And now, as gunshots echo across the wind-swept snow-covered reaches of the wild Northwest, Quaker-pup wheat and Quaker-pup rice, the breakfast cereals shot them guns, present the challenge of the Yukon. It's Yukon King, swiftest and strongest lead dog of the Northwest, blazing the trail for Sergeant Preston of the Northwest modern police in his relentless pursuit of lawbreakers. Ring on, you huskies! Gold, gold discovered in the Yukon, a stampede to the Klondike in the wild race for riches. Back to the days of the gold rush, with Quaker-pup wheat and Quaker-pup rice bringing you the adventures of Sergeant Preston and his wonder dog Yukon King as they meet the challenge of the Yukon. Dad, mother, sister, brother, everyone goes for Quaker-pup rice or Quaker-pup wheat. These ready-to-serve cereals are delicious for breakfast, lunch or supper. They taste so swell because they're shot from guns. Yes, these giant king-sized grains are exploded up to eight times normal size to make them crisp and tender as nuts in November. Wheat or rice shot from guns is nourishing too. Makes a thrifty deluxe family breakfast with milk and fruit. Tomorrow, try this breakfast treat. Ask for Quaker-pup rice or Quaker-pup wheat. It was clear to King that he and the Sergeant were about to start on a trip. But in addition to the supplies that were ordinarily loaded on the sled, there were new items. A pickaxe, a shovel and the sort of pan that miners used to wash gold. King sniffed them thoroughly as the Sergeant was latching the load. Then he followed the Sergeant back into his cabin. King lay down in the corner to consider the situation. It was dark, but they had often hit the trail at night. Still, there was something strange about this trip. The Sergeant was taking off his uniform. He put on corduroy trousers, a red and white checked wool shirt, a buckskin jacket and heavy boots. King sniffed each of these items carefully. Finally came a bear-skin parka and a bear-skin cap. Well, boy, how do I look? What's the matter, don't you know me? That's exactly the way it should be. Come here, boy, and I'll tell you a secret. We're going to a place called Goldport. And for the duration of the trip, I'm not going to be Sergeant Preston at all. I'm going to be a prospector named Bill Smith. Why don't you like the name? Well, there's a reason for it. You know what counterfeiters are? Maybe you'd do it that. Yes, I've mentioned the word before, and you make a habit of increasing your vocabulary, don't you? Well, don't worry, you don't have to understand vocabulary. Anyway, the inspector believes that these counterfeiters, yes, boy, have their headquarters in Goldport. And he believes that someone like Bill Smith can find out more about them than Sergeant Preston could. Does that explain everything to your satisfaction? Good. How about hitting the trail? Well, come on, let's get started. The team was fresh, and the trip was made to Goldport without a stop, except for food. The sergeant drove down the main street of the town early the following afternoon. There was no hotel, but after a few inquiries, he was able to run a cabin. King super-intended the unloading of the sled, and then he and the sergeant walked down the street to one of the cafes. Come on, King, and boy. There's quite a dog he got. He'll do. The better one comes along. I'll give you a hundred dollars for them. Make it a thousand, and my answer will still be no. I don't blame you. Can you get anything to eat here? It depends on what you want. Well, how about baking an egg? Eggs? Sometimes I wonder about eggs myself. How about them? Do they still taste the same as they used to? I had an egg last month. You don't say. How did you have it? Scrambled. I think that was a mistake. You should have had it fried, more eggy that way. I'd be all right. But if I can't have them at all, what can I have? A steak of beans. I'll take both. Okay, sit over there by the window. It won't be long. A man and a girl were sitting in a booth near the sergeant's table. The man was huge with heavy black eyebrows and a pugnacious jaw. The girl was dark and very attractive. They seemed to be arguing. Then suddenly the girl left. The man reached across the table and slapped her face. Instantly, the sergeant was on his feet and crossed the table. I don't like what you just did. Never mind, stranger. Oh, you don't? Well, what are you going to do about it? I'll show you. Break you in two. The man shoved back his chair and charged at the sergeant. For such a heavy man, he was extremely fast. There was no denying his power in his shoulders.  But he sidestepped the big man's next crush and left out with a right and left that hit both their marks. The man out was a faddle between brute force on one side and skill and intelligence on the other. The sergeant gave ground occasionally until the big man started to slow down. Then he took the initiative. He stepped inside a wild right and punished it heavy around with rights and lefts. The big man tried in vain to ward off the blows. A solid right crashed through to his jaw and he dropped to the floor. For a moment he lay still. Then his hand started for his gun. Got him, boy.  He's got my hand. That's because your hand was trying to get your gun. Now take it. All right, boy. There. Dente. Now you can have it. Oh, careful. You want some more? If you know it's good for your butt, you'll get out of here. I'm going. Sherry, you coming with me? You know very well I'm not. I'll see you later. I want to shake your hand, mister. Butch had that coming to him for a long time. But everybody in town's scared of him. The dinner's on me.  Everything is on the house. I'd like to thank you too. I hope you don't mind my taking on myself. I'm grateful. What's your name? Is Bill enough? It's incomplete. All I can add is Smith. That's fine. I'm Sherry Wilmot. How do you do? Why are you here prospecting? I have the equipment for it. But you're going to wait for the weather to break before you hit the creek. Well, I may be in town for quite a few days. I'm glad. But I think I should give you a friendly warning. Oh? About what? About people. Butch isn't the worst in town. No?   As a result, he isn't as dangerous as some others. Who, for instance? I hope you don't find out. And if I do? Then it will be too late for me to help. I'm doing as much as I can right now, Bill. Well, if you won't protect me, then I'll have to depend on my dog. Oh, I don't really think you need protection. We'll meet again, I'm sure. So am I. Goodbye. Bye. When Butch let the cafe, he went directly to the large cabin on the edge of town, where he lived with Ben Stafford and Boris Petrov. He was still trying to repair his appearance when Ben and Boris came in. You. Yeah, never mind. Butch, you work for me because you can win fights. You won this one, the other man must be dead. He knocked me down with a lucky punch. Then he thought I was going for my gun, and he sicked his dog on me. Most of this, I got fighting that dog off. He grabbed my hand.  Yeah, that happened before. Oh, before the lucky punch. And how did all this start? Uh, Sherry said something made me sore, and I sort of hit her a little. Don't tell me where Sherry who gave me that... There were some prospectors sitting at the next table. I never saw them before. Came over and slapped my face. Naturally, you had to fight. Why, sure. I suppose the prospector is about half your size. He was almost as big as me. What do you think of that? I think you'll probably exaggerate. Yeah, never mind. Get yourself fixed up the best way you can. You and Sherry will be leaving for Whitehorse in the morning. Boris has a new batch of bills, and I might add the best he's done so far. Really, Boris, they're nearly per... What's the matter with you? Nothing. I'm only wondering about the dog. Dog. If they come in from his mastery, grab Butch's gun hand. He must have been trained to do that. Let me see your hand, Butch. Well, he didn't bite through the skin. He just happened to get my coat in his mouth. He happened to. I see. And he shook the hand.  