A very good evening aspirants, I welcome you all to the Hindu Daily News Analysis brought to you by Shankaray's Academy. Now, before getting into discussion, I have an exciting announcement for you. The announcement is regarding prelims test series. Yes, Shankaray's Academy is going to start pre-stroming batch one for UPSC prelims 2024. The orientation for the first test will be conducted on 11th September 2023 and the first test will be conducted on 18th September 2023. A total of four take tests including CSAT and mock test will be provided in this test batch. The tests for batch one will be conducted only in offline mode and the venue for the test is Ananagar Chennai. Note that the GS test will be conducted on Monday and the CSAT will be conducted on Saturday. The fees details are also displayed here, kindly registered to the test series immediately and try to boost your prelim score. Thank you. Now, with this exciting announcement, let us get into the daily Hindu News Analysis. Displayed here is a list of news articles that we will be discussing today. You can go through it. At the end of the video, we will also have prelims practice question discussions. So, try to watch the entire video and a kind request to you all, those who haven't yet, subscribe to our YouTube channel. Do subscribe and hit the bell icon button so that you will get regular notification about our current affairs videos. Now, let's get into our first news article discussion. Take a look at this news article. Recently, the Tamil Nadu Elephant Conclave 2023 was held in Coimbatore. In that conclave, the Tamil Nadu government mentioned that the Elephant Collider Committee of Tamil Nadu has conducted surveys all over Tamil Nadu. The committee have identified 42 Elephant Colliders. So, the Tamil Nadu government has now decided to protect the identified Elephant Colliders. And this is all about the news. In our discussion today, we will understand about Elephant Colliders and also the importance of Elephant Colliders. First of all, what are Elephant Colliders? Elephant Colliders are narrow, linear strips of land that connects two different elephant habitats. The Elephant Colliders are essential for the survival of elephants as it allows the elephant to move between two different areas in search of food and water. To say in other words, the Elephant Colliders are designated pathways or routes that allows elephants to move freely between two different areas without coming into conflict with humans. Okay, Sydney has about 100 identified elephant colliders, which covers an area of over 1.5 million hectares. The states like Orissa, Jorkent and Chatishkar have the most elephant colliders in India. Okay, now why Elephant Colliders are important? As we all know, elephant is a large agrarian animal. That is, elephants mostly feed on plants and trees and it will also help in the disposal of seeds. The average rate of adult elephant ranges to about 4 to 5 tons. Because of these facts, every day the elephant requires a large amount of fodder that comprises of various plant and tree species. That is, elephants need large areas of forest to obtain its fodder. See the elephants usually graze an area on a rotational basis. For example, if the elephant grazes on a particular area this month, it will again return to the same place for grazing after some months. The elephants will keep on moving to other places for their food. This helps to prevent overgrazing of an area and also prevents destruction of forests. As I said just now, the elephants keep on moving to other places in search of their food. Here, the elephant colliders play an important role. See the elephant colliders connects two major grazing areas of the elephants. So they can freely move to other places for grazing and the elephant colliders will also allow the elephants to get back to the same area for grazing. And this is how elephant colliders helps to conserve forests and elephant species. Now moving on to see about the threats faced by the elephant colliders. See the diversion of forest land for the infrastructure and energy requirements have slowly fragmented the elephant's natural spaces including elephant colliders. Most of the natural spaces of elephants are now surrounded by human habitation, agricultural lands, mines, roads and railways. These activities eroded elephant colliders, so the elephants can't be able to move from one habitat to another. This fuels the human-elephant conflict as the elephants move to ugly land in search of their food. Okay, this is all about the threats to the elephant colliders. Now what are the steps taken by the government to protect elephant habitats? See to prevent human-elephant conflict and to protect the elephant habitats in the financial year 1991-1992, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change launched a centrally sponsored scheme called Project Elephant. This scheme provides financial and technical support to the wildlife management efforts by the states in protecting the population of wild elephants. Okay, so Project Elephant is one scheme. In addition to this, the government is also taking some steps to protect elephant colliders. The steps include creating awareness about the importance of elephant colliders among local communities, then compensating farmers for crop damage caused by elephants and working with the forest department to manage human-elephant conflict. See, these steps of the Indian government helps in the protection of elephant colliders to some extent. Okay, in summary, it is clear that elephant colliders are essential for the survival of elephants. In protecting these elephant colliders, we can ensure that elephants have a safe place to live and we will also be able to avoid human-elephant conflicts. Okay, and that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about what are elephant colliders, then about the importance of elephant colliders, then we saw about the threats faced by elephant colliders. And finally, we saw some points about the steps taken by the Indian government to protect elephant habitats. See, this topic is very much important for your both problems and means. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this news article as we all know, recently there was a military coup in Niger. See, there is a recent development in this story. The day before yesterday, ECO was, which is an West African regional block as ordered deployment of troops to restore constitutional order in Niger. See, ECO was would deploy 5000 troops, mainly from countries like Nigeria, Benin and Ivory Coast. And this is all about the news article. Now in this context, let us see important points about ECO was. First of all, know that ECO was is the short form for economic community of West African states. This regional group was established in 1975 through the Lagos Treaty. The headquarters of ECO was is situated in Abuja, which is in Nigeria. See, the ECO was was formed with various objectives. Now let us see the objectives of ECO was one by one. Firstly, ECO was aims to economically integrate the member states by establishing a common market, then creating joint production capabilities, then coordination in national economic policies, then liberalization of trade, adoption of common external tariff and enabling free movement of persons, goods, services and capital. So through these actions, the ECO was aims to create a single, large trading block through economic cooperation. This is the first objective. Then the second objective is that ECO was aims to promote the ideal of collective self-sufficiency for its member states. Thirdly, the ECO was aims to ensure economic stability in the region thereby raising the living standards of the people. And finally, the large aim of ECO was is to create a borderless region. And this borderless region would be governed in accordance with the principles of democracy, the rule of law and good governance. These are the objectives of ECO was. Now why does ECO was aims to achieve political integration through economic integration? This is because the member countries of ECO was have a combined GDP of 734 billion US dollars. The member countries are also will endowed with natural resources. So by integrating the member countries economically and politically, the natural resources can be exploited efficiently and the full potential of the region can be unleashed. This in turn will help to increase the living standards of the people in the region, okay? See, the ECO was is planning on achieving these aims by following a set of fundamental principles. Now we look at the fundamental principles of ECO was one by one. The first principle is that ensuring equality and interdependence among member states. Then the second principle is that securing collective self-reliance. Then the third principle is that making sure there is interstate cooperation between member states. Then the fourth principle is that giving guarantee there is no aggression between member states. And the final principle is that making certain that all disputes are peacefully resolved between the countries, okay? These are the foundational principles of ECO was. With these principles, the ECO was is planning to achieve a variety of aims, okay? Now coming to the member states, see the ECO was has 15 member states. And they are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cotedi, Iori, the Gambia, Ghana, Gaena, Gaena Abizav, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Togo. But note that following the coups in recent years in Mali, Gaena and Burkina Faso, ECO was suspended the three members and refused to recognize their new governments, okay? Now finally before concluding our discussion, let us see the role played by ECO was in the West African region. Although the main aim of ECO was is economic integration and cooperation, ECO was has also attempted to quell military conflicts in the region. Since 1990, ECO was has been maintaining a regional peacekeeping force called the economic community of West African states monitoring group. The main aim of the monitoring group is to maintain peace and order in the region by deploying troops. For example, the troops were deployed in Liberia in 1990 during a deadly civil war, okay? See now, ECO was is planning to intervene militarily in Niger to ensure peace, okay? And that's all regarding this discussion and this discussion we saw about the economic community of West African states that is ECO was, then we saw about the objectives of ECO was, then we moved on to see about the principles of ECO was, then we saw about the member countries of ECO was and finally we saw the role played by ECO was in the West African region. Okay? See this topic is very much important for your problems exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed and with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this editorial article. This editorial article is written by former Rajasabha MP, Mr. Subramanya Swami. Through this editorial, Mr. Swami highlights the present status of Indian economy, then about the issues with Indian economy and finally the steps that can be taken to address the issues and to put India on a faster growth path. And this is the essence of the editorial. Now in this context, in our discussion today, we will see all the points mentioned by Mr. Swami in this editorial. Now before getting into discussion, the syllabus regarding this discussion is highlighted here. You can go through it. Now let us start our discussion by looking at the status of Indian economy. Recently, the National Statistical Office released the GDP growth rate figures for the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 2022-23 in that the GDP at constant prices in quarter four of 2022-23 is estimated at Rs.43.62 lakh crore. Now if you look at the quarter four of 2021-22, the GDP at constant prices stood at Rs.41.12 lakh crore. So if we compare the quarter four of both fiscal years, there is a growth of about 6.1% in GDP at constant prices in 2022-23. Although the figures seem optimistic, if we dig deeper, the figures appear gloomy. See in the year 2019-20, the GDP at