety of 25 percent. In order to improve its operations, few proposals have been put forth. So, often different people in the company different levels of managers come out with suggestions and naturally management wants to improve profitability. So, for taking decision it becomes important to calculate the profitability PV ratio, BEP and so on for each of the decision scenarios. So, let us see what are the different proposals. The first one, increase the sales volume by 10 percent and advertising expenditure of 2 lakhs will be incurred. Then fixed production and selling and distribution overheads also will increase by 2 lakh and 95000 respectively. What should be the selling price in order to achieve a total profit of 25 lakhs? Remember each proposal is separate, the second proposal. Reduction of selling price by 5 percent that will increase the volume by 20 percent. Fixed production overheads will also increase by 3 lakhs. Fixed selling and distribution overheads will increase by 2 lakhs. Advertising expenditure of 3 lakhs is required and find the impact on profit. Third one, increase the selling price by 10 percent by spending 2 lakhs on advertising. Fixed production overheads will increase by 2 lakhs. Fixed selling and distribution will also increase by 1 lakh. Find the increase in the volume of sales required in units to earn 10 percent more profit than budgeted and there is one more fourth proposal also. Let us take first three proposals right now. So, you already have a budget data. Let us first put it in a proper format and compute the profitability as for the budget and then make enough number of columns. First we will start with the existing budget and then we will go for proposal 1, 2, 3 and so on. So, I will shift to excel sheet for you in your notebook. Please make the budget in the proper format. I hope you know the proper format now. We start with selling price then reduce variable cost, get contribution and then compute the profits. So, please it make it in that format. I hope you do not need my solution. You can do it on your own. So, first of all starting with the budget we have taken total of dm then dl that is direct labor and variable overheads. Variable cost per unit is 72. Take the selling price compute the contribution. Selling price is 152. So, contribution is 80 sp minus vc. What is the number of units? Is it given? It is not given although they have given some fixed costs. So, we can write the fixed costs. We can even write the total fixed costs because we know the three fixed costs. So, cost structure is available. You know selling price, you know contribution, you know fixed costs. How do you know the level of activity? How do you know the number of units? Anyone has a suggestion? Please read the problem once again carefully. What else is given to you for the current budget? They have given a hint to you that company operates at a margin of safety of 25 percent. Now, what is the formula of MOS? It is sales minus BEP sales divided by sales that is actual sales. You do not know actual sales. You do not know BEP also. Can you calculate BEP? I think you can. If you remember the formula, it is fixed cost divided by contribution per unit. You know fixed costs, you know contribution. So, you can calculate BEP and you know that the company is operating at MOS of 25 percent. So, BEP is known to you. If existing sale is 100, the BEP is 75. So, you can also calculate the current sales. So, BEP is FC minus PVR. Number of units is not known to you, but you know the you can calculate the PV ratio because contribution upon sales is PVR. How much is a PVR? 0.5263. FC upon PVR gives you this much of BEP which is 1 crore 25 lakhs 40,000 and we know that sales is equal to BEP upon 0.75 because margin of safety is 75 percent. This is equal to MOS upon sales and MOS is also equal to sales minus BEP. In other words, sales is equal to BEP upon 0.75. So, you can calculate the sales which is 1 crore 67 lakhs 20,000. Are you able to get it? Now, based on this you can work back and compute the number of units and also compute the other things. So, if you compute number of units, you will get 1 lakh 10000 because selling price is known to you, total sales is known to you. So, total sales upon selling price gives you number of units as 1 lakh 10000. Total contribution is 8 lakh 80,000 because 80 into 110 and 8 sorry 88 lakhs and 88 lakhs minus 66 lakhs gives me profit of 22 lakhs. I hope you are all getting it, got it? Now, this is the starting point. Firstly, whatever is available with us is a current budget we have put it in proper format. Now, let us go to each of the proposals. Now, proposal 1. Proposal 1 is a proposal which involves increase in the sales volume and they are spending more on advertising and because of increase in the sales volume even other overheads are increasing and based on that we have to calculate the selling price which should be fixed to achieve a target profit of 25 lakhs. So, management is not happy with the sales of 22 lakh sorry profit of 22 lakhs, they want more profit and change all other figures as per what is given. Selling price is not known to us. So, we cannot calculate contribution. What we know is that the revised profits will be 25 lakhs. We can also calculate new level of fixed overheads. So, please calculate that production overhead will increase by 2 lakhs, admin overheads is unchanged, selling overheads will increase. We have included advertising plus other increases. So, 2,95,000 increase of selling overheads making it 20,95,000. Total fixed cost is 70, 85. So, 25 lakhs profit plus 70,95,000 is a fixed cost. We do not know the selling price. In fact, selling price is required to be calculated. So, what we will do is we will work back because we know profit and we know FC. We can calculate the total contribution first by working back which comes to this 25 plus 70, 95 gives you 95, 95. Do you know number of units? Yes, because it is given that, see here it is given that the increase in the sales volume by 10 percent. So, if you add 10 percent you get 121,000 as number of units. Now, you can work back and compute the contribution. That means you must earn a contribution of 79.30 to achieve this profit and take care of this cost. Now, you can work back the selling price. So, selling price comes to 151.30. Are you getting? Perhaps what management is trying to test is in this proposal does it need increase of the selling price. But you can see that selling price is almost same like in the budget. So, now the management will be happy because they are getting extra profit, extra fixed costs are taken care and there is no much need to increase the selling price. Because the sales units have increased our contribution is more and that is taken care taking care of extra fixed costs. We will also calculate PV ratio. So, you will get a PV ratio of 0.5241, which is almost same. So, management would not be much disturbed with proposal 1. Of course, this is not asked, this is more of a discussion. The solution to proposal 1 is 151.30, that is why I have made it in bold. Are you getting it?  Once again read it carefully. Now, this is a proposal which involves reduction in selling price because company wants to increase sales by 20 percent. They have proposed to reduce selling price. There will be some extra cost of advertising and so on and now management wants to know the impact on profit. So, go to one more column. Variable costs are not changed. So, I have kept them constant. Company has decided to decrease the selling price. So, they know the selling price now. Remember this decrease is vis-a-vis the budget not last column. So, from budget that is from 152, you decrease the selling price by 5 percent. So, it will become 144.4. What will be the new number of units? Anyway, first of all, you can calculate new contribution, which is SP minus VC. So, 72.4. What will be the revised number of units? From the current units, there is an increase of 20 percent. So, 132000 is the new units. You can also compute the new total contribution, which is 9556. Now, take each and every overhead and go on increasing the fixed overheads as per the given information. So, production overheads goes up by 3 lakhs. It becomes 33 lakhs. Admin is same. Selling overheads were increased by 2 lakhs plus advertising of 3 lakhs. So, 23 lakhs. So, what is the total overhead? 74 lakhs is a new total fixed overhead and profits are 21,56,000. And what is the revised PVR? It is 0.5014. So, how is proposal 2 now? It looks like management may not be very happy, because decrease in the selling price means your PV ratio has gone down a bit. Many fixed overheads have increased. So, the profits of the company have slightly declined. Instead of increasing to target of 25, in fact, profits have declined. But is this proposal 2 has any advantage? Yes, it has, because company is able to substantially increase its number of units. Now, it depends on the management's priority. If management wants to increase the market share, perhaps they may also think of proposal 2. Now, our main purpose is to make various calculations easy, so that management can take appropriate decision. Now, let us tweak the proposal a bit. That is why I have made column 2A. Now, what is likely to happen is company wants to at least maintain the current profit, because it is most unlikely that any company will accept a proposal with lesser profit. So, I have kept the same profit now 22 lakhs and then we can do other calculations. So, how to do other calculations? If you want to keep profit of 22 lakhs, what will be the number of units company has to sell? So, please make column 2A. There will not be any change here, because there is no difference in the earlier variable cost and this variable cost. Even the contribution will remain unchanged. Number of units however, will go up to 132 596. How did you get this? Because this part is also unchanged, right? There is no need to even write again. Total FC is same, contribution per unit, I think I have not written here, but it is written here. So, it will go to 72.4. If you want to achieve target profit of 22 lakhs, check what contribution you must earn 22 plus 74. So, you must achieve contribution of 96 lakhs divided by 72.4, you will get 132 596. Though it was not asked in the case, I have just made one more calculation in case the proposal 2 is slightly tweaked and you are asked that to maintain the same profit, how many units should be sold? The answer will be 132 596. Getting it? Okay. Let us go to proposal 3 now. Now in proposal 3, there is an increase of selling price by 10 percent. Now this is a more aggressive strategy. Company is willing to increase its selling price, there will be somewhat increase in the advertising and other expenditures. And we want to know the increase in the volume of sales required in order to earn 10 percent more profits than budgeted. So, I hope you can do the calculations now. I am just making these columns slightly smaller. So, in proposal 3, again the variable cost is essentially same, fixed cost you can recalculate. So, there will be an increase in production, no change in admin, increase in selling, giving you new fixed cost to be 71 lakhs. Have they given new selling price? Yes, they have given that company will increase its selling price. By what percent? By 10 percent. That means new selling price is 167.2, compute new contribution which is 95.2, company wants to earn 10 percent more profit than budgeted. That means from 22 lakhs, the profits will go up to 24 lakhs, 20,000 plus fixed cost of 71.  The question was about number of units. So, if you check number of units by total contribution upon contribution per unit, you will get answer as 1 lakh. So, the question was find the increase in the volume of sales required to earn 10 percent more profits. You find that no increase is required. In fact, even if volume drops by 10000, company is able to earn higher profits. What will be the contribution, what will be the PVR? Now, the PVR is also improved significantly, it becomes 0.56 because since the price has gone up, contribution per unit has also gone up. So, the profit volume ratio will also be better. So, how do you compare now proposal 3? Is it a good proposal? Prima Facy yes, because company is getting more profit, it is also able to improve its PVR. Only problem with proposal 3 is number of units have come down. That means the market size or the market share of the company will slightly shrink. So, see as management accountants, we will provide different type of information to various levels of management and then management has to take call. Now, let us go to proposal 4. Now, company desires to quote for government order for 20,000 units, existing sales will not be affected and fixed production overheads will increase by 3 lakhs profit of 1 lakh on the order is expected. Find the lowest price which can be quoted. So, please do the calculations. Now, let us go to proposal 4. I hope you can calculate on your own. Variable costs are again same. The question is how much price can be quoted? How much will be the fixed costs? They have given that company wants to earn a profit of 1 lakh and there will be an increase in production overheads by 3 lakhs. So, total fixed extra fixed costs will be only 3 lakhs. Profit expected is 1 lakh. That means target contribution is 4 lakhs. What is the number of units? It is 20,000. So, contribution which you are supposed to earn is 20 rupees and the price which you can you quote is only 92. The question was what lowest price can be offered? You will be surprised that though our normal price is about 150, we are able to quote it at as low as 92. This is possible because it is given that the existing sales are not affected. So, you can afford to sell at much lower price. This is called as a penetration pricing. That since you want to target and enter new market, you are willing to offer at a much lesser price. Remember you are not covering any of the fixed costs. Offering much lesser price just to ensure that you get enough of money for variable cost plus incremental fixed cost. This is a variable cost or marginal cost based pricing. So, overall if you see the problem once again, you will realize that this is a very interesting problem for 2-3 things. Firstly, we have looked at different decision scenarios with tweaking of sales, with tweaking of number of units, with tweaking of selling prices, with tweaking of fixed costs. What different prices can be offered or what different units are required for achieving certain target. These types of short term decisions are required to be made by management. Many times it is known as profit planning. One more thing you would have observed, when we studied CVP analysis earlier, we had made number of assumptions. Like fixed cost is always constant, variable cost per unit is constant, sale price is constant. If you remember at that time I had told that some of the assumptions can be changed. You can give little longer rope, you allow the assumptions to be tweaked a bit. Now you will see here that we have changed many assumptions and still CVP analysis as a technique continues to be very much useful for decision making. So, I hope you have got the whole case. Namaste. Dhaniwal.


