into journey with you as we learn how to take your health back. We are coming to you live from my home office in Makiki and the studios of Think Tech Hawaii, which is located in downtown Honolulu. We are so grateful to the Think Tech Hawaii staff and facility for allowing us to bring to you different topics and subjects of interest. So let's get started before the year's over and wow it's already November. Did you know that November is Diabetes Awareness Month? And do you know that 11 years ago I was asked to sit on the board of directors for the American Diabetes Association of Hawaii and I said yes and I didn't have a clue about diabetes. So today we shall be discussing the state of diabetes in Hawaii and it doesn't look that great but after today's discussion, help is on its way. If you are recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, we can help you with food and nutrition, stress and emotions, physical activity, preventing diabetes complications and staying on track. That's important. Today I would like to introduce to you two very dynamic, hard-working and relentless women that just want the best lives for all of you and they can address all of these situations. We have Lorraine Leslie, who is the executive director of American Diabetes Association, and we have Danielle Tuata, who is the director of development. Welcome ladies. Aloha. Aloha Wendy. Hello. Aloha. So let's get started ladies. Everyone thinks that Hawaii is so beautiful that everyone must be outdoors, enjoying the beaches, the hiking trails, and the parks. Yet, Hawaii leads with the highest percentage of diabetes in the world. Lorraine, can you share with us some stats with us? Yes, thank you Wendy. Actually, diabetes in Hawaii, we lead the highest percentage in the country as well as some parts of the world. Did you know that 410 adults here in Hawaii have pre-diabetes? And think about that number, 410,000 with pre-diabetes. That means you're walking around and don't even know you have it. It's 85% of Americans with pre-diabetes don't know they have it, 85%. That's a huge number. They also, the annual healthcare cost for someone diagnosed with diabetes is two times higher and at a cost of $1.1 billion. Think about that number again. $1.5 billion just to care for folks with diabetes. Our mission is to prevent and cure diabetes and to improve the lives of all folks with diabetes. Wow, that's a big job, Lorraine. I got to give a shout out to you and Daniel because I understand the great number of diabetics here in Hawaii and I know that you too are the home office here in Hawaii and you too, as I said, you are relentless. You're out there just getting the word out, education, and all of the great things that you both do to address the situation on a very, very large part of our population here in Hawaii. And so, you know, I know you do it with many of your boards and your different sponsors and your courts in the community, but I also know that there's a simple risk test that everyone can take. So Lorraine, is it true that we have or the ADA has a simple 60-second risk test that they can take? 60 seconds, seven questions. Seven simple questions that you can go to our link and we can provide the link that's on the screen. I don't know if you can see that small link, but you just click on the link. You can go to our website too. And in 60 seconds, you'll know if you have pre-diabetes or diabetes.  And so, with that result, we strongly suggest you take that results back to your care provider, your health care provider, and have a conversation. We have lots of tools for you to use as well, but really do it now. There's a little cue code up in the corner, but you just simply go on the link and, yeah, 60 seconds, seven questions, and you'll know if you are at risk for diabetes. You know that 60 seconds and the seven questions that you are going to be introduced to. So you understand when you take the test. These are what the markers that they're looking for. And so say you're in that category of high risk. So of course, like Lorraine said, call your physician, let her know or him know that you did this 60 second test and you have some concerns and they'll take it from there with other tests. But knowing what those seven questions are, already if they're asking you your weight, your age, all these things, age, we can't do anything about, but we can do other things with the other six questions. And so I think just being aware, first of all, Lorraine is most important. And I always stress with everyone that, to me, success is not just knowing that we have the test there, but the success to me is that we know it's there and we take advantage of it by taking the test. So we take action and then we get the results and then we take one more step if needed. And that is where success to Kirby, the numbers of diabetes comes. Is that correct, Lorraine? It is. In Wendy, when you do take the test and the email comes back to you, you'll also get resources, local resources from the zip code that you put in so that you can join a diabetes program or you can go to our diabetes website and learn about the food hub and all kinds of things, local education classes. And so you shouldn't be afraid to take the simple 60-second, 70-second test because it's an investment in you. Right. And then at the comfort of your own home, you're taking this, you're answering each question honestly, because it's all about you. You want to lie, you're going to get a false reading, but at least it'll give you some direction. And that's what you are all about over at the ADA office, that you're always wanting people to be aware of their options and what they can do if. If, okay. So you ladies are always hard at work developing educational seminars and events. And now we're on Zoom and we know that this Zoom will reach the right person and they had a question in their heart and it's going to reach them. And so then they're going to be able to have some more direction. And that's what you ladies are constantly doing is educating and giving us all the direction we need. So you have free programs for those living with diabetes. Can you just tell us about some of them, Lorraine? We do. We do indeed. And you can find them on our website at www.diabetes.org. And on it, you'll find living with type 2 diabetes program. And it's a, again, it's as simple. I would say the Rift Test takes 60 seconds. This probably takes 90 seconds to complete. There's, you know, your name, your email address, things like that. Once you're registered, you'll start getting a lot of free resources about diabetes that will include our Diabetes Food Hub, which we'll talk about that a little bit later, where, you know, we work with a lot of dietitians. And these are recipes that are full proof, safe for those with type 1 and type 2. Easy recipes that you can, you know, print and take to the market with you. They have a market, a grocery store list that you can, again, download and take that to the market with you. We have the Ask the Expert series, which we have nationally. And we also have local support groups. And then we also have the local diabetes education. And it is a little bit challenging doing it home-based and through Zoom. But we do reach out to the community and offer our diabetes resources. We want you to thrive, even though you may be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes, you can still thrive. You can still live a very healthy and active productive life. Yes, and many do. I mean, as I said, I wasn't aware of diabetes until I became a board member. And then as I met more and more people, I'm like, oh, you too, you too. And not just the locals, but there are so many other football players, celebrities, and you, you guys, bring them to town. And, you know, so it could be anybody. They don't discern who gets it. It just discriminates. Diabetes does not discriminate exactly. Yeah. And so, you know, when I first came on, on the board, the American Diabetes had a camp for Kiki with type 1 diabetes. But I know that it was put on hold for many years. And that was a sad thing because now that I understand the child with diabetes, they have a special world around them. And they want to be around others so that they don't feel like, why me? Except, but when they go through the camp with us, they just know that it's just me. And this is who I am.  And you have the only overnight camp for Kiki with type 1 diabetes. This looks like a lot of fun for them because they're with their peers with diabetes type 1. And we know it takes a lot of volunteers and financial support to run these camps. And I know that because there was many meetings that you all have around this, looking for dollars, sponsors, volunteers to manage and continue this program for these Kiki. So how does this program receive support, Lorraine? This was, this is a photo of 2019 of the camp out at Camp Erdman. It is a four-night, five-day camp. It's certainly right when it says it takes many hands to put this together, pull this together, and a lot of sponsors. And we are so fortunate that we have sponsors like Queen the Queen's Health System. We have the Lions Club that come out, not only help us with financial donations, but also volunteer their time throughout. We're very lucky to get a lot of sponsors. We had over 62 kids participate last year. And you're certainly right when you say it is the only camp where kids can be themselves. And they're around other kids like them.  It's very challenging, but it's very rewarding. Unfortunately for 2020, with COVID, we had to move the camp virtual. And what did that mean? It gave the Hawai'i kakis an opportunity to mingle with kids around the country. So it's actually, we took a lemon and made lemonade out of it. So we, these, the kakies of Hawai'i have 10 pounds for life. They were put in virtual cabins with kids all over the country. And we are looking to do that in Dan for 2021. We're also introducing a new program in Hawai'i called Project Power, which is a prevention program. And we've, you know, the thought behind it is why wait until you are diagnosed with diabetes older. The Project Power is with kids age seven to 13.  