Hi, welcome to my talk about tight security for key out-and-in cyphers with coordinated subkeys. I'm Xu Huzhang, and this is joint work with Stefan of Tessaro. A T-round key out-and-in cypher construction is built on T-public permutations, Pi1 to PiT, and consists of T plus 1 unbiased subkeys, S0 to SD. The KAC has received considerable tensions because it captures the design of substitution permutation network, with the most prominent candidate being AES. Previously, the theoretical analysis of key out-and-in cypher were on the two independence assumptions, that is, the subkeys S0 to SD are independent and sampled uniformly at random. And round permutations Pi1 to PiT are also independent and sampled uniformly at random. After the line of work studying KAC, it was proven that under the two independence assumptions, KAC achieves the optimal security, tolerating any other theory that makes at most 2 to the nT over T plus 1 queries, counting both the queries to the cypher construction and the queries to the public permutations Pi1 to PiT. However, the independence assumption is not necessarily realistic in practical cypher constructions. In particular, practical cypher generate all subkeys for a short master key, and they use a single permutation for every round instead of independent permutations. Currently, the KAC security without independence assumptions still remains not well understood. There is still a large gap between the theoretical study of KAC and practical cypher constructions. Bridging the gap turns out to be not easy. Since the last decade, limited progress has been made towards removing independence assumptions while maintaining the optimal security. The first result was by document at all, where they considered minimizing even master cypher, which is a one round case for KAC. They reduced the master key length from two embed to embed. Later, Chen at all successfully minimized two round KAC in both the key length and the number of permutations used. Then, until very recently, a three round case has been addressed by all at all. They reduced the number of permutations used by three round KAC to a single permutation. On the assumption that all subkeys are independent and uniform. However, for any round larger than three, nothing was understood in terms of either reducing the master key length or the number of permutations. The practical cypress have large rounds. For example, AES has at least 10 rounds and present as up to 31 rounds. In this work, we focus on the key schedules. In particular, we make the first step towards reducing the master key length and understanding the security of KAC with coordinated subkeys for large rounds. On the assumption that the permutations are independent. We focus on studying linear key schedules over field F2 to N. Our first result provides a T-MAS one-wise key schedule that saves two embed master key for arbitrary round T. We also move one step further by showing a T-MAS two-wise key schedule that saves three embed master key for the KACs having at least eight rounds while maintaining optimal security. To prove the results, we propose generalizations over the sum capture theorem by Chen et al. We also improve the subkey dependency in the good transcript analysis by Huang and Tessaro from T-wise to T-MAS two-wise. In the rest of the talk, I will first describe the classical KAC analysis framework. The framework is based on transcript analysis. Where we have the transcripts, we call the behavior of the adolescent. And we partition all the transcripts into either bad transcripts or good transcripts. We will primarily focus on the bad transcript analysis. Where we first revisit how the sum capture quantity is used for bad transcript in two-round case by Chen et al. Then we propose to generalize some capture quantities with either one or two constraints and present their upper bounds. For the good transcript analysis, due to the time limit, I will only provide the NEMA statement. To model security of KAC, we consider another theory that tries to distinguish two worlds. In the real world, the other theory has access to the public random permutations i1 to pi t and the KAC construction, which is built on the permutations. In the ideal world, the other theory can access the public permutations and additionally a random permutation p, which is independent from all the permutations. In both worlds, the other theory can query any permutations in both forward and backward directions. The security of KAC against the other theory A is defined as the advantage of the other theory, distinguishing these two worlds. To prove an indistinguishability result, we follow the framework used in previous works and operate on the transcript level. Given other theory A that interacts in either the real world or the ideal world, we connect all the queries submitted to the site construction or the independent random permutation into a set QE. And we connect all the queries to the public random permutations pi i into a set QI. Then, we put the query record sets QE, Q1 to QT and the randomly sampled master key together as a transcript tau generated by A during the interaction. After defining the transcripts, the classical approach is to partition them into bad transcripts and good transcripts. For the part of bad transcript analysis, our goal is to upper bound the probability of random transcripts x ideal being bad, where x ideal is generated from the other theory A when interacting in the ideal world. For the good transcript, we follow the expectation method opposed by one and two several to pick a function G that is defined over all transcripts. We need G to satisfy two requirements. First, G must be non-negative. Second, for any good transcript tau, the quantity one minus G tau should provide a lower bound for the ratio of the probability for obtaining tau in the real world to the probability of obtaining tau in the ideal world. Having G satisfied the above two requirements, we further want to pick a good G that gives an optimal overbound on the expectation of G x ideal. The final bound of near-advantage directly follows from some in the two upper bounds together. Here, we also use the bad transcript definition from previous works. For any transcript tau, we can represent it into a layered graph that resembles the construction of KAC. For neighboring layers inside the public permutations pi, the vertices are connected by edges determined by the Queer reach record set QI. And the edges between permutations represent the generated sub-keys. Now, we move to identify the set of transcripts that is very easy to distinguish between the real world and the ideal world. Here, we look at a pair of vertices x, y in QE, which corresponds to a recorded query from the other theory to a cyber construction. The goal is to check whether the pair of cyberquery x, y is consistent to the underlying permutation queries and the generated sub-keys. We start at the cyber input vertex x and move to the rightmost reach for layer from x, giving us a path. From the corresponding cyber output vertex y, we also obtain a path by moving to y's leftmost reach for layer. If it happens that the index of the rightmost reach for layer from x is no less than the index of the leftmost reach for layer from y for some pair of x, y in QE, then such transcript is easy to distinguish between real and the ideal. Because in the real world, the two paths of x and y must connect to be a chain. While in the ideal world, with high probability, the two paths are disjoint. Implanting a cyberquery is inconsistent to non-deny permutation queries and the generated sub-keys. Hence, we call such transcript as a bad transcript. Given we have defined what a bad transcript is, we move to review how to derive the probability of a bound of obtaining a bad transcript in the ideal world on the independent sub-key assumption. For T-round KAC, we can categorize chains into two plus one types, with each type determined by the layer index of the rightmost reach for vertex from x. The solid black arrow denotes that the corresponding sub-key connects the two queried input output tubal between two public permutations on the cypher construction. While the dotted red arrow denotes the position where the path may fail to connect. You fix a pair of x, y from the cypher query set QE as starts from x to go rightward and y to go leftward. Each time we sample sub-key edge. It has probability at most q over 2 to the n to hit at a queried tubal, the next permutation. In this case, we have T sub-keys edges to go, and we ended up to have the probability being q over q to the n to the power of t. Taking a union bound over all pairs of x, y, we obtain the upper bound of q to the t plus one over 2 to the nt, which matches optimal concrete security of KAC. However, such analysis can be performed only in the case when the sub-keys are at least T-wise independent and uniform. So we need techniques to go beyond this barrier. The first step that go beyond the T-wise independence barrier was proposed by Chen at all when I studied the two round KAC. Here we look at the two round KAC construction, built over two independent random permutations. With all three sub-keys being identical to the n-bit master key. In two round KAC, there are three types of chains for a batch transcript. Here we focus on third type, where the cyber query input x can reach to the output point v2 of a second permutation. We are going through the edges. We want to count how many master key k can lead to such type of batch chain. In particular, you have fixed the query records Qe, Q1, Q2. In this case, we say a master key k is bad if a generous sub-keys that connects some query cyber input x to some query input output pair u1 v1 of permutation pi1, then to some u2 v2 of permutation pi2. Given all sub-keys being identical to master key k, the condition implies that x xo u1 equals v1 xo u2. However, it is unwieldy to directly count the number of batch keys. Instead, Chen at all considered the quantity mu that counts all two posts satisfying x xo u1 equals v1 xo u2. Here, mu x as an upper bound over the number of batch keys, since all batch keys should have the corresponding two posts satisfy the equality. And this equality is exactly the capture sum of the two posts. In quantity mu, we have up to two cube two posts. However, given the capture sum constraint, what we would expect is that roughly one over two to the n fraction of the two posts satisfy the equality. And if this is true, then it implies that the probability of getting batch transcripts should match an optimal security upper bound for two round KAC. So our first result can be considered as a direct generalization of the result by Chen at all. Here we consider T minus one wise key schedule, where the master key can be interpreted as a vector which consists of T minus one field elements, if F2 to the n. The key schedule algorithm is to directly apply a metric say to a master key vector and obtain the sub-keys, which can also be viewed as a vector of T plus one field elements in F2 to the n. The requirement that we impose on the metric say is that it must give T minus one wise independent and uniform sub-keys. Or in other words, and T minus one rows of metric say form a sub-metrics of rank T minus one. To perform the batch transcript analysis for T minus one wise linear key schedule, we can similarly define a sum capture quantity that counts the two posts that have key sub-keys involved. Here the sum capture quantity contains query records for T minus one permutations and two additional sets, with all of them having size Q. The quality constraint involves all the involved T sub-keys with these coefficients CIs determined by key schedule matrix A. It essentially says that any subset of T minus one sub-keys uniquely fix the remaining one sub-keys. For the defined sum capture quantity, we show that if the vector of coefficient C comes from the T minus one wise linear key schedule, then for moderately large Q, with high probability, we have the quantity upper bounded by Q to the T plus one over 2 to the n. Which implies an optimal upper bound for obtaining a batch transcript in ideal world. And the number is proved by Fourier analysis. Our second result studies the T minus two wise key schedule, where the master key has been shortened to T minus two times n bit. The key schedule matrix A now has one fewer column. And now we require A to give T minus two wise independent and uniform sub-keys. We still have some capture quantity that gets deep sub-keys involved. However, now we have two equality constraints. Both constraints are again determined by the key schedule matrix A. Essentially, the constraints are saying that any subset of T minus two sub-keys uniquely fix the remaining two sub-keys. However, the proof of the two constraints sum capture quantity turns out to be much more involved. And we were able to prove only a sub-optimum bound represented by two terms. Using the sum capture quantity bound, we can derive an upper bound for the probability of obtaining a batch transcript in ideal world. We can observe that term one over base gives optimal security for Q for any round T. However, term two is the bottleneck, and it applies optimal security only when the KAC has at least eight rounds. After performing the batch transcript analysis of the T minus one wise and T minus two wise key schedules, what is left now is a good transcript analysis. Here we directly state the number that applies to both key schedules. The number is very similar to what was stated by Juan and Cero. This optimal bound is still maintained. The only difference here is that the requirement for sub-key dependency has been weakened from T-wise to T minus two wise. Finally, by putting both analysis together, we conclude the optimal securities for both T minus one wise and T minus two wise key schedules. In conclusion, we studied the security of KAC on independent round permutations and correlated sub-keys. We showed that the T minus one wise key schedules can save two embeds in the master key, and the T minus two wise key schedules save three embeds when the round T is at least eight. However, there are still many open problems in starting KAC security with reduced independence. One problem that still remains open is to minimize a three round KAC. Since our T minus two wise key schedule tightness result does not apply to the case when T equals three. Another aspect is to see whether tightness result can be extended to beyond T minus two wise key schedule for not T. For more details, please check out our paper. And that's all for this talk. Thank you.