What's good y'all should boy down from the down showing friends and we back for another k-pop reaction now check this out I'm going to do XG Mascara dance practice fixed version. So we're gonna check this out hit the like button share ring that bell But please make sure you hit the like button ring that bell subscribe and share with your family friends We're gonna continue building this page and hopefully they do not block none of my videos for y'all, okay? So I'm gonna try to put some of these on YouTube shorts as well for y'all. Alright, so Honestly, y'all, let's just get into it. All right, like the new hat, by the way Like I'm not gonna dance with this one though. I'm not gonna dance with this maybe once maybe once. All right, here we go y'all and three two one Okay, I'm here for the concept I'm here for the concept. Okay, and let's see what we have here. Oh Let's go back to that transition So already we got concepts Got a certain texture to work with this. I Want to see this transition again? Do boom boom one two three and four pink pink pink Nice formations great formations great formations Nice attitude Ba ba boom boom tap tap tap tap. Let's go Did you see that transition? right here Coming in boom slide Clean clean I like that. I like that a lot like I like to see whatever a group is performing Whatever rap group whatever singing group like I want to kind of see your strengths So I still have a lot to learn about watching XG like seeing what are they strengths when it comes to dancing I mean, of course, they don't have great music That's why y'all listen to them and you go on to every single concert they go on to but I gotta understand like what makes their dancing though Let's find out Let's go It's very interesting I'm already starting to kind of figure out what is their strength Okay, got a lot of sharpness to they dancing and a lot of character They make me I I connection to the video. So what I mean is it's like when they move it It's like my eyes Won't get off for you. So all my illusions and everything is I'm like really at you Some people just dance and they be rapping but they really don't make eye contact They get your motion and look then it leave and some are like mm-hmm. I'm right here with you. Where are you going? Everyone's eye contact to the main camera Do tap tap tap I like the ripple I like the ripple I like the ripple This is a very more close-up. I want to see the performance video see what we doing Let's go Hey Now I wonder what this choreography are we're gonna see any level changes I see a lot of movements their powers really up top and when they do their legs It's still like an eye contact mirror so they just want to take their eyes off of you Okay, so I'm wondering if it's gonna be a any level changes with their movement And I sometimes that's got to be based off the outfit So I completely understand that because sometimes you got to be mindful what type of material and what type of stuff you ran and lasting them shoes Shoe game on point. I see y'all with the Nike's Let's go Yeah, everything's really up top when they move hey Let's see. Let me see that What the hands Hold on hold on. What is their hands doing like right here? one Okay, I was looking for that. I was like, what were they doing now? Let me see how you execute with that. Oh It's the little things Okay, okay Okay, let me see that idea Trying to repay attention today strengths She said Let's go Okay, we're hitting the ground level changes with the leg work Hey, they should be doing one that word their footwork is it's crispy clean Okay, oh Great transition forms. I'm really trying to understand a stress now. Okay Let's go into this two three four five six seven eight pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop Hmm What else we got Two two two Mmm Mmm, they stayed what I say they stay making sure they keep eye contact with the camera No matter what and that's not saying that every group doesn't but some people is really have a strengthening Like we go all red a snap back like this All y'all can find this snap back and buy it and we go all red but some some people it just looks really good on Fill me water break. How's your day? Well, listen make sure you get some food today Get some warning system. Hmm. Did you see yeah? I know I was a tripping She was doing something to be on her back One tap tap tap tap tap tap. Oh, she just kept doing done done done done. Hey Hey do something Uh-huh watching how to get into this Do you know? Do you know? Do you know that's cold? Hey, come on. Come on. Come on. Yeah Hmm So their big climax moment they kept it in they kept it in making instead of going here and crazy They kept it in interesting. Let's go Follow that loop follow that loop follow that loop Oh Let's go two three and four five and six one two three and four five and six and seven and eight one two Hey, where to break that combo? Let's go Tick tick boom Ah, ah Mascara it was the concept. It was the concept Don't mess with my mascara Okay, so what are your thoughts? What are your thoughts? What is your favorite choreography that you've seen with the favorite track? What is your favorite when it comes to actually love to know? If you can be a similar videos, sometimes I do lose my list on accident But I'm doing best I can to get them so I got a lot of videos to give you But yeah, let me know your thoughts. Let me know what's your favorite parts on this for me I was paying attention to the con concept and I really want to say concept right away because the fact that I'm already talking about it So yeah, I told y'all we talked about layers So we're just trying to see what layers they're just stacking on these videos when it comes to the music the group themselves The fashion all of those things play a part. So yeah, but listen y'all I hope you like this video I know it's a little bit different some things look chopped up at things But that's not it's not because I'm doing it on accident. It is on purpose I am trying to make sure that I can keep these videos not getting copyright strikes. So bear with me y'all So I appreciate y'all. Love y'all. I got new videos on the way YouTube shorts and some videos of my work as well. So other than that, I'll see you on next video Peace. Let me know what y'all think about that. I really don't do this color a lot But I think I'm gonna do it this summer. All right


e without the chance of parole the shooter who craves notoriety is not deserving to have his name included in my thoughts and so I'm intentionally omitting his name from this written statement I do however wish that his parents would have provided him with the love and care that he deserved and was begging for seemingly all his life I will never mention the shooter's name ever again instead I choose to take this opportunity to remember and honor our victims multi-talented Justin for his heroism his wit and wisdom Madison for her ability to make the world more beautiful not only by her presence but by the amazing works of art that she created Tate our forever captain Oxford superhero through his legacy of leadership our community's youth will emulate and strive to embody Tate's traits through their involvement in the incredible 42 strong Tate Mirror foundation and Hannah our beautiful flower whose memory will be honored in many ways especially through a garden that is currently being constructed in her honor we will all care for Hannah's garden we will visit and remember and bask in both its beauty and her memory their legacies, their beauty their love of life and the gifts they bestowed to others we will remember you Tate Mirror Hannah St. Juliana Madison Baldwin and Justin Schilling forevermore love wins Madeline Johnson good afternoon Madeline Johnson thank you my name is Madeline Johnson I'm here today to speak on behalf of myself my family and my best friend Madison Baldwin I was a senior at Oxford High School when the shooting happened and I would like to start this off by sharing the shirt I'm wearing Madison used to draw me doodles on gum wrappers and I'd keep them one day she gifted me the one on the front of my shirt and she said that it was the two of us as dinosaurs best friends even in the prehistoric times this is one of the only things I have left to remember her by this is the back November 30th two years ago Maddie and I were coming to the 6th class that we had together and we were walking down the 200 hallway I had a lot of time to get to my next class so I figured I would walk Maddie to her 5th hour class sociology once we near the end of the hallway we realized that the shortcut she usually took the courtyard was close for the season I've since heard that the courtyards were not closed that day but we both seemed to think that they were we had to take the long route instead the one that curved around the school little did we know we were walking straight towards the gunman since neither of us had intended on taking the long route I realized that I was going to be late for class so I said goodbye to her and turned around and started walking the other way I didn't think that goodbye was going to be permanent I thought it was goodbye for an hour and I'll see you next class as soon as I started walking the other direction I heard the first round of bullets the pattern of them so blaze in my head every single day for a moment just a fraction of a second everything went quiet or at least it did for me I looked around the hallway and saw looks of horror on the faces of teachers and other students their faces were frozen in my mind I didn't see Madison I couldn't see where she went after that fraction of a second pass it sunk in for everyone in the hallway and it was chaos people were screaming, running, pushing and shoving doors were being slammed shut as kids desperately tried to make it to the classroom and more gunshots rang in my ears I wasn't in control of my own body anymore and I couldn't feel any of my limbs my hearing went out sort of like when you're underwater and people above you are talking my vision went blurry and I didn't even realize that I was running as fast as I possibly could at the other end of the 200 hallway I later recall that I passed so many exits, so many side doors but during those few minutes of hell in the hallway all I could do was run forward I found out that Madison died a few hours later from a photo on somebody's Snapchat story I didn't believe it until multiple other people confirmed it for me even then for months I still didn't really believe it the moment it really sank in it was gone forever was the day we had to go back to the high school I sat in my ceramics class our ceramics class our favorite class and I watched the students pour through the door and I waited for her to come sit at her seat right next to me and I waited and waited and I finally realized that she was never coming for a long time I blamed myself I should have continued to walk her to class because maybe things would be different the