constant prices was estimated to be Rs.38.04 lakh crore. Compared to 2019-20 in quarter four GDP of 2022-23, there was a meager growth of only 14.5%. That is, for the past three years, the Indian economy had been growing at less than 5% annual growth rate. This is a worrying trend for India as India is planning to become Rs.5 trillion GDP by 2024. See it was in 2019 our Prime Minister announced his dream of making India a $5 trillion economy. In 2019, India's GDP was around Rs.2.84 trillion USD. So to turn India into a $5 trillion economy in five years, that is in 2024, India's annual GDP growth rate must have been 15%. But as we saw just now, the annual GDP growth rate of India is less than 5%. So we can safely say that India will not become a $5 trillion economy next financial year, that is in 2024. See not just from 2019, since 2015-16, although the Indian economy has been growing, the GDP growth rate has experienced a consistent annual decline. This decline has brought the growth rate down to a level that was earlier markedly referred to as the Hindu rate of growth. See the Hindu rate of growth is a term coined by economists to describe sluggish pace of around 3.5% in GDP growth. See India witnessed such a low level of GDP growth rate during the period between 1950 and 1977. See this period is known for state socialism. This comparison raises questions about the effectiveness of the policy measures introduced in recent years, that is in the past 10 years. Now why is the Indian economy struggles and what are the issues with the current economic policy that has put the Indian economy in such a bad spot? Firstly, there is no policy coherence. According to the author, the present government lacks structured economic policies and coherent implementation strategies. This lack of clarity leads to uncertainty and hinders investors' confidence. So this is the main reason for declining economic growth in India. Secondly, the author says that the present government has a trend of setting overly ambitious targets. The author mainly criticizes the government's ambitious targets such as $5 trillion economy by 2024. See unrealistic targets without a clear roadmap for achieving them is leading to eroding credibility of our country. So these are the two issues highlighted by the author in the editorial. Then the other issues to the Indian economy include structural bottlenecks like inadequate infrastructure, complex regulations and bureaucratic hurdles. Then the next issue is lack of availability of credit due to high non-performing assets and associated liquidity challenges in the banking sector. Then there is the issue of skill mismatch, which is resulting in not being able to utilize the current demographic advantage that India is possessing. Lastly, recent government policies like demontation and the hasty implementation of GST have also severely strained India's MSME sector. These are some of the issues that the Indian economy is presently facing. In addition to highlighting the issues, the author also provides some solutions to address the issues. In this, the author first says that the present government should look for solutions from India's economic history. See, during the 10 years of Prime Ministers P.V. Narsimha Rao and Manmohan Singh, that is spanning 1991-1996 and 2004-2014, the Indian economy experienced notable growth. Over these 15 years, the GDP growth rates ranged from 6 to 8% annually despite some fluctuations. The achievements of this period was mainly due to government policies that aimed to reduce state intervention and at the same time incentivizing investments. These efforts led to a higher and faster growth of the Indian economy. So taking lessons from the past, India today can also reform the economy. Then to encourage economic activity, the author suggests the abolition of income tax and scrapping of GST. This will result in increased investment. How? When there is no income tax on GST, people's disposable income will increase. Due to increased disposable income, people will spend more and the demand in the economy will also increase. See, by looking at the increased demand, the investor will start investing to meet the demand. This will increase employment opportunities in the country. So increased investment and employment will help increase India's GDP growth rate. Next, the author also suggests measures to increase the purchasing power of India's middle class. To increase the purchasing power, the author proposes three solutions. Firstly, to take up extensive public works and to provide employment. Secondly, to increase the interest rate provided to fixed deposits to 9% and thirdly, to set a maximum interest rate of 6% on loans given to the MSME sector. All these will help increase the purchasing power of middle class. And this will also help to increase domestic demand. Then the author feels that the government must take steps to increase transparency and accountability. Ensuring transparency and accountability in policy implementation is essential for public trust. In addition to this, clear communication about economic policies, targets and progress can help to build credibility. This will result in an increase in investor confidence thereby bridging the savings investment gap. Then the author suggests formation of strong democratic institutions to stop the monopolistic tendencies that is happening in India. Finally, the author suggests that India must take lessons from Russia. See, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia started deregulating its economy. Russia deregulated its economy rapidly without safety nets to the poor. This resulted in increasing economic inequality. It is due to such poor economic decisions, Russia is again back under dictatorship. So, India must not make this same mistake. See, India must deregulate the economy and sell the loss-making PSUs. But at the same time, India must take steps to increase employment opportunities. Then to adopt affirmative action policies and to extend social security to the poor. Only this will create a level playing field in India and it will reduce income inequality. And this will also help India smoothly shift from state socialism to democratic capitalism. By following these suggestions, the author feels that India's economy can again start its growth path and realize its full potential. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the current status of Indian economy. Then about the issues faced by Indian economy. And finally, we saw some points about the steps that can be taken to speed up GDP growth rate in India. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this article. The news is that Kannataka government is trying to get lithium from South American countries to make electric vehicles and energy storage devices. This move is aimed at improving electric vehicle sector in Kannataka. Apart from this, the move will also give push to the renewable energy targets set by the Kannataka government. And this is all about the news. Now in this context, let us see some points about lithium, its distribution in the world and in India, and then about the applications of lithium. Now first, let us start with basics about lithium. See, lithium is an element with the atomic symbol Li and the atomic number 3. Lithium belongs to alkali metal group. Note that alkali metals include other elements like hydrogen, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium. See, lithium is currently extracted from two main sources. They were hard rock mines and salt flats. Here salt flats refers to the dried lakes. Now with this basic information, we will see about the lithium reserves in the world. See the three South American countries such as Chile, Argentina and Bolivia together called as lithium triangle. This is because these three countries are having 60% of global lithium reserves. As we saw in the news, the Kannataka is going to import lithium from these three South American countries. In addition to these three South American countries, Australia, China, US are also having large lithium reserves and were leading producers of lithium. This is all about the distribution of lithium reserves in the world. Now let us see about the lithium distribution in India. India has found about 5.9 million tons of lithium reserves in the Riyasi district of Jammu and Kashmir. And this is the 7th largest deposit of lithium and it constitutes 5.7% of all the lithium reserves in the world. Also note that huge amounts of lithium deposits were also found in Mandia district which is present in southern Kannataka. So these are the two important regions in India that has lithium reserves. Apart from these two areas, the deposits of lithium are also present in Rajasthan, Chattisgarh and in some north-eastern states. Now we will move on to see about the applications of lithium. See lithium is used for variety of purposes. Now let us see the uses one by one. Firstly, lithium is used in manufacturing of batteries for cell phones, laptops and electric and hybrid vehicles. Secondly, lithium is added to glasses and ceramics for strength and resistance to temperature change. Thirdly, lithium is used in heat resistant greases and lubricants. Fourthly, lithium is alloyed with aluminum and copper to save weight in aircraft components. Fifthly, lithium is used in certain psychiatric medications and in dental ceramics. Sixthly, lithium is used as a means of storing hydrogen for use as a fuel. And finally, the lithium isotope namely 6 Li was once used in the production of tritium for nuclear weapons. This is all about the applications of lithium. See because of these widespread usage of lithium, the lithium is commonly called as white gold. See currently India is fully import dependent when it comes to lithium. The demand for lithium is also expected to grow rapidly in the upcoming years. This is because the world is moving towards a cleaner energy future. Also, India is set to achieve net zero emissions by 2017. So the lithium will play a major role in electric vehicle industry in India and it will also help India to achieve net zero emissions targets by 2017. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about lithium, then about the distribution of lithium in the world and in India. And finally we saw some points about the applications of lithium. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this news article. The news is that the national green tribunal in the eastern zone has told the Odisha government to stop illegal construction near Tampara lake. See this Tampara lake is important Ramsar site. And it is one of the biggest freshwater lakes in Odisha. So the national green tribunal has ordered the Odisha government to protect this lake. This is the crux of the news article given here. Now in this context, let us learn about national green tribunal from example's perspective. The national green tribunal was established in 2010 as per the National Green Tribunal Act 2010. As it was established under the Parliamentary Act, it is a statutory body. The national green tribunal is a specialized judicial body equipped with expertise solely for the purpose of adjudicating environmental cases in our country. What is the need for such a tribunal and Supreme Court and High Courts are there? As we all know, most environmental cases in our country involves multidisciplinary issues. So the issues will be better addressed if we have a specialized forum. And considering this reason and also based on the recommendations of law commission and the obligations in the international laws, the national green tribunal was established by the central government. The national green tribunal is tasked with providing effective and expeditious remedy in cases relating to environmental protection, conservation of forests and other natural resources. Additionally, national green tribunal is also tasked with the enforcement of any legal right relating to environment. And note that the national green tribunal is mandated to make the disposal of applications or appeals within six months of filing. Now coming to the composition of national green tribunal, see the national green tribunal is headed by the chairperson. Apart from this, the tribunal also consists of at least 10 but not more than 20 judicial members. In addition to this, the tribunal also consists of at least 10 but not more than 20 export members. So the national green tribunal consists of both judicial and export members. Now let us see about the jurisdiction of the tribunal. According to the national green tribunal act 2010, if a person is seeking relief for environmental damage involving subjects that are mentioned in the schedule one of the national green tribunal act, then he or she may approach the national green tribunal. See the laws covered in schedule one of the national green tribunal act are the Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1974, then the Water Prevention and Control of Pollution SIS Act 1977, then the Forest Conservation Act 1980, the Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1981, the Environment Protection Act 1986, then the Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 and the Biological Diversity Act 2002. So if a person is seeking relief for environmental damage under these acts, then he may approach the national green tribunal. Note that the national green tribunal has jurisdiction over all civil cases involving a substantial cushion relating to environment. Additionally, if any person is aggrieved by in order or direction of the appellate authorities under the legislation in schedule one, then that aggrieved person can also challenge the orders before the national green tribunal. Now before concluding our discussion, let us see the places of sitting of national green tribunal and its composition. See the tribunal has its presence in five zones namely North, Central, East, South and West zones. The principal bench is situated in North zone which is headquartered in Delhi. Then the Central zone is situated in Bhopal, then East zone in Kolkata, then South zone in Chennai and West zone in Pune. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about national green tribunal, then about the need for national green tribunal, then we saw about the composition of national green tribunal, then we saw about jurisdiction of national green tribunal and finally we saw some points about the zones where the national green tribunal is present. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next part of the video that is to discuss preliminary practice questions. Look at the first question. This is a pair based question. On one side, LFN corridors are given and on the other side, the states where the LFN corridors belong to are given. We have to find how many of the pairs are correctly matched. Look at the fourth pair, Tirunelli corridor, Kerala. See this state means correct. The Tirunelli LFN corridor is located in Kerala. Now coming to the second pair, Kaninpura-Moyar corridor, Karnataka. See this pair is also correct. Kaninpura-Moyar corridor belongs to Karnataka. Now coming to the third pair, Reevak corridor, Odisha. See this pair is incorrect because Reevak corridor is located in Meghalaya and not in Odisha. Now coming to the fourth pair, Chilla corridor, Jharkhand. See this pair is also incorrect because Chilla corridor is located in Uttarakhand and not in Jharkhand. Here only fourth and second pair are correctly matched. So the correct answer for the question is option B only two. Moving on, let us take up the second question. Look at the question here. This question is regarding national green tribunal. Here four statements are given. We have to find how many of the statements are correct. Look at the fourth statement. The NGT was established under Environment Protection Act 1980. See this statement is incorrect. As we saw in the discussion, the National Green Tribunal was established under National Green Tribunal Act 2010 and not under Environment Protection Act 1980. So four statement is incorrect. Now coming to the second statement, the National Green Tribunal has original jurisdiction to hear environment related cases. See this statement is correct. The National Green Tribunal was established solely for the purpose to hear environment related cases. So second statement is correct. Now coming to the third statement, the NGT has power to award compensation for environmental damage. See this statement is correct. The NGT is empowered to award compensation to the concerned person for environmental damage. So third statement is correct. Now coming to the fourth statement, the NGT can only hear cases that are referred to it by the central government. See this statement is incorrect because the NGT can hear cases that are filed by individuals, NGOs or government agencies. And it is not necessary that the cases are to be referred by the central government. So fourth statement is incorrect. Here first and fourth statement is incorrect. Only second and third statements are correct. So the correct answer for the question is option B, only two. Now moving on, let's take up the final question. Here six West African countries are given. You have to find how many of these countries are landlocked. Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Liberia. Now look at this map here. Of these six countries, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso are landlocked in West Africa. The rest three countries are open to the sea. So the correct answer for the question is option A, only three. This is a quiz question for you today. I will pose this quiz question in a community section. Try to answer it and the answer for the question will be posted in the common section of the question itself. You can verify the answers and displayed here is a main question for your practice. Go through the question, write your answer and post it in the comment section. With this we have come to the end of the video. We found our video to be useful. Do like, comment and share it with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe to Shankara's Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.


The final talk of this session is given by Michael Tunster and it's on masking tables and underestimated security risk which is a joint work with him and Caroline Wittner and he's at a loss for words. Yes so continuing the theme of a site analysis with the conducting of a simple differential power analysis we base our attack on the observation that an instruction manipulating data may consume more or less power depending on the how many weight of the data is being manipulated. For example this instruction here you can see different how many weight levels depending on different power or something level depending on the how many weight of the data it is manipulating. So I want to do with this typically we will take a bunch of acquisitions and for each one we predict the how many weight of the out of the box in the first round for a given key hypothesis. So if you're making a hypothesis on one bite and if our hypothesis is correct we will see a significant correlation at the point in time where that value is manipulated by the process of we're trying to attack and then putting in correct hypothesis we'll see something like these gray traces in the background where no significant correlation is observed and then as we increase the number of traces we get a better the better distinction between not correct and indirect hypothesis. So counter measures for this being able to state the things that are much simpler than the counter measure described by Thomas just now. So the first thing that's proposed was just a simple and use all with one random value.  This poses problems as described by Thomas when you have a nonlinear function. So for an Xbox AES you require to construct a table in memory. So you have our S-Box S where you're absorbing an index with the random value R then the value at that index is absorbed another random value S to produce a table in memory S prime and we can then use to quickly compute an AES. So another proposition was to use affine masking for AES. We're using the structure of AES to to mask again. One is the most difficult to mask on an additive mask where it were obliged to construct one table that allows us to map X to RX, XOR, R prime and a second table is constructed as prime where the index and the data itself are masked using our map. So in all cases this has to happen before we can actually compute our AES. I'm moving on to what higher order masking schemes so as Thomas was saying we often have more than one share if we want to have a higher order resistance. So in this case for the second order masking scheme you have two random values R1, R2 that mask an index and should be S1, S2 will mask our data but in this instance this table has to be constructed every single time we want to do A table look up as if this A produces the result of one plate and we have to then train to random values to avoid leakage. So these things can be very very costly. So it looks at these schemes, now we've been proposed it can show to be secure, there's some fruits or it's actually some of them but we have to construct these tables in memory and we have a node index. So I have to go from 0 up to 2 by 5 and then the loop loops are invisible in the power consumption so here you can see a repeating loop between the back lines of an implementation of a Boolean masking. So there it's creating a table where the index and the data being stored are both masked with some random value and this for the offline masking where it's generating the energy in the map or so to move X into X times R, XOR, R prime. So you can then pick out these into sub-traces and use those themselves to conduct a decay attack on on the masking values which will then allow us to conduct a decay afterwards. So we have two implementations on one of our ARM7 microprocessor and one on an H51 microprocessor. As you can see the mask recovery is almost almost perfect with this being the number of bits that are being correct. So for the address mask going in the result of these all with our index was our random value. You're always correct. Here for the data mask always one bit wrong for some reason when we're completely unable to find our way. But in any case this completely removes the masking and you can conduct a standard DPA afterwards taking the mask values into account and we have similar results for offline masking. So in counter measures what could you do? In terms of things to do it would be to propose some function F that controls the route that I take from 0 to 255. So if I can can't form a hypothesis online which is harder than you'd imagine because we propose three different things. So you have a random start index. So when you generate your table you choose a random value k and add that to each index and generate your table like this. Or as a random walk we generate have some function waiting for lots of operations. So let's just have the table generated as a random order governed by lots of random values. Or a random computation. What for a random computation that you use repeatedly. So here our random computation looks like length and weight and divides the size of the table. And then we choose to use this again and again. So we can have a look at the random walk counter measure in this one here in more detail. So we recall that we can take out individual traces like this. So we have 256 different traces where no new mix is going in. It's then computing generating our table where you want to retrieve the mask. So if we superimpose some of the some of those traces. So it builds tension. So these traces these sub traces are 200 to 2000 points long. And I superimpose four of them here so you can see they have the same form. And the dates of differences we're looking for you can see the red, green, magenta. There's more differences with the correlation we're trying to get at. So given that the processor is obliged to compute this we can divide that into the different operations. So x is known this is our index going from 0 to 2 by 5. w brings some fixed random for our single trace. So for the 256 possible values for w we can get the correlation trace. And here for the correct value w is the