Okay, now we're going to get some lemons for my fried cod fillet and lemon water, of course. Long time no see, one week.  They gave me a discount now. They gave me a big discount. The more you use it, the cheaper it gets. Okay, I'll get some lamb, some lamb ribs here. Sacrificial lamb, meaty morsels. Now I have to get a side dish for this. Side dish of interest. What I'm going to do is, after this I'm going to get the rice noodles to make fun. I'm going to cover with cockles, the clams. I think for a side dish, I'm going to get crab soup. That's what I'm going to do. I'm going to get some crab soup. I mean, the big... So I think what I'm going to do is get some crab soup as a side dish. Okay, for the very finest and buffalo chicken wings to go. Yes, you can come in and buy it in bulk for your very next sporting event. You can come to Royal Hibachi Buffet, Route 46 West Satterbrook, New Jersey for your next sporting event. Buffalo chicken wings for the finest and buffalo chicken wings. You know what I'll do? I wasn't going to get the crab soup, but let me get some... I could get a sparrings, even though somebody messed up the tongs. But I'll go with spinach. Can't go wrong with cream spinach. There must be kale over there. Let me check it out. Could be kale or collard greens. Nutritional value. Nutritional density, kale. Let me check on the ice cream and see if any fatty or buckles messed it up. They messed it up a little bit. Not too bad. Not too bad. As you can see, it's a very colorful combination. Barbecue lamb ribs with kale and garbanzo beans. Also, it's known as chickpeas. Okay, finally the hard-boiled sushi comes out. Really, it comes out. Here's some unagi. It's kind of full. I'm just going to get a piece of unagi. Hello tail. I have no idea what's up. I'm not going to go crazy. My digestion. This is some wasabi. Wasabi for the dipping sauce. It's kimchi, but I'm not going to have any. Octopus is a little chewy. This is special unagi steel sauce. It goes on your unagi. I was going to get crab soup, but I couldn't resist. I couldn't resist the hardcore sushi because it looks so good. All right, I should do it. It's got very good baklava. It's not too sweet. It's good because they don't put too much sugar on it. Like some places do. Very mild. It's, of course, some form of cake. It's a mystery dessert. That is a good question. For the life of me, I am still wondering what the hell designer sauce is to pour over ice cream. I have no idea. I'm going to keep it simple. I'm just going to have to know. This has been Omega Lab 21 Produce.


Think tech away civil engagement lives here Well, okay, we're back with my goodness. It's Friday. It's Friday James. That's James McKay's with Emma resco He is an energy Energy solution partner. Yep with Emma resco, which is a national company national company somewhat 1,100 people involved about that now Yes, like all energy companies growing pretty quickly. It's a busy time in the world And your beat is here in Hawaii. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, I've been in Hawaii nearly seven years now. Yeah I'm the basically the business Development manager for the Hawaii region. Yeah, so I report up to the manager in the west coast out of Seattle So I'm a resco have been doing business in Hawaii for probably five or six years Kind of I think now we could we've we've the company have found out We made the mistake of trying to manage the business from the east coast out of Boston, which for a few reasons Hawaii You can't do that. Yeah, it's been a very painful learning lesson. So, yeah I'm more doing damage control than business development right now So my role is to kind of go back and look at the projects We've done sort of pick up the the open and items that I'm not really that satisfied nor the client Yeah, and just sort of get them fixed up in the most expedient way possible projects is Emma resco done in Hawaii So the biggest project we've had was with the state of Hawaii. It's the department of accounting and general services. So known as DAGs It's just opposite the road from the state capital So there their headquarters is obviously high profile and they're actually the landlord for all the most of the state building So, you know, you talk about the entities like Department of Health, which obviously is a critical service within the state That they're focusing on their own mission of what they should be doing and the the landlord tenant responsibilities is really under DAGs so they they own and operate the facilities on behalf of the state and Well, what Amarisco did as a an ESCO is the acronym an ESCO energy services company there are big companies that have it's a very powerful and potentially very both profitable and equitable Relationship between the client which in this case would be DAGs with the state and our company Which is kind of the general contractor for a big I call it like an energy umbrella So the energy solutions company competes in a deal which is called an energy solutions Contract and it's usually a performance contract. It's an energy solutions performance contractor ESPC It's a show of metrics in order to get paid Yeah, generally, you know like any contract the devil's in the details as you know as an attorney There's a lot of words in those contracts and a lot of words can change the impact of those So, yeah, it's a it's a it's a big sort of Expedient way to get a big project going faster than you might have done with a piecemeal project Because the key things are a couple things is performance base, which I think is critical And so the the client is actually not putting any money on the line That's just the key point so a lot of the the projects that we see in Hawaii To address what's called deferred maintenance So buildings that have a lot of infrastructure, but they just haven't been keeping up with things like air conditioning and you know You've got a unit that's there. It's working But it's definitely not working very inefficient technology is changing so quickly, especially with lights, you know solar PV that that That the technology in solar hasn't changed Expediently as much as LEDs and air conditioning and other pumps and motors and stuff But if you just have a widget you've bought 20 years ago, and you think it's working It's it's drawing a lot more energy than it should be in today's modern world and the way technology is changing So we sort of take the approach that that's under the label of deferred maintenance So it's maintenance that should have been done on that equipment Usually a lot earlier than when we were a viewer. So it's a whole bunch of things. Oh, yeah, yeah What's the what's the principal metric that We MRS go have helped DAGs by what? Reducing costs of operating the building. Yeah, it's using energy costs of operating the building reducing of kilowatt hours But obviously, you know when you look at something like even though we didn't do Lighting it in an LED technology. We just upgraded the fluorescent tubes is what I've sort of seen so far Things that when we address the energy side of it can also have Ancillary positive positive benefits on the operation side of it say for example LEDs that lasts a lot longer than other types of bulbs Especially like an in big warehouse where you're looking at getting a giant sort of crane up there to change out lights And when they fail a small studio, well, yeah This one you probably should be able to do this yourself pretty easily But you know, I consulted for a couple years at Marine Corps Base Hawaii and they've got big hangers there that yeah And there you know the guys are working on old lights that are failing and therefore the light quality in all the technologies The light quality decreases as the light ages and LED is usually like a binary works or it doesn't it doesn't usually Decrease a lot. So the problem you get in that kind of thing is where the facility guy is like, okay I don't have that much money this light still kind of works. It looks okay. We can put the money somewhere else We will just wait until it breaks. But meanwhile the mechanic that's working on a helicopter Can't really see what he's doing that they usually have to wear headlamps anyway But you know, it's not the ideal situation. So the the energy services procurement contract comes in and says all right You've got let's say, you know, UH Minora is a case study hate to kind of dig on them But they're upwards of over half a billion dollars with a B and deferred maintenance in just that one campus alone So, you know, we that was a headline not too long ago. Yeah, it's it's a big headline It's one that should be taken very seriously. I think and you know, that can really be related to transportation as well because that's the infrastructure that we could be upgrading could also rapidly Accelerate pun intended the clean energy transition of Hawaii's sort of You gotta be smart to do it You gotta be a risk taker. I'm a risk.   It's a joint shared energy savings plan, which is guaranteed by the measures that we install So we do a big order to the facilities. We address what's called an energy savings measure and energy conservation measure is usually the others Yeah, these in as energy, you know, it's full of acronyms, right? So energy conservation measure and ECM So there's a giant spreadsheet that sort of addresses. What do we have today? What should be there tomorrow the savings and then we work out how when we put up all the money to upgrade your facilities How do we get paid back?  