This is the 19th lecture series of this part 2 or unit 2, here we study about the white box testing techniques. In the previous session we have understood about some of the basics of dynamic testing in terms of white box and black box. We need to have a strategy, test case selection methods and coverage criteria, these are very important aspects for doing the white box and black box testing. We also studied about the differences between the white box and the black box testing. Basically black box is a functional or data driven, it is purely based on the requirements and the different techniques are also based on the functional behavior of the system without any knowledge of the internal or implementation of the system and the test. Similarly in the white box testing the implementation of the code will be studied and partially the tester will have knowledge on the entire system but his focus will be fully on the white box design techniques in terms of the structure of the code. Also there is a intermediate layer called a gray box, it can have a mixture of both white box and black box where the coverage is not possible with the white box and black box as well. So we can have a great of both of them that is called gray box. In code coverage we know total number of executed code that is tested divided by the total code that is there in the system. So this is called as code coverage in percentage, similarly requirements coverage we have. This talks about the total number of tested requirements versus the total number of requirements in percentage. Also we studied about the black box testing and white box testing differences and their advantages and disadvantages as well. In continuation of that today we study about the coverage, the white box testing what are the types of white box testing. So the broad categories are statement coverage where all the executable statements in the program we need to test it because they will be executed. So we need to see that they are going to be tested and whether we are going to test it. So we need to have the test cases selected as per the same. Next one is a decision or a branch for it, here test cases are chosen because every branch it is called a branch also the decision. So the decision can lead into a true or false path so both have to be executed at least once so that is why it is called a decision coverage or a branch coverage. Similarly we have a condition coverage, so in this type of broad level coverage we have all test cases we need to force each condition in a decision to take on all possible logic values. Suppose we have a medical conditions available underneath the test so we need to exercise all the possible paths that the condition takes. If it could be a logic expression as well so we will study about that condition coverage in detail in the coming slides. So all this together it is called as a structural coverage, so these are white box testing techniques on total it is called a structural coverage which has a statement, condition, and there are different types that are underneath the structural coverage. In the end of the structural coverage we do a technique called structural coverage. So which is a method which does a coverage and how much coverage is done and how much coverage is done so the end goal is to reach 100% so that is what the structural coverage is called all together it is called as a structural coverage. You can see a table this typically used in industry as part of the coverage is confirmed so you can see different coverages on the statement coverage, decision coverage, condition coverage, condition, decision coverage, MCDC, multiple conditions coverage and multiple conditions coverage. So what are these and how these are covered in different types of coverage criteria so every point of entry and exit in the program have been removed at least once that means we have several program units or the function units so that function will get entered and the function will get executed after the function is executed. So whatever the possible ways of entering into that function are of course there and whatever the possible ways of exiting out of that function has to be involved at least by that program that sort of a testing is done with the help of decision coverage, condition coverage, condition, decision coverage, MCDC and multiple condition coverage. These are responsible because the function could have conditions, decisions, modified conditions etc. So make sure that all the entry and exit criteria have been taken care, okay. Next one is the program will have statements, all the statements need to be touched once all the statements need to be removed with the help of that testing method so this testing method is called a statement coverage. The next one is every decision in the program has taken all possible outcomes at least once that means we have a diamond blocks, decision box, we have a decision box which will be having a certain decision we can take a rule or it can take as this path can take as yes or no, yes, true, no, false. So likewise all the decisions in terms of covering this, this path, this path so these decisions have to be involved, these decisions have to be covered so those type of testing are covered in the decision coverage, condition, decision coverage, MCDC, multiple condition coverage. The next one is every condition in the decision in the program has taken all possible outcomes at least once that means the conditions that has come out in the decision should have taken whatever the possible outcomes that it needs. So that will be taken in the condition coverage explicitly along with the condition decision because we know that decision is possible in all. So the condition coverage, every condition in the decision in the program has taken all possible outcomes at least once it has to be accessed. Next one is every condition in the decision has been shown when independently affect that decision outcome that means that whatever the execution path that we have should be independently, that means the pre-conditions that is required should be independent. So that will be done with the help of MCDC, this MCDC otherwise it is called as a modified conditions decision coverage, decision condition technique is mostly used in aerospace and space industries with the help of a standards called the view on some of the, I will explain that in detail in the, which is called as the view on some of the standards basically. And this one along with the multiple condition coverage, we have this decision coverage criteria is met. Last one is every combination of condition outcomes with the decision has been known at least once. This is with the multiple condition coverage where the different several conditions because a program or the function could have similar or different sort of a diamond boxes and processing segments all that parts have to be executed with a several combinations of them, so that is done with the help of multiple condition. So this table talks about the coverage criteria, what are the types of the coverage we have. We will study each of them in detail, okay. So white box testing has the below types of testing methods, first one is being statement testing and the next one is branch decision testing, the other one is data flow testing and branch condition testing, we have branch condition combination testing, we have modified condition testing and the last one is linear code sequence and jump testing, okay. So decision testing, the idea with the statement coverage is to create enough test cases so that every statement in the source code have been executed at least once. And in branch decision testing, the idea with decision coverage, the idea with decision coverage is to execute every single decision code at least twice, it means we know that decision can be leading to a dual path through or false, both possible outcomes of the decision should be executed in order to reach full decision coverage, that means the decision coverage is being taken for branch or decision testing. Next one is the data flow testing, here what we do is the test cases are designed based on variables that are used within the code, basically purely this is based on the data, so data how it is represented with the help of variables, so all those variables have to be considered in terms of their usage and the flow, what are the values it takes, so that is taken care with the help of data flow testing. The next one is branch condition testing, a test case, this is a test case design program in which test cases are designed to execute branch condition outcomes. The next one is a test case design technique in which test cases are designed to execute combination of branch condition outcomes, that means we have different combinations of the branches, that is done with the help of branch condition combination testing. The next one is the modified condition law testing, here in this design technique test cases are designed to execute branch conditions outcomes that independently affect the decision outcome, that means the independency of that decision will be taken or considered in this modified condition testing. The last one is linear codes, sequence and jump technique, in this select test cases based on jump tree sequence of code, that means some codes like interrupts and those things are independent, so this consists of about 3 type of things, executable statements, the linear sequence end of that it will be there and the target line to which control flow is transferred at the end of the linear sequence, that means we have the start of the sequence and end of the sequence and the target line to which the control flow is transferred at the end of the line sequence. So we will study in detail about this type of things and the last one is one more technique also we will study, that is specifically followed in the other case with the help of D1 assembly standard, that is MCDC, so that also we can consider, basically that is having this modified condition decision coverage, that is nothing but the branch condition combination and modified function both together it is called, so we will study that in detail. Okay, statement coverage, so execute every statement in the code at least once during the first case application, that means it is basically a fundamental technique that every testing does not matter embedded, non embedded application, Java, whatever you call, all this type of testing they use this statement coverage, in this statement coverage test cases will be created, so that every statement in the source code has been approved at least once, so that is the aim of this statement coverage, so basically they use tools basically such as white box statement coverage testing tools, LDRA, Vittercast, loader and RTRT, a lot of tools are there, specific to the need of that particular industry, they use this and the coverage is as I said in earlier slide, earlier session, the coverage is taken into credit with the help of executed the number of statements versus total number of statements, that means suppose with the help of this statement testing coverage how we will arrive it, suppose we have executed total number of lines 18, 9 and total number of statements that are there, statements are nothing but the lines of code, the executable lines of code, this all the commands and everything, so in C if you consider every semicolon is a executable lines of code, also it is called as COC, so basically this total number of statements need to be executed in white box statement coverage, but it may not be possible to do 100%, so there are other methods that we will have to do it, like whatever that methods that we have seen like decision coverage, medical condition coverage and all that, because every path needs to be executed by its own technique, and the coverage is done with the help of percentage, here it is between 9%, between 9% is the statement coverage, so the 11% is there, the 11% we need to take care of, so the work flow when using the statement coverage, first I will give all existing black box test cases that has been created while monitoring the execution, that means if we have done the black box requirements testing, we can do that if possible with the help of white box and monitor what are the statements that have been executed, then this monitoring is in all but the simplest test cases performed with the tool support basically as I said, so when all black box test cases have been executed, the tool can report which parts of the code that remain untested, it means we know that 11% type untested, so now we need to construct new test cases, that will cover the remaining statements as much as possible, so we will start with the part of the