So you do it together as a family and you learn prevention of the importance of activity, healthy living, healthy eating, and you take that home and learn together as a family. So we're excited about, you know, about that. And we hope to bring the camp back in 2022. But 2021 it will remain virtual. Wow. You know, every time they, we had an opportunity at the ADA office that we wanted to produce PSA by one of the students. And they would pick like the top five kiki who had the best videos. But I would always say, you know, if I were in the running for this video, I would always want to make a video that said Mahalo to diabetes. And the reason I would say that is because Mahalo to diabetes because, because of me, my mom and dad are eating healthier. Because of me, my mom and dad and family are walking and holding hands while they're walking in the park. Because of me, my family is drinking more water because of me. And so that's what I would say. And so when I talk to these the children, yeah, that's what I said, don't look at it like why me to say because of me, I'm saving my family. And I'm giving them greater health and greater activity. And we never did this before. But since I got diagnosed, this is what we've been doing as a family. So thank you. Thank you. So it's awareness and an education. So because of that child, the family is now being more educated on what to do and what not to do. So there's a lot of, you know, good that we have to, like you said, you're going to take the make lemonade out of the lemons. You are spot on, Wendy, for sure, that it's an opportunity to bring families together. Yeah. And I've seen it, I've seen it. So it's like an amen to that. So I understand that even with COVID that you have monthly virtual support groups all the time and we're meeting as much as you can. And how do you coordinate the speakers and get the calendar distributed to those in need? So here's a photo when we used to all gather in person of our support group. And it really came from a need. Danielle and I were receiving calls from some of the folks with questions. They were lonely. They just wanted to have a conversation. And a light bulb sort of went off and thought, well, let's try this virtual. And so we formed a committee with some of our board members. And I have to say the first two were a little shaky. And then as it got better, we decided how about doing a survey and we sent out a survey and said, what would you like to hear?  And then we just started to fill in the speakers that way. And so I know Danielle's going to talk a little bit about our great speaker tomorrow, which I'm so excited. Yeah, and it's tomorrow already. Celebrity, Chef Sam Choy. You know, Sam is great. He's partnered with us before. He has diabetes himself. And he really loves to share his journey. And if anyone can pivot and do some food swaps, you know, it's Sam. And we talked about, you know, the camp and type one kids with type one and last year, Sam filmed with us a family with type one. And it really opened up Sam's eyes of, you know, the day to day of the life of parents with a child with type one diabetes. Wow. So, you know, in the past, we all knew about the American standard diet and the food pyramid. We all know that Hawaii is so special and we have different local kind foods. So that pyramid really didn't cut it so much or so well with us. So there is a new system in place. And I know that this is a plate that is very colorful and very localized. So what does it all mean and why translate to local kind foods? Come on, Danielle, you want to take that? Yes, sure. And you know, actually at all of the health fairs that we attend, this particular sheet is the first one to go. Yes, they love it because it's so easy to understand. And what I share with people is normally, you know, the local normal plate that they would order is perhaps, I don't know, let's say katsu, gravy all of the rice, max salad, and max salad. And then you add on the drinks, right? So for every individual and depending on your doctor or your nutritionist, should be around 2,200 calories intake per day per day. So one meal like that actually results in over 2,000 because our drinks that 2,000 calories. So our drinks nowadays is fairly large, right? The drink alone can result in a couple hundred calories for the intake. So we have to really be careful and watch what our intake is. So if you look at this place, like you mentioned, it was colorful or it is colorful and 50% of the plate is green. So a lot of people think, oh, okay, I can have like a little portion or I can have maybe one fourth. But for this here, calculation, the 50% is of vegetables. Of course, we have the greens and then the protein to go in as well with the plate to make it complete. Now, if you, we can email you this slide as well or this sheet, but on the other side of the sheet, the good thing about it, it's color coordinated. And it'll show you the milk and how much it will take for like at the end of the day to equal out to 2,200 calories, the protein. So it's a wonderful tool. Yes. In fact, when I saw it come out, I mean, I would always go to the tables and grab stacks of this because I would always have it in my folder. And if anything, the locals would resonate with this so well like, oh, is that what we're supposed to eat? Because they don't eat like boiled peas and corn and stuff. But if you put the other things in there, and then, you know, the local food, they can like, oh, so they feel more special that they can do this.  So then they readjusted that plate for the local style. I'm sure even the mainlanders want to take a hold of it because it's appealing. You know, to every population, it's appealing. And it makes us want to be more proactive on what we consume and what we're putting into our mouths. So to shape or wherever develop that plate and taking it off the pyramid because no one does eat from a pyramid. But anyway, so as we were talking about Sam Choi, I know that we American Diabetes Association depends a lot from the support of different celebrities around town. And I know that Sam Choi is one of them. And so how did we get him to be involved, Danielle? Oh, how did we get him Lorraine? But it is tomorrow, everyone, before it's tomorrow at 9am. And we can send you the Zoom link to join the session. But Lorraine actually has a good relationship with Sam and actually no more. The sponsorship for his yes. But as I said earlier, and it's no secret, you know, Sam is was diagnosed with diabetes himself a few years ago. And you know, a lot of people thought, how did he lose all this weight? And it really once he was diagnosed, he really had a decision to make to continue on the current path and or, you know, or get healthy. And he chose to get healthy. And so, because once you're on insulin, if you don't really take, you know, control the situation, you know, amputation is rampant here in Hawaii. And you don't want to do that. So Sam shares his story and you should join us tomorrow. I can't tell his story. He tells it great. Yes. So that's the cliffhanger. You join us tomorrow. You can hear the whole story of to leg or not to leg, right? And so we want Sam with legs and going to home to home to continue to pull things out of people's ice boxes and cook the healthy way. And I just love that about his show. So now let's move on because we got a lot more to cover. So let's talk about the annual event that so many locals look forward to. I for one, for many, many years has looked out to step out walk and then it was tour the cure. And then now it's the step out walk again. So talk to us about why the step out walk. And what does it mean going virtual, yeah. So it is scheduled this year for Saturday, March 27. We do not have the website yet, but it will be opening up fairly soon. I'm going to stay within the next couple of weeks. Wendy will be able to send you the link. And it's almost the same because you can exercise and if we're not limiting it just to the walk, you can walk, run a ride on your own with your families, with your church members, with your coworkers, with your Rotarians at any time during the day or week leading up to the event or even after the event. So it's actually a better format where you don't have to necessarily walk at 2.3 miles at the park like we did. You make your own goals. And then you can when you join and register on the website, you can send, you can have your own page to send out social media through social media, fund raise, put your own story on your website, share your picture and email out to even in the mainland, outer islands, now we can add all of our different islands to join in the event, as well as someone in Nebraska or in Washington. And they can support you via social media virtually. So it's a great event. Wow. And I got to ask, I know it's a fundraising event, it still is, right? So we're bringing in dollars so we can continue to educate and have these programs to support the community. Are we still doing like, I got to ask the champions, are we still doing the champions? Okay, because that's my favorite and I want to talk on it. I know I didn't talk to you guys about it, but if we're doing the champions, okay, I have my medal. So I want to show it off because I tell you, even my daughter at 20 years old, she says, mom, we're champions, we'll do this. So what we did was with your help, Danielle, and with your help Lorraine, we went and we created the website, which is really easy. And then she just puts it on Facebook and then, hey, support me, I'm going to walk. If you're not walking, I'm walking for you. Just give me some money. And you know, when she raised $1,000 or more, she became a champion. And you know what, she got like a few