You gotta be smart. You have to be able to look around the corner Are you managing these contracts or when you say developer? Are you are you Negotiating in the first place or are you managing them in the second place? It would be a bit of both I've only been there not even quite nine months yet. So I was in Originally moved to Hawaii for the solar energy industry and worked in a lot of Capacities so you had experience in solar and energy renewable energy before you even came Absolutely, I think I think that's really going in Australia. Okay. No, I moved from Arizona. Yeah, ironically the value of the Sun Accent James. Yeah, I know it's a little hard to understand. I understand but I thought they were gonna put subtitles up But I haven't Anyway, but yeah, no, I actually worked out worked for the first solar company in America It's a ee solar founded by a brilliant guy called David Katz. And so he started solar in the 70s he was actually the first person that bought a solar module to implement and Ironically where Hawaii is now was actually for the marijuana industry in Humboldt County because there were a lot of off-grid silties So yeah, the off-grid growing Places were driving up and down to get car batteries to power their little cabins in the hills to grow pot And David being a really really smart guy and he was a nuclear physicist and just didn't want to work for the Navy He wanted to do something useful with his life He thought, you know, that's not my Kuliana to travel the world and do that stuff So he left and he found his path just through the money in The sort of cash industry of growing marijuana and then created the first off-grid system to help Refuel these batteries because he was too lazy to go down and get new batteries in Humboldt County So but he's a very ethical guy. I learned a lot from him and most importantly I learned The most important thing about the solar industry is we shouldn't just be plowing on more modules in the generation You want to optimize your energy load? So you actually minimize your energy usage first and the best solar install is the smallest install for that site So the biggest mistake I've seen in Hawaii, which is quite a sad one is where a solar company comes in and just sees a giant roof And says oh wow, let's fill up this roof with solar modules go sign here and people like oh, that'd be great Sign it off and usually in the agreement that we have with the utility when we go to interconnect The customer doesn't get any benefit to the over generation So it's going back to the utilities grid and they're just going to sell your energy to your neighbor at their profit So you've made the investment. Yeah, if you bought it. Yeah, yeah So, you know, there's the solar companies that do it on a third-party agreement where it's a power purchase agreement We'll never do that because they know that they're not going to get the money back So, you know, it's a complicated industry But as you say key planning is critical and that's where we do it now Is that we've been doing kind of the bread and butter of the escrow world of facilities and upgrading things And so as Hawaii's said our ambitious goal for 2040 the 100% renewable We've now got a aligning transportation goal of trying to get clean renewable energy into the transportation sector Which is very ambitious as well. So we'll reel it back just one one thought about, you know The concept in general it sounds like this is a kind of aftermarket in other words The low-hanging fruit was the guy wants a coverage roof with solar. That's the low-hanging fruit He'll sign anything somebody gives him a spreadsheet, you know, and he'll buy it But the secondary aspect of that is We're gonna do a more refined analysis on you We're gonna cut this this baby more carefully. We're gonna look for efficiency. We're not gonna oversell you We're gonna we're gonna find out exactly what you need exactly will work best And then we're gonna put our brain cells on that yeah and give you a project that is really suited for you Absolutely instead of you know overselling you know, and I think it's an important point to make is that's where we are in the continuum Planning selling developing solar at least solar panels in the state. Yeah, absolutely Yeah, and that's kind of where I've been well suited for it now that when I you got it had it got harder to sell Solar systems so a lot of solar companies did struggle sort of it's starting about five years ago maybe and so the the commission structure that unfortunately the solar companies are on Incentivized that increase Bigger the better because highly good commission, you know, essentially by me selling solar the right way By look talking about their lights and their recognition and people are like I thought you were the solar guy I'm like no no this is important that it reduced my commission, which obviously my bosses weren't happy with but That's the right way to do it So this this evolution now has come to where you're looking at a facility It has to factor in everything and then bigger picture scale out from that one client or organization to Hawaii Yeah, we have to look at how how does where we're moving with all this clean? We're not gonna get to 100% until we start thinking like this absolutely And to your credit you do and the morisco does and that's where you are now that you know the big question And it's a hard one for me because I don't have an answer I do not know what your answer is going to be on this How do you take that kind of thinking and apply it to transportation not easy? How do you do? Yeah, it's it's a it is a challenge and I've just just found out it's unfortunately more of a challenge And I hoped it was going to be so this the city County of Honolulu now is now I think just about to end their first month-long trial of their first electric bus here Which was donated by a company or not donated it's on loan. Unfortunately, it would be great if they just gave it to us But you know their sort of seven eight hundred thousand dollars for one bus Which sounds like a lot But I think the guy who was there at the Oahu transportation service and said the average buses You know six six hundred grand anyway Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, exactly. So number two in DTS, right? Yeah, so it's great to see them moving that way but we have a lot more buses and The the thing is that people think you know, I'm going to go green on the consumer side residential You know, I'm gonna buy a Tesla that that's great. And they if you're just plugging into the grid Essentially, you're not guaranteed to be filling up from a renewable energy anyway You need to have that renewable energy supply So I'm I'm proud that the state's moving towards clean transportation But in my mind where the ideal solar system Generating power is where the load or where the demand is going to be so soon as I heard this I'm like, okay Well, if all the buses are just going to plug into a grid that is still owned and operated by HECO And they're not rapidly ramping out their renewable energy supply We've got a kind of look at a model where maybe we look at a giant solar canopy Where the buses are parked at night and where the buses are on their routes or routes Depends where you come from and you can you could have them plug in just even rapidly to charge while they're waiting And there's a couple benefits that the utility would get from that is that you know If in partnership they can also partner into this deal But also the buses are essentially like giant moving batteries and the batteries are good for Electrical issues on the grid like if there's spikes and oversupply of solar the solar energy instead of kind of being wasted Or in other islands are actually being run to ground that it's actually wasting that extra generation That could be used to instead of dump it to ground and waste it You know if the bus is parked for five minutes jump dump it into that battery from wherever you can find it Absolutely, so we've been in a longer vision. We've got all these moving batteries running around a wahoo. There's a bunch of solar Generations. Oh, yeah, so yeah mobile battery mobile battery. That's it. So it's called vehicle to grid So it's using the vehicle to charge the grid and vice versa And who makes these the same company as the bus? That's the Achilles Hill I've just kind of find out so I visit a visitor with Proterra who's out in Oakland and I've been talking to BYD So they're the big two companies Proterra is kind of like an American grown company BYD started in China They've set up shop in LA LA There's slightly different models So the one that the city counties just started with is the Proterra model BYD is coming in very shortly after for another month. So they're going to test them What I was hoping for was that they'd already had here's your business plan for putting in these giant parking structures Here's maybe the extra storage you need on those sites and here's the fast charges that you can rapidly charge all our buses and go in and out But they're focused on the bus themselves not that part of it yet When we come back from this break, I want to I want to tell you my my vision And then I like you to try to shoot it down. Love it. I'm sure you'll have a good time Great. That's James McKay. He always has a good time. We'll be right back after this break Thank you. Hello everyone. I'm disordo brown the co-host of human humane architecture Which is seen on think tech hawaii every other Tuesday at 4 p.m And with the show's host martin disbang we discuss architecture here in the Hawaiian islands and how it not only affects the way we live But other aspects of our life not only here in Hawaii, but internationally as well So join us for human humane architecture every other Tuesday at 4 p.m on think tech hawaii Aloha, I'm keely akina and I'm here every other week on Mondays at 2 o'clock p.m on think tech hawaii's Hawaii together In hawaii together we talk with some of the most fascinating people in the islands About working together working together for a better economy government and society So I invite you into our conversation every other monday at 2 p.m on think tech hawaii broadcast network Join us for hawaii together. I'm keely akina. Aloha Okay, we're back. We're alive. I told you we come back. We came back. I told you we did james mckay amoresco an energy solution partner and Trying to develop these efficiency concepts around renewable energy for all kinds of things in hawaii. Yep. So Let me let me offer you a model and you can tell me. I mean, I agree. We absolutely have to fix the bus system Buses are a great prospect buses can move lots of people Buses can take cars off off the highway not for everybody not for the, you know Small contractor who has to have his kit in his truck can't take him off the highway But for most people commuters, of course buses. We had a lot of buses. Everybody says we got a great bus system Okay, most of those buses except this one Temporary, you know, experimental electric bus are fossil fuel buses and they work fine.  