red trace and the incorrect one is being the gray trace is being hide. So let's put 255 gray traces there. So I'm sure you can see what's going to happen next which move along to the next operation. So this here will be the next instruction to the output of the multiplication. It gives us a correct value for u in the same way the red trace or the incorrect values in the given gray trace. This larger peak here is in fact a multiplication by 1. So that's the result of x is all w times 1. So what we know from our previous observation when we derived w is that that occurred here. So obviously here we want some of the next instruction and then doing the same thing for the addition of y we have exactly the same observation where we can derive the correct value of y and just before we have an addition of 0. And in the next part of the attack we have xor z, xor our address mask, finally, but we don't need to derive the address mask we just want either our address mask or our data mask. So we look for the xor sum of z and m1 and because we compute s we look at the output of s because this will have no linear relationship between all of these functions. We won't get any peaks beforehand or we get a good clear result for the correct value of z and xor m1 which will also confirm all of our hypothesis. So if we see no clear peak here, clearly something has gone wrong and we have to go look at the lower rankings values for previous masks. Finally we can get hold of our data mask and again is the trace. So this would be this being the value that you would store and then used to enable your DPA attack options. So you have to have to do that process for each trace you acquire to like a thousand, seven, a thousand traces and then use those mask values corresponding to each trace to conduct the DPA. So obviously if we have a random start index we're essentially doing the same thing but much simpler because we just have one addition with a random value beforehand. As you can see the error rate is quite small but the majority of cases we have zero or one bit error which is a negligible when conducting a DPA afterwards and so these numbers were generated with a thousand traces, one thousand, yeah. So the band of permutations, so the permutation of length then that was repeated is the first element of each permutation would be the same so we could pick out those and try to get some variation out to show what mask bits and what permutation value was used and this was just done through a generation of lots and lots of different values storing those that were the best and they're benefiting more parts of the random permutation and building up what looked like it could be the best combination of permutation and mask values and in the case the case where the permutation was 30 to 30 by as long we've went up to about 16,000 combinations that we've kept in memory until trying to get hold of the dread mask at the end. So here are the error rates for permutations short short permutations, the error rates are quite low as you can see as the permutation length increases it tends towards a point by random distribution so when the permutation length is the same size as the table then we should have a perfect one in the distribution and there'd be no information to get hold of but these values should come here, these values here only going up to 32 should be adequate for the EPA afterwards. So the part of the bias here 20% to 32 is about half a bit so you count the measures before it says nearly impossible we would sort of run out of ideas so what I was saying about permutation being kind of just simplified so I'm generating such a thing you would need kind of 56 true random values actually on our smart card it's going to be very difficult to generate so that combination time that may be prohibitive and what the success of the attack assumes that 256 traces are sufficient to to achieve the attack and we have an analysis that I am in evaluation of the signals and noise ratios even in our paper for those that are interested so that's it I'm going to talk. Are there any questions? Yes. Did you try to compare your result of attack with more classical second order attacks? No, because it's not the second order attack. No, but did you compare the efficiency of the attack? You couldn't want a second order attack on these implementations right? Sure, but the second order attack you end up with a correlation coefficient that's about 1.5 also and there when you remove the mask you back up to 0.7 as you would for a first order attack because you're just pushing the mask to one side. Yeah, yeah that's right. So you should have a better distinguish for a smaller number of traces if you assume that's possible. That is right if you manage to remove from the T-the mask I mean it's I assume if you assume that you you're able to retrieve exactly the mask during the table with computation maybe on very noisy devices you are not able to do so. Also for some very very low noise like some of your devices one of your devices is very like there is almost no noise. I think a second order attack would be very fast because as we know it's very related to the noise to the noise rather but well as you said it would anyway cost something so maybe if you can retrieve the mask completely then for sure this first order attack would be more efficient. Yeah, for the second order on the arm I've done a second order asses but I can't remember where the how many traces you require or how many. All right thank you. They're further questions. If I have understood correctly you recover the masks right I'm all right then in just 256 traces you try to recover the mask for every trace or you do something else. So you have one trace from which you take 256 sub traces so your mask is then fixed for those 256 traces. The mask is fixed for all sub traces? Oh yeah because it's from the same trace, the random value of what within one trace will be fixed but you're using it multiple times. Then you do mask reuse right? You have the same mask with the subsequent spots in one round for instance or? Well yeah it's going to stand the Boolean masking for example. You refresh the spots, mask spots let's say mask table and not so frequently right? Well it makes a difference. Since you have to do the mask right but for every sub trace let's say you need to know the mask. But the mask will be the same because the mask will be the same in each sub face. Then how frequently you recompute the mask table? Never? Well is there a need to reconvene? Not a demand to carry. I don't understand the question. As a designer you have a tag right? You have a design that you have a tag. In this design you refresh the mask, sorry refresh the mask table. How frequently do you do it? The thing is you would pick one instance where the mask for the table is refreshed or created and you attack directly afterwards. So you could refresh or recreate it afterwards be like everyone that's in the services. And you attack on the part that you refresh the mask table? You recall the message that you just used to refresh the table? You go back to it right? So something like this for the second one of the masking when you're creating a table there was only one to look at. Yeah. You will attack that and then the UDP on the other side. Got it. Further questions? We still have five minutes time. So otherwise if there are no further questions let's thank all speakers of the session again.


A regular light bulb today doesn't use that much energy as it used to. This little guy is now smarter and bio-echo-friendly, actually more than ever before. And even though it might be true that simple appliances did not use that much energy anymore, I do sometimes feel the need not to use energy without a specific purpose, really not using more that I actually need. And I know that we are often times struggling to obtain internal enlightenment. You'd think that buying that new piece of smart furniture or the new iPhone and maybe the latest Philips Hue light bulb will make you a complete and happy individual. And then you go online and start searching and you end up on a page which talks about hedonic adaptation and hedonic treadmill and slowly and gradually things start ticking for you. And if you actually look around you, you'll start seeing that there's often a common pattern where people are seeking this internal enlightenment through external stimuli. So we can say that this is actually about the use of energy. So you're actually trying to hijack that external energy and sort of like supplement your internal one. So it's again about consuming, consuming, consuming. So you need that external dose of supplements really to feed your internal energy base. You're using devices, you're using events and most of all you're using people to pull in that energy. And while I'm trying to keep myself neutral in terms of how I view this whole topic, this whole thing, I myself I'm trying not to use that much external energy to feed my internal one. If that makes sense. And I'm actually talking in physical terms here. And I oftentimes take this micro mistakes down. I note them down on a notebook or a physical paper or post them on my website. It's about the daily micro mistakes I make while conducting my everyday life, sort of speak. It's about leaving the lights on when I can simply create like a trigger action planning system where every time I leave a room I'll just like turn the lights off or maybe leaving most of the devices plugged in while I truly know that I don't need that specific energy right now. It's about leaving your room and putting your PC to sleep or if you have a colorful like driven keyboard or mouse that you can quickly unplug, you can do it. And what I'm doing is trying to sort of align that tremendous pulse of energy coming from the outside to how I feel inside. And inside I am actually feeling pretty chill, I would say, as I found that my inside doesn't need too much to sustain itself. And I do really feel comfortable when not using more energy than I need. And again, it's not just about the physical energy, it's more about the outside energy as well. So you can think about this as frugal leaving, but it's not just about spending money. It's actually more than that from my point of view. And I first thought of something slightly similar when I was pouring myself some water and also spilling some during the process and for those of us who are lucky enough to have pullable tap water and have installed a clean faucet system in place, I believe that we have wasted quite a lot of liquid in our lifetime either by trying to clean up the glass or simply not paying attention during the pouring process. I mean, quite a lot of water is actually wasted and we are actually taking it for granted. This can happen again for light bulbs and TV sets and fancy kitchen appliances, you know, and monitors. I'm going pretty random here, but I think that it's not only about removing friction through simplicity, but also about being less stressed out by the external stimuli, the external bombardments. And again, I do understand that all of this is happening on a micro level, that I can hardly change anything with my small tweak when looking at the macro. For me, simply I'm plugging my keyboard when leaving the room for two hours. Even though logically, you know, doesn't make that much sense on a macro level, that internal alignment for me is still going. I know that I'm not using that energy, that's fair energy that someone else can use to power up their light bulb in their own place. I can remove myself from that equation. And small daily quiet acts of progress that can improve one's internal alignment by a tiny fraction of percent. Might simply be that happiness we are all trying to obtain, maybe. And if we apply this recipe on a macro scale, it might lead to actual human progress. It might also be about expanding your taste for small subtleties like that, subtleties on how you interact with the objects around you, the social environments and ultimately the world. And while maximizing can be fun, in the end, we should all seek that sweet spot of ballots.