code that should be reached, backward in the code to determine the values of the input variables required to reach the desired part of the code, then accordingly we will provide the inputs, whatever the value specific values that are required for that lines of code that are not covered, so how we can feed the inputs with the help of information, whatever it is being spoken about functionality or the variables if it is possible and the expected results also can be drawn out of the specification, so this new test cases also will be executed on the monitor and one thing we should not take care is we should not expect the result from the code itself, we should go by the specification and functionality, so of course the code should complement and not from code, so this is very important aspect, we cannot have because code can have a local variable or uncalculated value, so intermediate values, so we may get biases or it may be half cookable, so we have to go with the functionality for that piece of program, what is expected and accordingly we need to cook the expected results and try to see whether it passes so that is about statement coverage and as I said all the statements have to be monitored and executed on the track, so what will happen is with this monitoring technique or what is that called observation we want to have on the executable statements, it is not possible with the help of manual, if it is say sometimes we can do it but there are big, big embedded programs having 50,000 lines of code, what will you do, it is not impossible to have a manual instruction of that, so what we need to have there are test hooks that can be used something like a print up, we can add to see that every statement is executed, a print up will print suppose print up statement something like this statement number and every lines of code we can have this statement number implemented accordingly, we know that what is that being printed and if there is a missing thing, so we know that how many statements have been missed but the problem is here we cannot have a print up done by ourselves every time, so that is why we have a hands on to cover this we have a tool called instrumentation, this is called this technique is called instrumentation, what we do is we will provide the monitoring ways of observing how many statements have been executed or what are the statements that are missed, so that report will be done with the instrumentation, where the existing lines of code or the code the program will be instrumented, so the tested part will be reported, so for this instrumentation there are a lot of tools, we will study about the tools, the tools so what it does is basically we will create all the source files and it will add the instrumentation code into that and execute on the target of the host depending on the nature of the embedded system. There are other challenges that I will speak about that where the add instrumentation and it will add a lot of lines of code and the total lines of code will increase because the TKLOC we have and the instrumentation is suppose 120K it will become 70K and which may not fit into the target system, so what we can do in that case is we can do partial instrumentation and take the credit by overlapping all of them, that is how the instrumentation of statement testing is done, okay software instrumentation, software on the measurement methods are all based on some form of execution logging that means logging of the execution or the monitoring of the execution is required to do the statement coverage. The implication is that after the black box, after the block is entered every statement in the block is executed by placing a simple trace statement for the printer at the beginning of every basic log you can crack when the block and by implication all the statements in the block are executed is what I explained. So if it is the RTOS, the RTOS itself will provide a logging service with the help of we can do it but not all embedded systems will have an RTOS or facility with RTOS to trace it in terms of the logging calls or memory in the target system, so we will use the instrumentation with the help of the tools, external tools. So let us introduce you form of execution logging model called low intuition printer because it does not introduce much into the existing program, a simple memory write is used in the place of printer. At each basic block entry point, the logging function marks a unique spot in the excess data memory, after the tests are complete the external software correlates these marks to the appropriate section of the code so that the code whether it has used or not will come to know based on the memory aspects. Alternatively the same kind of logging call can write to a single memory cell and the logic analyzer is another tool as I said for instrumentation and statement coverage they use it, so it could be a hardware interface such as logic analyzer which will capture the data from the memory and analyzed. So that is how the software instrumentation is done and the challenging part of the system is that if the system being tested is ROM based and the ROM capacity is close to the limo the instrumented code image might not fit. As I said if there is a 50,000 lines of code is there and instrumentation after we are done with that it could come to something like 70, 75K and whereas the embedded system has a memory of 75K definitely it is in a border or it may creep more than that. So what we can do is we can improve your statement coverage by using two or more rigorous coverage techniques sorry we can improve that by the help of overlapping technique and statements we can tell you partially and the further testing or the statement coverage we can use with the help of decision coverage and we can say you see modified condition decision coverage. So that is how the software instrumentation is done there are various tools we will touch base some of the tools as an example at the end of this session or in the next session. In going in detail of the statement coverage you can see there is an example to achieve a statement coverage every executable statement in the program is removed it is once during the software testing we know that achieving statement coverage shows that all code statements are reachable in the context of the B1 standard B reachable BN zone test cases from the requirement. Here we use either a design or the requirements to have that reachability aspects that is what is spoken in the B1 standard B process standard. So for example if X is that one one and Y equal to 0 then Z will become Z by X and if so this is one statement so by choosing X equal to 2 Y equal to 0 and Z equal to 4 as input to this code segment every statement is executed at least one we know that there are two statements these two statements how we are going to execute is by providing such values. So it will enter into that then portion only when FBX is greater than 1 here we have chosen X as 2 definitely it will go inside this but there is one more condition called and condition so this logic expression into satisfy by putting Y at the way as 0 so when so Y becomes 0 and X is greater than 1 that is 2 so Z will become Z by X and Z is provided as 4 so Z will become 4 by 2 this 2 however if an R is coded by mistake in the first statement instead of an AND the test case will not detect the problem that means we will not be able to get the issue that is here because the implementation is wrong so this some sort of a summary goes purely by the test case selection on code understanding the code is wrong then it may be difficult so as per embedded software expert mayors statement coverage criteria is proved that the general generally considered as useless so at this statement coverage should be considered a minimal requirement that means a sort of statement coverage we need to do to have a confidence that the maximum statements have been reached or statements have been in work so in that way basically we can use this statement coverage statement and rest of them we use the other techniques further elaboration of the statement coverage you can see there are about 5 statements in this program here is a program block within the flower bracket so we have multiple blocks in terms of small flower brackets first two statements are executed first then the condition if the condition is fine then statement 3 and 4 are executed the condition is not good then statement 5 is executed there are total 5 statements that are to be exercised in this program how are we going to do it so because the statement coverage we need to make sure that 5 statements are removed so we need to make sure that the condition we are going to provide such a way that the condition can take both no as well as yes with those values so by statement coverage going plainly we definitely we are going to cover first two statements and the second path it will based on the result of this two statements statement one or two it could be it will go either as yes path or no path so either case we will execute only three statements or four statements one of this will be exercised so with this statement coverage approach at best we can achieve either 3 with the no path or 4 with yes statements are exercised so statement coverage can do this much because the conditions it won't care so that is how this has been done with the help of 5 statements with the conditions that are underneath this when creating test cases statement coverage we can move to the control flow graph so control flow graph is something like how the flow is going to happen the statement coverage requires statements in the code to be executed we know that the boxes and the diamonds represent all the statements in the code so that is also part of the statements so that that also will be reached with the help of statement coverage by following the paths to the code we cover all the diamonds and all the boxes are covered and thus we have statement coverage according to the relation with Maccabay it is a Maccabay is a personal name but he found out he discovered these standard measure the complexity of the program based on all these diamonds and processing statement so according to the relation with Maccabay measure it is called there should be three or less test cases and in this case two are enough so to have two paths what I said is we need to have two test cases the first test case will take care of statement one two and five the second test case will take care of statement one two and three and four so two test cases are enough with this measure how much of the total executable statements have been covered by the various test case scenarios is what is important in terms of statement coverage for a decision statement both true and false condition should be tested even if the decision statement is of implicit form if it is though it is internal that means it depends on the some of the internal not the external one that means to be exchanged still in the given piece of code block if condition is false then three out of four statements are said to be covered so we know that statement one statement two statement three sorry statement five have been excised there is a false condition or no condition exists you achieve 100% decision coverage both true and false conditions have to be achieved into different testing areas even though the statement is of implicit form so the second form is we need to have another statement coverage with the path taking as S or true is the help of that statement one two and three four have been excised in the first form we have excised in the first form and in the second one we have excised two parts or no whatever we want to call so that is how the statement coverage in terms of total number of executable statements will be okay so that is what is about statement coverage all the executable statements have to be reached next type of box testing is on the branch testing or the decision coverage or decision testing it is called so how are we going to do okay so here we create test cases so that each decision in the code executes with both true and false outcomes so basically two test cases so we take that simple example only so we have excised the statement coverage in two techniques similarly for decision or branch coverage testing what we do is what true false conditions we will have it so we use the tools as well for this it is called instrument decision to where decisions have been taken care and here also the coverage aspects are done with the help of a percentage whereas total number of executed decision outcomes have been considered that means total number of decisions how many are there against total number of executed decisions that means suppose we have