of these medals every year she did it. And just for this, and she's a lot of her gold medals, that she would do this every year. And as she moved away, then mommy took it on, and that's what we want to do. And I remember all the champions that would come and step to the plate and raise that thousand plus dollars. And it was just a beautiful thing. I'm so pleased you mentioned that and going virtual. We've learned a lot this past, you know, few months about virtual. And we've got a lot of great surprises in store. So thank you for mentioning, you know, the champion level. Yeah, that's, that's, that's what it's all about. So not just, you know, come in and yeah, I mean, that's great that we raised some money, but let's raise some, but the best part is the medal, the honor, and it hangs on my wall. And I'm like so, so proud of it. So proud of it. So you rally your support, supporters and friends to bring awareness to this living with diabetes. And you know, with the numbers of diabetics here in Hawaii that every, if every diabetic just told two friends about the step out, okay, and they just invited two friends to join and sign up with them for them to go out and get other sponsors and awareness. That means just two, if everybody just brought two friends, that means all of these diabetics bringing two friends, that means the whole island would have been involved. And that's another woman, let's take lemonade that, you know, anyone, you know, anyone can participate. But now like if I, if I was, and I brought two friends now, I may hit these, but I may hit the other islands, I have friends in Germany and Brazil. And then these other two friends, they have friends all over the world too. So yes, the, it's exponential growth of numbers that one, if every one of the diabetics brought in two friends, right, if we look at those numbers, and it just grows from there and you know, we know more than two friends, right? Danielle, how many friends you know, right? And then real quick, Wendy, if I may add in, please, we are still looking for a chair for the event as well as sponsors. So I want to be able to give you my email address as well as telephone number. I'll give you my cell phone, 808. Wow. You go girl. And what the cell phone is for guys, if you understand the heart behind this association and you want to come and help and say, you know what, you are the CEO of a bank or a company and you say, you know what, I want to take responsibility for that. My son, my daughter has had their diabetes and you know what, it's time we step to the plate and make this company help them go virtual and raise the dollars, raise awareness that everyone needs to know about. And that's why I think this is so valuable doing what we're doing right now. Right? Yeah. So they're telling us one minute, I want to just share my email. Okay. Yes. D is in Danielle, T is in Tom, U, A, T, A. D to Wata at diabetes.org. Okay. Anyone is interested, please email me and I will send you information. All right. We have one more final picture. We got to put that up because we got to give the shout out to these people. Our volunteers. I mean, we do what we do without our volunteers. This is a photo taken, Wendy, I believe you're in the photo here. Yeah, leg in the back. Brooke Lee and Brandon Lee and Tony up, but we're all, a lot of our sponsors are in there, Queens and UHA, HMA, the list goes on and on. On and on. Every year they step to the plate, they step up to the plate. We had again, like she said, Brooke Lee, Tony Lee and Brandon Lee were our co-family chairs and they did a fabulous job and we're looking for that other fabulous leader that will take us to 2021. So ladies, the time has come to an end and we got to say mahalo to you for helping the people of Hawaii stay on track with their help. So mahalo to you too and mahalo to American Diabetes. It was a pleasure. Thank you. Thank you very much. Aloha everyone. Aloha. Bye bye.


Now, if you want to plant some raspberries, what cultivars should you plant in your garden? Well, here to answer that question for us is Dr. David Dye from the Department of Plant Sciences and he'll tell us about his research on raspberry cultivars. David, welcome to the forum. Thank you, Don. Thank you for giving me such a good opportunity to discuss our research projects in the plant science department at Mastercote State University. And today, I'd like to mainly talk about raspberry cultivars and it may fit for production, either commercial production or produce raspberry in your backyard. So, we know that North Dakota is one of the leading states in agriculture. And we have several crop species that produce the largest acreage and largest yield. However, fruit production is kind of limited. And those two figures shows you the acreage of the different kind of fruit species in the state. And based on the survey by USDA, that's 2012, we ranked 49th in fruit production in the country. And we know that the left figure shows you the acreage of major crop species. And the right figure shows you the small fruits, particularly for raspberries, strawberry, and other small fruits. And the reason why we don't produce a lot of, or commercially produce a lot of fruits, and because we know that we have a harsh winter, and also a short growing season probably is one of the factors, may affect photo production. And we also oftentimes, we also can face some unexpected extreme weather. For example, early or late frost and strong wind and occasionalism, hail storms will damage fruits. And also, we may have some irregular rainfalls. We got a lot of rainfalls in the spring. We probably have some drought issues during the summertime. And in some of the part of the state, and we have an actin soil, which with a pretty high soil pH. But we have some advantages for photo production in our state. For example, we have a short season, however, we have a long day time, and we can do a lot of things. And also, we have a great difference of the temperature between day and night time, and which will help sugar accumulation and increase the food quality and increase or enhance the pigment development on the food, on the food. And also, we have a cool growing seeding. It may help us to take care of some pests or some fruit species that like cool growing seeds such as raspberries. And also, we have a good size farm stands and the backyard. So we'd like to do those things and gardening can beautify your yard. And also, we have got some fresh and healthy food to eat and therefore can cut down your grocery budget. And also a great family outdoor activities, gardening years. And sometimes climate isn't a big problem compared to large-scale commercial photo production. And here is a fruit species and we can see or we can grow sometimes in North Dakota. Big fruit on the left side. We see apple. We see pear. And we see a few peach trees and different kind of cherries, plum and apricot, of course. And we have and in the right side, we have those so-called small fruits. Strawberries, raspberries, grape, cherry and also the other small fruits. If we want to do some fruit production or grow some small fruits in North Dakota, raspberries probably is a very, very good choice. And the raspberry is a small to medium-sized straw. And it's in the Rose family and it based on the color of the fruit. And we kind of classify the raspberry into three different types. Red raspberry, black raspberry and the purple raspberry, which is a hybrid between red and black. And regarding to the winter hardiness, usually red raspberry has the most winter hardiness. And then purple raspberry and black raspberry. So if you see raspberry in North Dakota, most likely it's a red raspberry or a couple of purple raspberries. Raspberry is good. Raspberries are rich in nutrients and contains high content in fiber, municy, and calcium. And also raspberry fruits have high, so-called high O-R-A-C oxygen radical absorbance capacity and also contains high activity of conditional genesis inhibition. And the raspberry can be consumed as a fresh fruit and also can be processed. And as some supplements in other food, on food such as cereal, you can oftentimes see some dried raspberry fruits in it. Okay, here is a very important table shows you different fruit species or different fruits, contains different level of O-R-A-C. You can see raspberry, it's in the middle, it contains one cup. Raspberry contains almost over 6,000 micromolar O-R-A-C. And in the top of the list is the chock-tree. And we know that chock-tree is state fruit trees of North Dakota. And I love chock-tree. I've been working with a chock-tree for more than 15 years. So chock-tree is in Taiwan in O-R-A-C. So go with the chock-tree. And today I mainly focus on raspberry. Raspberry likes cool summer and moderate winter. And however, some raspberry cultivars, particularly in red raspberry group, they are hardy. They can tolerate the winter here. And we have a USDA Hardiness Zone 3 or 4. They will survive the winter. Some raspberry cultivars. And raspberry fruits are so-called perishable and usually used as a fresh market. However, the fresh sales are largely restricted to the local market. So we kind of have a niche market for raspberry here. A little bit, some basics about raspberry. And raspberry based on the fruiting characteristics, there's two different types of raspberry. The first one we call the promocane. Sometimes they're all called ever-baring raspberry, which they produce fruits in the summer, late summer and fall on the current year growth. That means those shoes develop this year, they will develop the fruits in the same year. The second group is called florican raspberry and which produce fruits in the early or in the summer on the last year's growth. That means those canes developed last the year have to be winter hard enough to survive the harsh winter here. And raspberry is pretty tough and someone called raspberry is kind of a weed. However, if you want to get good yield, good quality, you'd like to use well drained soil. It contains high organic matter and sandy loam soil probably. It's kind of very good for raspberries. And the pH, soil pH about 6 to 6.5, which most tree species like that, range of the soil pH. However, raspberry cultivars can tolerate, it's a pretty large range of soil pH from 4.5. It's very acidic and to 7.5 it's actually soil. And planting and we recommend to suggest in the spring and early summer planting would be better for those newly planted raspberries to grow, to develop a healthy root system and will enhance the winter or low temperature tolerance. Regarding the the training system because we know that raspberry is kind of a vine and you need some structure to support their growth. So usually we use a trailer system and here there's a T trailer system or V-shaped trailer system. And we use V-shaped trailer system in here, our experimental field. And also in the backyard you can either use trailer system or use so-called heel system, crump together, gather together, some canes. And also like container production also you can use kind of a heel system or modified heel system. And for pruning and here's a winter pruning different strategies can be used for those two different types of raspberries. For floric cane raspberries because they produce fruits on the last year's growth. So you have to leave canes. And however for primal cane raspberries because they can produce fruits on current yield.  