Welcome to ToffyTV, it is the final word. Everton 2, barely nil, we end the season at Goddison Park with another victory. Oh, oh how sweet that's, but before we start this video is sponsored by One Football. The One Football app makes it easier to find all the latest scores, stats and latest news all in one place to download the One Football app. Click the link in the description. If you're on Patreon, we are live right now. We are live, it is 11 minutes past one in the morning. We've got back from the match. We've done our other videos and we're doing the final word live. So if you are on Patreon, Ben, let us know, give us some of your thoughts, some of your comments on the game which we'll get into. But same 11 as we've been using in the last few games. Obviously that's his preferred starting 11, clearly. Which I think to me what that says is in the summer we need more players because you can't just rely on 11 players all the time. And I think there's parts in this game that show that a little bit. But the consistency certainly home is there now. Yeah, I mean, what would he have done, you know, same when I'd done the predicted starting 11. And thanks for all the lovely comments about the FIFA Carter, by the way, it's good. It snidled him as in there and the only other option I shed at the time was potentially putting Tom in there, alongside Ghana. But it's difficult to suppose for a manager because the clubs were on a good run, it's certainly a good decision. And if you start messing and making three or four changes and the rhythm of the team goes and barely turning up tonight and beat us, then you finish the season on a bit of a downer and you lose a bit of momentum. And don't forget that every place is money, isn't it? Yeah, you know, so... Well, no, I think we spoke about this in the preview. There's still a chance to get your... There is. We were in our last game and Wolves don't, you know, pick up three points in the last two games and other results go our way. We get seven plays, you can't be... You can't be digging about with that. The only thing I... I mean, I wasn't really thinking about Snidlin, Tom Davis. The position I was thinking of is more just with Charleston after seeing him go off. He's obviously playing through the pain barrier and it only took really one whack to his ribs to take him off. And that was the only really position I was thinking of that would have been up for grabs tonight. But that's what I was saying about when you've got a squad and you need to... When you need to use your squad because you've got injuries or suspensions or you've got a player who's injured and you can say, you know what, we've got a ready-made replacement there so you can go out this week. But the manager at this point, and it's a good point to have it going into the summer, doesn't feel like he's got that at the moment, doesn't feel like he's got that flexibility. He knows he's got players, he just hasn't got players that fit the system like that's starting 11-10. Yeah, and the thing with Charleston is he was worth the risk wasn't he? Because we should go the first goal from it, albeit it's been given as an own goal. It must go on wide to be fair to him. But, see, who's to say it wouldn't have bent back? He doesn't know.  What about if Roberto Carlos was free kick against France in the torn wall? That's on wide. If that hit a deflection and gone in, people might have said, Well, it was going wide anyway. Who's a deflector if it would have hit a deflection? Yeah. Do you mean if it would have deflected? No, they had a player called... Deflection! Deflection! Be careful with the deflection! Listen, if Charleston doesn't take the shot, we don't score the goal. So, for me, it's his goal, and I haven't given it a throw. I don't need to care about anything else. Yeah, but he looked quite lively till he got that whack Didn't he after about half an hour, and he was kind of gingerly approaching it? Why is that a... Why are you using that word? That's our word! That is our word! And you can't use it. You can't use our word. I can use that word all I want, but you can't use that word. You've often said, Oh, that's a grey area, and I've been fuming. You've been like it fuming sides. I just didn't know what to do. I didn't know how to get it out. Oh, what shall I say? I mean, we live in a world... Using my grey matter. We live in a world where that's the state of play. Listen, I know what you're saying, and the Buddha being a... You see, the problem is, and you've just actually hit the nail on the head with it, is that it isn't that we haven't got some good plays you're on in the team.  You know, and Theo Walcott come on in the second half, and he done little bits, but in general, our system and the way we play just changed totally. The dynamic changed. It does, it does.  I mean, that's what, but... Not when you're in a rhythm. And also, not when it's a forced, a forced sub-radiant. You want players to come on. Well, sub-sometimes are forced. But that's something you want to change. You want to change the game sometimes to go your way by offering something a little bit different. But if you're playing well and you just want to keep playing well, you want to... I mean, that's the most notable thing about Calvin Learne in the last few weeks is that it doesn't really matter. As long as he's doing what he's doing and helping the team, the manager will go, he's probably not going to say, well, hang on, you've missed that chance and this chance. You can't really afford to do that, because Dominic Armonoun offers so much in terms of what he brings to the whole team. But that, you know, that's what they'll be looking at in the summer, I imagine. You know, big fella there, me dad making comments there. It's a good feeling heading for next season, right direction at last. It's exactly what I said the full time and I don't want to say too much because things often, with everything, bump, bump. No, you're right. I think that for us now, with the team is that in tune with what the manager wants. You can see that. It does take the odd thing. If you can't replace like for like, Dominic Armonoun is a perfect example because everything outside the penalty area is brilliant what he does. It's just that he doesn't look like he can buy a goal because the chances he misses, he's got part of a puff shot in the box and then the one that rolled back to him, he had to hit the box, he hit it off the steering. And there's no, he's got no composure at all and that, he's got to learn, but everything else outside the box, his touch, his head is the way he holds it up, is brilliant. But to go probably closer to where we want to be, he's either going to have to start getting himself in the box and taking chances, but we're also going to have to buy one, maybe two strikers to battle it out with him as well. But what really impressed me tonight, Dominic, was the way we started the game. Yeah. We started the game at such a fast pace that they just couldn't live with us. And I think the first 15 minutes or 20 minutes, they put the possession stats on, I think it was 93%. No. Which is, what's it? Yeah, which is absolutely bizarre. Maybe not 15, but it was 93. And Andrew sits next to me, we're like, 93, but it felt like they literally were just kicking the ball out or away and we were coming after them again. And that really impressed me. If we can take that thing forward into next season, then this team could do something. It was intense. Well, it was really, first 15 minutes or so, first 20 minutes, we really did lay siege, not necessarily to their goal, but just in possession like you just said, we just had the ball. We were looking at the ways we could obviously get behind them as part, because they came with a plan, they came with one off-run towards, and he literally, I mean, that's the perfect name for them, by the way. And, well, where are the fans playing? The fans play a bit deeper, but he doesn't eat there. But he's a unit as well. That's true. And then you've got loads of runners. And obviously, the way they play, like obviously the pressing game is a big thing now for a lot of sides, so as soon as the opposition get the ball, they will press. They're like, it's not quite the opposite, but the way they look at it is, as soon as you get the ball, they get back into their shape as fast as they can. So it's a slightly different thing.  You can have the ball, try and break his down. And that's where it slightly disappointed me, second half, just jumping in, there's that. Second half, for me, I thought we played far too much into their strength by starting to just throw balls into the box, which they could deal with all day. But in the first 20 minutes, we were probing and really trying to just look at different ways we could get behind them. And the first go-up, I mean, what's great about the first go-up? We talked Dom and Calvin, they've been, I think with Charleston in almost in the right back position, he puts a ball into Dom, Dom goes down the line for them. Dom then holds it up, comes in, and with Charleston makes a beeline to go central. And that shows the flexibility of having a proper front three, not just a striker and two people who play either side of him. It's a proper front three, with Charleston goes central to the space that Dom's left. Get it out of his feet and has a shot. And I mentioned on my play of ratings is that, whether it's his goal, whether they say it's his goal or it's not his goal, it's his goal because, or it's such a well-waked, almost from the train and grand goal. And you know what? So what if it took a nick? Sometimes things do need to take a nick to just to open a game up. And luckily enough, it took the nick. I mean, who's to say it wouldn't have gone in anyway? And it's gone in the back of the net. And I thought, as soon as that went in the back of the net, I thought, right, come relax now. Because it's not going to be, I mean, I've sat through the 90 minutes of Crystal Palace where we toughed and puffed, where we probably needed that kind of little bit of luck on the day, but we've got that now. Because it was funny because I was sitting here, I was watching and thinking, we've actually gone past the time in the game where we'd scored against United and Arsenal. And I was thinking, that's quite interesting, that. You know, you're playing the team like barely, but it wasn't long until we got in the lead. And I thought, once we got in the lead, I just thought, yeah, we'll be all right here. Yeah, it was the measure of the goal as well, like you say, the ball bent down the line.  