Well-trained. What are you driving at, Boris? It is unusual for a prospector's dog to be trained in police methods. Yes. That is why I wonder about the dog. And the man who owns him.  He looks like one. I don't know anything about him. He better ask Sherry. He was treating him like a hero when I left. Left where? The Nugget. Ben, I had better go have a look at these strangers. I've traveled all over the Yukon. It's possible I have seen him someplace. Go ahead. If my suspicions are correct, something must be done. Yeah, you're right. That's a good idea. Something drastic. I will not be long. The two men waited for the Russians' return. Butch held a piece of ice to his eye while Ben paced the floor. You know, I didn't like that guy from the first time I set eyes on him. Yeah, that's understandable. He's a mounting. I'm sure he is. If he is, it means we either give up or get out of here or else. Now, those plans can come later. Yeah, I'll take care of him. Yeah, you did a fine job on your one attempt. I'll use a gun next time. Be quiet. But Ben, I... He's before us now. Well? Well, did you find him? I found him. I never saw the man before. Good. I'm glad to hear it. I don't mind tangling with the law when I have it. Now, wait. The dog that is reading... The dirty monk... On the contrary, a fine dog is perhaps a famous dog. Did you ever hear of King? Yeah.  You think... I am certain, Ben. And if the dog is King, then the man must be Sergeant Preston of the Northwest Mounders Police. Personally, I do not want to give up our business. Oh, neither do I. Nor go to jail. No. Then there is only one solution to the problem. Sergeant Preston must die. We'll continue our story in just a moment. Say, here's the way and the only way to tell how downright swell tasting Quakerpuff wheat and rice really are. You just taste them. That's the way. Talk about flavor. Just pour yourself out a bowl full of this famous cereal shot from guns. Try either kind. Then add some milk or cream and top with fruit. Slice bananas, for instance. Mmm, man, oh, man. See if you ever tasted anything better. You'll say that Quakerpuff wheat or rice is in a class by itself. That's because their choice, plump grains of wheat or rice actually exploded up to eight times normal size. King-sized grains they are shot from huge guns to make them crisp and tender, bigger and better tasting. Important too, Quakerpuff wheat or rice are nourishing. Furnished restored natural grain amounts of vitamin B1, niacin and iron. Don't wait to try wheat and rice shot from guns. You will like both delicious kinds. Ask for Quakerpuff wheat and Quakerpuff rice in the big red and blue packages. Now to continue our story. On the evening of Sergeant Preston's arrival in Goldport, Ben, Butch and the Russians stopped in at Sherry's cabin and told her their suspicions concerning the sergeant's identity. It's ridiculous. It's true. What do you know about it? You don't want to admit it because you're gone on the guy. That makes just as much sense as the other. We will gain nothing by arguing. Boris is right. Ben, the man has a wonderful dog. I grant you one. Why does that make him a mountain? What does he call the dog? I didn't hear him call him anything. Even if the dog's name were King, it wouldn't prove anything. King's a famous dog. All right.  Oh, wait a minute. We've got to face the possibility this man is a mountain. You have to face it too. What are we going to do if he is? Nothing. She's gone on him. Keep quiet. You've passed as much of the money as we have. You'll go to jail just as quickly. Must help us, Sherry. We need your help. If you don't come through for us, you'll start out the White Horse tomorrow. You won't come back. You have butch killed me. There'd be an accident. You'd kill me? Very well, yes. Just like that. You have your choice. What is it you want me to do? Now, listen. About eleven o'clock, butch will fire a shot near the end of the main street. That's pretty close to this cabin. Ben explained his plan to the girl and she listened intently. She bowed her head, but that was the only indication of her reaction. And finally, he reached the end. When he opens that door in the tunnel, we'll all be waiting inside the room. He'll be in the light and we'll let him have it. There's one thing I don't like, Ben. Nobody asked your opinion, but why can't we do it someplace else? That's where we have the plates and the press and our stock of paper at the mine. Why did we choose the mine for our operations, butch? Because it's away from the trail and nobody goes there. Exactly. And there is no better place for an ambush. No one can see us or hear us. Besides, it'll be easy to dispose of the body. Yeah, that's right. And I know a good place. One the time comes, butch. We're waiting for Sherry's answer. I'll do it. Good. I know you wouldn't let us down. On one condition. Oh, what condition? I'll know whether he's a mount here or not before the evening's over.  Oh, yes, you are. This won't work without me. If I decide he's only a prospector named Bill Smith, then I'll pass the whole thing off as a joke. That is a good idea. You think so, Boris? But yes. She will be in a position to know for sure. Why go to the trouble of committing a murder if there is no need? Okay, we'll leave it at that then. I've had a look at this Bill Smith, though. Even in a lumberjack's shirt, he carries himself like he's wearing a uniform. You go through with it, Sherry. To save your own skin, you'll have to go through with it. The three men left the cabin. At 11 o'clock that night, the sergeant finished checking over the notes he had made that day and pushed back his chair from the table. Pretty warm in here, King. Wouldn't you rather sleep with the dogs out and back tonight? No, so you won't move. Strange cabin, you're going to stand guard, is that it? All right, all right, you're the boss. A shot, King. Somewhere close. The sergeant threw open the door. A light snow was falling. A girl was running down the street toward the cabin. It's Sherry, King. Let me in, please. Close the door. Mother, what's happened? Someone shot at me. I'd been spending the evening with Mrs. Murphy. Yes. I just walked up the steps to my cabin. I didn't know what to do. I was afraid to go inside, so I turned around and ran down here. We'll take a look around. No, you won't find anyone. Just let me stay here for a little while. Well, that's all right. You stay here and bolt the door, but we're going to take a look around your cabin. Which one is it? The end of this row. It won't take us long.  This must be it. Doesn't seem to be anyone around, does it, boy? No. What are you sniffing at? Oh, footprints. It was Sherry made those. Yes, boy, I see. She didn't tell us the truth, did she? Footprints coming down, but none going up the steps. She was inside her cabin when the shot was fired. Come on, King, let's find out what this is all about. The Sargent and King returned to their own cabin. Bill. Did you see anyone? No. I didn't think you would. Who do you think fired the shot? I don't know. You must have some idea. Well, I want to tell you something that happened to me about a week ago. Go right ahead. I stumbled on an old mine outside of town. I went into the tunnel and followed it until I came to a door. I pulled it open and I was in a room. Someone was living there. There was a cot and some chairs and a table and something that looked like a printing press and a pile of paper and some stores. I didn't know what to make of it, but the place made me nervous and I left. I'd started back for town when I turned around and saw a man standing near the opening of the mine. He called something after me. I kept right on and I drove the team as fast as I could. Is that all? Yes, except... Well, ever since then I think someone's been trying to kill me. Sherry, if you're in danger, I'm going to do everything in my power to protect you. There's nothing you can do. What you've told me, you seem to be in trouble because you went into that old mine. I'll make a