doors were being locked on us because if we'd taken the shortcut she would still be here but now I realize where the blade of truth lies and it lies to that monster sitting over there who can't even look at me my life has been nothing short of a complete total mess for the past two years I can't trust anybody anymore I don't make friends I can barely keep my current friends because I can't let anyone get close to me anymore I can hardly attend my college classes I can't go into rooms that only have one door I can barely go to concerts malls and other crowded places I can't fall asleep without waking up in a panic from nightmares in the only place I truly feel safe is my bedroom I used to be a nicer person I used to be fearless I used to be a good friend but I can't be any of those things anymore because the only thing that is ever on my mind are those gunshots playing over and over again on a loop I don't enjoy things anymore but all these combined are not even nearly as painful as it is to live without my best friend I want the person who did this to know that Madison would have been your friend I want you to know that she would have treated you with nothing but kindness had you not killed her I'm not sure how much emotion you're capable of feeling but I hope you regret it and I hope it eats away at you and I hope you feel even a fraction of the loneliness that I felt over these last two years but I can't leave this courtroom today thinking that you won and I can't let you think that either you turned your pain into hatred and I turned mine into love that right there is one of the many differences between you and I you would never even know what it's like to have a friend who would do anything for you and you'll never know what it's like to be happy you took four lives you took Madison's life but you never will take away who she was she knew joy she knew love she knew laughter, happiness and friendship she had such a rich life and she truly lived it you are never going to know what it's like to be loved and that is why I win because of what you did, you are alone you are completely and totally alone for the rest of your life there are no punishments in this world that could ever make up for what he took from us not even a million life sentences could begin to serve justice one life sentence one life sentence without the possibility of parole if that is the best closure we are ever going to get then that is the only viable option any lesser sentence or any possibility of parole would be a slap in the face to everyone who is here today giving a mass murderer a second chance at life after he took four lives injured seven people and traumatized students like myself is unthinkable thank you and please take this into consideration that you are speaking this afternoon thank you just read the minor next as well thank you as you are a minor you don't have to say your name on the record if you do not want to but of course if you want to you may go ahead and state your name with that you may go ahead and proceed with your statement this afternoon thank you your honor hello your honor, I'm a survivor my name is Addison Kloss I was an Oxford high school freshman when this tragedy occurred on November 30th I was living my childhood out doing what I loved and being oblivious to the world around me and all its bad things before this day I have never seen or heard a gun in person or violence around me my life was basically perfect all of that went away fast a week before Thanksgiving there was a fret of a shooting it was false but I seen the bandit in the hallway and I had a bad feeling about him that he was dangerous the week we got back from Thanksgiving break the next thing I knew I was in my biology class nervous for our test I was going to use the bathroom before the test but thank god I got caught up talking with my friends all of a sudden in the middle of our conversation I heard free bangs at the first I thought it was a fight on the fourth when I recognized it was gunshots and about four more followed me and my friend were near the door and we hugged each other tight and ran to the corner when we reached the corner we kneeled down hugging each other for dear life it felt like slow motion while our teacher was closing the door I was thinking he was going to get into the room once the door was closed I heard a few more shots I noticed my phone was on still in my chest across the room and all I wanted was contact with my mom that made me feel hopeless it got me thinking I'm never going to see my family or parents again that made my heart sink my life was flashing before my eyes I started crying I wanted my mom luckily my friend had her phone and I was able to tell my mom I loved her an hour of an hour of horror went by me and my classmates were crying and worried for our lives and our friends' lives we were trying for our friends were okay finally a police officer came into to rescue us at that moment I thought this all was a bad dream when we finally came outside the cool breeze hit my face following the officer out to get searched after I was searched I called my grandma because my parents were at work and I thought they would not be able to come pick me up for some reason when I heard my grandma's voice I broke down crying because I thought I would never hear her voice again she reassured me then we got on the bus to Meyer to reunite with our family on the bus my other grandma called me and told me my mom was on her way to Meyer and she was offering her support at Meyer I was finally able to be back in my mom's warm arms as we hugged more tightly than ever before and my dad greeted me with the biggest hug he has ever given me he usually is an emotional person the rest of the night was full of grief the after effects on me was I could not sleep alone for weeks after this tragedy I slept in my parents room for the first week and I don't usually sleep my dog my dog had to sleep with me I also now always tell my family and my friends I love them because I am scared of losing them I also still get nervous in crowded spaces because I am scared I would not be able to escape but all I am sensitive to is loud noises because it reminds me of that day there has also been many more effects on me but this has also impacted my family and my peers my mom sometimes still cries when she is talking about that day she was traumatized she didn't know if I was okay or make it out alive and my 7 year old cousin asked me after if it would happen to her too and it really broke my heart because a child should not have to worry about that because she is a little kid and no one should ever have to worry about that this also impacted the parents who lost their babies that were dear to their heart just breaks for them these kids who lost their lives are the most incredible human beings to ever walk this earth they all had impacts on their community members Hannah, Tay, Madison, and Justin were kind beyond words positive and most importantly care for their peers in our community there are some more meaningful traits about them that I admire also the other 7 who survived are also in possession of the same traits and are strong beyond words so your honor I am asking you to give this defendant or should I say monster life in prison without the possibility of parole and a maximum security prison because this monster should never be free again and suffer because he took the life of Hannah, Tay, Justin, and Madison and injured 7 others and also impacted another 2,000 people traumatizing them all for life why should he walk free while we are suffering the trauma he put on us thank you thank you for your statements this afternoon another minor question we'll keep the recording down thank you too go ahead and proceed with your statement this afternoon my name is Sylvia Lester by my understanding a victim impact statement shares the story of how a crime has affected oneself I feel compelled to share my own story I never understood or grasped the truly devastating reality of losing someone you love I still haven't grasped the concept to be completely honest the only coherent words that came out of my mouth when I received the phone call that my beautiful best friend 14 year old Hannah St. Juliana had been shot to death were oh my god I thought her sister was lying to me on the phone for there was no way why Hannah had been brewed to kill in their school hallway mere minutes after I left her to head my 5th hour class after being placed a lockdown I hid in the corner of my dark and English classroom oblivious to the true carnage happening just across the courtyard from me I can still feel the echoes of class night's hand clenched tightly in my own interlocked fingers I can hear my blood rushing through my ears as I waited to experience the ring of a gunshot that would have in my life I can no longer walk down the street without thinking someone is waiting to kill me for me the sound of sirens automatically alerts my brain to another school shooting to the same irrational call that will inevitably be following informing me of the person I love is gone to the imagined portrayal of Hannah bleeding out on the floor of our history hallway this image will forever be stamped on the forefront of my mind there are people that I now truly hate in this world these types of people in some way take something from another speaking they are thieves though ironically most thieves could return what they took if only they had the fortitude to do it this thief, you a murderer can't give me back what you stole you stole my best friend you stole my carefree laughter you stole my Christmases you stole my Tuesdays you stole my new years you stole my Friday night football games you stole Hannah's 15th birthday you stole Hannah's 16th birthday you have stolen every single one of her birthdays you stole my 16th birthday along with my 17th and everyone following it you stole my ability to live life without the crushing fear of being killed at any given moment you stole my love of school you stole the love I had for the naivety and people you stole my trust in the innocuous people on the sidewalk you stole the comfort of my room by leaving me petrified of the dark and the horrors that may be lurking in it waiting for me to lie down my guard once again you stole my dreams and turned them into recurring nightmares where my best friend bleeds out on the floor of our school you made me into someone that I never would have recognized a 15 you took the girl that I was tore her to shreds and left her to find a way to stuff her through every single day without the presence and loving friendship upon a St. Juliana it was asked in the miller hearing if it was traumatizing to lose your best friend you don't need an expert to tell you you need only ask me as was most likely predicted the answer to that question is a resounding yes traumatized me because I thought Hannah would forever change her jewelry because I never thought I would have to