The different types of pruning system based on different types of raspberries. And we do some research at NDS and basically we'd like to recommend some cultivars for North Dakota raspberries growth. So six years ago and we get some funds and some introduction of raspberry cultivars and to fill the variation of those cultivars. And basically for winter hardiness fruit quality and productivity in North Dakota. And those are cultivars we introduced or we grow them in the field for field trial. And left side of that table is floric cane cultivar. You can see the 10 floric cane cultivar and in which the last three amethyst is a purple raspberry. Remember it's a hybrid between red and black.  And the right column shows you that Promo cane cultivar and which some of the pretty pretty new cultivar. And the last one is yellow raspberry or yellow fruit raspberry. And this slide shows you the field setting of the the field trial. And you can see we use the V shape trailer trailer system. And also and in Absuraka we have a culture research firm. And in the raspberry field we use so called a clean cultivation. There's no no weeds no plantings between between the rows. And it's pretty pretty successful. You can see the grow very well. And the right corner shows you that you may see it's a black raspberry. Okay here is the results of the field trial. This figure shows you the wind damage index of floric cane raspberry. Remember floric cane you have to have the healthy canes that can survive the winter. And 10 different cultivars. And if you see the shorter the bar the higher the winter hardiness. Okay you can see the first eight cultivar. And they have a pretty good winter hardiness. Even pre root and less than 20% of the bud survived or died less than 20% of the bud died. So definitely we will have enough parts for the yield next year. And mac black that only one black raspberry some damage. And the meek last one which is a standard cultivar of the floric cane raspberry in west coast. You can see we have that pretty pretty bad winter damage. Okay this figure shows you some promocane raspberry that winter winter damage. And you see first a couple cultivars they have some winter damage. However it's kind of a tolerate and they still have enough buds and for fruit production. However remember promocane and you can mow down even all canes died back and secondly you still have some fruits. And this table shows you some fruit quality based on our field trial. And this table shows you the floric cane raspberries. And you can see first one is pre root. It's a very very new cultivar, raspberry cultivar released by Cornell. And it's the earliest raspberry cultivar so far here in the United States. And in Fargo area and we start harvest pre root in June middle or late June very very early. And then the boine nova carnia they are they are old popular winter hardy cultivar. And you can see based on based on the harvest time or fruit ripening time and they are either early or mid season cultivars. Berry size and some pretty good some small but these are based on our two year results. And SSC and here Bricks is described the sugar basic content. 10 is pretty good and and the meek that's even even it's not hard enough it's it's very hard. And fruit firmness is another one. It's medium firm to very firm and flavor all those cultivars have very good or good flavor. This one shows you the fruit quality of pramokane raspberries. It's in 2016 and which which we have we had not that severe winter hard winter damage but 2018 we have some damage. Now you can see Polana which is the earliest pramokane cultivar and we start harvest in middle of August is still pretty good. And Jung Jae is also we can start middle or late August and those are good fruit size and taste is also good and and fruit firmness also firm or very firm. Okay so based on the result and we have had so far and we'd like to to to put I'd like to put some cultivars here which I just suggest you to try and based on our field test. For example pre-road I mentioned that this one is the earliest red raspberry cultivar pretty winter hard even though you have some winter damage but still it's tolerate you can have a good yield and boring very hardy early ripening cultivar, carny, good flavor, good size of fruit and winter hardy Nova is very early ripening and also some some mid or late harvesting such as Lathen which is the Minnesota cultivar it's very hardy it's a taste very good and Angkor it's also it's it's not that late mid season variety and also Amphist it's a purple raspberry and which released by Iowa State in in 60 very good flavor someone very like it and big good size fruit have a very very kind of a special taste and Promo King cultivar those are three and Plana is early ripening Promo King cultivar and we start harvest fruits in in mid or early August and John Jay it's a thorn leaf it's the only thorn leaf cultivar it's good quality good size it's very good and then in this yellow fruit raspberry cultivar it's good flavors very special flavor good size and and those cultivar I mentioned they all have a very good productivity and the reason I listed more Florida King cultivar is because if you plant Promo King and you have the winter damage even though you can more cut all cans with the new growth those new growth still can produce fruits however remember we have a very short growing season and even Prana we start harvest August 10th or mid or early August majority of the fruits can be harvested but still you will last some fruits for the first fall frost so that's why we always recommend use Florida King can because we don't need to worry about the early fall frost if they can tolerate the winter and also the last slide that we tried grow some of the raspberry in the greenhouse or in the high tunnel they grow very very well and grow vigorously produce large high quality fruits so so when you have the small greenhouse and then you may consider or even high tunnel and in your backyard and you may consider to do container production I will promote container raspberry production and lay down but probably it's very very good okay thank you thank you Dave we've got some questions already for you oh okay Ben on youtube live asks raspberries be something you can plant on the side of a field and use a manure spreader to fertilize and then dump the waste hay from the cows to insulate the roots for the winter plant the raspberries on the side of the field use a manure manure spreader to fertilize them yeah that's that's a good good point and we we I we have another project and say to do organic production of raspberry which animal manure it's it's a wonderful very good fertilized sources of course and also cover with the hail or the store waste hay yeah definitely will help protect the root system so I mean so raspberries respond well to manure but now as far as that waste hay the raspberries are pretty hardy do they need any special winter protection but for for uh I mentioned that for those probably can you can more primer yeah primer can you cover with those straw will help there you go yeah um what do you think what can we do about that spotted wanger saffola in raspberries huh you didn't why didn't you mention that man but how how about in this okay okay cultivar differences as far as tolerance to the past uh at the beginning of the sws at the beginning of the season you can see some difference among the different cultivar however once the population of the swd increased to a certain level they they go every yeah and swd is an issue but one thing I I did not mention that and based on the literature or based on some information I got and swd basically cannot overwinter here so it's a good news and they have to be uh from somewhere in the in the spring or summertime so if you can harvest we do the field survey and I use the microscope to look at the fruits if you harvest fruits before last year before july 10th or 15th very low chance to get the stability so so plant early ripening cultivar which is is a good strategy to avoid uh instability in here not the corner because they cannot overwinter survive the winter here okay that's a good idea how about uh are there any test sites in the western part of the state like in wilson for example uh unfortunately they let know that we only only only have the two sites winds up in the abyssalaka which is it's a 50 miles west of fargo and one field is in uh fargo area so and there's a there's a