trip out there myself and see what's going on. No, don't. Why not? Bill, if you go out there, I... Oh, don't. I don't want to be responsible for anything happening to you. But you've made me feel responsible if anything happens to you. I've got to go, Sherry. It isn't any business of yours. I'll go to Dawson and report this to the Northwest Mounted. No, you've already done that. You mean... Yes. It's my duty to investigate your story. It isn't true. I'm sure there's some truth in it. Ting and I are heading for the mine right now. Oh, right if you won't listen to me. I'm coming to. There's no need. It isn't as easy to find as... You will need me, Bill. I'm coming to. After leaving the trail outside of town, Sherry directed the sergeant toward the mine. It was obvious to both the sergeant and king that they were following some recent tracks made by not one, but two sleds. When they reached the opening of the mine, the sled tracks continued on to the woods beyond. There were tracks made by snowshoes coming back from the woods. King sniffed at them. They led directly into the mine. Oh, King. Oh, you're here. Oh, no. You see, someone's been here recently. Yes. I have a hurricane right here on the sled. You're going in? Of course. What a scene, this mysterious room. Perhaps I'll even find out who's living there. Wait! You could stay here. Sherry's impulse was to stop the sergeant from another part of her mine for bad it. No, I won't stay here. I'm coming with you. All right, Sherry. Let's go. They entered the mine. The shaft led straight into the hill for nearly 100 feet. King walked close beside his master, the girl directly behind them. The shaded light from the lantern hardly reached the timbered sides of the tunnel, but the dog knew there were men ahead. They might be dangerous. The sergeant's hand on his head reassured him. His warning had been acknowledged. They came to a turn in the tunnel. How far is the room? We'll be there soon. This tunnel leads straight to the door. And the door opens this way? Yes. You expect to find someone in the room? It's possible. Better stay well behind me. But just as the rays of the hurricane lantern picked up the solid surface of the door ahead, Sherry forced her way past the mountain and grasped the handle of the door. Sherry, stop. King forced the girl back against the wall of the tunnel, but she pulled the door open with her. A volley of shots came out from inside the room. There was a lantern hanging directly over the door, and the sergeant who had dropped to the floor of the tunnel shot it out. He hit the hurricane lantern inside his parka, and both room and tunnel were in complete darkness. The sergeant, King and Sherry were lying close together on the floor at the side of the tunnel. Why did you do that? Half-open door protected her side of the passageway, forward and reached out in the darkness until his hand touched the door. He pulled it wide open, then he blew out the hurricane lantern. He waited a moment and then tossed it into the room. The sergeant fired at the gunflash. The sergeant crawled back from the door opening and crouched beside King once more. No sound came from the room. We got toward them, boy. He knows he'll only make himself. Without a sound, King began to crawl forward. He moved only a few inches at a time, but steadily until he was inside the room. Then he stopped to allow his keen eyes a chance to take stock of the room and the shadows in it. His sense of smell helped him. Two men were lying near the far wall. One of them was moaning slightly. There was another man hiding behind something made of iron, and that man had a gun in his hand. That was the man the sergeant had sent him after. He must crawl around the iron object to reach the man, and he must do it so quietly that the man would never suspect. Inch by inch. King hardly dared breathe now. Around the strange iron bulk, and now at last the crouching form of the man. His gun hand raised slightly. His head turned toward the door. It was time to spring. A dog! He's on top of me! He's got a gun out of my hand! I'm coming. Hold him till I strike a light.  Not till this lantern's lit. Now you can let him up, King. I've got his gun. Oh, you... You must be Ben Stafford. Yeah, help me. I'm dying. I doubt it, Butch. I'll tell you everything you want to know. Just help me. This room's all the evidence I need. Press, paper, and plates. Get those guns lying on the floor, King. You two and the man who's unconscious are under arrest in the name of the queen. Thank you, boy. Now the other one. What are you going to do with this? Take you back to Dawson. Thank you, King. I'll watch Ben here while I fix up the other two. Butch had been wounded in the leg. There were no bones broken, and the sergeant had him bandaged in a few minutes. Boris had been wounded on the left side. It was more serious. And although he regained consciousness as the sergeant worked over him, he had to be carried from the mine. Butch can walk if you give him a hand, Ben. Get going. Okay. Come on. Take it easy. What's up, King? I'll carry this man. And outside, as the sergeant had prophesied, they found Sherry waiting for them. Bill, I'm glad it turned out this way. So am I. You captured the three of them all by yourself. Oh, no, King helped, and so did you.   Well, I couldn't let you open that door. Even if it'd be jail for me. You'll have to stand trial with these men, Sherry. But I'll have to tell the truth on the witness stand. It was you who brought me here. It was through you that I was able to get the evidence against the others. If you do go to jail, it won't be for long. Thank you. What about afterwards? Will you stay in the Yukon? No. I'll go home and start over again. And I want to thank you, King, for saving my life and giving me another chance. Yes, boy. Thanks to you, this case is closed. In just a moment, Sergeant Preston will give you a preview of Wednesday's program. Say, maybe it's hard sometimes to make up your mind which you like best, Quaker Pop Wheat or Quaker Pop Rice. Well, sir, here's what you do. Don't miss out on either kind of these delicious, ready-to-serve cereals. Keep a supply of both kinds on hand at all times. Wheat or rice shot from guns, you'll have to go to jail. Wheat or rice shot from guns, is never sold in bags or bulk. Always look for the big Quaker red and blue package. That's the way to get the original, crisp, fresh, Quaker Pop Wheat and Quaker Pop Rice. These radio dramas, a feature of the challenge of the Yukon Incorporated, are created and produced by George W. Trendle, directed by Fred Flower Day, and supervised by Charles D. Livingston. The part of Sergeant Preston is played by Paul Sutton. They are brought to you every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at the same time by Quaker Pop Wheat and Quaker Pop Rice. A breakfast cereal shot from guns. Listen Wednesday when Sergeant Preston and Yukon King meet the challenge of the Yukon in the adventure of the false trail. The trail to Dawson. King and I had been over that trail many times and thought we knew it pretty well. But the day we heard a woman scream as we neared the trading post, started a train of events that led us into a battle of wits with one of the smartest criminals we'd ever met. It was a false trail and a danger. Be sure to hear this exciting story Wednesday. Till then, this is J. Michael wishing you good-bye, good luck and good health from Quaker Pop Wheat and Quaker Pop Rice. So long. For a delicious hot breakfast, eat Quaker Oats. The giant of the cereals is Quaker Oats. Yes, the giant of the cereals is Quaker Oats. Delicious, nutritious, makes you feel ambitious. The giant of the cereals is Quaker Oats. Say boys and girls, do you want to be a star someday in sports and activities? Then start on good Quaker Oats breakfast tomorrow because nourishing oatmeal gives you more growth and endurance than any other whole grain cereal. Still less than one penny is serving. Quaker and Mother's Oats are the same. This is ABC, the American Broadcasting Company.