And when you do that, and yeah, I've got that flew with front three. That's what we've been talking about when you play. You see, this is the other thing that's what the manager's done really well and Marcel Brands as well. But we've tried to play this way ever since David Moyes left. Yeah. We tried to play with a four, three, three ever since Moyes left. And it's never, ever been, it's always been what Moyes' formation was, which is essentially four or five months. And we tried a bit wrong and we couldn't do it wrong. How many times has Ron isolated playing for us? You know, when Ron went and Riuni was up there on his own, it didn't work. And then he's huffed and puffed with that. But now, because of Bernard and because of Ritualison, you've got a legitimate front three. Yeah. And a front three that are flew with, all right, you know, in general Bernard will stay where he is on the left. Yeah, he'll hug only. But, but Ritualison and Dom, because Dom is prepared to run out wide as well, it does give you that flew with the team. When you've got people who interchange, you know, front three, that's what a four, three, three is. A four, three, three is what Bernliad. Bernliad, a four, four, one, one, really. But, you know, it was more like eight, not one. Yeah. Although, whatever it was, eight, one, one. But, you know, the goal give us that, give us that little bit of, yeah, just like a little pat on the back of, yeah, lads, you know what you're doing.  And I believe Coleman is the 20th ever in play to score 20 goals and he scored in the 20th minute. Apparently, so there you go. But that was another, that was another patient build up, though. You know, when, again. What we didn't do is, we didn't allow them to just get rid of it. No. It was golf, football, we moved it, there was a couple of shots, it bounced around a little bit, Dean had already thrown one in. Mm-hmm. And he comes back to him. Yeah, he comes back, doesn't he? And he has another, and it's a great striker, to be honest, a goal. The goal's safe, you know. A goal. Was it? Yeah, you know why? Because he thinks it's going low and it doesn't. It stays up and he has to react with the hand. And... Okay. I thought...  Well, I thought, I thought Seamus was going to be offside. And I've looked at it again, he's not offside clearly. And he was at, you know, he's done the post-match and I heard him. And he just said, you know what? Tim Kale actually said to him, you held your line like a centre forward and he was like, well, I'm a defender. I should know all about the line. Yeah. Spot on.  And what was great about that goal was, it's your left back creating a goal for you, right back, okay? Unfortunous situation, but it's like, that's what you want. That's like the first season of Martin's. You know, Bains to Coleman and that's what, you know, that's what you want. They're the... I mean, it makes such a difference when your full backs are creating goals for your other full backs. That's where you're like, yeah, this is actually working. This is, we're doing all right here. Because to be fair, in the first, I would love to see the heat map of the first 20 minutes of our full backs because I would imagine they were almost like another set of wingers because they were so high up the pitch. It was absolutely incredible. I mean, as I said, the heat maps as we speak. Literally looking as we speak. I mean, it's no good for the viewer, but... No, not good for us. But that was 2-0. And it was funny after they went 2-0 because they had to make, I mean, the heat maps essentially just looks like Predator 1 and Predator 2. Yeah, there's your heat map for the game. So they were, yeah. So literally the full backs were camped on the edge. Basically playing on the edge, in the first half. But it's funny because when we went 2-0, and they had to change it, they actually started playing like decent football. And they said, they're not my team and I can't speak for them and I can't, you know, this squad's not great and you do the best with the can and I've got fair play to them for what they do. But you just looked at them when they started playing and thinking, these are actually all like these. These are probably win a few games if you just let them play now and again. But I suppose... But it's built on being tight, though, isn't it, and being awkward and being... Yes, he could be more expansive, but he's not going to because it's... You know, he does what he does, doesn't he? No, it's not. I wouldn't want to watch it every week, but that's not what it's like. We have watched it. No, I know. I know when it was painful, you know, and that was one of the things... We were speaking about walking out to stadiums like 12 months ago, coming way to get out again. Well, yeah, we'll talk about that later. But 2-0 up and I think... We didn't have... We had Guilfee's chance where he... I don't know what he was doing. Yeah, I think he thought, probably, I'll smash this and it'll just arrow into the top corner. And he just got it wrong. And maybe if he'd laid it back or... He just cut it across, it was 3-0. I thought if he'd just hit it without trying to whack it. But he went for something else. Yeah. Tackle on Morgansnan by Westwood. Herendis, have you not seen this? No, I've not seen this. Right, Card, my Herendis challenge. Studs just... Yeah, on the side. Balls know it. Morgans get to the ball, he goes right over the top. And the referee... I thought he was going to give Burnley the free kick, because Nidolin, when he got the ball, his feet are on the floor. Westwoods is up, yeah. And I spoke to David Prutt in the last time and it was, he said, it was a red card. And then, sure, again, it was a proper red. And incidentally, I don't think the referee gave the yellow. I think the fourth official gave the yellow because Silva and Coleman ran over to the line of Masarki with the fourth official because it was a Herendis tackle. Should have been straight, that, honestly, it was very bad. And luckily, you know, it was on the fleshy bit of your leg, so... I mean, to be fair, the whole of my leg is the fleshy bit. Well, the years off, so he's seen it, I've been fine. But what I mean is, if it was Lowe and Dan, he went to bat an issue, but it was, you know, luckily, he was OK, but he was a moan a little. He was all, like, that Westwood. The referee should have ended the challenge. Yeah, that's exactly what he is. But talking about Snydlin, Snydlin had a good game, didn't he? Because I thought tonight, Garnet had a little bit more license to go forward. And I thought, Snydlin, where we'd said to him in the last couple of weeks, maybe, that you don't notice him. So it's a case of not, you don't notice him in a game. So it's like, well, he's played well if you don't really notice him. But tonight, I thought he was a lot more notable because he played more of the role that Garnet normally played. And Garnet still did a little bit of it and did break up play a little bit. But I just thought tonight he had just a little bit more license just because of who we were up against and we were playing at home. I thought he was a man of the matter, to be honest. I thought he stood out. I thought the two centre backs were fantastic because they were up against, OK, not the most skillful players, but too lad to give you the game and you know you have to battle with them. But I thought, Snydlin was brilliant, I really did. I thought everything he did was excellent and he kept it going. And he looked like when he first came in and he was just keeping the tempo, keeping the tempo. And he was carrying the phone, getting it back. And he was always on for a pass. And I think when you've got someone who always makes themselves available for a pass it makes everybody else's job easier. He didn't hide. And I just, listen, you know, we said last season he didn't impress us with his attitude last season. You know, that's probably put me kindly. You know, you were out in Leon when he got sent off and you said you didn't want to see him again. I think a lot of Evertonians felt exactly the same.  And, you know, he seemed like public enemy number one, didn't he? Because we'd seen how good he was when he first came in and then the drop-off was whatever. But this season, and we know he's had some problems this year, but I think it's testing into the manager the fact that he hasn't been in all the time. And yet when he's come in, he's performed, that's really difficult. You know, some players just simply can't do it. But he came back in a cardiff and everyone was like, what the... And you have to say, he hasn't put a foot wrong in the games he's played really. No, he hasn't, he hasn't. And I honestly think if he'd have come on at Newcastle, we'd have won the game. I think that's the funny thing, isn't it? When we played Newcastle, you know, I know straight away, that day was my thought straight away. I know they were the thought of a lot of people saying, well, really, that's the sub, it should have been. It should have been putting him in the field and snuff it out. Don't put me in it, because all you're doing is inviting Newcastle to keep doing what they're doing. It was him, he's got the experience to go, no, no, we'll put a lid on this. And I think in that, I think, listen, sometimes you've got to learn, you've got to learn from your mistakes, and I think Silver, Silver seems to be the manager who will learn from his mistakes, who is learning from mistakes, he's done that all season, I think. And I think that's the, that's the thing. That's the thing, I suppose. And a lot of, you know, with managers, when people say, well, give them time, I think if you give a manager time, but he keeps on repeating the same mistakes, like a, say, a Spanish manager, then what can you say as a fan, or even a pundit or anyone else? If you're seeing the same mistakes, week in and week out, you've got to, all you can say is, well, he's either going to change or he goes, and if someone isn't prepared to change, then you go, where is Michael Silver in this year? Listen, I mean, it's too short of time anyway, realistically. But I think that he's looked at the situation and gone, right, I can, I don't, let's just change something. Don't keep trying to do something till it's done to death.  You've got to, when you watch the Man City documentary and Pep's got a guy who he works with, who basically, he's got a job at Man City, all he does, by the looks of it, is he's the only person who Pep is prepared to listen to him, because he's the only guy who will just tell him how it is. And he's not even a football guy, he was in water polo or something like that. He was, yeah, he's in an external sport.  And I think, you know, I'm sure there's people like that at the club anyway, and that's why people tend to keep the coaches and stuff around them, but... But you do need that, you do need someone who will say, no, you're wrong, I don't agree with that, and this is why. No, you don't need yeshmen in football, and unfortunately, we had a... Great start, by Joel McKibben. We haven't conceded a goal by Morgan. Snellan's been on the pitch since Cardiff away. Yeah, cos he wasn't on, I think Newcastle didn't play the game full on me, he was injured, wasn't he? Or he wasn't involved with full on, so... Which is mad, they're the only goals we've conceded, isn't it? Yeah, five goals. No, but I'm saying it's mad, isn't it? It's like, what, nine games? It's like seven wins, six wins, isn't it? One draw and see the feats, so...  