Yeah, it's great It's not so good if you're a cyclist behind one. Yeah, well, that's that's another issue. Anyway, that's okay And then you know, so we got to kind of keep keep our eye on the air But let me let me give you my model. Okay Um, the ordinary bus costs a lot less than 750 thousand dollars, right? Which is the electric cost the electric bus and to read Reflee, uh, you know the bus system in oahu or anywhere else at 750 a pop is Going to cost a lot of money and there's a lot of resistance because hawaii is not in great shape financially You know, and there's all kinds of issues about financing that kind of expense if I need one I don't know what 500 buses. Yeah, it's gonna cost me a fortune billions. Yeah So how about getting getting getting real in terms of the existing asset using the existing asset And systems and mechanics and workshops, you know that you use to maintain it but getting more fossil fuel buses But loading the highway up with them loading the highway, you know, so if I live in mililani I'm not going to drive my car if I can get on a bus and the bus is free Now this happened on a big island a few years ago before billy kinoe There was a there was a bus system that went from helo to kona for free and if you worked in the hotels This is ideal. You don't have to drive your car spend the gas, you know clog up the highway For that matter take the risk of falling asleep at the wheel after a long shift in a hotel, right? so That was that was very successful. I loved it and it was it was beautiful It can do that. Of course, it's a financing issue also But if I bought 500 buses and I loaded the streets and the freeway up with these buses and I made them cheaper free I'd have everybody in the bus mostly inside from the small contractor I'd everybody in the bus everybody ride in the bus nobody driving congestion dramatically reduced and What what quality of life? You know what I have and I could get on a bus any minute and furthermore and this is where we get ethnic Furthermore, I could create a variable melbourne Remember melbourne. Yeah, yeah There recently The cdb the central business cbd central business district eight eight blocks by eight blocks Trams all the way through at grade level right for free and get anywhere you want the result is a place is bustling with business with restaurants and shops and offices It's unbelievable what happens when you make free transportation. We can follow that model all the cbd Central business district in in oahu it would be loaded with new business because there wouldn't be a parking issue Let's get on the tram or the bus as the case may be now grant you Okay, it's not renewable energy. Maybe you get efficient buses for a few bucks more It's not it's not the you know the dream of electric electric buses But in terms of the result you get reduction in in fossil fuel. I mean reduction in In congestion You get new business You get people having a quality of life where they can do their you know the cell phone activity while they're on the bus instead of being fun stuff You know not even able to make a call while they're driving And so you know everybody wins now. Maybe that's not phase two or three or four It's just phase one, but it goes somewhere Now the challenge I see for that is you got to you got to find the money to buy the buses And you got to find the money to make the buses cheap or free Maybe it's a step transaction kind of thing But in that direction in the space of five years or no more Or maybe a little more we would be able to change the way transportation works in oahu Absolutely, and get everybody on the bus and I would get on the bus myself and you probably would too It was free, you know, that's that's that's your idea. I guess it's not patented yet. You don't have to Yeah, no, I love the model. I think it's it's awesome And I actually didn't know about the big island one. So I'd like to learn more about that You know, I think it's interesting when you have a model like that Uh to look at why it doesn't exist anymore, obviously So that that's an important one. You know, obviously someone in the big island killed that program for a reason And to sort of go back to that. I think it must have been financial because it was free Everything is free as a target. It's like low hanging fruit Right, it's like let's get that for the general fund.  That you it that's where I think we have enough money on this planet to solve every problem that we have on this planet It's just how you apply that money and having the right people in power to move the money to where it needs to be So I think that's the first thing I'd go to. I'd love to learn more about that program I I love your idea. I actually was not at all a supporter of rail When it was launched and just the concept of just where it was and how it was going to work It just to me didn't seem to make sense for hawaii Uh, you know, it's it's it's too late now to sort of stop that. It's we're way indebted with that project But when in the initial hearings for that project, um, there was a guy who testified I think some model in brazil and their model was the extended buses dedicated lanes in the highways And that that's all you could do in that lane and it was a very I don't think it was free But it was very cheap extremely affordable, you know 10 cents a ride or something So I think that's a great model and actually also to go back to the whole renewable thing, you know I don't have much focus in my life in any sphere. So I'm kind of good at looking at opportunities and connecting dots So as soon as you said it's not renewable I'm just like, well, you know, it should and could be renewable. So we have a great local company here Pacific biodiesel, right? So why not have a mandate and help them Scale up and other other companies that can produce biofuels We've got a great energy or now elemental accelerated company terraviva That's growing crops that are going to be crushed for oil And now they've launched their partnership much more with kamehameha schools and using unused land And that's not a feedstock So they could be planning that in very compromised land that has, you know Toxic chemicals and pesticides where people don't want to grow kale and lettuce and whatever they could be growing Your bus biofuel. So there's no reason why this Should be a very good point that would not be hard to do. Absolutely. Well, it's not going to be easy to do But it's something we should be looking at. We have a system Yeah, we can do it biodiesel Actually, you know works and they're providing biofuels to the airport and to other state facilities And private interests and so you could you could do that and that could be like phase one one a And phase one b by the way might be that as you retire the fossil fuel buses You bring in more renewable type buses, whether it's biofuel buses Actually a fossil fuel and biofuels the same kind of bus really. Yeah, you can run Most diesel buses will run on biodiesel without much of a tweak and i'm definitely not an expert in that area Yeah, I think it's workable. It's not a big deal to convert them And so then you can start bringing in electric buses as the technology gets better as the price, you know Comes down and the important thing is you are you have already Achieved public acceptance of the bus as a way to commute There's a way to get around as a way to do the grid in the central business district So you you will have achieved a big change in conduct and then you can start spending the extra money I love the idea. I think it's a great idea and you know Any commuter now on the h1 is just looking around. Well, I know I do just one person one person one person one person I'm just like this is insane. Absolutely insane. You know, just even when I first moved to the states A long time ago flying over la just seeing all the cars sitting there just In traffic. It's just I just think wow how much oil is getting burnt now now and it's insane I think that every time I drive honestly, yeah, you know, like you say, it's a terrible quality of life Like when if if people did catch a bus, it's not just that you can do other stuff Like people are on their phones. Unfortunately. Anyway, when they drive bad news, it's terrible, right? So there's a health and safety thing. There's a quality of life. There's your whole attention span There's the stress level is like riding a bus if it's convenient and affordable is a huge improvement Not just to the environmental side of the state, but the the economics the whole This is something amorous go could get involved in Well, I've been told we'll never be the first into anything, but we hope to be the second if it's a good idea So yeah, it's a good line. I don't know if I made it up, but it's something like that So, you know, uh, we there's not there's an ownership model It's where we'll all design build own operate maintain. So it's de boom where you know something like Electric bus system would be a bit out of our purview right now But there's no reason why finding the right financing partners that have the same vision you know, we've got Mark from facebook because I can work he might love that idea and say hey, I just saw a show This is a great idea. I'd like to start this and as we go down the pike here in this country Not only in hawaii in this country We find that government is unable to raise the money to do the traditional infrastructure things can't raise the money And what do you do when you reach that problem? And you don't you don't strap everybody for the next 50 years what you do is you bring You know business in you bring private investment And you bring industry in to help solve the problem that's happening more and more You'll see it's happening with health care. It's happening with health right right right So this is this is really an insoluble problem and If you could connect up with with business and they might help fund it, you know, they find a way Amoresco could pencil it out. Couldn't it find a way to make it profitable? Exactly. Yeah. Yeah, and the key thing is, you know, I look at like say, you know, the uber wealth is I actually have reached out to mark second bird didn't quite connect But I'm still kind of working on that if anyone knows I'd appreciate the lead You know opera has land and Maui so these people that come to Hawaii for the reasons of just the sheer beauty and natural paradise that Hawaii is So I'm like, well, you know, they've got some vested Interest here instead of creating foundations that are giving money around the tour west of the rest of the world Why not build a feasible and really good business model in the state that they obviously love so much to come and invest here Like to me, it's just a no brainer. I wish I was a billionaire be a great billionaire, but Last question. Yeah, it's last question. It's the ghost of Christmas future. It's Charles Dickens. Okay I'm going to give you a world here in Hawaii where on this issue on, you know, congestion and public transportation And transportation in general ground transportation Where we do nothing We just turn our backs on it. We we kick the ramp the ramp the can perpetually down the road And we get all locked up in a failure of consensus or leadership. What happens to us then? I just like to know your thoughts Yeah, uh, that's an interesting question too. Because that to me that was also tied with the development We've got going on here like how appealing the development that's that's grown and that's going to kind of build up the south shore of oahu and um Yeah, it's not a lifestyle. I want to see uh, it's scary to me It personally it like having more cars and more people in less density and just sort of more sprawl I know we're going high-rise, but just you know, ultimately population is the biggest issue Just more people coming to an island even a giant island like australia continent You know at some point you have a carrying capacity. There's definitely a quality of life issue Which is kind of why i'm into the sustainability thing because I think Where we're heading as a species and a planet is a scary place. So I think we we can't Be a tall apathetic about where we are today and where we should be focusing on a positive positive vision tomorrow Because we're already seeing the impacts of where we could be if we don't take serious and rapid action. Yeah James mckay. I'm a resco an energy solutions partner also a thinker. Thank you so much. Thank you, jack. Appreciate the time