Hey everyone, I'm Bianca Renee, and you're watching Bianca Renee Today, and today, I have my mother-in-law with me, and we're about to get her hair done! This is her very first diva cut, so I gotta take her to the best, taking her to see Eze and Donatella and Emily. Let's see if I remember how to get there. How do you feel? Are you nervous? She's a little nervous. I think anything will be good though. She's new to the natural community? Yes. Very good. Hi! Hi! Hi everybody! Here we go. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. Donatella, the last one. I love that. One second. Okay, thank you. So we're going to do a little consultation with you. We're going to figure out what you want to do with your hair. It's actually really healthy for you, never wearing it curly. Very suppressed. Straight stragglers. Straight stragglers that had not gotten with the program. In the back we're not going to clutch it at all. Okay. At least until tomorrow we're done with the color. Because I don't want it to be short. Then with the wet? Oh, she's not doing color. Oh, okay. No, I'm not doing color. Okay. Sorry, I'm glad you're done with what? So we're like baby steps. Baby steps. No color, not this step. So if you aren't familiar with the diva cut technique, that is when you get your curly hair cut while it's dry in its natural state. When a stylist is diva certified, they know how to do this the right way, and they cut on a curl by curl basis, just really cutting what actually needs to be cut. The best thing is, if you have curly hair, you know how frustrating it is to have your hair washed, cut wet, and then you have no idea how your hair is going to look until it dries hours later, maybe not until you get home. But the beauty is when you get a diva cut, you're literally seeing your new haircut form and shape as it's happening. Always a good sign when you see just little tiny curls left on the floor. This is not a big chop. When they actually say they're going to do a trim, they actually do a trim. I'm also really excited to bring in my mother-in-law, Meredith, because she has type 4 hair. So I have not been able to show a different curl pattern on my channel. So this is how you can really wash and style your hair if your curls are also this tight and coiled up. This is definitely type 4 hair, probably even 4B4C. Like much earlier we had water too, so that's a really good sign. Have you used to build a buster yet? No. No. It's going to remove any oil, any build up, or any impurities that have been sticking to your hair and don't allow any hair to penetrate your hair. Then treat it as a traditional shampoo and I'm going to give you a nice scrub and then I'm going to massage it into your hair. Okay. You guys know I love the build up buster. Delight, just because it smells really good and I want, it's easier to detangle with the one condition versus detangling just with the deep conditioners. It will keep you a little bit of a slight glide. Don't apply the product directly to your scalp. Now it looks like I just applied them directly to your scalp. I do want to moisturize your roots, but I'm not going to smear it into your scalp so that it fills up where it creates any flat areas. At the Diva Salon you'll also notice that they don't really use a brush or comb when detangling your hair. They are very strong advocates of finger detangling so you don't lose too much hair while you're getting rid of all those knots. So after she detangled, she let them melt in the moisture deep conditioner really sit and penetrate in her hair for about 10 to 15 minutes while she reads the Curly Girl Handbook. After she let the deep conditioner sit for about 15 minutes she rinsed only a little bit of it out. The melt in the moisture is a deep conditioner that you don't exactly have to rinse out. You can leave a little bit in and use it as a styler so she just wanted to rinse out enough to where she wouldn't get product build up but left in a good amount to still style her hair. You see how beautiful her curls they look, not even the product did. Just a tiny bit conditioner. We're just going to go a small section just a massager curl so a little bit more. More what do you like. Take a little bit of the cream create a massager of those curls and constantly keep adding more. One thing that I've definitely learned about type 4 hair is that it is best to apply product on your hair while it's soaking wet. You'll see that she keeps applying a lot of water even while adding the styler. It just makes your curls look more defined and easier to manage. You know the curl look you get here at Curl's Model 1? Hands on love. I get it so much love. Hands on your hair. Spray gel. It's called beautiful. Do you have a product? Spray gel. I still haven't tried that one. Interesting. But it's there. Dino curls holding out on. You've got to give me some curls spray. I'm telling Sam my Dino Berry. I don't like to have too much of the crunchy of the gel.   No. So what I'm doing, I'm massaging her hair all the way to the roots. Making sure you give those curls some love. Because usually curly hair, what happens is they shrink. So in order to bring the curl up, we massage it really good. Now Meredith does have high porosity hair. That means that her hair likes to soak up moisture and product very quickly. So that's why her hair can take so much product. But the last step is to diffuse. I'm going to massage into those curls. And then look at the final results. What do you think? I can't believe that. I told her are those curls. Look at the back. How long it looks now. Give me thoughts. I'm going to come back. She's just cleaning up any other little stragglers. Making sure it's perfect. That's what I love about this. You see how short your curls look before? Just by massaging, you make those curls stand out more. Wow. I love it. You love it. I don't know if I told you before, but you love it. It's so good. And there you have it. The before and the after. Look at that curl definition. I love it. You love it? Are you going to straighten your hair ever again? Yeah. I'll put more information on the curls one on one. I'll put their link and all the information below in the description box. Please subscribe for more Curly Hair videos. I post new videos every Sunday. I'll see you guys next time.


Hey guys, what is up? Welcome to my channel. For today's video, this is going to be my unofficial favorites for the month video. I'm gonna be honest, as you know, I did do a long distance move. So I pretty much stopped wearing makeup from February 18th up until now that I have my whole collection set up again. So I didn't feel right for me to do an official favorites video because I didn't wear that much makeup. But I did just want to play with the products that I've really been enjoying the last month. I did wear some makeup in between for a few days during the move, but not really. And I wasn't even really testing the products. I wasn't paying attention. I was just trying to slap some makeup on and look a little better. But a lot has happened in the month. There's been a lot of makeup news. Like, ELF is adding prices, right? Adding a dollar onto most of their items. Makeup Revolution bought BH Cosmetics, makeup Geeks Closing. So I think I'll talk about that today as well. Might mention some products I haven't been loving. Let's get into it. It's a chatty one today. So for my face, I just have my sunscreen and primer on. I am gonna give the Makeup Forever HD Skin another go. I think I wore this twice and then I moved and completely forgot about my thoughts on this. I know I didn't love it. I definitely was not sold on this foundation. But truthfully, I did not really try a foundation that I loved this month. I did try the Cosas Revealer Skin Improving Foundation in February. I do really, really like this, but it's not my all-time favorite foundation. But I wanna give the Makeup Forever another try because I definitely did not like it at first. So I'm gonna try a less is more approach with this. Something a little bit thinner. But after this and concealer, we'll get into products that I am actually loving. But I just, I don't have one that I'm loving. Though yesterday, I did try the Dynastomyrix yummy skin situation. Absolutely loved it. Can't wait to put it on my face again. But I want to retest this Makeup Forever one more time before I move on from it. Spread a little bit more with my fingers. I feel like you get so much more spread in coverage of the product when you spread it out with your finger. Also, I'm gonna keep mentioning this until the situation gets fixed. There's an echo in my filming space. If the echo bothers you, just watch the video on 1.5 to two times speed. That kind of reduces the echo. We, meaning my husband and I, we put a rug down and that wasn't enough. So we have some things on the wall to help with the bounce. And we're gonna add a second rug. We're just waiting for that to come in. So slowly adding until we can get this dang echo situation figured out it's just our ceilings are kind of high and all of our furniture is really hard. I'm filming in our living space and I'll do a whole video on our apartment. We kind of created an office corner for me in our living space. We don't have a couch or anything really soft like that right now. So there's so much bounce of my voice going around. I did my eyebrows first and I've just been reminded why I don't do my eyebrows first. I cannot the area around my eyebrows. Okay, a light layer of this looks very, very nice. I didn't have a concealer that I love this month. So I'm just gonna pop on some of my favorite ABH concealer. I tried a couple concealers. I gave the Jacqueline cosmetics concealer a lot of trials and tribulations this month. And yeah, I don't like it. And then unfortunately the KVD concealer just didn't work out for me as well. Did not like that. So definitely doesn't deserve to be in a favorites video. I'm also making an effort to use my one size setting powder this month to get my thoughts on it. So again, not in the favorites but I'm currently putting it to test. I'm just gonna pop a little bit in the T-zone area. And then this is the first favorite that I wanna talk about today. This is an amazing product. It's not a new product, but it's new to me. This is the Flower Beauty Heat Wave of Bronzing Essence. When I tell you I have been loving this. Now the draper I feel like doesn't really work at all. I have to just kinda scoop it onto the stick and then put it on the back of my hand, you know. It's an affordable product, so I'm not mad. So my favorite way to apply it is to spread it out on your hand and then put it on your sponge. So by doing this, this gets even coverage on your sponge so that when you pop it down, there's not little uneven dots that you have to work out.  