We have not conceded a goal, we've won four and draw one, so... Yeah, Snellan was excellent, and the midfielders looked so solid, didn't it? And I think we got to half-time, I think the frustrating thing, if you were going to be a little bit frustrated, was we hadn't had that to the two, it was only two, cos you're thinking, if they get one, it could make it a bit awkward when the game really should have been off the set. Isn't that what we've been calling for, though, like a bit of game management? Yeah, yeah, yeah. We get to half-time, come out. He has a fan out, of course, if you get out, come... Oh, half-time comes, come out. And to be fair, we started, I get, not at the same tempo, we started the first half, but we started quickly going for them, and then it sort of just started dropping off then, didn't it? And when they put two, they had two up front, and it was almost like, it was like a little bit, we were being a bit cautious, and they were being, obviously, a lot more K-free. I thought we just become sloppy. And that's what I'm saying, but that's where it started, that's what I'm saying, that's where it started. It started by them being a little bit more ambitious, and then they started to win the 50-50s, and then what we started to do, or what I certainly thought we started to do, is we started trying the Hollywood passes, the passes that we're in on, and again, not doing, which is what we should have done against Fulham, and what we should have done in a lot of games is, just slowing the game down for five minutes, and just making sure everything was right, and even though you might go anywhere, you just take this thing out of the game, and they run around a lot, and don't touch the ball for a couple of minutes, and they're like, whereas when you get the ball, and then you just keep giving it back to them, you're the one who's likely to get tired, because you're one of them. That's what they did to us early on, didn't they? They were just giving us the ball back, and we don't, I mean, Brian Gardner on Peyton A said, the commentator's on the Premier League, he was saying, we look like Man City, I couldn't believe the praise we gave, and in that first 20 minutes, we did look like Man City, we just looked like, and I've seen Liverpool, it was just intensity, intensity. Second half, I think, obviously we lost the challenge in the two minutes into the second half, he went down again, and that was it. And then Theo come on, and it's just not the same. Straight lines, isn't it? Yeah, it's not the same. And we don't get on, to be honest, the amount of times he made the running behind, and Coleman didn't give him a... Coleman slowed it down, he's wasted then, because he's not one that comes short and saying so.   And I know, listen, this is what they're doing, and it builds confidence, and the confidence to do it, and but sometimes, like Bernad was doing the lovely back heel, we love them doing, but almost for the sake of it, right in the second half, and it's like, don't need to do that, just keep doing it. Just keep the ball. So when you're, and I think the other thing as well, certainly what I felt was, it was so easy, that when it's that easy, you do drop your level because like a little, lacks of concentration slipping, and they did step it up a little bit fair play to them and try to rush us a little bit more, but they were limited like you said. Well, that would add a couple of half chances, didn't he? He had the one where, well, he'd had the goal given for offside in the first half, I know. And then there was one where he got the ball and he knocked it too far ahead of him, and Pickford got it, and there was another one where he hit straight to Pickford, I think. That was the only shot. Yeah, that's what I'm saying. That's the only shot he had. So they had those little moments. Well, they had one where they broke three on one and Sniadling got back and made an unbelievable interception. But you know, it was funny because I was sitting here and I was thinking, if we were in seventh now, I would be, I would be, my bottle would be gone, but because it felt like it was really not on the game. I was just sitting back on, yeah, it'd be all right. But I was thinking, if this had been like November, or this had been, or we were in seventh right now, I'd be like, my anxiety would have been through the roof because, but isn't it good that the confidence, you're saying that now, right? And I remember sitting here and we were like, I don't know how we're not gonna can see the goal because we just looked so frail. But now, when that second goal went in, I was like, it's done. Even if they score, we'll score again. To that confidence. And what that does then is, as fans and as a fan base, it takes everyone down a level so that anxiety doesn't filter through. And I think as a player, the players, it's the belief, like we beat Arsenal 1-0, so we scored early on and we kept the clean. I do think there were times in the second half where they did just, we were sloppy. We were really sloppy. And because, listen, and it was last game, last game of the season, it's always dead funny because after going on, they're just waiting to get off of one of our pints. Let's be honest, they always are. And it's like, can we just win the game and go home, please? Or go off for a pint, please? It almost doesn't help, create an atmosphere or anything. The atmosphere when they came out at the start was great. But then there was times in the second half where they were just a lull because it was like we weren't doing enough. That's the same way.  And it was just one of those games. And as I say, we had a little nervy moment, but then he brought Luchman on. I thought he added something to the game. I thought he was just, he didn't add anything in terms of a goal. But what I mean, he started running at them and I think he did give them something to think about. Whereas when I went off and with the Charleston sub, well, that's enforced and you don't want that because the Charleston playing well. But I did think Luchman added something and he started running at them. You obviously hit the bar. He really should have scored after Wolcott should have scored again.  Well, Wolcott and Calvert-Lewan, they've got the Alzheimer's syndrome. Leon would like the power of it. The power of a baby in his shot, every one of them. I see in the video, when are those kids today hit a ball hard? Luchman hits one from 20 yards, it racks the bar and goes over. Eight yards out. It's like a back passing. You're like, what is going on? I just thought when he come on, first of all, did the shot not fit him? He was messed with the shot the whole game when he came on. He looked like a face. I just looked at him and thought, don't even look interested. But then after about five minutes, he started like getting into it then and it was probably just took him a bit of time to warm up and then he did it. What he does brilliantly is he moves the ball, manipulates the ball so well. He's not lightning, because he doesn't, he's not a runner. He runs with the ball, but he's not wanting to knock it past the master. He's a dribbler, isn't he? And he can, he can turn, he's got really quick feet. And that's what you want to see in driving, driving at them. So he did that something, he gave them something different to think about. But you still look at him and go, is he a starter for us? And he's not, in my opinion. I couldn't see him replacing Benard. But I think that's what we were talking about last week, when we were on one of the shows and we were saying about, that's what everyone in Europe gives you, is the ability to allow players like him, games in him and other players, that's why you want Europe is because of those players. Doesn't ever look happy. No, he doesn't. I feel when he was walking around at the end, he gave his top to someone. He's just strange, he's just luck. He's strange in terms of just, he doesn't reflect outwards. You don't know what he's ever feeling, because he doesn't seem to reflect outwards.  They just hung off on me, this is my time.  And you see him, he's smiling, you see other players. Gomez, Gomez is working in the club shop, incredible, absolutely, you know, he's doing his double shift. That is literally that commitment, isn't it? Double shift. And I thought Colman, you know, Colman and Luca Dain, they're just delighted, and I think what he's done is, what he's done as well to his credit, the manager, and I think he does deserve big credit for this, is that when you look at that team, there seems to be a real team spirit there now, that I have not seen for a few years, a prophet, not saying people didn't like each other but there seems to be a real... But how can you forge your teams, Bill, when the turnover is so high? I mean, this, let's be honest. I'm talking, I'm talking, probably, maybe Martin as his first year. That's the last time I've seen a team so together, and that was probably running on from David Moyes as well, with a few new... Just if you look at them, look at the gold, look at the, there's a picture of Dain and Colman, when Colman scored in a pair of them, and just little things that you see on it, and every player's involved. I just think the managers obviously worked really hard, and something Moyes was blob on with it, and he had to be, and it was like, you get the dressing room, right, you're halfway there, and I think this manager has a similar... Yeah, you run through brick walls for each other, you do the exiting for each other. Listen, in this league, it makes a massive difference, but you're right, at second half, there was a lull and it gave them a little bit of impetus, you know, but then we stepped it back up again, got control of it again, I thought, for the last 20, and we started then looking at, like you say, made a difference and give them a different thing to worry about. But I just want to talk about Walcott, because he come on, and I'm not saying, he doesn't come on and hide, but I don't... For this team, I just don't know what... Do you think, I know what you're trying to say, but you're just not saying it. Do you think that's the cut in us? Do you think the problem is, right, do you think the big problem is, and I think this is the big problem, is that the style of play simply does not suit the player.  