be the one who would speak at a funeral right after during the young age of 15 I never thought I would look at my best friend's emotionless 14 year old face in a casket I never thought there would be a bed of flowers cushioning Hannah's lifeless body as a freshman in high school I never thought there would be the sound of bagpipes I never thought there would be a week when Hannah didn't have a new nail color the reasons are endless twice traumatizing to lose a best friend I thought we were allowed to be innocent as children I never could have vathomed I would blame myself for the death of my best friend I never could have imagined a day where I would have to blame myself to try and give a reason as to why she died to why you decided to take her life I never could have conceived the idea that at 15 I would feel as if my best friend's blood was on my hands all due to the reality that I left her in a hallway because I didn't want to be late to class I've convinced myself that if only we would have gone to the bathroom Hannah's life would have been spared and my happiness would be intact we didn't get to be children for very long for these aren't the thoughts these aren't the thoughts any innocent child should mull over the day Hannah was killed you left the shell of 15 year old me crying and shattered on a hardwood floor in the fetal position in case to my own arms what tear tracks will forever be tattooed on my face as well as my heart to this day I'm convinced I'm still lying on that hardwood floor rejecting the actuality that I live while Hannah doesn't you left Hannah St. Juliana my best friend my person lying dead on the floor in a pool of her own blood on November 30th on November 30th you terrorized 1,800 students and teachers you shot six offenseless students and one teacher and ultimately you killed Madison Baldwin Justin Schilling Tate Muir and Hannah St. Juliana you should never, ever get the opportunity to steal from anyone else ever again in your entire life you shouldn't have stolen from me I shouldn't have to remember Hannah for longer than I knew her Hannah's last words to me in the middle of the school hallway arms linked held till the together were I'll call you later thank you thank you for being here for your statements this afternoon very sorry for your loss of your claim thank you for your statements yes council approach before the next individual please remove your hat thank you with that people the next individual minor thank you and good afternoon could you state your name for the record Jace McCarthy to explain how I was affected I would have to tell you that I feel like my mind is stuck in a Myra parking lot which sounds silly for most kids in Oxford the Myra parking lot was viewed as a hangout spot a place you would go to sit in a parking lot wasting gas and talking about gossip or life problems strolling down aisles for hours trying to waste time before curfew but most days I'm stuck in a Myra parking lot a parking lot filled with my peers hugging each other cameras everywhere with reporters shoving microphones asking questions we couldn't comprehend at the time with police sirens flooding the streets in my senses and helicopters flying overhead I am still there I can feel the concrete underneath my feet the cold harsh winds still greets my face even in the warmest July heat I am still as the world spins and my hindsight becomes very hazy I was coked into a state of shock for a long time some days I miss it the feeling the unknown before it was real when I was whole people started to come out and tell the world that they lost a piece of themselves that day or they were looking for the person they were before the shooting I didn't think I was a part of that group maybe I was taking it too literally or maybe I wasn't aware enough to realize I think for a long time I was walking around fractured and not knowing it I didn't know when I lost that part of me I still don't was it when I saw a cop car after cop car from everywhere in the state was it before I saw three confirmed dead on the TV was it when I saw post after post a Madison senior photo being used as a makeshift missing poster was it when the world stopped my older brother came home a little after I did he sobbed into my mother's arms I can't remember a time he cried before that I sat in a kitchen chair confused unsure what to do so I left and walked to my room unfortunately the walls weren't thick enough to prepare me for the words that came out of his mouth next Nate's brother was shot he was shot in the head mom I didn't know what to think I didn't know what to think I didn't think I was hearing his words correctly I was mixing up kids in my grade scrambling for a name that I was clearly blanking out on I remember saying blankly at my phone hoping that it would somehow tell me magically what to do no one tells you how to comfort someone after receiving news like that so I stayed hidden in my room Justin Schilling someone my brother has known for years the number on the TV screen felt more like a cruel weight that suffocated me the number on the screen was real nothing screams real like a gurney outside the exit of your old chemistry class I didn't sleep that night I was hoping I would hear news about Justin calling friends of friends who knew something I told my mom in the early morning hours that people were saying goodbyes I didn't want to be the one to tell my older brother looking back I'm sure he knew by 9 a.m. Justin Schilling Justin Schilling was trending on social media Justin Schilling is dead I went to vigils out of nonstop guilt I kept every candle they've been collecting dust in a senior memory box I made two weeks before my senior year with high hopes that would hold things like good grades and grad cards turned into a grave site of everything that embodies the 30th from coping cards to Oxford strong mementos I sell wax on my shoes that I don't have the heart to clean it's strange that I view that as a better time about having to cope with the grief or loss because it hadn't hit me yet depending on the day I'm aware enough to know that that wasn't a better time a better time was not having to walk where kids bled out and died a better time was not knowing the kid who sat on my homecoming table or the fact that two months later he was going to school with a gun with the full intent on using it a better time was not worrying was worrying about how I was going to pass my math class and not how fast I could put it at night lock I haven't been able to go to college out of fear that I'll go through another school shooting I've watched friends drop out every day I fear for my siblings who are still in school I fear for my friends I whisper about a campus threat I find myself praying, begging whoever's up there that my friends are safe I can't bring myself to even think about the worst scenario I don't know if I could go to another visual I don't know if I could go through it all over again I hate cameras flashing the sound of cameras clicking gives me the sense of unease you never really get told the after it's not just one thing it's many no one tells you the after the only way you know is when you go through it my friends and I's grief will forever be our faces on the front page above the fold or trending on some news network our tears will forever be ingrained in film the worst day of our lives will forever be attached to our names and to our faces one quick search shows us that our absolute lowest and most vulnerable and no matter how far I run no matter where I go I can never escape the everlasting fear that the 30th hasn't stilled in me I do not get to move on every day I'm reminded of the 30th each time I feel my hair get blonder I hear myself repeat 151 days of frustration in the back of my mind I hear voices of people I haven't spoke to in ages I hear cameras clicking and I feel the weight of my brother's cries washing over me for the first time all over again I'm a senior in high school again I find myself unable to move on I find myself back where I was in the Mara parking lot with the wind and the sirens and maybe if I could find that kid with bleached hair and torn up vans wearing a coat that wasn't his maybe wondering if you would have rehearsal afterwards maybe I could find forgiveness I'm a senior in high school I chase after him most days I see him across the street or down the hall he haunts me a constant reminder that I will never be the same that death and trauma isn't something that can be scrubbed away no matter how hard I may try my words will never be able to paint a perfect picture or make an outsider truly understand the haze the world turned into in that Mara parking lot a haze that somehow turned into hours within a blink and then it was days which somehow turned into months and when I woke up from it all and guilt that will forever ache my bones and taint the air I breathe it's more of a person, a friend something that knows my ins and outs and I'm sure I'll be holding its hand for a very long time it'll greet me when I least expect it in the years to come it waits on the edge of my bed every morning and tucks me in at night it falls me around always looking over my shoulder it's the voice that tells me to check my exits follow the rule of three three exits, three hiding spots three things I can use to defend myself that open spaces aren't safe and that places means it's life or death and I need to run that backpacks don't just hold books but leave the weapons that someone is just itching to use it tells me I will never be safe it makes me second guess when I hear sirens I can never tell if they're real if my room gets quiet enough I can hear them they're more than a far than a familiar sound yet when my body hears emergency vehicles I can't help but tense up if I can't sleep at night it crawls into my bed beside me or what I'll do who I'll call, what I'll say if it happens again and as the 30th approached closer I find myself in sleepless nights the cold air gets harder to breathe the weight on my chest becomes ever more present and I'm looking over my shoulder every small noise becomes a mental game of am I safe even the crunchy snow becomes a cruel reminder passing by the school around this time of year gets harder because when there's no cars my mind convinces itself that I'm on break I have to look in the mirror and I have a hard time seeing the person who's looking back at me because sometimes time isn't linear to me I expect to see the person I was I have a hard time to remind myself that I haven't been 18 for a minute that I'm not playing Nancy Drew over Dearhead conspiracies and I'm not skipping my online class for the 80th time that semester or I'm not going to walk into 5th hour and listen to the girl next to me talk about her teacher that I am 20, that the world moves on and I just didn't know it would move on without me that's mostly in my mind or in my head time is a very strange thing some days the 30th doesn't feel real