Thanks for being here. There's lots of action in New York. You can stand this moment. It's about from the United Nations, this big tour room that Michael Boogman used to take and Plaza, and in fact, I was coming from there. And I've just heard a lot of people talk about what we're addressing here. So it looks like a lot of important people are converging on this low-efficient solutions or their need to have a low-efficient society which is encouraging and aligning there at least more. Now, first of all, thanks for all the thanks for coming and again, thank you, Jeffrey, for being here with us. Let me address a few issues that are important, I think, for the purpose of this conference and in general for what happens in energy. We have, as we all know, a big transitioning energy industry that is very important to us, perhaps in many other issues. And there are big drivers of this change. One of them is the cohesive transformation that the digital world is bringing upon the sector. Not only directly because our customers are digitized and therefore their needs and the way they interact with us changes, but also directly because the industry, the technology and the performance of machines we use change a lot because of the sensors and the data that we are able to extract out of it, things we have, the plants we use. And then we have a second large force driving this change, which is the incredible promises that material science is bringing about. We experiment that in our daily life constantly. Things we own get better and better and better. Our glasses are thinner. The textiles which we wear are better, they perform better, they last longer, they are thinner, lighter, cheaper. There's a long improvement in all kinds of things. And this turns also in improvement in the performance of plants, of components more efficient, cheaper, better, longer lasting, that requires less maintenance, lesser parts, that's happening. And these two forces are really shaping a change that is today happening in our industry. Why are technologies like renewables now convenient and increasingly convenient because of these two drivers? And because this is happening, we in our opinion continue to happen in the next decade at least. Then we have this huge transformation of all the means of generating a visit that we have used so far. This is happening, if we continue to accelerate throughout this decade. And that's good news because it means that we can generate electricity cheaper. We connect these days with India with no emissions, and that's fantastic. But also in a more distributed and pervasive manner. So, less big things, many more small things. There is a second aspect that this change brings about also a relatively reduced profile of risk from an investor standpoint. The typical investment cycle is reduced. It's a three years maximum. That means you're not out with your investment for decades, or five years, or six years, or 70 years, before you start generating and making your money come back to you. Which beats the world much better. So, we have this in the power industry. Good news. But then we have also, because of these two forces that I described before, a second big change happening that electricity becomes more and more useful for different applications where so far electricity has not been considered useful.  It's bad because I want to show you that it's a mix at the end. Two, if you use fuels to generate electricity. Not two, if you don't, if you use something else. And therefore, now, just for that reason, and also because there are ways of heating that are much more efficient than we have when we were studying how to boil water to make tea. So there's a lot more things that happen now on technology that enable to use less electricity which generated with zero-mage cost forces like cream and soda. So, again, electricity is making ways in our society which we are not capable of. I'm not going to talk about electric cars. I'm not going to talk about these things because it will take a long time. But if you all know that this is coming, it's happening, and we all understand that the economy is going to bring electricity in different sectors more and more specifically. So that's good too because if we have a way to reduce emissions and eliminate them going forward using electricity, then we also eliminate additional emissions that today are not associated with electricity but are associated with transport, heating, and other parts of our economic activity. So all these things bring about a fantastic opportunity to reduce and eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. And I am very careful not to use the word decarbonise because I think semantics are important. Decarbonise is a limiting word because it only fixes our mind to that carbon thing. But there is a lot more than carbon in greenhouse gas emissions. And by the way, CO2 is a unit of measure and the others are limiters. So we're talking about methane like big times and other stuff. So why do we use the word decarbonise? Just because it's a simple way of pulling this, but be mindful, it is a limiting concept. We should use greenhouse gas in elimination not decarbonisation. That's it. I think we have because of the dynamics I have just explained this huge opportunity. But then we have also a second observation that we have started to understand during the past crisis. What has surfaced is a progressive but unstoppable deletion between GDP rules and energy consumption is mostly always in the area. This was it has been for ever since the beginning of times and historically when you have GDP growth you have energy consumption increase. To the point that energy consumption increase was used as a precursor for GDP signaling GDP future growth. That was as strong as it was as this link was. In most of the using countries happening in the last five years. And these have been somehow puzzling at the beginning. They are now being rationalised as some things finally we get it and it has to do with the pervasive presence of more efficient ways of doing the same things. Our refrigerators cool the same way, but more efficient and so forth and so forth. That is one escalation and part of the escalation. The other one is that the structural change in our economies in the OECD world has happened and we have less energy intensive activity whether we like or not. Now is this going to happen everywhere? If you look at emerging economies the signal is not that strong. So we still see GDP growth associated with energy in emerging economies. And we see a transition point in those economies that cross the $10,000 per capita GDP point. So as soon as a country crosses that line it goes into the capital moment. And if it goes to the capital, it is still growing energy demand as in the big world. We think this threshold will progressively move to the left. There is no reason that emerging economies should be by some kind of strange motive or explanation inherently efficient. They will be efficient as our economies sooner or later. And by the last period of the energy transition after 2017 which I encourage you to read the project at the capital of the world from this GDP energy that means that because of technology we will use less energy and fewer people's energy less. So this is something that will happen according to their study across the GDP from 30 to 30. So it's not that far away. Why am I saying this? It's because so the college can this thing happen earlier or later or even not happen it depends on the policies and the regulatory frameworks that we will impose on our societies. If we assume that for some strange reason we will start or continue in some places to subsidize or seduce which is a practice that is very very widespread. There is a lot of that if we assume that this will continue for even the first then this trend will slow. It will slow down and we will look at more emissions even if there will be economically not rational that subsidies sometimes are like this, not rational. So if you do that I think you will look at this horizon coming from far out and therefore more emissions being less in the environment for longer. If we don't play with that if we stop interfering with this information and possibly we just let the toxins of the market work then we will look at a threshold of crossing this long entity very quickly. And then if we do the other way around if we push for regulatory frameworks that these incentives will cause this would probably accelerate. That's the only thing we can do at this moment provided that I personally believe we cannot and no one can really think that we can influence the evolution of technology. I think that this is beyond our control already it is a force that keeps evolving itself in an organic manner and there is little we can go by. Okay? Think of this going in the right direction in this theme and other themes perhaps not if you look at genetics you start to worry whether the world is going to be a world or something else in the next decades but if you look at our sector, the energy sector and the electricity it's great to start with. We are in a fantastic moment. We can normally slow down this evolution if we are really stupid or we can try to accelerate and that's in our hands and that's why I think we should stop using the small world the urbanization which is getting in between our gases all together and then just look at time that's really an important between both of ourselves. I think I've finished this in minutes right now and I'm happy to see Professor Sax with us. So thank you very much for your attention and hope you have an interesting day going forward.