field day at abyssalaka yes that people can come out and see your plant right there yeah we have a field day in abyssalaka and also we have a field day here on campus on campus yeah yeah in the past the two years i i uh discussed those on the field today and and if anybody was really interested in raspberries they could contact you and yes you take you go out to the field with them and show them call your great research yeah no problem how about uh here's a kind of a technical question i'll try to say it properly when you measure the winter hardiness of your primal cane raspberry cultivar is that related to the hardiness of the primal canes overwintering to become a fluorocane yes okay yeah it is it is not the survival of the plant itself no no no okay if if the cane last growing cane can survive the winter buds on those cane will outbreak first so you will have a little bit earlier yield then those new growths from the ground yeah in the southern area and oftentimes they leave the canes even for for uh primal cane you you mentioned with the very prelude it has double cropping what is it what does that mean that means they can produce fruit on last year's cane and they also can produce fruit on this year's growth so you can harvest for your period you start harvesting in late june yeah and then you probably finished the first crop in late july and then this year's growth they will produce fruits in the august or sometimes you can start harvesting the second crop in the late august so the primal canes produce yes yes uh pre root that's a couple of cultivar they they have uh doubles of double cropping okay how does somebody know what their variety is a fluorocane cultivar or a primal cane cultivar if you want to test if if if the if if the fluorocane cultivar you can cut onto the ground in a second year you will not have any fruit because they need produce fruits on last year's growth if you cut through in all last year the growth they will not produce fruit and if they new growth can produce fruit that's primal cane that's a primal unless the cultivar just you mentioned that the prelude is double cropping that's a different one yeah that's special so generally the primal canes they produce fruit on their first year canes yeah the current you can fall you so sometimes in the catalogs they're called fall fall yes yes whereas the fluorocanes are more typical summer summer berries and the primal cane they sometimes they also call it is everberry everberry yes okay when's the best time to prune raspberries spring or fall uh in our region and we'd like to wait until the the harsh winter pass and until you can see the dieback or make sure the buds survive or not so that means we already do pruning so-called winter pruning but it's oftentimes late uh april or april or early may because if you wait till late april you can see the dieback yes trimmed at all otherwise you trim them in the winter time and and you never know that's right yeah um what about you have to worry about cross pollination problems if you plant two different cultivars next to each other uh raspberries not can self pollinate it it's not not not have to be a pollen pollinator species however all cross pollinator may help the fruit setting even may help the yield increase the yield so yeah grow one cultivates fine grow more than one maybe give you some good quality good yield but if if i plant a red raspberry next to a black raspberry i'm not going to get purple raspberries right it's only in the seeds in only seeds if you if you if you if you germinate those seeds next year right so you don't have to worry about no cross pollination um um besides the amethyst purple raspberry are there any other of these cultivars that have limited suffering uh regarding to to the purple raspberry we have a we have a royalty purple raspberry and uh we we in our field it seems suckling is is not that severe but based on literature someone mentioned that it's very strong why did you recommend amethyst and not royalty no it is still still uh uh winter hardy it's yeah royalty it has more winter hardy no no no amethyst amethyst yeah we do the test here um do raspberries need bees for pollination to produce fruit as i mentioned no but open cross pollination may help fruit setting and even may help the enhance increase the quality and yield okay how about you know you have a few different trellis designs you had the tea trellis and the trellis and the hill trellis is there any certain like why why do you choose to be trellis in yours like what what's the benefit from one over the other uh we try the trellis system is kind of again i can wisely or efficient to use the space and at the same time you're still pretty easy to to do harvesting this raspberry usually usually is a manual harvesting what's the difference between a black raspberry and a blackberry versus a dewberry black raspberry is a different species different species blackberry black raspberry is different from blackberry different different different blackberry usually cannot well survive to winter here and when you pick a black raspberry the cap will stay on the that's a that's a blackberry i mean like a blackberry yes yes a black raspberry is yes blackberry you'll have the whole yeah fruit there yeah yeah the cap um okay what else uh this person more in county sees lovely tall green raspberries with no fruit what is that all about drop they they they tall green raspberry plants that have no fruit every year or probably they can survive the winter that's that's yeah that's primokines yeah that's primokines yeah didn't survive the winter maybe they're blackberries you they can cannot produce yeah okay how about uh uh there was a question about is it like ice wine where the longer you leave it on the bush when it freezes does it get super sweet like do you want like like it freezes uh we never tried those but that's you know as far as that freezing i think it's worth mentioning that these these uh fall bearing types the most important consideration is earliest right and that is like like heritage the common variety will not ripen in time and right the core how about uh some of this person's raspberries have white sections on the fruit and an individual for you see some white that's why the droplets that's uh in southern uh area they have a lot a lot of those issues someone say it is probably it's it's uh it's uh damaged by the sun yes but someone the think probably it's damaged by the unbalanced nutrients or those kinds of things but there are still some research is going on that's a big issue on blackberry yeah the sun scald is definitely one issue there um okay last call for any questions and you talked about this spied winter saffa the early ripening berries are usually best because before the after saffa gets active but after a while and also one suggestion about swd and uh in research conducted by uh i believe the south carina or somewhere they suggest when you find the swd in your field the first spring you need to increase the uh intense intensity a spring yeah spring that will control the whole population increase as fast yeah it's very very important they they have that one and also to take in care the swd you need to harvest almost almost all ripened berries do not leave any overripened berries in the field yeah yeah we've got a nice publication about integrated pest management of spotted winter saffa and it covers all kinds of techniques for monitoring forests using traps and spray recommendations using uh short-lived sprays because you're spraying when the fruits are ripening so you have to use a spray that can only persist for a day or so and so use that as a resource but that is definitely a past of major significance and and here i have some information about how to manage them and how to manage the swd just read this one and first one is harvest fruit on schedule destroy infested fruits and reduce population of wild hosts in the surrounding area with other other uh softer fruits and grow earlier ripening cultivar to avoid swd and open foliage canopy and it may help and then last last one is protect the fruit with some mesh net netting some netting very fine meshing uh just we're just going to wrap it up here but just uh how long does a raspberry patch live in north dakota uh individually for commercial raspberry production usually we refresh the planting every it used to be every 10 years right now it's every seven or six years because of the virus infection issue that's true yeah virus are major issues after about seven years and um i think and living mulches or cover cropping that would work well you know just very plant yes yep okay there you go okay i'm gonna we're gonna shut it down with that stand time tonight and david thank you very interesting talk thank you very much