it feels like it was decades ago and others are right back in it I don't know why pain and trauma are like this I don't know why it tends to rush me or corners me I don't know why I act like I have places to be I ask myself a lot why is the weight on my shoulders why is the guilt of surviving on my door step and why is it pounding on my door often I wake up and the first thing I do is pull myself together by myself trying to scream my way out of nightmares it's become my go-to method of waking myself up it gets my mind to the real world people who have never gone through something like this will view this as closure and ending, moving on when sensing the scene is over I don't get to move on, that weight and guilt doesn't dissipate over me this trauma this traumatic event has changed me indefinitely and there's never going to be an undo button I will never hear the chance of Sean talk about Justin the present tense again I will never hear friends talk about future plans with Hannah or Tate, only what ifs and promises never seem through we never get to wake up and move on with the loss it lives with us and appears with us in least expected ways and that is something the shooter will never have to endure he will never have to go through what he made us go through on the 30th and for as long as I have to carry on with the weight of his actions I believe he should too so maybe I'll forever be in that Meyer parking lot the guilt and grief being more familiar than the back of my hand and maybe I'll forever be chasing the idea of who I was that day the looming fear of never getting better healing will always dangle over my head but just like the what ifs and nightmares I know for as long as I live I will pray and I will hope that there is a shadow of incarceration and karma haunting him for the rest of his life thank you with that we're going to go ahead and we're going to break for lunch we're going to break very briefly I do want to attempt to get this hearing done today and so we're going to break and we'll return to court at 1.30pm with that to the individuals that are in the gallery please be seated until the defendant has exited the courtroom with that deputy should we take the defendant


Hey everyone, welcome back to Nintendo Prime. This is kind of a weird story, because it's not really about Nintendo, but it is about something Nintendo might be involved in. So we know Summer Game Fest is happening June 9th in the early afternoon, they got a day of developers plus the big kickoff event. And yes, we have our own event built around it called Prime Gaming Fest happening June 9th at 9am, lasting until June 14th, these are going to be 12 hour plus day live streams, full of events, giveaways, reacting to game reveals, gaming tournaments and a whole bunch of stuff. Everything is still being planned right now, so I'm still really excited to get into it. But there's a lot of things that aren't announced for this time period yet. We know Microsoft and Bethesda are going on June 12th, we know the Tribeca Festival is on June 9th, we don't know yet what's happening on Saturday. I think the PC gaming show and future game show is also happening on June 12th. But what's interesting in thinking about all of that stuff is there's a bunch of partners for Summer Game Fest that we don't know if they're going to do events. Is there going to be Ubisoft forward this year? Is there going to be a Square Enix event? We don't know. I think Ubisoft is, I don't think they're going to do their own event this year. But what about Sony? So Microsoft has their own event. We know that Nintendo typically has directs in June and we're guessing sometime before the last week of June they'll be a direct, but we have no idea. But what about Sony? What about a new state of play or a similar type event? Well, we have our first rumor around such an event coming from YouTuber MBG. MBG has a bit of an interesting track record in reporting on rumors, sometimes right, sometimes wrong. And he put out a video today saying my source confirms a PlayStation event for June. There are first party assets ready to show and supposedly comes from an email from Jim Ryan. Now, he doesn't show the email on screen or anything, so I got nothing to tell you. He just goes in length to talk about his source and how he came about this information. And that's cool. So we're calling this a rumor because I've literally never reported on this person. And you guys know when it comes to rumors, I'm typically coming from Nintendo stuff. I don't have a lot of verification at the moment for MBG. What's working in his favor for PlayStation to have something going on is that Sony did partner with Summer Game Fest. Now, Sony could just have a game or something to show at the big Summer Game Fest reveal event and that could be the extent of the partnership. But maybe it goes beyond that, like Xbox and Bethesda doing an event because Xbox is also a partner with Summer Game Fest and Sony is going to do their own event. I guess we'll see. He's basically saying it's either going to happen the first or second week of June while you start getting to the second week of June. That's when you start getting to that June 9th to the 14th time period that we're doing Prime Gaming Fest. So it would be really cool for us anyways, if Sony did something during that event, especially since E3 was unable to get Xbox and Sony to do something together. Jeff Keely's a different beast. Jeff Keely seems to be on the good side of every game company out there. And so if he could get Sony to commit to an event during that time period, he would. So I guess we'll see what happens. I wanted to talk about this because I think Sony is in a very interesting position. Obviously, their chief concern at the moment is making sure that they secure enough manufacturing lines to get PlayStation 5's on store shelves. They've really struggled over a year. Guys, it's been over a year. In fact, a year and a half PlayStation 5 has been on the market and we still cannot walk into stores and buy one. We just can't. This just doesn't happen. I do know some of you are going to argue, but I've seen them on store shelves. I saw one. You're right. They are shipping them to store shelves. They're no longer keeping them as online exclusive orders, but they don't last past the day they arrive. People are waiting in lines at retail outlets the day the shipments are supposed to arrive, only for them to sell out immediately. They cannot get these things to be in stock, no matter what they do. This isn't all on them. We all know about the manufacturing issues that the pandemic caused, some of the factory shutdowns, the silicon shortages. We know. We know there's new factories open in 2023 and I think 2025 at the two major silicon companies that are going to end up alleviating a lot of these issues, not just for game console manufacturers, but also for the entire industry. Everything runs on some sort of computer chip. You're going to need something to be done. So that's good eventually, but that's the chief concern for Sony. But the secondary concern and this is a concern for all platform makers are the games. I would say Xbox and Sony have sort of stumbled out of the blocks with games. Now Sony typically stumbles out of the blocks. I'm not saying they didn't have anything. We have Miles Morales at launch. They had that new Ratchet and Clank game last year. They also had Returnal. So they actually had a decent slate of games. They didn't have anything major for the holidays last year, but they had a decent slate of games and it looks like they might have a decent slate of games for the second half of the year this year. We also know Xbox really stumbled out of the gates as well and not really having anything at launch, having Halo Infinite last holiday and you know I think the medium was like I guess one of their games last year that they had for a little bit of a timed exclusive. Now this year we know obviously two major projects of theirs have been delayed. No surprise, COVID is delaying everything. So what's interesting is obviously Microsoft and Bethesda really need a press conference this summer to one, clarify what's happening with those games that were delayed and two, talk about what the hell we're getting this year brand new that's exclusive to those platforms to play. So yeah, Xbox has promised us an event that's at least going to give us an idea of what to look forward to. Depending on the other hand, we have a lot of games announced. A lot of games that are announced, but very few actual dates. So it does feel like we need a Sony event this summer, doesn't it? I don't know, maybe I'm crazy here, but while they're focused on manufacturing and trying to get as many PlayStation 5s out the doors as they can because they're selling out before they're even made, what about the games? And at some point, we have to turn our focus to the games. The focus has been on PlayStation 5 stock for so long, YouTube channels. My good buddy Jake Randall making a living off of trying to get PlayStation 5s in the people's hands. Some point we have to talk about the games. Now, you notice I'm bringing up Nintendo. We know Nintendo has a strong lineup this year, right? Other years they haven't. This year they have a strong lineup. So I'm not as concerned about them, even though I'm pretty sure they will do a Nintendo Direct. It's Sony that I think needs an event. So I kind of covered this rumor because I think Sony needs to do it. I think they need something this summer. It doesn't have to be June by the way, it can be July, but they need something. They need a new state of play. They need their version of Nintendo's Direct. Their big E3 press conference.  How long are these cross-gen games going to last? How long are you going to keep releasing games on PlayStation 5 and PlayStation 4 simultaneously? I assume until stock is on store shelves. I think that would be a reasonable plan, but how long? I don't know. There's a lot of questions that need to be answered. So this isn't shade on Sony. I think they're just due. They're due. I know we got the whole PlayStation Plus update stuff, but what about the new games? They're due for something. So June makes a lot of sense. So regardless of MBG's rumor, I always thought there was probably something happening in June anyways for Sony. And if it happens around the same time as everybody else, sweet. Jeff Keely would have successfully convinced Microsoft and Sony to go around the same time. So that's really cool. So I guess we'll see what happens. And if MBG is right on this, cool. We'll pay a bit more attention to his rumors in the future. So you guys know what you're turning in. I am Nathaniel Ruffeljans from Nintendo Prime. No Prime news today, everybody. It got canceled because my kids had a concert today, a spring concert, so it just wasn't going to happen.  So they have a showcase tonight at 8 p.m. You know we'll be there. So catch you guys then. Bye.