It's the space, like, one of the pieces where they're all sticking out. And then, you know what I mean? The four bits, there's like four holes that goes into it, and he's like three holes in a one. It's just not working. Essentially, it just doesn't fit into the way we play. So therefore, when we move the ball, and the way the charlots, the charlots moves, and he comes inside, and he's got cut, he holds it up, he holds the ball up. I mean, look at the charlots, right, the charlots are never, ever. Like, you never, you very rarely see the charlots and get the ball and go, right, I'm taking you on a flat pace. What he does is, he slows the game down, and that allows a lot of the time, for Sheamus to go round the side of him, and then he can go, go then, because he's intelligent and he's quick. Strong. You never, ever see Wolcott get the ball, stop, and then think about what other people are doing. Wolcott's entire game for the whole of his career has been about getting the ball, and I will run faster than you with the ball, and for a long time he could do that. Now he can't do it. Now he's 30 years of age, and he's going up against 21-year-olds. He went on a great little run there at the end. Yeah, what did he do at the end of it? What did he do at the end of it? He just played a terrible pass, and it went to there play. And that's what I'm saying, with charlots and Wolcott, you won plays with, see, that run, right, what you want them to do is you want them to run, and you take a couple on, and then you go, right, now I'll hit the space, run towards the space, but if the rest of the team are set up in a way that it's enshrining is that we do this, we do this, we do this, how can you work with a player who simply doesn't know how to play? That's it. Like, if he came on and came on and went, right, I'm going to trust my game to play a little bit more like the player I've just replaced. You'd go, you're giving the benefit of that, but he doesn't. He just wants to play like Wolcott, because he's played like that for 14 years in the Premier League. And what can you do about that? Nothing. Old dog, new tricks and all that. I don't want to say that he lacks football ability, and I don't want to say he lacks a football brain. But you're going to. No. I don't think he lacks football ability, but I think the brain, but it might be. I just think probably what it is, is he's just used to playing a certain way, that suit of them, isn't he? And this is a little bit different, and he's not, we're not getting the best out of him. And so that's the decision that needs to be made this summer. If, you know, if someone comes in, is that for the amount of times that he's done something for us this season, really coming off the bench, he's scored against United, but other than that, has he really changed anything? I honestly believe that if someone, let's just say Southampton came for him. Now, let's say Southampton said, right, we need to send her forward, who is a ball over the top, who will work hard, who will try and, you know, forage from the front and press from the front. He would do the majority, he'd do them a job, but our manager clearly doesn't see Wokoth as an option playing up front. I mean, something we spoke about earlier in the season, but he obviously does not see him, because what he must look at again is about the jigsaw. You look at Don, what, now, since Don's been up front, all right, we can talk about all the negative things, right, but the positive things are huge in terms of how he lets the rest of the team play. And that's a huge factor.  We've actually come to the stage now where that it's almost like we've accepted how good he's become as a centre forward as doing that role, that now people are asking for more, but don't lose sight of the job he does, though, because it's a very, very unselfish job, Dominic Harman doing those for the rest of the team. And that first goal proves it. And he'll take a lot of stick-off, a lot of people who call him a championship player and all the rest of it, he's not. Because that job requires self-sacrifice that some people simply wouldn't give. Well, I'm gonna ask yourself the question. They had a lot of front, both of them, strikers have scored double figures this season, them two off front, I won't swap them for either of them. They're to me, and it's probably been a bit disrespectful, but they look like, in compared to other Premier League strikers, they look like championship strikers, big, strong, good at what they do. You can get a tune out of them, but what I'm saying, what I'm saying... Well, I think Dom's got more to his game. What I'm talking about is that Dom is, like, the big piece in the jigsaw for the way the team plays at the moment. What you've got to do is go out and find the same shape jigsaw, just, but it's made out of gold, right? And that's fair enough. Problem is, is that, Wolcott does, the way he plays just doesn't seem to fit any of the positions. And if it fit, if it fit one, I'd probably say it fit left side of the three, but he's not Benaz, and he wouldn't work. And then you'd say he wouldn't work with Luka, don't you? He wouldn't work with Luka, do you? But if I wanted him in one of those positions, I'd want him cutting in on his right foot, because the goalie's going to be united, and the one he missed tonight, prove that he's better coming off the left when he can almost do the theory on refinish. Well, he's... It's all bad, then. First down game. He missed the chance off one of the greatest moves ever, and he put it wide. If you remember, he laid the goalie down and put it wide off the right-hand side, where if it was on the other corner, he'd have just bent it in, wouldn't he? But you're right, it is what it is with him. I mean, there was a third substitute. Now, Dominic Alvett-Lewin was blown for tucks. With 10 minutes left, he'd been battered a little bit by Tarkovsky and Ben maybe gave him a few whacks.  I nearly said the word again. He looked like he was limping. And I thought Towson was coming on. Towson was warming up vigorously. Like, you did, if you were ever subbed, you were going to catch the man as a shy. But I don't know whether he'd used enough spray or whatever. But, now... And then it was Phil-Jack Elcher. And it was Phil-Jack Elcher, for no reason whatsoever, because it wasn't 2-1, and they put out... Yeah, 2-0, 90th minute. 2-0, 90th minute. It should have been Jack Towson or Tom Davis, really. And it was Jack's. And... Ever none saying it. But the crowd certainly thought it. Thought it. And the manager, for me, that was the message that this is the last time you're going to see Jack's in a blue shirt at Goddison Park. That's what I took from it. And I believe he was a little bit tiered, well, potentially tiering up in an interview off the train. I could be it. And, if it is, the crowd reception forum was fantastic, singing his name. And he's been an incredible sign in what was a £4 million and £4 million from Sheffield. But what great manager it would be, though, if he does stay. Because the way I looked at it was, of course, listen, of course, the chances are that the manager might be thinking, I don't want you, right? OK. But what if he's like, well, I did it because I simply don't know. I know about Leighton Baines, Leighton Baines is staying. Baines is staying. I mean, Baines is staying. But let's say Baines is staying. I know that. I know that. So I don't need to worry about that. But I don't know. And this is, this could be your last time I go to St Parker's and never play. So the three minutes to go, we'll tune it up. I haven't made any song and dance about it. I haven't made sentimental thing. I'm just going to put you on. But it is sent. No, I know it is. I know it is.  Like, didn't say in the press conference, if I get a chance, I'll give Jags for like two minutes. You know, he came on, Tram has given him the armband and he got on and he just played and he played the game and he made a couple of clearances. And if Jags goes back to the change room and or whatever and he's speaking to the manager, the manager's like, well, you haven't signed a deal for all I know. You might want to leave, but I had to give you. Well, in terms of management, I think that's great management to pay respect, just in case. Just in case he doesn't sign. I think it's great management anyway, even if it is the end of it. And he's made that decision, if Michael Silver's like, listen, you know, because I think Phil Jagielke is probably himself thinking I've got a year left. Right? Now at the end of the day, what's the point in him staying at Everton if he thinks he wants to play for another season? You're a long time retired. So if he thinks I want one more season, you know Arsenal gave me that the other week when I scored, it gave me the taste for playing. And he looks and goes to Michael Silver, am I going to play? And the manager's like, well, if K2 stays, I'm meaner and keener, my three. And then we've got Mason Holgate coming back. You know, you're just simply not going to play unless there's an emergency. Now Sheffield United and I'm using them because he's played before and you've just got promoted. They could say to him, that Chris Wilder could be like, listen, I want you to play 20 games at least next season for me because we're going to need a leader. We haven't got big pots of money to spend. We need a leader with experience, not against the top six or top seven, we can write them off forever, but against the bottom six, which they're like a card that we haven't done well enough in Fulham. And see how Gielke's got that experience. So I think for him, it'd be a shit, I'd be, listen, I'd be gutted if he leaves because I've loved him and he's been. Okay, yeah, people will criticise his captaincy because we haven't won anything or because he's not the most vocal. But for four million quid as a centre back, we've had him for 12 years, he's been incredible. And I love him for 11 years or whatever it is. I love him. I think he's just, and he always looks great when he comes back for pre-season, but it's time. But, and I hope he ends up back at the club, I really do know this is a kid that was at the club and left and we had to pay to get him back. But for him, you know, a long time, we try and if he can go and get 15 to 20 games have another Premier League club then he should do that really because he's not going to play in our first team. It's as simple as that. But it's not, but if it was the end then it was a nice end and if you leave them with a nice thing that, you know, there's no hard feelings, it's a professional decision, but I'll give you something. He's 36, he's not 27, it's time. As we know, it's a big old pitch, that, when kids are running around. You know, isn't it? You say that's good, I took last time. Yeah, I've got some play level and the level of the mission have been very good, that's all. Jamie Carragore's playing. Against you. I didn't say that, just to make it clear. Well, I mean, you know, to give it some context. Yeah, well, you know, like you say, a good, a nice fitting end, that is, to be the end of it. Thank you to everyone who watched live, yeah. And got involved with all your comments. And just generally, thank you to everyone who's watched. Anyone who left a comment in it. And thank you to everyone who supports us on Patreon. Yeah. If you haven't watched this on Patreon and you've watched it on YouTube, this is the kind of thing we do on Patreon. Live, live shows where you can interact, where we interact with the people at home. That's what you can get involved in. And it's gonna be great, because in the summer, there's gonna be loads of that, because there'll be no one else to do it.   It's a well cultured one, not fun, but there you go. There you go. All right. Thanks for watching. We'll see you later. They're not awful. LED, lighter, are awful. Yeah. Okay. See you later. See you later.