covered suppose two diamonds and each diamond will have two outcomes true false true false then there are four because two into total number of decisions because each decision will have a two outcomes either or false so one diamond if you have excised or one two diamonds with one outcome we have excised it means the path is true so the coverage is 50% so this also can be done with the help of a tool so both are called same basically branch coverage or decision coverage so it is a technique similar to a statement coverage so the idea with the decision coverage is to execute every decision in the code that is twice it is not once that you have to remember every decision in the code have to be exercised twice in statement coverage only once is enough here twice because the decision will take two parts that is why we need to have this criteria very important so both possible outcomes of the decision should be executed in order to reach the decision coverage very first glance statement and decision coverage seem to be exactly the same procedure but executing every decision with both the true and false outcomes will result in all segments to be executed so in order to execute all the segments all outcomes of every decision needs to be executed that is true and false so but there is one case in which statement coverage come to which without having full decision coverage and that is with an if statement without an else class so in that case we will not have false conditions but that is not a good programming practice to have if something do some condition statement and there is no else so in this case only one way it is possible but it is not a good practice to have one knife without else else have to be there else do some statement some other execution so definitely we are going to have a multiple parts for true as well as false so obviously we still need a second case with the false outcome to reach the decision coverage so coverage is measured by dividing the total number of executed decision outcomes will be more decision times so and the tools that are used in this also same tools for monitoring the coverage where a decision coverage is taken care as well as the statement criteria has been met so that is with that basically and further decision coverage requires a two test cases one for two outcome and for false outcome for simple decisions that is decisions with a single condition decision coverage ensures complete testing and control response for the decision A or B test cases true false and false false will toggle the decision outcomes between two and false so we have reached that however the effect of B is not tested right that is those test cases cannot distinguish between the decision A or B and the decision A so the analysis should confirm the degree of structural coverage appropriate to the software level whatever the level of software that is depending on the analysis should confirm basically whether A as an effect or not for a decision statement both true and false condition should be tested even if the decision statement is of increasing if condition is true then one of two decisions have been covered to achieve 100% decision coverage both true and false conditions have to be achieved in two different scenarios even the statement is equivalent okay so here the same example you see here statement one two the condition yes will take into statement three and four and the condition no will take into statement five so two conditions are to be covered true and false or yes or no decision coverage is with the percentage executed decision outcomes only one decision outcome is divided by total number of decisions that is one into two two so there are two in the denominator and two in the denominator that will make 100% decision coverage so that is about the decision coverage next one we will see the other technique called data flow testing here also the data flow testing uses the control flow graph control flow graph is you know that it is a basic control of the program how it is going to be good with the structure of the program so data flow testing uses the control flow graph to explore the unreasonable things that can happen to data that means basically we use the data in terms of controlling the flow consideration of data flow anomaly through test path selection strategies that fill the gaps between complete path testing and the branch or checking testing that means we test using the control flow all the time but sometimes what will happen is purely the flow is based on the data for certain cases so there are gaps by doing that selection criteria with the help of path testing and the branch or checking test code so in that case data flow in testing is useful data flow testing is the name given to a family of test strategies based on selecting paths through the programs control flow in order to explore sequences of events related to the status of data objects you know that data flow testing is the only problem of data flow objects where data is the key here data could be a variable example pick enough paths to assure that every data object has been initialized prior to its use all defined objects have been used so how data flow testing example is that the variables or the data that are used should be initialized because there is a requirement that the initialization function will take care of the global variables system gets initialized upon order so what will happen is the system gets initialized so all the variables from the data that are part of the initialization function unit function will get initialized so how do we do is with the help of the data flow whether that initialization is done for each of the intended data it could be a variable or anything so what will happen is that unit function whatever the where 1 we have initialized to 0 so initialized it does not mean that it could be 0 it could be any value that is used as a unit value and throughout the entire program so this is very important because the data flow if instead of 1 if you are put as 0 it could fail because where 3 is being initialized and that initial value in static increment in the other program may go so that the increment will happen if it is initialized with 1 as 2, 3, 4 if it is initialized 0 the increment will go wrong similarly if the variable 1 and 2 are initialized to another value than 0 the program can collapse there is a very important to have data flow testing along with other type of testing techniques. The next one is this also very important whatever the data or the objects that are defined should be used so very important because we cannot have a data what is that it is called a data object which is not used also called as data object so this is very important we cannot have because unnecessarily it will occupy the memory without the need and sometimes it may so happen that there are other functions that could use the same name as the one that is there in the other program which is unused will result in some sort of an anomaly in the program so very to avoid this type of things and this will be done with the help of data flow testing and further the data type objects are defined in the data flow testing so type D type of data or the objects or the types having defined created initialized types K type is killed undefined or released once mostly this is used in application embedded applications or C++ applications U type of data object is used type so used in the calculation or no particular and object that is a variable is defined so when it appears in a data declaration or present a new value file that has been opened is dynamically allocated etc so all those are called as an object so there is a definitely a requirement for this and against that objective of that particular variable or the object as for the definition we need to test it so an object is used is called as used when it is part of a computation or a predicate so you can see C or P type P is for calculation P is for predicate the variable is used for a computation when it appears on the right hand side that means the variable is used when it is used for comparison or assignment etc some sort of a computation that is called as C type used the object data object sometimes even the left hand side in case of array indices also will be used of an assignment state understanding RHS so accordingly the variables are computed so variable is used in a predicate when it appears directly in that predicate that means variable can be used as a predicate by itself that means the variable can be compared directly something like if where A is something then take some conditions or decisions and that where A is getting updated with some sort of signals or whatever so those are called predicate variables where there is no assignment or RHS or LHS type of a usage is all done with the help of that variables so next one is examples of data processing data object types we can see definition C is P is as I said definition is defined created initialized the other one is C use and P use for calculations we use C type of objects for predicate we use P type of objects here is a small example program we will solve z equals x plus 2 if there is a condition so so so so this is a print of segment and how are we going to aggregate the different types of data objects here x and y are defined with the help of read statement read function rather z is also a defined one w is another one y is another one C use a computation use because x is used for computation also we have z also we have y we have w z etc because print is used we have supplied as more parameters that is why this C use for P use we see we use the predicate where z is less than y is used by the predicate for doing some if condition so it is called as P use variables data object types so all this need to be verified in data processing so data are as important as code because having the implementation along with the data is as important to flow the program and define what you consider normally you understand the program flow and the data that is used in the program and that definition we need to consider in terms of any anomaly how it is being used what again is to be spoken in the corner so data processing strategies span the gap between all the parts and branch system so it is not just enough to have a branch system by supplying z and y values and make sure that the path 4 is done 1 2 3 4 6 one path is here in this addition testing what we do is paths 1 2 3 4 and 6 are done in the other type of addition testing with the else part executed what we do is 1 2 3 y and 6 this path is executed still we would have missed if the variable is been assigned the wrongly or z is supposed to have x plus 2 and specification says that it should be x minus 2 and we have missed it so we believe that whatever the statement is available before addition testing is being tested properly so it is very important to have data processing also so how do we do by having all the paths excised with the focus on the data so gap between the path and the branch testing takes care of so we have studied about statement testing where all the statements have to be able to prepare and invoke and in branch decision testing we have to box the conditions or the decision sorry not conditions branches will be tested and in data flow testing we do the data or the objects or different types will be tested and in the next session we will study about the branch condition testing, branch condition combination testing modified condition testing and the last type is LCSAJ testing and we will test based on the given scenario so some of the embedded system testing words we will go through what we have added today is a branch condition decision data flow so along with other words we list out for each session how many embedded system jargons are involved of course there is a glossary we have added some more glossary such as litometrics, logical test space master test plan, MIL, model input mixed signals, model based development MBD, output quality example ISO 8402 standards quality assurance, quality characteristics so we will add likewise each session some of the glossary that we need to understand in embedded system testing so with that we will end this session and then next session we will continue on the white box testing other techniques


To remove the old microphone cover, insert the screwdriver into the groove at the bottom of the microphone cover. Gently lever the cover away from the control unit in the direction of the earhook. Place the new cover over the control unit. Starting at the earhook end, press down until the cover snaps into place. The cover should be changed every three months, or sooner if you notice a change in sound quality.