Good afternoon to everyone. Thank you for spending some time with us today for this webinar on how to improve the ESD protection of high-speed can receivers and reduce PCB size up to 400%. Our speakers will be available to answer your questions at the end of this webinar. So if anything comes up, please don't hesitate to share it with us using the Q&A widget that you see at the bottom of your screen. We'll try and answer as many questions as possible. We will also like to invite you to discover all the other widgets that you see. There's useful information in there. For example, you can already find the PDF of this presentation and some other useful links under the resource widget, which is the third one to your left. Also, if by any chance you miss out on some important points, no worries. All registrants will receive a post-event email with the link to the on-demand version of this webinar. Now, before we start, quickly some housekeeping information. You can expand your slide deck or maximize it to full screen by clicking in the top right corner. We also recommend using a wide internet connection and closing any programs or browser sessions that are running in the background, as webinars are bent with intensive. This webcast is being streamed through your computer, so there's no dial-in number. And for the best audio quality, please make sure your computer speakers or headset are turned on and the volume is up so you can hear the presenter. Additional answers to some common technical issues can be found under the help widget. This webinar will be recorded. All right. I think we're ready. Let's have a great webinar and let me hand over to our speakers. Good morning or good afternoon, everybody. My name is Jean Garcia from ST Microelectronics. I'm glad to go with you through this webinar concerning our CAN protection devices. Let's move to the agenda. First, we will review the basics of the CAN bus focusing on automotive applications, explain why protection devices are needed, and how our ESD CAN series answers it. Then we will deeply dive in the criteria of the quality of protection and follow by the presentation of new miniature packages. Finally, we will provide tools and materials to select the right ESD CAN and conclude this webinar. Let's start with the CAN bus in a car. This diagram illustrates a domain control architecture. CAN links are very popular in power train, buddy, chassis, safety, and ADAS. This is a very mature and robust technology with an acceptable data rate, except maybe for the backbone links. Even in the new zonal architecture, CAN and CAN FDR present, mainly for intrasound communications. The latest generations of automotive MCUs, ASICs, or SBCs embed CAN controllers and sometimes CAN transivers. CAN bus is well known to have excellent error checking features and be very robust. On top of that, error recovery is fast and arbitration times are predictable. All of these make CAN bus particularly adapted to safety and critical functions in the car. Now, let's see why you need to protect your CAN bus. The automotive industry is very demanding in terms of reliability and robustness, mainly when the electronic systems manage safety circuits. Standards like AECQ, ISO 26262, and AISL Crutoria have been defined to guarantee a certain level of reliability and robustness. As CAN buses play a central role in the car, its components must comply with such standards. The SAEJ2962-2, for example, gathering the requirements for CAN transivers qualification recommend to use protection devices for CAN transivers and even propose a test methodology and test setups with various protection options. Back to domain control architecture, as soon as a CAN node is defective, the ECU in charge of a specific function like ABS, airbags, ignition, or anything else will not be able to communicate anymore with the domain controller unit, also called DCU. This will generate a defect with a red warning lamp appearing on the dashboard. Sometimes, the car can even enter in a fail-safe mode, reducing the performances of the car on purpose to limit the risk of accidents. Now, let me turn to Jean-Michel for a detailed description of the CAN bus. Hello everyone, my name is Jean-Michel Cibonet. I'm based in Tours in France and I work in application lab. I'm in charge of protection in automotive segment, protection against ESD and overvoltage. Also in this part, with a few slides, we briefly described the CAN bus. Controller area network CAN protocol follows serial bidirectional afterplex multi-master communication between different ECU through a multiplex bus. And then the ball is to limit the number of wires. Each node is able to send and receive messages, but not at the same time. This protocol has been developed by Bosch in the 80s. CAN communication use a differential signal and can reach several data speeds. For example, CAN I speed the reach up to one megabit per second. CAN fall tolerant up to 125 kilobits per second. And this standard can work in single wire in case of short circuit of one of differential wire. This is used for truck because there are long wires for this vehicle. And now for a few years, with the trend of mobility and electrification in the car, data is increasing. So speed is increasing too with the CAN FD flexible data rate. This protocol reaches up to five megabit per second. And so there is also CAN FD signal improvement capability up to eight megabit per second. And now in development, CAN Excel protocol and the goal for this protocol is to reach up to 10 megabit per second. Thanks to this protocol, a lot of electronics functions can be embedded in cars without kilometers of wires. All CAN protocol are defined through ISO 11898-2 for high-speed standard on the flexible data rate, the dash 3 for default tolerant. For 30 years, this protocol shows its cost-effective, its lightweight, its variable transmission unsafe. For sure, this variable is not linked only to the robustness of CAN transceiver, but also with its physical layer through resistance termination, line capacitors, command-mode shock, and of course, its CAN protection. CAN is used for all automotive segments as shown in the left figure, lighting, engine control, door zone, safety, and so on. According to the speed data, the number of nodes, the safety level, car domain or zone architecture, several CAN networks can co-work in the same car. CAN transceiver allows the transfer of data between ECU and CAN bus with very good immunity, even through harsh automotive environment. And the temperature can reach 125°C. There is RF and conductive perturbation. The wire length can reach up to 15 meters. Other components is linked to ESD charge, in case of, for example, connector plugging or unplugging, if you want to repair the module or replace it. CAN transceiver has its own ESD withstanding, but it is not enough for some level standard required. To reinforce the robustness again ESD, ESD CAN is placed between connector or CAN transceiver. To transfer data on CAN bus between the different ECU, there are several signal transformation steps. For example, from sensor input signals and after data processing by MCU or other IC, so the signal here is called DXD, the CAN transceiver transform it in differential signal between CAN-H and CAN-L. In the other direction, the CAN transceiver transform CAN differential signal in data compatible reading by MCU. Between CAN transceiver and connector, usually, command mode shock is used to reject the command mode signal. Resistance termination with or without split capacitor are used for filtering noise. Data line capacitors are also used to reinforce the filtering and ESD CAN protection against ESD are connected. This part is called MDI, media-dependent interface, as we will see in the next slide with Jean. Thank you Jean-Michel. To properly understand the scope of CAN standards, we have to go back to the seven-layer ISO model. From the hardware point of view, only the physical layer and the data link layer are interesting. The physical layer itself is divided into three sub-layers. The first sub-layer called physical-media-dependent or PMD corresponds to the connector and wires from the hardware point of view. The CAN standards do not define this part, which is highly specific to the application. The connector can be a DMI-9, an OBD-2, or anything else, and the pins assignment for these connectors are free as well. The second sub-layer called physical-media-attachment or PMA is the one defining the CAN transceiver or the CAN fee characteristics at the hardware level. The CAN standards ISO 11898-2 for CAN high-speed and ISO 11898-3 for CAN fold-tremont are the two standards that we will detail in the next slides. The CAN FD of flexible data rate is compliant with the ISO 11898-2 CAN high-speed standard. For the sake of simplification, we will not discuss here the purpose of each sub-layer or detail other ISO or SAE standards related to CAN. If you want to know more, you can download the product presentation named CANverse Protection, S-T-E-S-D-CAN series on st.com. We will share the link with you at the end of this webinar. Now, let me turn to Jean-Michel. If we discuss in more detail about high-speed and low-speed physical layers, ISO 11898 gives different information. As already discussed, the maximum data rate is different. Of course, the maximum wireless lens in automotive, the maximum is 15 meters, but as CAN protocol is used in industrial segments, the lens can be higher, 30 meters for high-speed and 500 meters for low-speed. The termination resistance has different value according to high-speed or low-speed. The value of this resistance gives the voltage level for SSC voltage on dominant voltage. This is why the levels are different between both CAN protocol. As CAN network is multi-master, if several ECU talk at the same time, in the arbitration frame, the number of bits in dominant level gives the node priority. In this part, we'll discuss the main surge or accidental DC over voltage we can find in automotive standards. For ESD description, ISO 10605 is defined for automotive segment, but IEC 61000-4-2 for industrial segment is still a reference for car makers. These ESD constraints are defined for the whole system, not for the IC alone, all these ESD standards are more stressful than HBM or CDM stress. Our ESD CAN protection family, it tested alone to guarantee a good behavior for all systems. The robustness is up to 30 kV. Another important parameter is the clamping voltage during ESD surge. We'll talk about this after. Another standard is for the surges. ISO 7637-3 for slow and fast regent is a well-known PULSIZ automotive standard for data lines. There is no battery problem. This standard explains that a part of surge on bus battery is supplied by coupling on data line. ESD CAN families products are tested for fast and slow transients. Another type of stress is defined in ISO 16750. It defines two DC voltage stress. First one, just start. You can apply up to 24 volts or more as some car makers define higher value. There is a reverse battery. Here you can apply minus 14 volts for car system or minus 28 volts for truck system. Of course, ESD CAN has to withstand the stress and this is the case. Few explanation to ISO 10605 ESD standards. This standard considers three cases. In case of assembly, repair or replacement of electronics module called component packaging and handling test. ESD is supplied directly on relevant pins accessible by tools or hands. To the vehicle, there is two cases with both feet inside the car during the test and with less one foot outside the car during the test. ESD is supplied on each point accessible by one person using the vehicle. As mentioned on slide, switches, display surfaces, steering lock, controls, antenna and so on, have to be tested. For each test configuration, ISO 10605 defines contact on a hard charge. The RC ESD CAN value is defined. So there is four RC possibilities. The most useful is 330 ohm with 330 picofarad. Another one is 330 ohm with 150 picofarad. 