When I tell you I've been using this bronzer nonstop for the last, I wanna say three weeks, it's been the only bronzer that I've been using because it was one of the only ones that I packed. But I've absolutely loved it. The tone is stunning. It's more of a bronze because it has a lot of warmth to it, really not too much coolness, but it's so beautiful and natural. And I know a lot of you are into the cream situation. Highly recommend this. And then I wanted to talk about some blush palettes that I've been testing this month that have been absolutely stunning. So these are the Wayne Goss Weightless Veil Blush Palettes. This is Wayne Goss' newest product though I did see he has something new coming out after this. And if you watched his reveal video on this and the two lipsticks that he also came out with, I was very, very blessed to have been able to be one of the models for that. So I got to demo the product on his video and I was really sad that I was in the process of moving because I couldn't really share too much. I couldn't talk about these. I just had other things going on. So I did want to talk about them in today's video. These are one of my favorite items from Wayne Goss that he's ever launched. So he launched two colors, Sweet Wildfire and then the lighter one is Desert Blossom. Now when I saw these both in person, I got a little worried because I thought they looked quite similar but you can see side by side, there is a difference in undertone. Both are absolutely stunning. You can't go wrong with either. I think for today, I am gonna go for Sweet Wildflower. This also has a hint of extra neutralness to it but I do love his blush and highlight formulation. You won't be disappointed if you pick them up and he does have colors that will also be quite beautiful on deeper complexions. Do you see how pretty this is? And it's so neutral, it's gonna go with every look. I was very happy. I had the choice to demo one product from Wayne Goss's line. It would be his blush and highlight duos because they are so beautiful. So I was really excited when he reached out to me because it was these products. There also was two additional lipsticks for also really beautiful wearable colors but this formula is where it's at, in my opinion. Then let's use the highlight now. A lot of really great blush products did come out once I put on this highlight. I'll show you some other ones that I've been loving. Again, this is an unofficial favorite. I honestly feel like I'm still testing a lot of these products out because I haven't had the opportunity to test them out enough to be able to fully recommend them to you guys but tentatively I'm also loving the M Cosmetics Heaven Glow blushes from their masterpiece collection. Real Coco, I've been loving a lot. I wore this yesterday with the Dinesse Myricks products. It lasted forever on the cheek and Baroque, well it looks pretty scary. This is a nice, pretty everyday blush lighter. So I like these because they have a lot of sheen to them so you don't need to add a highlight. If you don't want to for everyday, this is really all you need. You can skip the highlight. I've been enjoying these as well and then Kaleidos also came out with their Mono blushes in their new collection. These also are a stunningly beautiful formulation. These though came out right before I moved so I haven't gotten to use these at all. So again, a tentative favorite of mine as I continue to explore them. Colourpop also came out with some beautiful blushes for their Valentine's Day collection. Lots of gorgeous cheek products but in terms of what I traveled with, I brought these two with me from Wengoss and absolutely stunning. These are definitely a true, true favorite. Look how beautiful these are, my cheeks. And there's something so special about this highlight formula where it really is quite flattering even if you have some texture. You see how smooth that looks? I will definitely be talking about these more in following videos but I did at least wanna show you one live demo first. Now I am going to film my monthly palette rankings. I am not gonna talk too much about my favorite eyeshadow palettes.  If it's not already up and if it is you can head over to it now. But today I actually want to test one of the palettes again before I start actually ranking them. I already know what my number one and two are and what my least favorite is. This is one that's kind of floating in the middle. I just wanna use it again because there's so many shades. So we're gonna do that in today's video. This is the Colourpop Rock Candy Palette and I love this color story. Is it a necessity in a collection? Probably not. You probably do already own these tones but in terms of the colors that I like to wear this is like a great everyday palette for me. So I wanted to try some more shades because I only did one look with it last month. So I wanna do another one. Okay we went really really intense with this look but I really have only played with the mauve color. So I wanted to play with this super cool toned gray colors sense. That would really challenge the palette and such good quality. This is a palette that you're interested in and you like the color story. I can confirm that the quality is pretty good typical Colourpop quality. You know the mattes are a little bit powdery so just be careful about that. Expect a little bit of fallout but all things considered great palette for the price. Really enjoying playing with it today. So while I'm doing this look I wanted to talk about the makeup news that I haven't been able to talk about having gotten the opportunity and I certainly want you guys to weigh in on this. I'm gonna start off with the shade right here. I dig you. So the first news piece that I saw recently was that Makeup Revolution actually ended up buying BH Cosmetics. I was following the BH Cosmetics story because selfishly I just love their eyeshadow formula and I don't want that to change and I truly am worried that it's gonna change now that a different company owns them. You know I'm sure Makeup Revolution is happy with their factories but let me tell you I'm not. I don't like Makeup Revolutions or the Revolution Beauty umbrella. I don't like Revolution Beauty really. I like some things that they come out with don't get me wrong and they can be really fun and creative but most of the time, not all the time but based on my experience I haven't loved a lot of their formulas particularly in the eyeshadow category which is what I was worried about. I'm gonna deepen the inner and outer corner right here. So it could be one of two ways. Since they bought BH Cosmetics they also have the rights to their formula and their factories. So I'm hoping that it stays the same or even Makeup Revolution might steal BH's formula and use it within their own palettes which would also be great because Makeup Revolution comes up with some really fun color stories. I think the company itself it's gonna go a lot deeper than that. I don't even know that the higher ups are probably worried about keeping the integrity of the BH Cosmetics eyeshadow formulas but as a consumer I really hope that that does not affect the formulation. I am happy though that BH did get somebody to take ownership of them because I like BH and it would be sad to see them go and hopefully Revolution will uphold the integrity of their formulations and quality and just add to the improvement of the brand and prove their marketing but who knows what is to come of that.  