I want to talk about StormDriver one year later, and Michael Graph was originally supposed to present this, but he couldn't make it. I'm covering for him. My name is Gopir Ebala. I'm CTO of OpsimX, and before we get into what is StormDriver, basically what is the problem that we were trying to solve? We wanted to have some additional features into the CloudDriver. So we will talk about what those features that we wanted are and why is the current CloudDriver make it difficult to get those things, and the reason why we had to come build a new service for it. We'll talk about what the StormDriver design is, how we can deploy it, and then we will also see few other use cases with the StormDriver. So what are the features that we wanted? One of the primary ones is this account sharding. As we saw previous talks to you, when you have large number of accounts with CloudDriver, the resource utilization is quite high, and even if you do high availability, sorry, the scaling of the horizontal scaling of CloudDriver, each of these CloudDrivers still uses all the accounts, so you can't really reduce the footprint too much, but you can improve the performance through CPU sharing. So one of the things we wanted to do was address that. And the second one we wanted is also send service onboarding. In CloudDriver, the accounts are essentially in one file. The APIs that allow individuals to upload their own credentials is not there, and you have to build a layer on top. Typically, most of the people who address that by creating one more layer on top, having their own automation on the side with the Spinnaker that brings in these accounts. So we wanted to address that issue as well. We also saw some of the cases where because of the security, the target environments are not directly reachable by Spinnaker. So now you want to have a way of centrally having the process, but being able to deploy to those environments. And the same thing also works in SaaS environments. So we wanted to address that as well. And all of these features actually help you to do the multi-tenancy on the Spinnaker. So we'll see how that works. So just to give a recap on the CloudDriver, what the issues are. CloudDriver is essentially the Spinnaker service that connects to cloud providers and deploys as well as gets the state from the cloud providers. And it has this account model where it has the R back on top. So who can deploy to those accounts? Or who can view data from those accounts? A is specified on top of the accounts for these cloud drivers. It can scale horizontally. And the services that talk to CloudDriver essentially view it as one service. And the CloudDriver horizontal scaling number of instances are kind of hidden behind the service that behind the service and provides the services for that.  So now what it does is each of these CloudDriver instances can have their own accounts. So you can, let's say if you have 1000 accounts, you can have 300, 300, 400 accounts with these CloudDriver instances.  So the services like ArcGuard gate that are speaking to CloudDriver essentially talk to storm driver which caches the accounts from each of these instances and responds to them. It's designed to be fairly quick. The memory utilization for 1000s of accounts can be under 100 MB. And it's written in Go. We also wanted to keep the footprint really small and see how to get that efficiency in there. So we wrote that in Go. It basically connects to CloudDrivers because it's a scatter gather. When Orca wants to deploy, it knows which CloudDriver instance to go to deploy that. And if someone asks what CloudDriver accounts exist, it can give you accounts from all three of them together. So that's a fairly simple design. It works really well. But by itself, it doesn't allow it to do remote deployments and things like that. But so how do we configure storm driver? In Spinnaker YAML, you have the address for the CloudDriver that you reach to. So instead of CloudDriver, you specify storm driver and that's it. All the services will think storm driver as the CloudDriver. It connects to different instances, gets the data from it. So if you ask for slash credentials, it will get you the accounts from all the CloudDrivers and artifact credentials is a similar thing. It will get you the results from all the CloudDrivers. It also does the sanity checks and availability of these CloudDrivers. So it knows if someone is not responding, it can identify that and remove it from its list. So the architecture extension is essentially, if you want to connect to remote systems, if you want to have the self-service there, credentials management for these accounts, managed by individual groups, we needed a way for it to support that. So we came up with this controller agent model. You can think of this one as simply a tunnel. If there is a GRPC tunnel, controller runs on the Spinnaker side. The agents can be on the remote clusters. And so the agent would deploy in a Kubernetes environment in some other environment. It would connect back to the controller that creates a GRPC tunnel. At that point, any service on the Spinnaker side that want to connect to the remote simply goes through the controller and through the tunnel, it goes to the service on the other side. So you can have other Spinnaker services running remotely, for example, a CloudDriver. You can take the CloudDriver instance, run it remotely. We know that OrcaGate, for example, will connect to CloudDriver. They will go through the controller. At the same time, when the CloudDriver wants to deploy something, because it has the authorization that it needs to do, it needs to talk to Fiat. So this, because it's a tunnel, it can be like a service mesh, a single instance. It would say Fiat and it will go through the agent, go to the controller, and on the Spinnaker side, it can talk to Fiat and get the same response. So this agent controller model is, again, written in Go, very small footprint, a very fast startup times as well. So one of the advantages here is the discovery mechanism. So you can have multiple agents running in remote, multiple remote clusters. All of them can connect to the controller and each of these agents side, you can have a subset of the accounts or what the customer is using. And one other advantage here is that the CloudDriver running on the remote side, one instance could be running in AWS, one instance could be running in GCP. And so you can have this IAM integration for those CloudDriver instances there. So that way you can deploy to multiple clouds with their integrated identity connecting back to the Spinnaker. So basically the use cases we saw or you can deploy it in a SaaS configuration because the agent connects back into the Spinnaker. The Spinnaker doesn't need a direct access connecting to the remote system. So in a SaaS configuration, when you don't have direct connection to target environments, you can do that. And different IAM roles because you can run one instance in Google, one instance in Amazon and you use those integrated credentials to deploy to their secure environments. And the other advantage here is each of these groups that are onboarding their accounts, they don't need to share their target credentials with central Spinnaker. They can have it specified at the local agents. So this is a simple GRPC connection between the agent and the server. The agent connects to the controller. We use the public private key encryption for the environment. So the certificate rotation also can happen and entire traffic is TLS encrypted. So this is a full picture of how it works with the agent controller and storm driver. So storm driver acts as a cloud driver interface for any of the services at the Spinnaker sign. They connect to the storm driver. And on the agent side, if you have cloud driver accounts, multiple agents and each cloud driver can have its own N number of these accounts. They all, because of the tunnel, the storm driver quite is the remote agents for what the accounts exist on their cloud driver. The agent controller, because it's a tunnel and controller knows how many agents exist. So the discovery becomes fairly straightforward. Storm driver would just say, give me all the instances of remote cloud drivers you have. And it maintains a list of all the agents that are connected and what services exist at that agent. And it can discover all the cloud driver instances and accounts configured at each of these cloud driver instances. So now the discovery becomes fairly simple. And now you have a list of entire accounts and also with their R back, anyone who wants to deploy the Spinnaker R back with Fiat is still valid. So you see here the paths with different color coded pictures here that allows you to see how the communication paths are. So it's not just the cloud driver. You can see the Igor trying to talk to Jenkins. So if the Jenkins is on remote environment, which is not directly accessible, you can have the same mechanism working that Igor connects to controller. It goes to the agent Jenkins and get the responses back and Spinnaker will work as if it's all connected locally. And the reverse path also is the same. So if the cloud driver wants to talk to Fiat, it goes to the agent controller and goes to the Fiat. All right, so over the last one year we did deployments with this and what did we learn? It's a fairly easy to deploy remotely and because of the agent, it's very efficient. It doesn't take up much of the resources and scaling to large number of cloud drivers. It's a very efficient in terms of using memory and CPU. So typically we see that cloud driver memory goes up with the increased number of instances. Now with the sharding, we actually see the memory utilization go down by the same factor. So if you have 20 cloud drivers, we actually see it going down not exactly by 20, but more than 10, 15 is the thing that we have seen. And one of the problems is because now we have ability to install cloud driver remotely that creates some complexity in configuration of it. It's not single install, now you have to generate those packages to deploy remotely, which is straightforward, but if there is a problem there, then you start getting into trouble with troubleshooting. So we built logging back into the central server and ability to monitor it centrally so we know if there are issues with remote systems. So the troubleshooting and supporting are some of the issues we still can improve on these. It make it also the upgrade of the remote systems. They all need to work seamlessly. So those are some of the additional complexities that comes with this model. So we open sourced these systems last year. So they are available, for anyone who wants to try them out. Contributions are welcome. One of the advantages here is the true multi-tenancy we can bring to it. So only place where we actually see other users' accounts is when you're trying to build a deploy stage and look at the accounts or query for it. It says, these are all the accounts that are available, but you have access or not access, no access. So if you can, if feature flags say, only show the accounts that you have access to, then you would have a pure, full multi-tenancy. But there are other issues there because you need a hierarchy of groups that allows an admin to see all of them, but non-admins not to see others, that kind of stuff. So it's been a fairly interesting project and does improve the performance a lot for the cloud drivers and allows us to do secure remote deployments and onboarding users with their own systems without having to centrally provide these accounts. So if you're interested, take a look at the code here. You can download, try it out, and contributions are welcome. These are the guys who actually work on the code for these systems that primarily interface for these codes. So if you have any questions on the code or any suggestions, you can reach out to us. There's a very quick overview on what this is and how we've been doing. Any questions?  I don't know if you can go all the way back to that slide, but there were two things that I think Spinnaker at least does some of out-of-the-box. So I guess I wanted to try to clarify that. Keep going back. Yeah, keep going back. That one. So account sharding CloudDriver does some of out-of-the-box, right, at least the caching is sharded. Is that right? It does. So you have to then run the CloudDriver in HMO, and the caching is the instance that does the sharding, but none of the others do. Right, okay. So every instance still knows all of the accounts. Right, okay. So that matches my understanding. And then you were talking about how CloudDriver accounts all live in one file. Yeah, so now we have the database that's there. Right, so it's potentially easier to do the onboarding. And I don't mean to diminish the benefits of this. I think it's a great piece of software, and it carves up some responsibilities in really good ways, but for people who are thinking like, but I thought, anyway, open source has least addressed some of the stuff, but certainly not all of it. So the API for automation onboarding accounts, you know, the Apple, they're going to talk about those, I think. But you still need to build this additional layer on top, but API definitely addresses some of the issues. All right, that's all, thanks. All right, if there are no questions, thanks everyone. Look forward to hearing from you.