Australia's 46th Parliament will be a crucially important place in time for integrity and accountability at a federal level. What are the five big sets of integrity and accountability issues that the 46th Parliament is going to need to confront? Well, the first one is the creation of a national or Commonwealth integrity commission, a federal anti-corruption body. The Morrison Government's Commonwealth Integrity Commission proposal, however, involves quite a bit of controversy. Currently, the proposal is to restrict the reach of such a body to criminal offences of corruption, like a law enforcement agency, where in fact we know that corruption is much broader, that grey area corruption is really very often what we should be focusing on. Which brings me to the second big integrity issue, which is whistleblower protection reform. And it was a big success of the 45th Parliament to already achieve a very historic step in terms of improved whistleblower protection for private sector workers under corporation law reforms, which have just commenced. So now we need to get on and both upgrade the public sector whistleblowing protections at a federal level and also try and make sure we achieve much better consistency and simplicity in how these protections work. And this has only been reinforced in its importance by the recent in June raids by the Australian Federal Police on Australian media organisations. There are three more big issues. The first is to actually achieve some greater clarity and greater enforcement around our mechanisms intended to control undue influence on politics. And this ranges from the federal government, federal parliament needing to catch up with our states, Queensland and Victoria in particular, on introducing proper transparency in political donations and making for example a real time disclosure regime for what political parties are receiving by way of donation. We need to see greater transparency and more enforcement in our lobbying regimes at a federal level and this is emphasised by the problem of revolving doors. Former politicians and senior public servants who actually it appears on the face of it in breach of the very weak existing codes of conduct going straight out of government and then taking up lobbying roles or consulting roles or corporate roles where clearly they intend to trade on information and skills they amassed as ministers in ways that are not necessarily conducive to the public interest. The fourth big issue is going to be that we should finally see some movement towards regulating truth in election campaigning. This last federal election saw more falsehoods, more misleading information spread on social media which clearly amounts to misleading and deceptive conduct. In the rest of our society, in business and in normal advertising, we have controls on misleading and deceptive conduct and it's time that we actually introduce equivalent controls to political advertising, to political communication especially in the age of fake news. And finally we have some very serious international responsibilities that we need to be addressing including proposed reforms to our foreign bribery laws, proposed reforms to our anti-money laundering laws and in particular we need to see our National Integrity Commission take on a role that is about helping coordinate with state bodies our response to those sorts of corruption problems. We've just seen the revelation that the son of former Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Peter O'Neill is living in a $13 million house in Sydney, the wealth behind which can't really be easily explained. And so we need to see our National Integrity Commission actually take on a stronger coordination role tying our federal and state agencies together, liaising with international agencies, working with other federal bodies to do that in order to actually ensure that we achieve a holistic response to our international anti-corruption threats here at home in order to make sure that we're playing our role as a proper global citizen. So we can see that dealing with all five sets of issues is not only timely but really necessary in this term of the parliament. We live in a very fast-changing world where corruption pressures are only arising and so we can see that biting the bullet on these issues in the 46th Parliament will not only see us achieve these goals but it's what the vast majority of Australians want to see.


And so what I will talk about, it's about coherently diffraction imaging at nanoscale. So as you know, I'm coming from Daisy and Daisy is really a remarkable site with Petra III ring and with the flesh holes, two holes flesh and X-File option. So that starts here and then in three kilometers, it has its playground to place where we are. We do experiments, so it's really a remarkable place now for coherent and ultrafast science. And I'm happy to be at that place. So about coherence first of all, well, we all know that coherences can be presented in kind of two ways. So it's a longitudinal coherence that is all about the wavelength difference and it's related to the bandwidth of the light and special coherence that would build the most importance for today's talk and that is coming from the angular size of the source. And so coherence diffraction imaging, so it's coming from partial coherence x-rays or electrons that can be and then we pass by through the slits that define our coherent beam and then we put our sample and then we could measure either the forward direction or in the break direction depending on the type of experiment. And then we hope that, and then we substitute optics that that would be between sample and CCD. We substitute it with phasor material and we hope to get to the fraction limited microscope. And as we all know, we are not yet there but we very much hope to go towards there. So, and how we do phase retrieval. So it's typically we do free transform between the real and reciprocal space many times and we put reciprocal space constraints in the reciprocal space and we put real space constraints that are typically finite support and positivity quite often. And so some other constraints and then we get, hopefully we get a result in this case. And in simulated diffraction data we get it quite nicely. So we start with diffraction pattern and then we put support and then slowly this phase is coming of this nice lady with all the details on all the details about the hairs and everything you can see here. And it's so nice of course, in the, on the simulated data but unfortunately, as you all know that the process is going quite slow. I mean, some collecting data to real images and publication takes sometime two or three years until we are there and until we publish results because we have to understand also what is happening. And so now coherency resources. So it's APS of course, it's a new SRF EBS, it's spring gate in Japan and of course, it's better three in Hamburg. And unfortunately, Dina, I don't have max four here picture but I should have hit here max four picture of course. And so, but we do quite a bit of experiments now Petra three. And so here is a sample environment that sucks wax set up at P-10 and then here also sample area during experiment at P-10. So it's here, you could see how it's all coming. It's X-ray beams, it's leads, it's sample. And then here's some microscopes we have of course and then the beam that is passing by to detector that is in five meters typically. So and here it is a brexidized set up for when we have our detector about two meters away from here and here again, here microscope and on this stage we put our sample and be beams coming from the right side. Okay, so now we go to nano science and we, I will start first from nano crystals and the data that was done in collaboration with the university and with Petra three team at P-10. And you know that photonic crystals are quite natural in nature. So this nice colors and the wings for butterfly and to this opal samples that women like very much. It's that these colors are coming just from the fact that these color systems and then raising them on my former PhD students he started just this color those systems of the butterfly wings in this paper. And so there are artificial photonic crystals and that they can be made from one day to the engine 3D and also importantly that there is, they are also photonic but when you get materials and as we could see for certain frequencies light is propagating. So here light is propagating inside the system and to this frequency it's not propagated. So it's just reflected complicated topic. And also if you will have defects in such systems then we could manipulate light like here it is shown. So having some distortions or some special defects where we can propagate light as shown here where we can turn it around by 90 degrees. And so here are different defects in color your crystal that here is a CM image of internal facets of certain and also. So of course we need good methods to visualize the defects inside the photonic crystals. And so for that way we did the following experiments. So, and this is the way how people call. So let me see here is the point. So I have showed just before my talk that people in Brazil are just building up sucks build beam line that would be devoted also for coherence measurements. And that's exactly what we do here. So we collect by CRL will focus our beam slightly. So it's about a few micron size focusing here. Then we have a cryojet to cool our sample and then we have a carbon fiber on which we put our sample. And then we collected, as I said, then five meters we put detected and we collect the fraction patterns and we rotate samples. So it's kind of here in tomography that we are doing. And so here angle is quite small rotation is 0.5 degrees and we can collect it from zero to 180 degrees. And in this way, we have the full reciprocal space. So now it's like that. So here how to the deflection patterns looks like. You see how they evolve and how. So we have these break peaks that are also changing while rotation. And also we have some streaks here will appear at some point, I hope you will see it. No, you don't see it yet. And then you can put it into 3D in this image and here you can see streaks connecting break peaks. And so from that, you could already guess that there are some defects, some plain defects in the sample. Okay. And so then we do phasor retrieval. And first of all, we'll look on the break peaks on the break peaks that is highlighted here. And actually wherever it's over six break peaks over six break peaks. And so here is the break peak reflection. And after performing reconstruction, we get the shape of our sample space. And then we're using the shape as our support. Then we can construct, use the construction of the full data space that was collected in 3D. And then we can obtain this beautiful pattern that shows already as you can see the layers of the colloidal crystals here. And also the positions of all the particles inside the system. And so here you could see one cut through them 001 crystalline plane. And you can