I'm happy that somebody bought it though and that they didn't go under and disappear completely. So we'll see, fingers crossed I know a lot of people and I'm sure they're watching and taking this feedback are hoping that Revolution will maybe adopt the BH formula and that BH will keep the integrity of their formula. So hopefully fingers crossed what do you guys think? I'm happy that somebody bought it. That's it. So hopefully not too much changes but only for the better you know. Some other news that I saw and this is not amazing news. I'm gonna take some of Too Coal for you which is a dark gray shimmery shade and because I'm doing a halo eye I'm just gonna put it on the inner and outer corner right on top of the gray on the eyelid. I'm not gonna go quite as high but some other news that I saw and this isn't that surprising to me but ELF is upping their pricing by a dollar on most items. There are some that are gonna stay the same and I think it's really neat that they chose to even mention it and they gave the reasons why and I'm not surprised. I mean, ELF has very affordable prices and yes, everything is more expensive nowadays. The supply chain, I can only imagine how hard it is on these makeup brands. So for me, it's completely understandable and I love that they gave like two weeks notice so if you did need to buy some of their stuff you could buy it a little bit cheaper. I mean, over the years in general, ELF has raised their prices. I was into ELF when everything was literally one dollar and then they introduced their studio line which was three dollars and for me, I was a kid at that time so that for me was a really great price. I'm taking some of friction here on my finger. Over the years, ELF has definitely increased their prices and there are brands that will increase their prices without mentioning anything so all respect to ELF for even mentioning it. I think that deserves a little bit of an applause and everything is expensive for everybody including these brands producing products. I'm taking the matte black that's in here and I'm defining the inner and outer corner and just blending and making everything more smoky by the way. Like, you know, Pat McGrath, she made her products more expensive and didn't mention anything. So, I mean, ELF is just doing it right. I think for a while, a couple years ago, they were sort of falling off and what in wild was the affordable makeup brand but now ELF made a huge comeback and they're coming out with really great products. They're one of my favorite affordable brands so, yeah, not really phased by that. They're so cheap to begin with that, it's okay. And a dollar additional price I personally can deal. There is a pressed silver glitter in here. I know some of you guys don't like pressed glitters but I'm risking it, I normally don't but I just wanted to be extra ba-ba-boom with this look today, which is super-duper smoky. Oh, I forgot to put the light shade down here, let me do that. But yeah, I really like this palette, okay? I think the quality is really awesome. The silvers in particular, super-duper pigmented and high quality feeling, so. Okay, I feel comfortable ranking this pretty high because it's really nice. And then the last piece of news that I wanted to talk about was Makeup Geek Closing, her makeup brand. I watched the video, am I shocked? Not really, I kind of saw this coming. I haven't really been launching products. Nobody really talks about their products. I think Mylena has left a bad taste in some people's mouths, which I totally understand. I mean, I'm not here to talk about the person at all. The brand itself hasn't been very exciting. Not a new favorite, but since I'm also testing the new Hindash Mono Chromance collection, I pulled this guy out from Hindash's collection. It's his hairline, it's a eyeliner. It's a really beautiful eyeliner, so I've been enjoying this. At first, I wasn't sure about this, but now I really, really enjoy it. So as I put on this eyeliner, now I've never tried Makeup Geek makeup, which I find unbelievable because it was so popular when I was watching YouTube and I always wanted to try Makeup Geek. I didn't have my own money when Makeup Geek was really popping or I didn't have that much at least. So Makeup Geek was never a brand that I spent my money on and it came to Target a couple years ago and I remember, maybe not a couple years ago, maybe sooner than that, but I remember being super tempted to finally try Makeup Geek. Still never got around to it and now it's too late. There's no point in trying now. So I cannot really speak on the quality itself. I've never been a fan or a user of Makeup Geek, but it is a brand that I've followed to say the least. You know, Makeup Geek Marlena, I think she was one of the very first makeup videos I'd ever watched on YouTube, which is a big deal to me because look at what I do now, but I was looking up how to apply eyeliner to the waterline. I was like 13 and she actually had a video about tightlining and waterlining. And then that opens me up into a whole new world of makeup, you guys. So it's very interesting to see the evolution because I think Makeup Geek kind of paved the way for influencer brands. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think Makeup Geek was first. And in the beginning, she had a marketing right of giving all of the products out to PR, but I feel like that slowed down. I feel like the brand really didn't evolve to what is necessary in the current market, in this industry. Yeah, I mean, I know the products are supposed to be amazing. I definitely don't doubt that, but I think the marketing and just with it being a smaller brand and having difficulty producing product became an issue and people lost interest. I don't think she was giving out enough PR and enough PR to the right people. So people just weren't talking about the brand, which makes it harder to produce products. Now I'm not behind the brand. I don't know what happened, but I could just tell you from the lack that I've been hearing from Makeup Geek, I'm not surprised. When I did hear about Makeup Geek, it normally wasn't positive because it was about Marlena kinda. Again, I don't really wanna talk about her as a person, but very drama-centric person in the community because I think she felt she had to say because she's a lesbian and she was one of the very, very first OG beauty gurus and sometimes I just don't think it was the right thing to do. Anyways, a favorite of mine that is old that I wanted to share with you guys, the Rare Beauty Mascara I've been loving as it has had time to dry a little bit. It makes my lower lashes explode. Seriously, what an amazing mascara. I'm gonna stop talking and pop this on. So I'll be right back. Ardelle sent me their Eco Lash Collection and I'm trying the 455 lashes. They're so pretty, but let's talk about lips. So hands down, my favorite lip products that I tried this month were the Natasha Denona I Need a Rose Lip Collection. She came out with three monochromatic kind of trios of different rose shades. One lip liner, one lipstick and one lip gloss and I absolutely love this collection. The only formula that I'm not in love with are the lip glosses, but they're great to top off the lipstick and I have them just because. But for me, where the treasures are are the lip liners and the lipsticks. I love those formulas from Natasha Denona. So I love that I have not had to think about mixing certain lip shades because I just do the name. So today, let's do the peachier one, which is going to be Pala. I think it will go best with actually, let's do more pinkie. I just lied to you. I'm gonna do more of the neutral pink, which is Daphne. So let me start off with the lip liner and this has a hint of peach in here anyways too. But do you see how easily this is gliding across the lip? And these colors are super wearable. You can wear them with so many different makeup looks and you definitely don't need every single color in this line. I would say pick a color, whether it be Daphne color or P&E pick up at least a duo of the lip liner and the lipstick and you will be in love. Okay, and here's my Daphne lipstick. Then let me use my Daphne gloss. So the gloss just doesn't have enough shine for me. I have other formulas that I prefer. But since it's here, let's put it on. But any color from this lip line, I think you guys will love for me, Daphne's, my favorite everyday pink. So that's the one that I recommend. But this whole collection has been amazing. When I was traveling and moving and whatnot, all the lip products I kept were these Natasha Denona ones because I never had to think about it. They go with everything and then they also are curated for you. I also really did enjoy the Fenty Icon lipstick though, particularly in the shade MVP, which is the red. But I think the system itself is ridiculous in that you have to pay $12 for the actual lipstick case because I think that that's expensive because this is what you get, just get this, okay? I have the case, it's just unnecessary. It's a cool case, it's luxurious, whatever, but I personally, for me, find it to be a waste of $12. But the formula from Fenty is really, really solid and nobody does a red as good as Fenty. So MVP is just amazing, but I don't like how they marketed this one. I'm just gonna pull all my hair back because I left those little tendrils that I clipped back but they are so frizzy right now. So let's just do this. Anyway, you guys, here is the final look using products that I've been loving these last few weeks. A lot of these items are still items that I'm going to continue to play with. Got lipstick on my teeth. Just because I haven't had the time, so make sure you stay tuned for next month's official favorites video. It was just fun to sit down, play with new makeup, and then also talk about makeup news that I haven't gotten to talk about lately. So I hope you guys enjoyed this video and I will catch you guys for the next one. Bye, guys.