Now, let us look at the periodic table how the periodic trends are and how can you explain very simply by what we understand so far is just z star by z star mainly we would like to look at the periodic trend. So, what we have learned so far from left to right z star increases why z star increases that is because the electrons are getting incorporated in the same outer sphere electron 1 by 1. So, it is 2, 2S1, 2S2, 2P1, 2P2, 2P3, 2P4, 2P5, 2P6 same 2 cell number principal cell 2 the electrons are getting incorporated 1 by 1 right and therefore, those electrons are not capable of neutralizing the positive charge at the nucleus. So, the shielding is going to be very less shielding towards the outer sphere electron shielding of the nuclear charge towards the outer sphere electron is going to be very less. And therefore, these effective nuclear charge will be very high since the effective nuclear charge is very high the outer sphere electron or the electrons will overall all the electrons will be zoomed in or pulled in very effectively towards the nucleus and therefore, size will be decreasing considerably. If you see from here lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon size is decreasing considerably this is a representative data. On the other hand if you look from top to bottom you see the size is increasing why it is increasing because from walking from 1S to 2S to 3S to 4S to 5S every time you are increasing a new cell completely new cell of course, new cell means your size is going to increase by default more so, those electrons from going for let us say 3S to 4S more and more electrons are going to get accumulated those inner electrons are going to neutralize the nuclear charge effectively. And therefore, effective nuclear charge is not increasing dramatically it is almost remained constant from top to bottom it is the change is very little ok. Effective nuclear charge remain almost constant and the principal cell is increasing and therefore, you have no control in size, size is going to increase since the principal cell is increasing. From left to right it is the same principal cell where electrons are getting in again and again the penetration of these electrons or the neutralization of this electron neutralization of positive charge by these electrons are not that much. And therefore, the effective nuclear charge increasing and pulling in the electrons or overall size will be decreasing from left to right from top to bottom size is going to dramatically increase. So, this is the atomic number versus your atomic radius plot which you can justify from top from left to right you see size increases and then size lithium to sodium if lithium sodium potassium rubidium cesium you see size increases dramatically left to right size decreases ok. Of course, these are something this is something you do understand that is metallic radii of 5D block elements are expected to be larger than that of 4D. So, 4D to 5D you should have if you look from you know go down from 4D to 5D, 5D should be having as we discussed should be having larger size right larger size compared to 4D of course, compared to 3D. But in reality what we find that these are not larger 5D elements are not larger compared to 4D which is kind of contradicting in the last slide whatever we were trying to discuss. Why is that this is mainly due to the fact that 4F is coming into the picture right. So, since 4F is not almost very least penetrating or have the very little ability to neutralize the positive charge what will happen then overall you see the penetration of 4F is little. So, the z star is going to get more and more because the neutralization of the shielding is not effective and therefore, although 4D to 5D you see a principal cell increases z star also increases and therefore, you will be able to contract or you know you will be able to mitigate that effect of the effect of increasing this atomic size by the z star. So, overall you see the size of 4D and 5D will remain same or similar. So, once again although 4D to 5D one of the cell is increasing, but at this point you are bringing in the F orbitals, F orbitals being less or least penetrating the z star or the effective nuclear charge is going to be much more felt at this point. Penetration of F electrons are less and therefore, shielding is going to be less z star is going to be much more effective and what we will see is although the cell principal cell is increasing due to the increased z star the size will remain constant 4D and 5D elements will have similar size overall. This is what is called Banthalite contraction, so F orbitals have poor shielding properties low penetrating power that is what we tried to say. So, z effective that means, z star increases more shielding from left to right for 5D across the period leading to more compact atoms, what about ionization energy, what we have seen so far from left to right in the periodic table we see that size is decreasing and from top to bottom size is increasing. What is ionization energy, ionization energy is the minimum energy that is required to remove an electron from a gas phase atom, if the size from left to right is decreasing and you have really strong attraction between nucleus and your outer sphere electron, I think removing electron is going to be very difficult, so effectively what we will see that ionization energy will increase from left to right, ionization energy will increase dramatically from left to right, from top to bottom it will be much easier to remove the electron that means, ionization energy will be less because from top to bottom size is getting higher and higher and therefore, removing electron will be very easy. So, the ionization energy depends on size, nuclear charge and the shielding effect, ok. Let us take an example, first ionization energy for hydrogen is this much 1, 3, 1, 2 lithium which is 1 is 1 is 2 2 s 1, this 1 s electron removal will cost you 1, 3, 1, 2 kilo joule per mole, lithium 2 s electron removal will same 2 s 1 electron removal will cost you 5, 20 kilo joule per mole. So, 1 s electron removal is costing much more compared to 2 s electron, why is that?  Let us look at this one, for example, you have helium, helium you have 1 s 2 electron, these 2 electrons will be repelling each other considerably, right and therefore, removal of the first electron that is the first ionization energy will be much easier, ok. It is a 2 plus charge 2 electron, removal of first electron is easier. Once you remove the first electron, you have something like this situation where 2 plus positive charge is attracting 1 electron, so that you know it is 2 positive charge attracting 1 electron. If you want to remove this electron from this system, it is going to cost you much more, ok and further there is no repulsive energy. If you look at lithium, ok, lithium you have 1 s 2 2 s 1, these 3 electrons are repelling each other very strongly as you can see. Now, this electron being outer sphere it is easy to remove compared to let us say you if you have let us say lithium 3 plus with lithium 3 electron, 3 proton with lithium 2 plus, they are going to attract these 3 protons are going to attract this 1 remaining electron very effectively. This energy where this is 520, this is you can see for the third electron removal it is going to be 2954 kilojoule per mole, right that is quite a lot. So, the first electron removal is easy, second is difficult, third is even further more difficult. In the first cases you see of course, there is repulsive energy and the electrons are outer sphere, so you will have much easier situation to deal with. As I was trying to say on moving across a period, ok, from left to right if you are trying to go, the atomic size is decreasing, nuclear charge is increasing and therefore ionization energy increases along a period. Size is getting smaller, nuclear charge is getting increased and then therefore, ionization energy increases along a period, ok. And from top to bottom same ionization energy you will have lesser and lesser ionization energy as you go from top to bottom, ok. Electron affinity, what is electron affinity first of all? Electron affinity means affinity means one, love for it, right. If you want to have you know another electron, what is the gain in energy? The amount of energy associated with the gain of electron, you want to take one electron, one atom wants to take one more electron, what is the energy gain that is what is electron affinity? As you can understand the greater the energy release in the process of taking up this extra electron, your ionization energy or electron affinity is going to be greater. More energy released means electron affinity is greater. Now, you see from left to right your size is decreasing, your attraction between the nucleus and electron are quite high. If you want to put one more electron, electron affinity, affinity is going to be very high, right. You can since the attraction of nucleus towards outer sphere electron is very high, you want to put one more electron in the outer sphere electron, they are going to take it or the you know the system is going to allow it quite easily. The energy will be released quite a lot, right. So, the greater energy will be removed. The electron affinity of an atom measures the tightness with which it binds an additional electrons to itself. So, it is a neutral condition. From there, you want to put one more electron to it and what is the love, what is type of interaction you are going to have with the existing system, that is what your electron affinity, right. On moving across a period which I tried to discuss as the size decreases, ok. Size is getting smaller and smaller, the force of attraction by the nucleus increases, ok. So, force of attraction increases from left to right. Consequently, the atom has a greater tendency to attract the added electron, that is electron affinity increases. From left to right, your electron affinity going to increase. You might will generalize it in a different way. The electron affinity of metals are low while those of nonmetals are high. Same thing from left side, electron affinity is low. As you go to the left to right, your electron affinity is going to be quite high. This is where you see halogens have highest electron affinity and therefore, they would like to take up the electronic configuration of NS2 NP6, right. So, on moving down a group, well size is very much increasing, right. It is becoming more and more bigger and bigger from top to bottom, sorry from if you are moving from top to the bottom in the periodic table. Then size is going to be bigger. They cannot hold on to their own electron. They want to release the electron pretty easily. How come they will take up more electron from outside? It is not possible for them to really pick up more electron from outside. They will be more happy to release electron than taking up kind of, right. So, therefore, energy release during the process of adding electron from top to bottom will be less. So, it is going to be a less favorable process. So, the electron affinity will be less from top to bottom. Now, electron negativity, ok. That is another very important phenomenon or there another important topic in the periodic table discussion. So, what is electronegativity? Electronegativity is simply the measurement or measure of the tendency of an electron to attract electrons to itself. So, the atom is going to attract electron to itself. When the atom is going to attract electron to itself, when it can hold its own electron tightly, right. So, you are going to attract electron towards yourself. If you can attract, if you can keep your own electron very strongly, right. So, once again if you walk from left to right in the periodic table, what happened? Your size decreases. So, your attraction is quite good. So, from the neighbor you can really take up the electron quite or you know you can attract the neighbors electron quite effectively. So, left to right in the periodic table your electron affinity is going to be high. From top to bottom you cannot even hold your own electron. How can you attract from the neighbors? So, electron negativity will be less or becoming less from top to bottom, right. On moving down the group that is what I am trying to discuss, Z increases, but Z star almost remain constant. Number of cells increases. Atomic radius increases. Force of attraction between electron and nucleus decreases and therefore, electronegativity decreases down the group. On moving across a periodic table from left to right, what is happening? Z and Z star increases that is true. Number of cells remains constant. Atomic radius decreases. Atomic radius becoming smaller and smaller. Force of attraction between added electron and nucleus increases and therefore, electronegativity increases along a period. So, this is the trends in free atomic properties. Atomic size as you are saying from left to right it is decreases from top to bottom it is increases. For ionization energy, ionization energy is going to be increasing from left to right and going to be decreasing from top to bottom. Electronegativity it is going to be increasing from left to right. Electronegativity from top to bottom is again going to be decreasing. So, that is all for today.