see it very nicely. This hexagonal order that is very well seen here. And also when we, and also where we could see stacking ABC staking or ABA staking that is the first one is FCC. And then HCP staking it quite often it's broken this or this broken it. Then it's the HCP staking when it's ABC and then it would come there. And if we project in this direction, then we can get the full staking. So as you can see, it's quite complicated here. It's only here ABC, ABC, ABC, but otherwise it's all different. So it's really with the HCP staking here. And also what we can see here, we can see that the double atoms or some vacancies here as you can see here. So it's really interesting to examine it some point. Okay. So then I mean that's the consistency is visualized. And then of course, it's a question of the resolution that that is very important. So on the text at that time when we were measuring, so we obtained the maximum Q value gave us a resolution of 56 nanometers. It is nice, but not so nice, of course, it's not so exciting, but we have seen that took a little particles with the size of 70 nanometers of our results according to really criterion and distances more than 18 nanometers. That's already something, not very good, of course, but something, but then we identified the position of each individual colloidal particle in the lattice was determined with an accuracy better than nine nanometers. That is already quite something. Okay. So, and recently we continue to this experiment on a little bit different system. So it was not colloidal grain, but it was mesocrystal go-go grains. So this is a paper. And so mesocrystals is a structure composed of numerous small crystals of similar size and shape, which are arranged in the regular periodic pattern. And what is important that they're all connected with some organic molecules. So typically it's long organic molecules. Typically it's also like X and S. And so experiment was quite similar. So we have a source, we have CRL, but which will focus the beam. We have a sample and we have a cryojet again and then we're rotating our sample. And then on five meters it was our detector. So then nanoparticles go to the cubic shape as you could see here. And today we're about 16 nanometers inside. Then we had such very nice cube, but it was a little bit big for our measurements. And so from that way we drilled actually in the middle, we drilled it with the focused iron beams and we took a grain of this crystalline particle. And of course, while cutting it by a fib, it didn't look so nice in the CM as we can see here. Okay, and so here we measured again reciprocal space as we could see here again, we could see break peaks. And here fringes we could see from different facets of the crystalline sample. And we can see that there are some defects here maybe because break peak is divided into two break peaks. And so here it's an average, and here this break peak is that is shown here. And here again reciprocal space in movies, so you can see how it's changing here. Well, okay, and after reconstruction, so reconstruction was made by Jirong Harnes. And so here we could see results of construction and here's some cuts from the, here you could see some cuts through the middle of this grain and you could see here cracks, you could see here cracks and some point defects and some lattice bending. So it's quite complicated structure that was finally. But it's important to understand this structure. And so you could see how it looks like and you could see some items on the surface and some voids here. So that's quite important. And so then we made very careful analysis. So it's a displacement map with the red arrows is shown in displacement map of 3D super lattice and also you can assign by running directly a polyhedron, you can assign different type of stretching, different parts of the sample actually. And then you can make also from that after you have the full displacement map you can map out 3D dilation map of this super lattice that is some of strain components of epsilon xx epsilon yy and epsilon zz. And you could see that grain is really quite complicated, strained in very complicated way. And here it's just individual components here as shown and you could see that it's really that strain tensor is quite complicated. But important to understand this structure but importantly after this results you can obtain the full strain tensor. And here how dilation map looks like 3D. Okay, so same that. So I will go now to break the hermit CDI and then so and this as I said already so you are coming to the same way with the hermit beam you put sample but now you measure your break geometry. And so here are a few equations I put just for in the kinematic approximation has amplitude that is connected to electron density and it's free transfer of electron density. And then as soon as there's a crystal we put here periodic electron density of the crystal. And then you can show this scattered amplitude near one of the break peaks. It says given by this function where this S of H is a shape function that is equal to one inside the crystal and zero outside the crystal. And what is important here it's this phase factor that is projected strain field in the crystal. And so for crystallographic sample we get from distribution of strain and that's where the whole method is going and we know a lot of people that use this nowadays. And but what is important to remember that in break CDI we do not get information about electron density but we reconstruct the amplitude and phase of so-called crystalline function associated with the given reflection. And that this would be clear from the examples that I will show just now. Okay, and here it's in Robinson likes such pictures so where he shows how this strain, this phase is appearing so it will have lattice and then displaced lattice and then it's shifted by this formation field and that that's how this phase is appearing here. Okay, and also sensitivity to strain can be shown in this model. So here is in one model it's just ideal lattice and here is a lattice with some shifted planes and you could see here it's a really ideal copy of all the break peaks and here some deviations are appearing. You can see here for example that is showing that it is not an ideal lattice. And this gives you an idea of how you make in 3D that this measurements or in this case you just rotate it around your break angle and then your CCD is passing by through the reciprocal space and then you measure the full reciprocal space this way. Okay, and so applications to catalysis and catalysis is very important issue nowadays so basically it goes by a rainy situation and by putting catalysis we just changed the barrier for some chemical reactions so below with this barrier and that is important because any chemical reaction is going by this rainy situation as soon as your barrier is smaller than your chemical reaction is going faster. And so as we're now increasing the rate of chemical reaction by lowering the transition barrier in terms of the kinetics or speed of the chemical reaction. So here are some different calculations of different reactions and of course it's a big thing. It's a big factor that I did for that and the catalysis particles are quite small some of them about one micron small of course about a few nanometers. Okay, so then present use of catalysis it's cell light crystals and small hydrocarbons and nickel particles and also platinum is very popular. And so we've made a few experiments here on that line. So it's a chemical infection of single nano platinum nano particle that there in the reaction conditions and this was done together with the HDL group and there's a nano lab and it was done at the surgery. And so here are some gifting calculations that shows how platinum is really reacting on different conditions and how the list extraneous evolving in particle inside the particle. And so we considered different atmospheric conditions argon and argon plus co. So energy of the beam was 8.5 kV and beam size was 300 nanometers. Simple detector distance was 0.68 meters. And here it was shown how you collect break peaks. And so here it's also it's a dome here where you have different atmosphere and here's platinum particle which you do your experiment.  This gap is especially here that is well seen. So then what is the origin of this gap? It's just some part that scatters in some other direction. It's not one one one direction where most of the particle is scattering but that scatters to another direction. So there are probably some stagnant faults and due to that this part of the crystal it's invisible. The electron density of course it's uniform. It's going from one part of the crystal to another part of the crystal. So okay, so oops. So in argon atmosphere here that was a particle in argon atmosphere and in argon sewer it's slightly changes and then we could see the strain part. So here is, so shape is imposed together with the strain part. So strain is in color here as shown and here you could see to the images through the center of the particle in this direction cut and you could see this part that is not visible. Now the case and slight strain changes here. And so in order to visualize it's better we will put histogram of the bulk strain and histogram of the surface strain. And so here you could see that when you saw different. Okay, so then I will go to second paper. So it was Kegelsen desegregation and platinum rodium nanoparticles and it was done in collaboration with Hordu U group and Andre Stirli group. There's a nano lab and experiment was done at the APS of being like 44 IDC. And so here is a same picture of the platinum rodium nanoparticle and the small guys here these are rodium nanoparticles that are scattered around on the surface. And here is the fraction pattern of this particle and here the shape that was reconstructed. And here again we have different gas conditions so it was helium