Okay. Hello everyone. Sorry for the delay there. My name is Martin Meadows and Don who you've all met is going to be helping out and both of us are representing the Moodle Association of Japan. So the topic today is talking about it's the story of our effort to move from what we already have. Some of you are probably familiar with that. It's called The Showcase and Don as the prime mover of that. We'll go into it and move from that to Moodle debt. Okay. Must be manual then. Okay. So yes the outline is basically we'll just start with a brief introduction and then Don will look after the history of what we call the of sharing content in the Moodle Association of Japan and then I'll relate a little bit our experiences and trying to set up a Moodle net server and where we are now and then finally end with some questions. Okay. So Don. The history of Moodle net is old. So in fact the word Moodle net was used a long time ago. Here's the story of my connection to history. I started talking to my wife says don't talk like a teacher. Repository. You know around coffee and beer we would talk about sharing things back in 2006 and it was fun and we said we used the word repository and then in 2007 a couple of us said well I know how to program PHP and why don't we make a sharing cart so we can share things and we made a sharing cart and the sharing cart is now one of the more popular plugins in Moodle and then Moodle instituted the publish icon where you could send things to Moodle net and then they stopped it suddenly and is anyone here from Alberta Canada? Anyone? No? Okay. But there were two people using Moodle net at that time when HQ stopped the hub, stopped the publish function and we immediately jumped up and said what happened? Why did you stop it? And they said oh sorry sorry we'll help you keep it going and we started to keep it going and we changed our name to the showcase showcasing new courses and the best thing that happened in 2012 we started awards. Why? We started awards because people didn't want to give the courses to share the courses. It's too much trouble. I have to clean it up before I can share it or there are a few things that have a copyright that I don't know what to do with okay so when we started giving awards people started start getting that recognition was very important for those teachers and now we have Moodle net started and Paul just gave a great vision of that. The repository what we learned from there is instead of learning objects sharing we shared whole courses. Why? Because the context you have to see the context of what you're learning and then you can use the sharing cart to take the pieces you want. If you if you take a whole course and you don't want it all just use the sharing cart to take a piece here and there. Sharing cart is a cherry picking tool. Okay next in the publish the course administration you would click on publish and it would send to a sharing hub and you would enter metadata so we learned a lot about metadata what metadata was important because that's how people search. Now Paul has really worked on this in the new Moodle net so I feel like everything in terms of that is solved now. Now here is our hub this is how it looks except we have a banner at the top. So over here are the list of courses that were contributed in the past year in Japan so you'll have maybe 10 or 20 courses and then we have our whole you know five-year catalog of about 50 or 100. Could you go back one more and then over here this is the box where a teacher gives their course. Now teachers don't know what is an MBZ file so we had to sort of teach teachers download your course it will have an MBZ at the end it means Moodle best zip file. I think and it you just drag that in there and it will go into your hub okay so we made three three plugins to make an easy contribution and these plugins are working just drag and drop your MBZ file and it goes in you enter metadata along the way then we have course info and this is cool lots of rating systems and reviews so we've got reviews and someone asks how do you tell the quality it comes from the reviews of peers and judges we have judges Martin is head of a judging committee of 10 people in in uh Japan and these 10 people look at all the courses contributed and decide which ones are the best and people really want that and here's what it looks like here's what a first prize looks like for best open courseware and its certificate is given once a year to the four best courses in Japan and here's one of them it's a sports theory one and this integrates sports training and Moodle okay next and these are some of the people who are involved when we have an HQ come to our conference like Mary we involve her in the judging panel next and this is this is where Federation we're going to move our showcase into Moodle net so here is Japan and here we have our showcase and we're going to change this to Moodle net that's going to be our Federation and we're still going to give those prizes and awards because we're going to look at our community but share to the world over here this is Germany and you're going to see a star here for Greece for Spain for Italy and so on as these Moodle nets grow and appear okay thanks Dan so yeah you see where we're coming from and we have you know the showcase it works it works for us so really the first question then is why do we want a local Moodle net why oh is this also on so why why why a local Moodle net and Paul sort of went into this a little bit but we want to curate our own resources right we want to we want exercise a little bit of quality control on the resources and we want to reward excellence is excellence which is what we already do with the showcase we want to be the face of Moodle in Japan we are the Moodle Association of Japan new Moodlers in Japan tend to come to us first we want to create a local community based on on the shared resources of our community we want to play an active role in supporting and building the Japanese Moodle community we want to tie it in tie the the Moodle net in with our annual conference our moot and our showcase awards we want to motivate the creation of new content and finally we want to create a repository of Japanese language resources managed in Japanese for the Japanese community now the next the next question then is why Moodle net you know what's what's wrong with the showcase well Moodle net's the future and Paul in his kindness has let us look a little bit into the cookie jar and yeah it's it seems to be the way we're going forward and we want to be a part of that we want to get in on the ground floor kind of thing things change and evolve and we've felt the passion of people like Paul and everyone on the on the Moodle net team okay we're excited about Federation Paul said that'll be out in Moodle net three or the next generation we don't know we're excited about it but we don't really have a vision of it yet we don't know how that's going to work but the what interests us or what excites us is the chance to push our resources to a wider audience and and share with a global meeting global Moodle community and also to to let the world find us come in and it's because it's open to all we're excited about the future proof architecture you know no php and things like that and broadening the scope of things that can be shared so moving from the showcase to Moodle net I'm not really a techie guy but you know I've worked with Moodle maybe 15 years now and so over the years I've I have a I can get a server going I can install Moodle and I can manage those things so Moodle net was a bit of a challenge this I don't want to get too techie but I just got a very low-grade linode server one gig of ram one core installed debio debio 11 and then no js was was easy to install a wrangled database also easy installing and configuring Moodle net not so easy not yet anyway Paul was talking about making that easier so looking forward to some documentation I had a hard time finding any documentation and then HTTPS making it a secure site was was a bit of a challenge as well because it's currently HTTP only so where are we now we have we have a Moodle net site or at least you can open a browser and see Moodle net Japan but you can't really do anything yet it's viewable on web browsers we the mail server is not running but we'll get that done in the next couple days and users can begin to create accounts and upload content the showcase is it served us well sorry okay you know there are things that we want to to bring from the showcase of the showcase is currently a Moodle for installation and it's customized it has 10 years of content and it's accessible to existing Moodle Association of Japan site users and so we will you know we're working on that transition in the coming days where do we go from here we want to customize the Moodle net and Paul has told us a little bit about future customization options and at the moment it's that that purple login screen that you saw we're going to go about transferring content from the showcase we have oh I don't have encountered about 100 courses up there so I'd like to get those carried over to to the Moodle net we want to promote the match Moodle net and encourage content sharing among our our members and we want to get federated and we'll look to the Moodle net team on advice for advice on how to do that and server specs are very low grade at the moment but it's it's linode so it's it's upscalable as use increases we hope to upgrade the server so just some of the questions and concerns for the future well I mentioned how do we get federated how long do we keep the match showcase that's probably our biggest question right now I mean is the match showcase works and it's it's good do we hold on to it do we run the showcase side by side with Moodle net or do we you know eventually fade out the showcase one nice feature of the showcase is the you know you can experience the courses that are shared how will Moodle net allow us to try before we buy kind of thing or you know the amazon look inside sort of thing before you you send it to your Moodle we're talking with paul yesterday maybe one thing we're thinking of that we could do with the Moodle association of japan is provide kind of a sandbox Moodle so that you know people who don't have their own Moodle but want to download the course can can play with it and we have the showcase awards so how do we reward excellence and encourage contributions how do we access the opinions of other users how do how do people I mean there's a like button or it seems to be a like button but in the showcase now users can write reviews and give stars so how can people make recommendations of excellent courseware how do we develop a course with a collection or a team how will we manage contributions and how can we eventually then take ownership of our own Moodle net so time is running low that's basically where we are right now with Moodle net it's still very preliminary stage but we're excited about being part of it going forward if you have any questions or well questions now and if you would like to contact either me or or don later on here are our mail addresses so thank you very much thank you so much


And when people talk about momentum in stocks or charting or any kind of things like that, they're saying that the market is instructing you. The market doesn't instruct us. The market is there to serve us. It just tells us prices. And if the price is out of line where the facts and reasoning lead you, then action is called for.