2 kilo ohm with 150 picofarad and 2 kilo ohm with 330 picofarad. In comparison with IEC 61000-4-2, there is only one RC value defined by 150 picofarad with 330 ohm. The voltage level is also suggested in ISO 10605 according to the different situation. A hard details on ISO 7637-3 fast transients, also called fast pulses 3A and 3B. These repetitive positive and negative pulses are applied by goopling on data lines due to bounces of relay opening or closing on battery bus for example. Pulse duration is very short or around 150 nanoseconds, last time very fast 5 nanoseconds. And peak voltages are also suggested with tables B1 and B2 for car system and truck system. If we look at the voltage value, tables give different voltage levels according to the category of application. The maximum voltage is plus or minus 150 volts for truck system. Three different methods can be used to simulate the couple voltage. Capacitive coupling clamp method as shown on picture is only used for fast not for slow transient. RNS is placed inside the metallic clamp and transient pulses defined in standard are applied on this metallic clamp for 10 minutes. Direct capacitive coupling method consists to apply transient pulses to the deut through a capacitor and series. For fast transient the value of this capacitor is 100 picofarad for slow transient capacitor value is 100 nanofarad. inductive coupling clamp method is only used for slow transient. RNS is placed inside the injection probe and transient pulses defined in standard are applied on this injection probe. After test the deut has to be operational. ESD can product will protect circuits against this repetitive pulses which could occure failures. As shown on waveform extracted of ESD can O3-2BM3Y, test has been applied on ESD can alone according to the direct capacity coupling method with us plus or minus 150 volts. Purses are clamped around plus or minus 35 volts which is lower than the usual absolute maximum bracing for automotive on truck integrated circuits. In each ESD can datasheet waveform shows the robustness of the can protection. In same way slow transient also called slow positive or negative pulses to A are defined in ISO 7637-3. Duration is longer around 50 ms or as time elates 1 ms. These transient are repetitive. The voltage level is fixed to plus or minus 45 volts but some customers want higher value plus or minus 85 volts for example. As for fast transient each ESD can datasheet has respond to this stress for us plus or minus 85 volts. Voltage remaining is around plus or minus 35 volts and we can see current waveform through ESD can. This test has been performed in DCC method. There is an example on this slide for the ESD can O3-2BM3Y. Now let's talk about jumpstart for 12 systems. This jumpstart is linked to a back connection of an auxiliary battery in series with a flat battery or a garage battery booster with a bad voltage selection connected to power a car with no battery or a truck battery connected to power car to start the engine. In these different cases 24 volts given by ISO 16750 or more according to care maker internal standards for example 26 volts 27 volts is supplied on the whole system. Not only ECU on all circuits have to withstand this over voltage but also the protection ESD can. Standard explains that you have to test all 11 points with this jumpstart voltage for one minute. Once again the reverse battery is linked to a back connection for example when an auxiliary battery is used or with a bad connection a reverse connection or a battery to the car power net is reconnected with bad connection or the car power net is repairing there is some trouble to reconnect junction boxes and so on. In these different cases minus 14 volts given by ISO 16750 is supplied on the whole system and of course on the ESD can too. This protection has to withstand the stress. Thank you Jean-Michel. Now let's have a look on our ESD can portfolio. Here is a graphical presentation of our ESD can portfolio. The X axis is the minimum breakdown voltage. On the left side in light gray you can find the lower breakdown voltages for 12 volts battery vehicles like passenger cars. On the right side in dark gray you have the higher breakdown voltage for 24 volts battery vehicles like trucks or off-road vehicles for example. The Y axis is the line capacitance. The lower the faster data rate. So the bottom part of the graph is particularly interesting for high-speed can and can fd. You can see that we offer three packages. SOT 23 roughly 3 by 3 square millimeter. SOT 323 roughly 2 by 2 square millimeter. And DFN 1110 roughly 1 by 1 square millimeter. You may notice that for 12-volt systems we offer two flavors of breakdown voltage. One that fits with the 24 volts jumpstart voltage plus 10 percent events around 26.5 volts for car makers sticking to ISO 16750 standard. And another one here for car makers requiring jumpstart compatibility with higher events up to 27 or 28 volts. This requirement is not normative but more specific to each car maker. Now we will discuss the quality of the protection. Protection must be compliant with standard constraints as jumpstart reverse battery and so on but also protection must be robust against different ESD and surge stress levels on this without degradation and often at high temperature. The efficiency of a protection is measured by its ability to pump over voltage on over currents with the lowest pumping voltage as possible. If the remaining voltage is too high there is a risk to degrade the IC to protect. Transmission online pulse TEP follows to characterize this remaining voltage and then check and compare the efficiency of the protection. Now let's focus on ESD protection quality. So k-parameter is the ESD response to an electrostatic discharge of 8 000 volts. As example shown ESD051-1BF4 temporal response is presented. There are two noticeable values. The first one is the peak voltage at the beginning of the response. It is low energy peak due to its duration of few nanoseconds. Here the voltage value of this first peak is 23 volts. The second is the pumping voltage defined at 13 nanoseconds. It's 11 volts for this product in much more energetic due to the duration. This temporal response at 8 kilovolt is usually reported on datasheet because it corresponds to the standard IEC 61000-4-2 level 4. As ESD response is noisy and not repetitive from an ESD gun to another one, an alternative characterization method has been developed transmission line pulse TEP. So to perform ESD analysis and comparison it is better to use TEP. A square voltage pulse of one nanosecond is a prior closer protection on the remaining voltage on the current values as a measure between 70% or 90% of the incident pulse duration. For ESD051-1BF4 with 16 amps current level the TEP voltage is 10.5 volts. There is comparison between ESD response with 8 kilovolt with RC gun equal to 330 ohm on 150 picofarad and the TEP remaining voltage. TEP remaining is around 10.5 volts which is about the 10.9 volt pumping voltage measure at 30 nanoseconds for ESD response. With several pulses as values current values it is possible to make a TEP current voltage curve. As an example ESD051-1BF4 TLP current voltage curve is presented. The horizontal axis gives the measure TLP voltage for a given TLP current. The left vertical axis gives TLP current level. This TLP current is equivalent to the current level measure at 13 nanoseconds when applying an ESD surge based on ISO 10605 or IEC 61000-4-2 and this with RC ESD gun equal to 330 ohms on 150 picofarad. The equivalence with ISO 10605 surge voltage is given on the right vertical axis. The value of the equivalent clumping voltage is then easily obtained. Instead of standard ESD protection shown in green TLP current voltage curve a snackback ESD protection can be used with features shown by red TLP current voltage curve. Snackback protection presents lower clumping voltage than standard protection thanks to the snackback effect that lowers the clumping once the protection has turned on. At 16 ohms ESDZV5-1BF4 presents a clumping voltage nearly 2 volts lower than ESD051-1BF4. If there is a DC voltage applied on the line to protect this DC voltage must be lower than holding voltage of the snackback ESD protection. Indeed if a DC voltage is higher than holding voltage or if ESD event is present the protection will turn on or the current coming from the DC voltage source will flow continuously into the protection the protection will then remain lashed. If there is no DC voltage or if the DC voltage is lower than holding voltage there is no latch risk. ESD series the robustness is very high, high ESD level is up to 30 kV. The robustness is also done for well-known 820 ms exponential surge with high current level up to 5.5 ohms. As shown by TLP current voltage characteristic the clumping voltage is low and in particular for ESDKAN 03-2BM3Y the shallow snackback allows to get better clumping voltage even for high current. Standards ESDs surges on other stress are usually specified for room temperature but automotive segment has a harsh environment and in particular for ambient temperature range. So high robustness for the whole range of temperature is important to guarantee a good protection behavior. ESDKAN series show low derating for EPP even for a high temperature as shown by graph. Even for the maximum junction temperature 175°C EPP value estimates high on this for the world ESDKAN series. Thank you Jean-Michel. Now let's see our latest miniature ESDKAN housed in DfN 1110. So why a new member in the ESDKAN series? First the new electronics architecture of the course is requiring what we can call smart ECUs like domain controller units or vehicle computer units. Second the growth of ADAS and autonomous driving features is multiplying the number of inputs of the ECUs and is making the latency time more critical. The latency time can be decreased by using high speed data lines and high computing level or data processing on the ECU itself. The consequence is a dramatic increase of the PCB density generating big headaches for automotive designers. The space turns to be critical the layout stage becomes more and more complex because the high number of components makes the PCB routing painful. It is sometimes impossible to keep the PCB metal tracks short and far enough each other to avoid parasitic effects. Preserving the symmetry in the PCB metal tracks of a differential high speed link is getting really difficult as well. The components and metal lines being closer from each other any transient occurring on the line will easily couple to other nearby lines and to make it even more touchy the core ICs managing high speed signals or data processing at high frequency are made with the latest and thinnest technologies more vulnerable to any of our voltages or ESD hazards. So to simplify this complexity we had to develop a new ESDKAN housed in a much smaller package with very low parasitic capacitance. When a designer or a layout expert asks for example a 30 picofrad total capacitance budget on a CAN link and that the CAN transceiver protection only picks three picofrad instead of 15 it drastically releases the constraints on the layout. The circuits being more sensitive and vulnerable to transience and ESD the big challenge for us was to lower the clamping voltage to make the protection even more efficient while keeping this low capacitance. All of this was the driver and the value proposition of our ESDKAN03-2PM3W, a smaller package, a better clamping voltage and no compromise on the line capacitance budget. As a result the space benefit is significant against legacy SOT23 and SOT323 packages. With the new ESDKAN03-2PM3Y in DFN1110 you cut the size by four compared to SOT323 and even by nine compared to SOT23. The solder joint inspection of a PCB is a very common practice in the automotive industry making sure that the components are properly soldered avoid early life failures in the field. So the PCBs are automatically inspected by cameras able to control the solder joints. DFN packages are very efficient for miniaturization as we have seen before however as the parts are located in the bottom of the package they cannot be inspected by camera vision. The way to make DFN packages compatible with automatic optical inspection or AOI is to implement side with double flanks. Side with double flanks will expose the solder fillet and make automatic optical inspection possible even on DFN packages. Now let's spend some time on the available tools to select and design the right ESDKAN. The purpose of this slide is to guard you to select the KAN protection that best fits your application. By answering five simple questions you will get the right part number. First question, is it for cars or trucks? Second, which package do you want? Third, low speed KAN or high speed KAN? Fourth, 26V jump start or 28V jump start? And fifth, what is the most critical in your design or project? The search level, so you are looking for high robustness ESDKAN, the capacitance budget then you will need low capacitance ESDKAN or the KAN transceiver weakness. So you have to select a low clamping voltage ESDKAN and that's it. Pick up the resources allow to get different usual digital tools. 