I think you'd be happy if you said acting. I'd be happy with your rumors name. I call him Tom. Tom Bedowski. Okay. Additions or changes to the agenda, Tom? We don't have any, Mr. Chair. Any public comment? No comment. Hearing none. Treasurer Dunyan isn't here, so no Treasurer's report. He gave the paperwork to you folks. I think they're going to throw it down. Okay. Let's see here. Emergency medical services in Berrytown? Put into your packet a letter from Car Rogers Town Manager at Berrytown. I think the contract is coming up with the town for their medical services. And I also put in a note from Keith Van Eyderstein. He's the town fire chief. I wanted to get a comment on the relationship. You can see the chief is saying he's very happy with the relationship. He put in words in people's mouths, but if there's a way to extend it, we wouldn't have an issue with that. So I'm just seeking the pleasure of the board on this contract. In the past, we have put it out to bid. Each time it comes up for renewal other than the additional years if we do it that way. I don't know if there's going to be any other service providers. What I would recommend is that we have a motion to put it out to bid. Let's put the Berrytown EMS services up for RP this year. I'll second that. I'm coming in contract. I'm coming in contract. I'll amend the motion. Any further discussion on this? What term are you looking for? I would think three years right out. If they want to take and give us any additional years after that at a separate, you can consider that when it comes up. It's pretty much what we had the last time. So it's again three years initial term with an option for one additional year or one or two. Because usually what they do is they just, however, how are they extrapolated out another additional two years. I think we think that Berlin's done it for the three years with the additional two simply because it gives us a chance to see what is happening as far as expenses are going. You don't know if there's a template for this RFP. Should be in Dana's office. Okay. Any other comments on this? Those in favor? Motion carries. I see Roberts not on the phone yet. I know he's traveling to try to get there. So Brandy Saxon is on the phone. Brandy, you're on the phone, correct? Yes, I am. Thank you. You're up, Randy. Okay. I was just going to give you updates on where we are with town center planning. We're still working through some of the background materials. With hopes and plans to still have that draft application ready to go towards the end of October. So we're moving through the elements and checking them off as we get there. We've made progress on the water and wastewater pieces. There are two components to this. One is getting notifications and sort of sign off from ANR for confirming that indeed you do have water and wastewater service and adequate capacities to serve development within the new town center. We've done those calculations and come up with an estimate for planning purposes of an additional 100,000 gallons per day of water and wastewater capacity and those are within your current unallocated reserves. So there's not any issues there in terms of not being able to have enough capacity to demonstrate that you could support the proposed development at the new town center. We've gotten a sign off on the water component. We're still working on the wastewater piece with the EC to get that form signed off on. There is an element that will be coming to you. There needs to be an ordinance done that will allocate wastewater capacity to the new town center. Based on that estimate of 100,000 gallons per day. That's about 30% of your current uncommitted reserves. My recommendation is that you would write this allocation up with a requirement that at least 30% of the uncommitted reserve be dedicated to the new town center. Another element that you could add to this that would help with the new town center application process and demonstrating meeting those state's rules would be to set aside an allocation for affordable housing as well, something like 10%, to show that you are making an effort to support and plan for affordable housing in the new town center. Those elements will eventually come to you. They could either be adopted as a standalone new ordinance, second ordinance for wastewater, or they could be incorporated into your current wastewater ordinance and you'd have to open that up and amend it. So whichever way is the simpler route forward, we can do that. It isn't a lot of additional material that needs to be added fairly like a page. It has to get put in place for that. So I'd like to add, Brady, that the Public Work Board, this was on their agenda last Monday. They reviewed this and their sense is that they would like a standalone ordinance in case the application is applied. There's not mudding of the waters of the regular wastewater ordinance and water ordinances that we have. So that's what their, theirs or others would be. And as you know, the Public Work Board has been working to, there's been a significant percentage of the $200,000 on a day allocation from the city of Montpelier has been allocated but not connected. And when we started this, there was about 110,000 gallons of that. We're down about 54,000 gallons. So we're making some progress in getting those gallons released back to the town, which again helps support the new town center. Anybody have questions for Brandy? Well, I guess the only question I have is why would we allocate so much of this so far in advance? Did you hear that question, Brandy? I think I heard the question, why do you need to allocate this so far in advance? Yeah. The requirement, one of the state requirements for the new town center program is to have an allocation. You wouldn't necessarily have to have 100% of what you anticipate is going to be needed for the new town center. But you need to be able to demonstrate that you can provide enough water and wastewater capacity to serve the proposed development over, you know, a reasonable planning period. So a 10 to 20 year time horizon, given that you've got a significant more wastewater, uncommitted reserve capacity than the 100,000 gallons. Like I said, that's about a third, a 30% of the current uncommitted reserve. It doesn't seem like that would be a major, you know, impinging on your ability to serve other other portions of the community to put that allocation there. And then you can adjust the allocation, you know, annually when you look at it in terms of what's available. And you would have the opportunity to make adjustments to the ordinance if you needed to. And this may be a better question for Tom. Tom, can't we just buy more allocation from Lima Bayer? We have a contract now for 600,000 gallons. We have an option to extend that contract for another 16 years. There are some benefits built into that contract for the town of Berlin. If we open up that contract, things can change. I guess my second question is, we have to pay for that allocation one way or the other, right? Or the rate payers still? For folks that are, once it's used, when the town didn't, when they negotiated this contract, didn't pay a lump sum, the City of Montpelier has been saying to me that likely in the future they're going to pay, you're going to have to pay for additional allocation. I guess my worry would be that the rate payers now will have to pay for that unallocated use for a decade or two decades. No. Okay. Good. The other question ahead is, with the wealth we have now, do we have capacity? The water is the limiting factor. I mean, that's the one of the two utilities that we have is what we have to... If the town saw a tremendous amount of growth, we would be looking for a fifth well. Again, that... As long as the man's there, it makes absolute sense. It absolutely makes sense, yeah. But we've only got now... Well, the way up now, it covers this request with no issues. Okay. Any other questions? Brandy, thank you. You can go. Okay, thank you. Have a good evening. Municipal planning grant, Carla? So, I'm just here to... There's a formal resolution for the Planning Commission to sign to or agree to submit the Municipal Planning Grant. It requires a $2,200 match for the $22,000 budget. So, you would essentially be committing to the 10% match. And this, again, is to do a municipal needs assessment. And I think it's a... It is tied to the town center application, but I think it's a good independent project, standalone project in itself, because I think it's a good time to start looking at the needs of the town and assessing what, you know, with the growth in the facilities and having the wastewater and all that. I think it's a good time to see what the needs are. There'll be a new town administrator at some point, and this might be a good time to just sit back and assess that. So, I think regardless of the town center application, it's a good project to apply for with minimal investment and with good return. So that would just... I signed it as the Planning Commission recommending it, and Tom has that, and it would just require that commitment by the... So, Mary-Paul, that this application has to be in to the state by end of the September. And requirement of the municipal support is one of the items of the application process. So, you'd be committing to approximately $2,200. Do we have that in budget? I don't know. Tom, that was not the right answer. I mean, the other thing to remember is the application can go in. We don't, you know, it's not except the funding if, you know, there's a problem. So, there's no harm in applying and then, you know, seeing what happens. We don't even know that we're going to get