I think more and more companies are going to focus and realize that the market is the truth. And you have to build a company where the market is versus trying to hope that your company will create a market because markets are like laws of physics, they exist. And I think in the past people have to have this imaginary thing of building something copying from the US and copying from China and making it work. Now people are realizing more and more realistically that you need to build a company that makes sense for India. I'll give you a small example. 95% of all marriages in India are arranged marriages. The number of companies in India who have built more than 10 million dollars worth of business on marriage is close to zero. And I think therefore we will realize that there are more India specific opportunities. The role of a business is to take an existing need and make it easy to achieve that. You cannot create a need, they exist. Rarely a business can create new needs. If people need something and if you are not having a business around that it will never work. There was a time where like 10 startups got funded for doing laundry in India. Not realizing that we already had a made system that was far more efficient than doing a laundry startup. I think we are slowly getting there. Everything is looking like a hit right now because the market is so big and just getting started. Two big things happened. One is GEO, second is UPI. I think when these two forces come together suddenly we are people who have access to internet on good devices and access to payment rails for the first time. I think now everything is going to be built around that. For the first time we have two large tectonic changes that have happened in the system and a lot of businesses will get re-created and re-imagined based on this.


How's it going everybody? Dato do I hear back with another Dragon Ball Fighters video for you all today and this one should be a really fun video because we are finally talking about the next potential DLC character that could be coming to the game relatively soon. Now obviously right away at the top of this video we have to mention that this is not guaranteed full confirmation but if you want my personal opinion on it I am pretty much taking this as a light confirmation of a certain character coming to the game and that is because we have a very similar situation to what happened with Master Roshi. Very quickly if you don't remember the entire story basically Bandai Namco Latin America posted a teaser that they said was for Dragon Ball Kakarot later on down the line but originally there was no context for the teaser it was just a pair of glasses mixed with a turtle which obviously led people to believe that it was related to Master Roshi. A few people believed it was referring to the next Dragon Ball Fighters character myself included so I later went on to make a video talking about it and how Master Roshi could technically be coming to the game and of course later in the comment section of that video Bandai Namco Latin America posted a comment saying hey guys we love your passion for Dragon Ball Fighters but basically that puzzle was to engage with our Kakarot fans we're sorry about that please stay excited for future announcements but this teaser had nothing to do with Fighters. Now of course I did make sure to pin that comment tweeted out on Twitter anything I could do to make sure their message got out there but I also made it very clear at the time that I still expected Master Roshi DLC to drop in Fighters relatively soon and that's about how I feel with this right here. So with that out of the way let's go ahead and get to talking about the character I assume you see on the thumbnail Omega Shenron and how we arrived at the conclusion that he's probably going to be the next DLC character. Well once again we have to head over to Bandai Namco Latin America's Twitter account and take a look at another tweet that once again looks to be another hint towards another character. This tweet was linked to me a bunch along with some other videos people have been doing about this topic and I later went on to look up a lot of other Reddit posts with the same theory in mind so please don't mis-get-strew this for me thinking I came up with this I was definitely not the first person to put all these clues together but it does really make sense when you look at everything the tweet offers. Really the only information you need to see here is Master Roshi on a blue and white background with seven random Dragon Balls floating around him. Now it is worth noting that you can't see it in the picture but the Dragon Balls do move up and down this is a video and that is the only thing that moves within this entire still image. Now for starters Master Roshi's background is not this blue and white background that we see here Master Roshi actually has more of a green background and Master Roshi has next to nothing to do with the Dragon Balls. Now of course if you don't believe this theory you could just say the Dragon Balls are a big part of Dragon Ball fighters in general and Dragon Ball in general and you would be correct but it does seem like an incredibly random thing to throw into a tweet that is supposed to just be talking about Master Roshi and somewhat advertising Master Roshi again. But you know what this background and video would make perfect sense for an Omega Shenron character that's right going off of this tweet and multiple other things that we'll get into later a lot of people are assuming that Omega Shenron will be the next DLC character and I am 99.9 whatever I said I was for Roshi confident that we will be seeing Omega Shenron enter the game relatively soon. Now we're actually really lucky that unlike the old Master Roshi teaser tweet the one that they commented on said hey we didn't intend to do this and we just had to kind of you know we only had that picture and our suspicions to go off of this time around Omega Shenron has had voice files relating to him in the game for a really long time so players of the game especially if you're super into the community and on a lot of forums and stuff like that. We already assumed Omega Shenron had a really high chance of getting into the game and now it just adds that little bit of extra percentage to make me say yeah I'm totally fine with doing this video I 100% believe Omega Shenron is going to be coming up relatively soon. One of these voice lines is of course relating to Gojita Omega Shenron's main opponent which you can hear in this tweet along with a fan animation of Gojita Blue replicating the line. Hey this shoulder's been killing me. And just to be clear that Gojita animation is not something you find in the game. That's where users just really good with posing slash animating fighters model so that was almost like a fan animation of sorts. The audio though is actually something you can find in the game and that's what makes it significant. So that is pretty much all the evidence for Omega Shenron. I think it's a lot to go off of honestly I'm very very confident in this but now that we're only left with one other DLC character it's good to talk about the ramifications of what Omega Shenron coming to the game means for that last character. For starters it's like I've been saying for a really long time this was not a tournament of power DLC season. A lot of people thought it was themed around that and it was a good hunch to go off of considering that all of the characters we had gotten so far had participated in the tournament power of in some way. But once again I gotta say I don't think that theory is true and I think Omega Shenron disproves that but I think Omega Shenron opens up another really likely possibility that I think a lot of people would like and that is a and that is a GT theme duo much like last season when we finished it off with DBS Broly and Gojita Blue maybe this time we'll see another way it's finished off with Omega Shenron and Gojita Super Saiyan 4 that would be really really crazy. I've also seen a lot of people saying maybe we'll get a Gojita Super Saiyan 4 skin for Gojita Blue and that could work out as well but I feel like with the way fighters works another character standalone is much more likely that could be Super Saiyan 4 representation in the game right there and another really hype fusion character but again just to really stress this point home Gojita Super Saiyan 4 is not even teased outside of that voice line you just heard there but that could just be Gojita Blue doing a voice line to Omega Shenron that is a very likely possibility with the way fighters works out you know a lot of characters get voice lines for different parts of the game in fact I would more often say that if you hear a voice line for that and fighters it's most often just an Easter egg and that could definitely be the case here but I'm just not discounting the possibility that they would want to finish a season with a big character like another Gojita regardless though that is going to be the end of this video let me know all of your fan theories and ideas on this down below in the comment section seriously these are some of the most fun fighters videos to do and read the comments for it is just going to be fan theory a clock and I'm going to be loving it I'm going to be harding the ones I agree with or even the ones that I didn't even think of you know stuff like that it's going to be a lot of fun while you're down there though if you like this video and the channel make sure to like button and subscribe to the channel to keep up to date on all things Dragonball fighters and other fighting games and you can watch even more videos on top of your screen right now I have been Datanoya thank you so much for watching this video all the way to the end and I will see you in the next one


I'm Terran Marlar and this is a Weird Darkness bonus bite. From odditycentral.com, woman claims that she hasn't slept in over a decade. A 36-year-old woman in Vietnam has been raising a lot of eyebrows in her home country with claims of suffering from an insomnia that has lasted for over 11 years. Ms. Tran Thi Lu, who works at a preschool in the city of Quang Ngai, has become the talk of Vietnamese social media after it was reported that she has not slept in more than 11 years. In a recent interview, the woman said that her decade-long insomnia began with a bizarre crying episode. Tears just started flowing from her eyes for no apparent reason and even trying to lie down and close her eyes couldn't stop the trickle of water. The inexplicable crying eventually ceased, but so did her capacity to fall asleep. Try as she might, Lu could not log out anymore.  The story of me not sleeping for 11 years is true, she says, not made up or embellished to get likes or get views. If you look closely, you can see the effects.  He gave me a lot of courage, the woman said about her husband. Every night, he advised me to calm down, close my eyes and go to sleep, but I couldn't do that. While he was sleeping, I started wondering why I couldn't sleep at all, and I decided to go to the hospital and find out. The 36-year-old woman reportedly went to Kuang DeGuy Provincial Mental Hospital for examination and the doctors there diagnosed her with severe insomnia. They prescribed her medication and even though taking it made her legs hurt to the point where she was unable to walk, she was so desperate to sleep that she took it anyway. However, the medication was prohibitively expensive and the side effects were too severe, so she stopped taking it after a few months. Miss Lou's next door neighbor confirmed her condition, saying that the woman first confided in her about the insomnia 10 years ago and she has been speaking about it ever since. The woman admits her story sounds crazy, but having lived a wall away from Lou for so long, she has no doubt she is telling the truth. The Vietnamese insomniac remains positive about her condition, but she says that she has many health problems, like bone pain and stomach pain all year round, conditions that she thinks might be linked to her chronic lack of sleep. She remains hopeful though that one day she will be able to sleep like a normal person again. Find the link to the original story in the show notes and find more strange, funny or disturbing news in the Weird News and Blog at WeirdDarkness.com. I might also suggest that she try listening to Weird Darkness. From what I understand, the timbre of my voice puts a lot of people to sleep. Hi Bill. I heard you started taking Amblyan sleep aid. Bill? Bill? Bill? I guess he is. Catch up with you later Bill.