3D models can model the mechanical constraints of placement. Some ball and simulation models can be used for electronic design and simulation. Footprint is available for ease of layout drawing. Where do you find these tools? On ST web with four steps. First, accept to st.com site. Second, select one device which is part number. Third, cut the resources are now available. Fourth, select the tool you want and download files that's done. It's now time to conclude this webinar. Let's review the four key benefits of our ESDKAN series. First, the flexibility of the portfolio covering most of customer's needs cause tracks, jump start specific and so on. Second, the integration with the new small DFN1110. Third, the simplification of the design and layout thanks to low parasitic capacitance. And last one, the immunity achieved with the very low clamping voltage. And all these products are part of the 10 years longevity program. This last slide gathers all the relevant technical information concerning our ESDKAN series. Application note, evaluation board, spice models, cut resources, the canvas protection presentation we mentioned previously and much more. This is the end of this webinar. Thank you very much for your time and attention. We hope that you enjoyed it. And now we'll be pleased to answer your questions. Right. So after this great webinar, we're now ready for a Q&A session with Jean and Jean Michel. So let's have a look at these questions that have been coming in. Let me kick off with our first question. So why do we qualify ESDKAN up to 175 degrees Celsius? It is an ambient temperature in the car or commercial vehicle. Okay. Jean Garcia speaking, let me take this question. Yes, it can be a little bit strange to think about 175 degrees Celsius because actually there is no really application running at 175 degrees Celsius in the car. However, when you have some repetitive surges or strikes occurring on the vehicle, you have to calculate the average power of the surge and having 175 degrees Celsius instead of 150 degrees Celsius as a maximum junction temperature gives you more room to address this surge. This is the first point. And the second point, it means that we have qualified the product at 175 degrees. We did perform all the reliability tests at 175 degrees. And so we have a level of quality which is higher than always 150 degrees. And we can cover mission profiles which are more stringent without having to perform extra reliability tests to cover a specific mission profile from the customer. All right. Thank you, Jean. Let's go to our next question. Are the ESDKAN compatible with FlexRay? Okay. I can take this one as well. Yes, the ESDKAN family and particularly the low-capacitance ESDKAN, like ESDKAN02 and ESDKAN03, are well fitted for the FlexRay. And even more, we do think that the next generation of KAN protocols like KAN Excel can be covered by this ESDKAN as well. Next question. Yes. Our next question is coming from Junan. Why is the 120 ohm termination for low-speed KAN not necessary? I'm just speaking. I'll take it. So the standard explains that for low-speed, the serial resistance is 2.2 kilo ohms in series. It's different from high-speed. Usually this value is following. So I suppose it's monitored to get this value, this resistance. All right. Thank you, Jean-Michel. Our next question. KAN protocol is differential. What about the matching between the two lines? It's for me, yes. So it's about the capacitance, the value of the capacitance, the delta of capacitance. Each ESDKAN is specified with its delta capacitance. So it's very low. Unlike this, with only one package, we can manage the perfection with a very good matching. All right. Thank you. Our next, yes. We'll go to our next question. So some car makers require KAN protection devices to be part of their own approval list. Our ST ESDKAN protection part of the car makers approval list. Okay. I take this question. Yes. You are right to implement KAN protection on a device. Most of the time, the KAN protection must be approved by some of the OEM, some of the car makers. And so, yes, our ESDKAN series have been approved by car makers. All right. Thank you. Our next question. Let me see. Why have STKAN protection devices such low capacitance as can data rate is not that fast? Yes. Okay. I can answer this question. The idea to provide so low capacity is to preserve the capacitance budget of all the KAN line, including the KAN transceivers and all the components which are part of the KAN line. And so, if you have a 30 picofarads of capacitance budget and we only pick three picofarads with our KAN protection, you have plenty of room for the layout and to choose and select any kind of components that you want on the KAN lines. That's the reason why we try to lower as much as possible the KAN protection capacitance. And our next question from Enrica. Are ESDKAN protections compatible with lock dump surges? Lock dump. Lock dump is only for bus battery components. So, in the case, there was only this bus battery which needed to be protected against this over stress. All right. Thank you. I will go on about this question. Lock dump is zero energy. So, for sure, you need to protect with a high TDS capability. So, here, ESDKAN is not possible to withstand the lock. I think, thank you. All right. I'll go to our next question. And it's a question I've seen a couple of times. Where can I get a PDF of this presentation? So, let me answer that one. A PDF of this presentation is already available under the resource widget at the bottom of your screen, under the third tab from your left. And all registrants will also receive a post-event email with the link to the on-demand version of this webinar. And we will also add, once again, the PDF of this presentation. Okay. Let's answer a couple of questions at once. So, then we go to our next question. Are other components of KAN data lines like termination resistors or capacitors robust enough versus ESD? Take it. As ESDKAN is plug near the connector, of course, this ESDKAN protection protects KAN transceiver, but also other components. After repetitive ESD stress, the resistance of the termination resistance or capacitance can evaluate. So, with ESDKAN protection, the matching remains good. Thank you. All right. So, it looks like this last question will bring us to the end of this webinar. As mentioned earlier, all registrants will receive a post-event email with the link to the on-demand version of this webinar, as well as additional resources. And the PDF is available under the resource widgets, and that is the third one to your left. And if someone you know or yourself are interested in pursuing a career with ESD, we are currently hiring and more details can be found in the career widget, also at the bottom of your screen. And that would be the second one to your left. So, thank you again for attending our webinar today. We hope you enjoyed it, and were able to take away some useful information. Also, thank you to those of you who took the time to answer our survey. And of course, a big thank you to our speakers, Jean and Jean-Michel, for making this webinar possible. Please stay safe, and we hope you come back soon. Goodbye.


You already know that there are going to be a billion assignments in anatomy. And again, the purpose of all these assignments is to make sure that you're staying on task, that you're keeping up with the studying that's necessary in order to be successful in a class like this. Anatomy, you guys are going to need a lot of pep talks. It's a lot of content. It is a hard class. The good news is that you will have lots of opportunities to practice this stuff because I have 8 billion assignments in the course. At times it might make you tired, but in the end, I know you will appreciate this. So first, we already know about the flipping clickers. 5% of your grade is based on you coming and participating in the clicker questions. And you show up to class, you get those points. Although I reserve the right to change that if people are punks. People won't be punks. So that's easy. That's 5% of your grade. Just show up. We already talked about the external brain. The external brain is 10% of your grade. It includes the external brain exams and it includes four different checks.  You'll have your external brain out.  If I can't reach you, you'll bring it up at the end of the, when you turn in your exam and you'll show it to me. And then I'll just check it to make sure that you've actually done it. More than that as far as checking your external brain. And that check is 100% done to ensure that you are not, that you don't have illegal content in your external brain. It's not done to check accuracy. So the responsibility for being accurate is on you. And if you have inaccurate information in there, it's not going to be helpful on your exam. It's going to be hurtful on your exam. All I'm checking is to make sure that you've done it and that it's legal content. Then you'll take your exam and that's awesome as well. On a daily basis, every day at the end of lab, we will have a lab quiz. The lab quizzes every day at the end of lab will have exactly the same setup. There will be about 10 practical questions that are modeled after the lab practical that you will have in the exam category. And that means that you're going around looking at models, looking at slides, looking at cadavers, and checking, like answering questions. What is this pin structure? What is its function? Every day. Then there will be an additional five questions that are written that are modeled after the written portion of the exam. And it happens every day. The lab quizzes are 15% of your grade, but the whole purpose is to get you set up for the exams. Four times in a semester plus a final exam, you're going to have a written exam. You'll also have a practical exam.  The whole purpose is to set you up with all this other stuff so that you're rocking it, so that you totally are prepared for the written and practical exams. The amazing thing is that each written, the written exam, I said there's four midterms. There's actually also a comprehensive written final on final exam day. The good news is that your performance on the written final, if it's higher than one of your midterm exams, I'll replace that score. So if you in exam number one were like, holy crap, I didn't think she was really serious about the amount of time that I had to study. Clearly she was. And so you rocked 60% on that written exam.  And on the final, you rocked an 80%. I'll replace that 60% with your 80% on the final. It's comprehensive. That seems fair. It gives you a level of redemption for the content, which I think is really important in a class like this, where there's so much. Same thing with the lab practical. There will be a comprehensive lab practical exam that will replace one of your lowest if that is necessary. Now, I actually had made this offer to my students in anatomy just this last semester. And like half of them improved their grades an entire letter. So it wasn't just, you know, oh, I got a couple percentage points out of that. When I replaced the lowest exam with their final exam score, it bumped them from a C to a C plus. It bumped them from a B plus to an A minus. It made a difference in their actual GPA, which I think that's pretty awesome. What else do you need to know about your assignments? I got nothing. I think I'm done, but I'm telling you right now, I've recorded about 32 lectures because I'm doing all my syllabi lectures right now. Just three, that's crazy talk. Okay, I'm leaving now because I have one more to do. I hope I said everything you need to know. Bye-bye.


Hi, my name is Crystal Mark. I am the Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Accessibility Strategist here at McMaster University Libraries. Did you know that this is a new role at McMaster? I'm working to ensure that everything we do at our campus library supports the fair treatment and full participation of everyone. McMaster University is proud to co-host AIRL's 2024 Ideal Conference. We are excited to welcome you to beautiful Toronto, Ontario this July. Because we focus on advancing equity, diversity, inclusion, and accessibility in our research libraries. I will be at this year's conference and look forward to sharing the important work that we're doing here at McMaster University Library. One project we're currently developing is a pronoun usage guide for library staff. Librarians and staff are also working together on furthering growing our acquisitions to ensure that they represent the full diversity of our campus community and beyond. We look forward to seeing you this summer at the Ideal Conference.