the grant, and if we do, we can always reassess at that time. Any other questions for Carol? So, I do have this letter of support. You guys saw a draft of it at last meeting. If you could make a motion to support this, and you as the board sign it, I would in the planning commission would appreciate it. You hear a motion? I make a motion to sign a letter of support for the municipal planning grant. Second. Any other discussion? Those in favor? Aye. Aye. Motion carries. Thank you, folks. Thank you, Carol. We're on. Good to see you all. Thank you. You too. Thank you. I still see Robertson on. Robertson on. So, I would like to talk to you about the Crosstown Road culverts. Okay. I put a, the assessment. We had a team come in and do an assessment of the two culverts up here on Crosstown Road. We're in good order. That's just some minor sentiment and material like that on the bottom of it. A little bit of where showing, but nothing that's critical. So, I would encourage the board to start looking at a capital budget. That includes those two culverts. Those two culverts, yes. They have no rotting on the bottom or anything like that. Nothing. Last and good news. That was good news. I think anything else on Crosstown culverts? Okay. Thank you, John. Still not Robert. I'm going to move to this that thing. I spoke to him today. He spoke to, you remember the one we left at the last meeting? We talked about the possibility of concreting the floor of that culvert. That was plan E, I think it was. So Robert has spoken to the regulatory agent about that plan. Jared has asked for some design on it. So where it was maybe a 10% possibility. Robert is thinking it's a 50% possibility today. We've also asked the state to allow us to go past October 15. They allow this. We want a positive vibe from that as well. The weather rolls. There's no water in the snitches. That's correct. So I don't have anything definitive for you today. I hope to have some further hopefully good news in the relatively near future on that culvert. The property buys you about 10 years. It's not like the solution that the sleeve was, but at least it allows to have some better planning and maybe some... Sunside before that. Correct. Can you make a notation on that so we don't forget that during the budget cycle? Okay. We're not going to win anyone this year, but I'm not thinking so much of the concrete part of it. No, I get it. Capital part of it. Okay, anything else on Fisher Road? No. Okay. Draft town administrative search committee. It sets you folks around in an effort to move this hiring process of town administrator along. It's purely a draft, good, bad, and different. Let me know what you think. It spells out a way to move forward on the selection. And you could see who I populated with already. Chairman and Justin as two select board members. And I said one from the five standing committees that we have, and one from that same group and then a fifth one to be determined. Five member hiring committee that thinks manageable. But again, I'll take your lead on this and I would like to encourage the board to move forward on this hiring. Number five to be determined. Have you talked to Rosemary? I have not. If you see, I added her to the second committee down there. I know she would have an interest in serving. Yes, okay. You can approach her. Have you got any names from the item three and four? Conservation, DRV, Fire Planning, and Public Works. I've spoken to DRV, Public Works, Planning, and Conservation. I've not talked to anybody from the fire. I can talk to Chief and I'm either signed on that and see if he would or has a recommendation for that. I haven't asked the folks from those four committees. I said this is the process I'm thinking of anybody to be interested in serving. I haven't got any names back. Does the board feel like for the town administrative position we should all just be on the hiring committee from the start? Well, I don't think we all need to be there to thin out the hurry. We need to get down to the final two though. Two or three, I would think three. In the past, I've done this before and what has happened is we have one person that we really love. They don't accept the dollar amount, they don't want to relocate, whatever. We get the second person and then half the board, they didn't help or it wasn't part of the process, gets pissed about a year down the road when no one likes the current person. Hypothetically, I'm not having managers and just talking about some positions in general. Just trying to think of how do we get buy-ins from everyone that this is going to be a long-standing position, hopefully, for the town as an administrator. Can we bring in, I don't want to make the committee too big, but it's always good to have some community involvement too. If you guys meet as a board, it's a public meeting, so you would have to go into executive services. So you'd have to be warned that way, but that's the only stumbling block. I'm certainly not looking for more me-ins. I'm just, you know, a past experience of just... Would you be more comfortable with your replacement? No, it's certainly not about me. If everyone feels comfortable with two people and narrowing it down to two or three people, then I'm good. I just wanted to highlight it as something that... Well, I mean, even with, well, the thing of it is, with two people on the bus board, at least it's not a quorum, and there's not going to be a, quote, select board favorite, you know, because it's only two members and the other three members, hopefully, will be able to do some critical thinking. What are you thinking? There should be more feel-up. Other opinions from outside perspectives off today is what I heard you say. I mean, for me, the town administrator, it's all about, he's got to be able, or he or she hasn't got to be able to work with the town, the town up here in the office, and they've got to be able to work with the public. What about Diane? Have you thought about putting her on there? He's in the second committee. Number four. Okay, very well. I think if we narrow it down to three, I'd feel a little better. And if we're going to keep it up just to select board members, if we're going to down to three... I agree.  Yeah. It's the first two, for some reason, don't come through for you. So when you say we narrow down to three, that entire step forward? Just the hiring committee. The hiring committee, yeah. Then the sub board will hire out of the three. Okay, yeah. That makes sense. Anything else on this, Tom? Do you have the TBD? The 2B Determined? You mentioned Rosemary. I know she'd like that. She could be on that. Yeah, I actually no problem with that. So nothing else on that, Tom? No, I'll clean it up. And are you guys okay with the rest of the schedule where this can no longer be a draft that this is our working document? Yep. Alright. Any comments on that? Okay. There are volume buttons on that speaker there. It's all the way up. It's probably the muffle of our masks. Yeah. Okay, that must be the problem. Okay. We're about to Department of Public Safety, State Police Barracks, you location, Tom? You all received emails or emails from the Department of Public Safety. I'm going to let you know that they are going to pursue moving the middle sex state police barracks to their pain termite north campus with an anticipated completion of December of 2021. I've reached out to their building managers and talked water and wastewater allocation with them. They believe 25 headcount will be in that building. And for those who aren't, don't really know where that's at. It's on pain termite north, nearly directly across from Richardson Road there. So I'm just letting you, if you didn't see this in your inbox and just let you know that it's there. They're going to be coming out. I've suggested as soon as possible that they come in and present to the slack board on what their thought process is, their design and stuff. So you'll be seeing them coming into you for their initial review. Are they going to change you outside of the building at all or just be inside? My sense is that there's a likelihood they want to keep the building itself. But they, I believe they will change the exterior and I know they're going to change the interior. I followed up with Commissioner Shirley about about the relocation and he was he was excited about it. You think it's a good opportunity for Berlin, which I agree. I think, you know, having that much more public safety in our neighbor is a good thing. And, you know, I think over time we'll see that expand that office into more of what the other barracks look like. But for right now, there's a bigger capital improvement plan around the buildings that the state owns and lease base. And this was one of the many moves that's going on. But I think this is very positive for Berlin. It gets them out of falling down building in middle sex. I agree with you, John. It's a win-win, I think, for both of us. Anything else on this? Uh, Police Chief Recruitment Interview Schedule? Uh, so the Police Chief hiring committee is, uh, have scheduled three sessions of interviews with two interviewees each beginning September 22nd, continuing September 24th, and the last one will be September 29th. They really haven't discussed on additional interviews with candidates, second interviews with candidates, but that'll likely occur in early October. The plan is to get it vetted down to two or three candidates by October 15th. So that's, I think we're well on track of getting that done. The committee has been very active and, and, uh, and, uh, again, we're meeting, uh, we'll meet tomorrow with the first two candidates virtually to