Okay, so the common method of fixation used in spine surgery is pedicle screw fixation. So this is one of the basic techniques, so you must know about it. This was established a pedicle screw fixation because you can engage all three columns, the posterior, the middle and the anterior column by this one method of putting a pedicle screw in the body.  So you cover all three columns, so please remember that this is a very useful technique and you must know it because it gives very good stability to the spine, the best in fact, because if you go anteriorly you will be able to reach only the anterior column, if you remain only in the lamina or the transverse process it will be only the posterior column, unless you go through the pedicle from posterior to anterior, you will not cover all three columns. So that is the importance of this technique, that it gives you good stability and it covers all three columns. So you must know where the pedicles are and how to put a pedicle screw. So for all practical purposes I would ask you to forget about cervical pedicle screws, you should do it only when you gained experience, little more experience than now. Because in the cervical spine using a lateral mass screw works very well, because the loading, if you see the loading of the spine, why is it important because the loading of the spine? On the cervical spine the loading is only of the head and the neck, all other structures get attached lower down. So as you go down the spine the loading increases and so the loading is maximum in the lumbar cycle junction L5S1 or the lumbar spine. So the fixation has to be very strong if it is to be done in the lumbar spine than in the cervical spine because the loading is less. That is the reason why in the cervical spine even a lateral mass screw fixation works very well because the loading is less. So you do not really need to do a pedicle screw fixation in the cervical spine, remember that. But in the lumbar spine you do need to three column, you need a three column support because all the body's weight is transferred ultimately through the spine and as you go down the loading is more and more. So the lumbar pedicle screw insertion is the most important, second is the thoracic and cervical you can practically forget about it, it is usually not needed. Now how do you put a lumbar pedicle screw? So this is the spinous process, the facet, the articulating facet, the superior one, the inferior one and then the transverse process, this is the transverse process. So if you draw a line which is just outside the articulating facet, that means here. So this is the facet, so a line just outside, so a line just outside, do you see this line? This is the facet, just outside the facet, a line from going from the top to the bottom, you see that? That line you draw is, you identify the whole transverse process like this and a line drawn right in the middle of the transverse process, do you see that? So vertical line which is just outside the facet and a horizontal line which is in the middle of the transverse process. Now the point at which these two lines intersect is your entry point for the lumbar pedicle. So whenever you want to do a pedicle screw fixation, for the beginning it would be best, it is in your interest to identify the whole transverse process, at least the superior margin and the inferior margin. Identify the whole articulating facet, draw a line, imagine that you can use a cotterie, you can actually use a cotterie, a monopolar cotterie and draw that line on the bone and draw the horizontal line and then see where they intersect and use that point as an entry point. There you need to start, that is one. Second, if you see the attachment of the pedicle to the lumbar spine, there are, sometimes it is directly attached at the same level, sometimes it is going upwards, sometimes it is going downwards. If you see the cervical spine, do you see that? Can you see this? So in the cervical spine, the pedicles are usually going vertically up upwards. If you see the thoracic spine, can you see the pedicle is going downwards? Do you see that? That is the pedicle, this part is the pedicle, it is going downwards and in the lumbar spine it is more or less horizontal but it is more medial, it is going medially like this. So you know the starting point, you know that it has to be angled medially. How much medial? You can say from l 1, 5 degrees to l 5, 20 degrees and everything else lies in between. You can divide it equally 4 to 5 degrees for each level. So starting from 5 degrees medial at l 1 to 20 degrees medial at l 5, you will be fine. And the vertical angle, the best thing is to have an x-ray, interoperative x-ray when the patient is like this and see that you are in the middle of the pedicle, neither too close to the foreman above nor too close to the foreman below. You should be in the, cancel is born in the pedicle because there is a small cancel is born element in the pedicle, most of it is cortical bone. So as long as you are in the middle of the pedicle, angled medially and starting at the right point, you will go nowhere but the pedicle unless there is a distorted anatomy or a tumor which is eaten away the pedicle or something like that. In the same principle of a line drawn just lateral to the articulating facet and the same principle of a line drawn in the middle of the transverse process can be used for all l 1 to l 5. So identify the facet, identify the transverse process, draw line, draw line, where they transact that is the place you begin and how do you begin? First thing is to use the all, awl, all, it is got a sharp triangular point, it is used to break the outer cortex, you break the cortex with the all, you have to otherwise you cannot do it. You see that the direction of your all is generally in the direction where you want the screw to be, that is the medial, etcetera, etcetera, all the angulations everything you taken care of. After you use the all then you use a pedicle finder, there are different names where I use prefer to call it a pedicle finder, it is blunt from the front, sometimes it is angled medial but I use a straight one and with the pedicle finder then you can keep it first vertically, then you can give it your medial angulation and then you can give it the superior or inferior angulation the way you want it to be because if you are at L5S1 you need to go downwards, generally for the above, for the superior lumbar vertebra it is straight down. So with the pedicle finder you, if you are in the cancerous bone you will be able to do it with your hand, you just feel it and put it in, generally you have to cover two thirds of the body, your screw should cover at least two thirds of the body because you do not need a bicoctical purchase over here, you do not need to engage the anterior cortex of the vertebra here because you are going through so much cortical bone in the pedicle that it is a very stable, it is a very stable fixation. So as long as you have covered two thirds of the body that is the length of the screw you need, screw which excludes the head of the screw, just the screw should be that length which you measure starting from your hole to the end at least two thirds in the body.  This is the sound, when you see the tip it has got a round ball, so it will not hurt anything, you scrape the walls all around and make sure that your bone is intact all around, then you are sure that you are inside the pedicle, you have gone into the body without breaching any of the cortical bone and once you have made sure put the screw in, so use the same technique for the other side, the angle will be opposite, this time you medial, again you will be medial but angle towards the other side, because you are on the left, that is the way you make the entry point and now for the S1, the S1 can be a little bit tricky, so there are two or three tricks to identify the S1, the principle is the same, if you see this, this is the articulating facet of L5 and this is the articulating facet of S1, so the pedicle again will be the same thing, a line drawn just outside this articulating facet, but here you do not have a transverse process, so you do not know where your horizontal line is going to be, so the points you use are a little bit different, what I do is, you identify this joint, you dissect all around it, see the whole thing, see the joint till it becomes flat, the surface of the sacrum begins, keep on dissecting the sacral surface till you see the edge of the S1 for MN, can you see this, S1 for MN, so you will be able to identify this whole top of the S1 for MN, so it will be like a hemisphere, it will be like a hemisphere, half a circle because you will expose this whole thing, it will be like half a circle, so take the midpoint of this half circle and draw a line straight up till it reaches the base of this articulating facet, okay, so the line drawn at the base of the facet and the vertical line is from the middle of the S1 for MN, where these two points intersect, that is your entry point for the S1 pedicle, and you can never go wrong with this because you will always find the S1 for MN, you can always see the facet of S1, so the horizontal line is below the S1 facet, the vertical line is at the middle of the S1 for MN, where these two lines intersect, that is the entry point of your S1 pedicle, and remember the S1 pedicle is very forgiving, it is very big, very big, very wide, so you cannot go wrong in the S1 pedicle, if you go wrong in the S1 pedicle