start those interviews. And, uh, Berlin Police Force training course? So, I met with, um, Sergeant Bessette, uh, last week, um, and sent around, uh, some communications and, um, this was one of the things that came up and we talked a lot about training and training plans, and you can see here he outlined it for all of us, but this is something that, uh, while not required, it's certainly a good, good training for, for this officer to go to being real. Um, I have a number of personnel related things that I'd like to bring up in executive session if we have one. Um, as the liaison to the police department, I listened to, you know, kind of what, what he had to say and what some of his, his offices are feeling, and I just want to make sure the whole board is aware of some of the personnel things that happened. Okay, um, the, um, stormwater treatment? You may recall that, uh, last meeting of the open bed, we were over punching, um, for the... Sorry. Do we need to make a motion to allow him to go to that training or... You can come out of it, I guess, session and do it. Oh. Okay. I just wasn't sure if we did it now or... I don't care why, I just wanted to be able to give him an answer. Yeah, right. If you're, if you're, I think you should do it now then. Yeah. There a, uh, motion to allow the, uh, officers to go to police training? Some move at a cost of $575, I believe it was. Second. Okay. Any further discussion on that? Uh, those in favor? Aye. Aye. Those opposed? Motion carries. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you. Uh, sit here here. The stormwater, uh, we opened bids and, um, we did not have enough grant money. The folks from, uh, Central Ontario Regional Planning Commission went back to the funders and, um, they believe they have got the funders to agree to, uh, to the difference in the grants amount versus the cost to do the project in 2021. I'm talking about, I'm talking about $12,000 extra that we needed. Um, uh, they, the Central Ontario Planning Commission does not have a definitive, uh, device contract yet. I saw it draft today. I believe it's going to occur. So, um, I, uh, in the near future, but I'm suggesting that we table this award bid until we have a definitive contract from Central Ontario Planning Commission stating that they have obtained the additional grant money. The grant that is now we have gotten, when does that go away? At the end of 2021. So we have to use it or we have to take it and accept it by 2021? We've already accepted the, uh, $51,000. Yeah, but not the $12,000 there. We have to use it by the end of 2021. Okay. And that's why we, that's why we bid it with two construction seasons, 2020 and 2021. Uh, emotion to table this to, when you want to take and have it, uh, you said emotion to table to, I think you're next meeting. I don't think we need to have a special meeting to do it. Okay. Because the work's not going to get done until 2021. But you're looking for the answer for the $12,000. I'm looking for the answer for the $12,000. We'll have it, we'll have it by the, I do. Okay. Move the table to town campus, storm water treatment, until we hear back on the additional $12,000 shortage. Second that. Any further discussion? Those in favor? All right. Those opposed, motion carries. Uh, draft transitional return to work program. So we've been talking about this for a couple of meetings now. Um, the, the, the town in, in, in either it's, uh, non-union, hourly employees, um, uh, handbook and the, uh, the union collective bargaining agreement have language, uh, that if somebody is injured at work, how do they, how do they come back to work? Uh, that's often times it's, on light duties to transition from, from being away, um, on full disability, the light duty to them. And so it's, we, I said this to you at the last meeting, you guys, um, wanted to take another, have a, have some time to look at it. I apologize for getting, I think I sent it to you Thursday or Friday. Um, so you didn't have a great, great amount of time. But these are the templates for this, came from the Vermont League of City and Towns. Um, so if, uh, you, you don't have to act today. Um, uh, but I, I do believe that, um, that both, this should be added to the non-unionized employee handbook. Um, and then as, uh, I know the, the collective bargaining agreement is coming due soon. And that, um, the discussion of, of this should be, uh, incorporated in that contract as well. Um, so, but I'm not a fan of, uh, taking the can down the road. So I don't want to show, have this shown on every agenda. Um, so, um, I make a motion to, uh, accept the transitional return to work program policy. And I second the motion. Any further discussion on this? So there's actually two documents here. There's the policy and then there's the agreement. So I would ask that you amend your, your motion to include some of the agreement as well. And I second that as amended. Any other discussion on this? All those in favor? Aye. Those opposed? Motion carries. Thank you. Local government expense reimbursement period. It's a funny one. So you may recall that, that, uh, Berlin was, uh, potentially eligible for 70, approximately $70,000 of reimbursable COVID expenses. Uh, they, the state, um, had a, had a grant application go out. We submitted the grant application in a timely manner. They were to make a decision by September 15th. Um, on the 14th of September, they said they weren't going to make a decision until the 18th. Uh, they haven't made a decision yet. Um, so, uh, I'm believing that it's going to occur. And John has volunteered at the last meeting, um, uh, to, to help vet projects. As you may recall, this money has to be spent by the end of 2020. So that there's not a lot of time here to do these things. Um, so, uh, uh, what I'm, we've, I've talked to fire, highway police and, the town staff here, we've got a laundry list of projects. I'm going to put those together and just send them to John and with some dollars and, um, and we're going to try to, try to prioritize some items. So, um, and, uh, this talks to some contractors about, about the possibility of doing some of this work. So, um, I'm sort of disappointed that they, they haven't come yet, but. So, I hope that once I, once I get a definitive thumbs up, thumbs down, I'll share with you all. We're hoping for the thumbs up. And, um, how much was each town allowed? It was based on your tax resolution.  Anything else on this? No, wish I had better news for you today. Okay. Thank you, Tom. Uh, Vermont. A B trans bridge project. So, uh, the bridge, a bridge on route 302 that crosses, um, uh, I forgot the name of that. It crosses the brook down there. That's by, um, uh, the campus, uh, the computer barn there and rubber bubbles that, that bridge. So they haven't, they haven't scheduled for, uh, uh, major repair. And they are asking if the select board would like to, to weigh in on the project. So, I invited them to come to this meeting and, and present. Um, and then the response I got back from, from, um, agency transportation was, they're not allowed to come to live meetings. And so they suggested a Zoom meeting with the select board. And so I don't know if that's necessarily practical either because, you know, I think you, if you do that, you do it outside of this meeting, because I don't think you can have a Zoom meeting with that. Um, um, but I, I can share with you the link to their, um, planning page is, I've got 30 different documents in there, what they're planning on doing to the, so you can review it. Um, and maybe after you've reviewed it, if you think that, that more, um, explanation is needed from VTRANS, you could, you could, um, call for a, a special meeting via Zoom. At one time, trying to think, at one time they came in and discussed the project with the select board. The, with that bridge, other than the, the sidewalks getting more rough and whatnot, the, the, um, the abutments were blocks. And the blocks had shifted. Now, are they going to repair that or are they going to take it, or did they say if they were going to repair or replace? I believe it's going to be repaired. I didn't dig into the weeds and all the 30 documents that were there. Um, but I believe it's going to be, because they've been talking to the Public Works Board as well because we have some, uh, sewer assets right there. And so, the Public Works Board has been involved in that as well. Okay. But I'll share the link. Yeah. And you, you all can look at it and let me know if you want to schedule a, a special Zoom meeting to have D-Trans present to you all on, on that. Well, I remember when they presented in here, they had quite a few, uh, pictures and a lot of paper. So, okay. Uh, let's see here. Let's try to think of something else about that. I can't remember. I don't believe that the, the steel underneath it was getting bad. I mean it was the above its themselves. Okay. Uh, Green Mountain Power, permission to place poles, wires, et cetera. I think that put this in your packet. Um, so, I've never seen one of these things. I don't know if it's, so they've got, they've asked, they're asking your permission to allow them to replace some poles and guide wires within, um, the town right away. This is usually we have a working in the right-of-way application. But I didn't know, just, this seemed like a pretty common document that Green Mountain Power uses. So, I know that the Select Board uses this document in lieu of you're working in the right-of-way document. So, I just got this here the other day, Thursday or Friday. Um, I always like to move pretty quickly on these things because construction season is ending and such. I am, I have no reason not to recommend allowing them to do it. I understand. I think where this is. Bartlett-Hell. What it looks like. Yes. So, it's coming, the pole would end at Bartlett-Hell and then it could come from the junction. From the junction, yeah. Yeah, from the junction toward Bartlett, yeah. So, that little house right there is, the doors. Didn't we just give a permit? First one on the left, heading up Bartlett-Hell. There has been one. We're going to get a permit for the work in the right-of-way, for a new driveway. Lucky. Lucky. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. There are 2 forms for this application, retake permission to allow matter of power to place poles, wires, et cetera in the town right away for the purposes of upgrading new lines, right? Yeah. Any other discussion? Those in favor? Aye. Aye. Oh. No opposed? So I've never seen one of these things I've spoken to Ashley Andrews from Central Regional Planning Commission on it. It's a pretty standard form. I'm really not asking you for any activity on it tonight into a new motion. She said they still are trying to get the final detail worked out. But it looks like Erlin would be eligible for $13,900 of grant money, of which then the town would have to match or cash or any kind of about $3,500. And it's for working and fixing roads that you may recall the Regional Planning Commission did an inventory of all of our roads. And some roads have a higher capacity for erosion. And so it's part of their program to clean up the Lake Champlain basin. And that the monies, if you agree to this grant, the monies have to be used to correct those problems. I just got the inventory of those roads here about a week ago and I shared those with Tim and Tim and Ashley and I are going to meet and just put some sort of prioritization on which one of those are. And then if you guys go with this, we'll give you what we think the priority road should be to do the repairs. So that would be like wrapping the... Could be ditching and hydro-seeding. It takes all different forms. It could be actually crowning the road, bringing the crown higher so water comes off. So you don't have water running down the road and so you chase it into the ditches. It's just a combination of...it could be track dams in your ditches. So basically what you would be looking at are the steeper roads. Correct. And those ones that have a really direct discharge to some stream, some body water. You could have a steep road that dumps onto a meadow, but that's not as... Like we're on a hill road. Right down into the Yaw River. So I don't need action today, but I'm just letting you aware that this is coming down the pipe. I spoke to Ashley... She's a pride air today, I don't know. So I really think that they'll be done with their work for the next meeting. And I asked her if she would like to attend the meeting. And I'll ask you guys if you guys would like her to attend. She said she could be available to attend. There's a lot of requests for that, so I think she's pretty excited about that. The...when is the grant after you got it? I think it's...this is what I think, not what I know, I think it's 2014. So if you want to take an ever come next meeting. I can, yeah. Any other thoughts on this? Okay, approvals, like board minutes, August 17th, 2020, August 25th. I'm not seeing the 25th minutes here for some reason. Did I put them in? In that statement? They missed it. I think they're pretty short-winded on both pages. Are we always the regular ones where all the board members present at that meeting? No. Do we have it? It's like board members on the call. Right now. Other members support that. They just make that adjustment like we did last time. That's what I was wondering about the 25th. You want a copy of it? Um, you do have to approve it. I have a digital copy here. I think I said it in your pageant, yeah. You did electronically, yeah, I just didn't have a copy. I don't have it either. I do remember reading it at home in the packet that you sent us, but it's not here with what we have tonight. We'll wait for Tom to get up. A motion to approve the August 17th. I make a motion to approve the Monday, August 17th, 2020 minutes with just the update in terms of who was and was not present for that meeting. It says here what. Angelina was in here. Second. Yep. Any further discussion on this? Yeah. I'm here on vacation accrual. Which is page three. Pulling out impacted by the false changes to COVID or Bedowski, Isabelle and TJ Bedowski. Oh, TK. All right. So yeah, I think it's important that we say who's here. Yeah. The same on the 27th. Yeah. So on the 17th, on the 17th who was here? 17th on the 25th. Angelina was still out on vacation. Yeah. Anybody else was here? Yeah. Based on the discussion, I make the approval of the select board minutes for August 17th, 2020 with the change to Tom Bedowski's name on page three and also notation of who and who. No, I was just looking at it. Oh, so you don't want to see that change made? Okay. So we'll leave it with the other as we passed it then. Here. Second on that? Second. All those in favor? Aye. All right. We'll close with Terry's. One abstention. I make the motion to approve the select board minutes of August 25th, 2020. With the same change? With the same change. Is that your bet? I thought you were going to share it. Any further discussion on the minutes for, so I don't have to watch the work or what are the changes. Just to go with the pending? Yeah. Yeah. I made the motion to approve because I had read them from home. All those in favor? Aye. Aye. Motion carries. One abstention. Executive session? Yes, we do. I'd like to see the financials before I vote on it. So we'll go into executive session. We have a motion. Do we want to do round table and stuff like that? We'll do that afterward. Is there a vote coming up on this after round table? Not what I'm dealing with. No, I don't think so. What's an update? Then we can do round table. Justin? So I'd like, the fire department has an urgent committee. I don't know if I brought that up. So there, there. We'll get that. There you go. A couple of people from the fire department. Jerry D and Matisse and they're looking at the pros and cons of being potentially a volunteer municipal fire department. And so I think that the board should have some discussion at some point about that, what it would want to put it on the, get a sense of what the community feels, if they care at all, what they get, you know, if they need that to some level. Justin, who's on the merger committee? That's myself. Keith, Nick Rabachek. Those are fire department people. Both of them. Nate. Keith. Ryan Barr. Who's a relative of my work from the other time. I'm not an able to be a year older than my son, so he's a younger guy. And Jerry D Matisse. And so we're just, that's just, we're developing the pros and the cons because they're a separate corporation, they're not a municipal corporation, they're a municipality, municipal organization. Ultimately it has to go to the corporate, like there's two different boards there, so they'd have to probably own on it because they have a set of bottle houses. I think there's a lot to it, but I believe it might be, it's worth we should look at it and see if it's something that we want to look at, but see if it makes sense for us. Well, there's going to be some cost savings there. I would imagine so. I would imagine it would, I feel like a lot of things are siloed right now. Very much so. It's hard to, you know, communication. I don't know, I don't know what they'll think. You know what they'll come up with over there, but I wouldn't want, if we didn't, I mean, I don't mind having a conversation about it, but I wouldn't want to be on the pros and cons with municipal standpoint, so it's a lot of, you know, that one over there. I just didn't know if we should maybe put it, I don't know if it would come to a, I don't know if you can have it as a non-action item at town meeting somewhere. Well, I mean, it wouldn't hurt to take, have the discussion at town meeting. How soon were they thinking this could possibly, Their goal is to have this pros and cons and their determination whether or not it would be beneficial and time for us to put it in the town report for this coming town meeting. That one would be quick. That's the plan is to have it ready for this town meeting. Okay. Now they said, when you say it's ready for this town meeting, do you need to take and be absorbed by the town or just a discussion about it? We don't know if they're going to want to be absorbed by the town at this point. They don't know if, I mean, not absorbed, but partner with the town. So we don't know if partnering with the town is what they're going to want to do, if they're going to deem that it's better for the department or worse for the department, but what I've gotten from the fire department is commitment regardless of the results to give us, let us know what their thoughts are so that we can publish it in the town report. Okay. So, I mean, I think it's something. You've got to keep on the radar and the other one. Anything else around here? I don't know if this time I had something else, but I kind of made it up to you. No. Hello? No, thank you. John? I'm just wondering if anyone has an update on whether or not we've watered Black Road. You started today. Oh, did we? Okay. Okay. Good. That was your own question I had tonight. Yep. Let's see here. I have nothing, so a motion to enter into executive section. So moved. For legal or personnel? Legal. First of all, I have a contract. Ooh. Try factor. My second motion. All those in favor? Aye. Those in favor? Aye. Those in favor? Aye. Those in favor? Aye. Aye.