that means your grossly, your imagination of the anatomy is not correct, the medial angulation has to be much more in the S1 pedicle because of this shape, you see the S1 is sloping like this, so you have to try and hit the bone here, so that you get the maximum length of the screw inside, do you see this obliqueity, oblique sloping nature of the S1, if you make it not angled to this point, your screw will come out somewhere here, and the length of the screw will be smaller, and the smaller the screw, the easier for it to pull out, so you must aim at the promontory, this is called the sacral promontory, your screw should be angled to the middle of the sacral promontory, so your mediality has to be this much, it is here, and your starting point is here, do you see that, it is almost 25 degrees, sometimes even up to 30 degrees depending upon how the pelvis shaped, so 25 to 30 degrees medially, and now the patient is lying like this, so the sacrum is kind of rising up above the L5, so you have to go downwards and medially, so that is the direction of your screw in the S1 for me, for my side, and from the other side it has got to be downwards, medial, and in the pedicle, so that is S1, there are other ways of identifying the entry point, in many ways, two or three is described, but this I found the easiest, because you can never miss the facet, and you can never miss the S1 for a minute, and if you have these two lines, you will always be inside the pedicle, so that is regarding S1, the widest possible, the largest possible screw you can use, you should in the sacrum, because your construct, 99 times out of 100 your construct ends at S1, and as you know the ends of any construct take the maximum load, so your S1 screw is going to take the whole end load of any construct which you use, so your S1 screw has to be the biggest and the largest and the longest of all the S, which you can do, do that, 6 mm, 6.5 mm, 7 mm if you have, if your pedicle is big enough, hit the promontory, you must engage it to the promontory, so that you get a bi-cortical purchase here, because your construct ends at S1 usually, widest screw possible, 7 mm, 6.5 mm, and the length depends upon how far is your promontory, you have to check that on x-ray, you see there are some principles, there is no hard and fast rule, there are some principles, the principles is never stop at the top of a junctional area, so what is the junctional area, L5 S1 is a junctional area, so never stop at L5, that is the principle, if your fusion is going to extend till L5, it is more logical to extend it till S1, because that is a junctional area, which is the second junctional area, D12 L1, so if your construct is going up to L1, do not stop at L1, cross the junctional area, go to D11 and 12 or up to 10 even, that the principle is never to cross or stop at a junctional area, cross it, because junctional area gets the maximum loading, gets the maximum mobility, that is the principle, but then everything does not run by principle, so it depends upon what you are fixing, if it is a trauma, if it is a fracture, the principles are different, you need to keep the ends together till the bone heals, it is like any other fracture, so you do not need to do a P-lif or a T-lif, all those things are not needed, you need some stabilization till the bone heals, till the fracture heals, so your exposure is not going to be that much, you do not need to do all those things, so your fusion is different, but to maintain that intact thing for 2 or 3 months, you need to go couple of levels above, couple of levels below, but sometimes you can exit the metal also, after your fracture is healed, you can go back in, remove all the screws, to get back the mobility of the spine, so if you see the thoracic pedicles, can you see the angle, it is downwards, do you see that, that is the angle, that is the angle, that is the angle, then it starts becoming straight as you reach D1 and C7, and then it starts going upwards, and the C2 pedicle is almost angle 20, 25 degrees upwards, so have you seen this difference, cervical is upwards, then it starts getting down, down, down, down, thoracic is all downwards, and then lumbar again it starts getting straight, the T12, T11 is almost straight, and for the lower lumbar, it starts getting medial, more medial than downwards, so this difference you have to remember, that the thoracic pedicle screws have to be angled downwards into the body, because you will see the pedicles angling downwards, so that is 1, now the entry point of thoracic pedicle, if you see more or less the principle is the same, you have to see where the facet is, you have to see where the transfer process is, and the same lines hold true here also, except that anatomy is not as good as the lumbar spine, you do not see the facet joints as good as you see in the lumbar spine, in the thoracic spine the facets are one on top of the other, they are not side by side, the facet joints in the lumbar spine are side by side, so you can see them, in the thoracic spine they are this way, so you cannot see them, but if I distract it, that is the facet, can you see that, this is the facet, superior facet, inferior articulating facet, and one gets covered by the other and that is the facet joint, so it takes some time to understand just this anatomy, where is the facet joint, the key is this joint, always remember, so let us start with the most difficult scenario that you cannot see anything, the best thing is to dissect this joint, see the spinous process, keep following, follow the lamina, follow the lamina right up to the facet, what you see as a facet, this is the facet, similarly follow the lower lamina, clear all this away, see the facet, if you distract a little bit, that is the joint between the two facets, that is the joint, so even if you do not distract it, because it is difficult to distract, what you can do is drill away some part of the facet here, drill it away, the moment you drill a little bit or even nibble it away with an up cutting, you will be able to see the joint, you will be able to see the facet below, and then your anatomy will be absolutely clear, and the same relations hold true, you expose the whole thing, you see the transverse process and the transverse process in the thoracic spine, go up towards like this, go up, so you dissect all this soft tissue away till you see this, again the line in the middle of the transverse process, but here the only difference is it is not the middle, it is in the upper part of the transverse process, so your horizontal line, instead of in the middle of the transverse process, it will be at the upper end of the transverse process, that is your horizontal line, and the vertical line is the same thing, you have seen this facet, it is in the middle of this facet, so where this line meets this line, that is the entry point for your thoracic pedicle, simple, never forget that, open the joint, see it, you will never miss it, and then the angles, like I said, the thoracic is going downwards, there is no medial or lateral, most of the thoracic is straight down, so that is the dangerous technique because the thoracic pedicle is not big, so if you do straight down and your entry point is wrong, you will end up in the canal, so there is another way to do it, the in-out-in technique, you do not go to the medial wall at all, if you see, this is the pedicle, this is the transverse process, and this is the body, so you can start more laterally, you can start at the top of the transverse process, go straight down, you will remain outside this canal, see, as long as your angulation is correct, you will go through this transverse process, you will come out in the soft tissue, you will keep going and you will hit the body again over here, and you will get inside the body, if you are medial, you will go into the body, so you are in the bone, out of the bone, and again in the bone, but you are nowhere near the canal, so the neural structures are safe, nothing is going to go wrong, as long as you have taken care of the pleura, because the pleura is attached here like this, so as long as the pleura is taken care of, and that is very easy, take a malleable retractor, place it here like this beyond the transverse process, and you are clean, and then you are in-out-in into the body, away from the pedicle, away from the medial spinal canal, very safe, so whenever there is a doubt, use the in-out-in, you will be in the body, you will engage the bony cortex in the transverse process and some part of the pedicle, and it will be safe, that is a very simple way of thoracic pedicles, but thoracic pedicles, you do not really need them, very, very rarely.


Prepositions. Prepositions indicate relationships between words or ideas. Most prepositions deal with location and are easy to learn. Above, below, over, under. Inside, outside, around, through. Beside, beyond, behind, in front of. Near, nearby, by, next to. Up, down, toward, along. Before, after, during, since. With, without, within, until. Into, out, off, upon. Between, among, except, but. Like, as, then, about. Despite, in spite of. Beneath, underneath. Some prepositions, however, have more than one meaning and can be very confusing. In, on, at, to, from, for, of. Generally, in, on, and at indicate location. To and from imply movement toward or away from something. However, to can also function as part of an infinitive. Two and four can introduce indirect objects. Four and since can also indicate duration.