initially then it was oxygen of different concentration 2.7% of oxygen 5% of oxygen and then 3.8% of hydrogen then. And we could see that in the hydrogen atmosphere the shape started to change and also here is a strange results and also and strange here is represented by the and by the concentration of rodium particles. And so when it's read it's more rodium so it's mostly on the surface and it's depleted from the center. And this results was from 515 degrees C and here is temperature at 700 degrees C and so this temperature gives us a different path length for the rodium particles from migration of the rodium particles. And so we could see how this is changing again helium and oxygen and hydrogen atmosphere. And so we could see that we have really a certain segregation here on the surface of the particle of the rodium. And this was even better revealed when we did certain analysis. So this is distance from the surface this is on the surface and this is going to the center of the particle. And so here for hydrogen you could see for 550 degrees in hydrogen it has a jump here of rodium. And here at 700 degrees it's more or less the same and to go in hydrogen it is still a little bit high here. Okay. And to rethink that the following is happening so that as soon as these particles were exposed to air so then rodium oxide is formed in this for the small particles and for the big platinum rodium alloy particles it's all covered by rodium oxide in oxygen atmosphere this oxide is becoming even thicker but then in hydrogen environment it happened in a repulsion of rodium oxide and then particles start to come to this big particle and so here we have more rodium it's becoming the surface of this particle it's becoming more rich. Okay. And the last experiment that I will be talking it was a single alloy nano particle it's imaging during the deterioration and this was in collaboration with Andrea Stirligrup at the Nanolab and KIT in Kalsyroa and it was done at SRF-ID1. And so here we started platinum rodium nanoparticles as I said already and so the position was 60 to 40 approximately of platinum rodium and particularly on struts and titanate substrate size where the particle was about 600 nanometers and we went immediately to 700K and here conditions were the following. So it was argon, then argon plus CO, then argon CO and oxygen and then again argon CO again and here is a CM picture of the particle and here is a wolf plot of the equilibrium shape of the particle and you can see that it's very close to this equilibrium shape. Okay, so experiment was done in the same way like we do with the SRF and here is the intensity distribution of the particle in 3D and so then here is a series for different gas conditions for the particle and here the cuts shown here, blue, yellow and red cut and you could see how it looks like and clearly we see that resolution in the vertical direction is much higher than in the transverse directions. Okay, and then we made phase retrieval and here is the result of the phase retrieval so that's the shape of the particle that was shown here on 0.55. So it was cut at 0.55 and here is a strain also shown at the same cutting value and so you could see some evolution of the strain as soon as we're changing the gas conditions and here we look inside of the particle and strangely so we have quite a bit of strain inside the particle as we could see here and also on the surface and on the bottom and I think that that is related to the effect of that it's probably particle is stuck at some point where some defects on the surface. Okay, and here it is very important so we performed a phase-phase strain analysis and we could see how the changes are happening for different facets so that these are 1-0-0 facets and we could see that here it's about strain is about zero but then as we change argon or so it's shifting here we could see that in oxygen condition it is shifting to highest strain values and then it's again relaxed and goes to negative strain values and also here for 1-1-1 direction so it's first it's positive strain and then it's more in oxygen conditions it's more zero strain and it stays more like that in argon-co conditions and the same is valid for 1-1 conditions and here is surface and bottom particles so these are the surface on the top and on the bottom, on the bottom you can see that air bubbles are not much higher than for the top surface and here we see opposite things so here it's positive and here it's becoming more oxygen it's even more positive and then it comes back. Okay, and here an interesting point came out so here we tried to understand how what was a resolution for different facets and then we found out this nice paper that was made at EPS actually and so then we performed similar analysis in this paper and we obtained that we have a resolution from five to six, seven nanometers and sometimes above just three nanometers in the vertical and bottom conditions so it's a very high resolution record here. Okay, and in the end I will spend a few minutes about and we'll talk about the fraction-limited storage rings and so as you know, the brilliance is defined by this equation where sigma stays for the total floating soil size that includes horizontal and vertical directions and that includes radiation from a single electron and size and derivations of electron beam. And then here in flux is nothing else as example, half squared multiplied by brilliance. And to then here we could implement the meetings for example, in particular direction and then due to Heisenberg principle, emittance is always higher than a number of four pi squared and so if we get equality here then we are so-called in the fraction-limited storage ring situation and how to get there is clear so that you have to minimize your emittance from the beam. And that is a nice plot that is showing how brightness is the same like brilliance, how it is changing. And so we have first generation, second generation rings, third generation rings and now we have this, so here they were called alternate rings or fraction-limited rings that have this gain here and then for if you also have even bigger gain here and here what is interesting that it's related to the photon degeneracy parameter that is for one extra is calculated for one extra and you could see that it will have for third generation rings, it's about 1% then for the second generation ring we have about two, three probably and no, no, it's, so it's 10 to two, so it's about 100 or 200 and here we would have 10 to two, so then you could think about here in the optics experiment. Okay, and so we'll try to analyze this, it was done in this work and we have analyzed it very carefully with the XRT program that was very valuable for us and then we understood that asymptotic limit for photon emittance is a rather number over two pi and not number four pi as we thought initially and you could see here how it's asymptotically coming here and different colors means different energy spreads. So for at zero energy spread and then here it's one 10 million, here is two 10 million and if we look on the coherent, we can stop this button, I don't know. Okay, so if we look on the coherent fraction that we could see that for 500 TV which really will come to one for coherent fraction and if we have one pin, it's a little bit lower and two pin is lower, but still for 500 TV we are very close to the fraction limit case for 12 TV we are less, the fraction limited less at 24 and less at 50 TV but we are still much, much, much higher than at Petra 3 ring, for example where we have only 1% of coherence in fact. So to reach the fraction limited, how the emittance should be reduced to one peak emitter radian and below but at the moment we are not yet to the technology career and here it is shown number of modes that were obtained here so for 500 TV, it's about three, four modes and we estimate contribution but when it's above 1% and unfortunately for 12 TV we have already about from 13 to 20 modes will contribute to the beam and for as soon as energy is higher than more and more modes contribute to the beam and to do energy spread effects so I observed that more modes and reduced coherence will be attained. And so, nevertheless, we are planning to build up Petra 4 ring and so it will cover tender to work hard x-rays and it's 6G electron energy. We are planning to increase the nuclear infection by terms of magnitude and the aim is for 200, sorry, to 20 peak emitter radian horizontal emittance and that's extrapolation of the present day techniques and increase of number of unweighted ports. So we plan that we would have 35 unweighted ports and 28 planned at the moment. There are some three ports that's special. And so we're planning to build an additional experimental hole that is shown here. So that these are existing holes it's much from the lower hole, it was the first hole. Then there were two extensions here, more extensions and so on and here is additional experimental hole that is planned to build. And here is a time plan. So we plan, so we are now in so-called TDR phase that's planned for two years, about two years. So we finished the TDR phase and we have TDR on the project. And then we start or we plan to start on somewhere in middle of 2023. And to the end we have a dark time from 26 to 27 and from 27, from 28 on we start Petra 4 operation. At the moment it's planned to like that but of course it will depend on the politics and on many other things. Okay, so I'm coming to my summary. So Cartesian deflection imaging is a revolutionary technique. It allows the emission forward geometry in theory, non-periodic samples, colloidal crystals, mesocrystalline grains. It allows the emission bright geometry in nano crystals under different external conditions in shape and strain you can obtain and nano crystals under catalytic conditions and deflection limited sources are especially those huge for this technique. And here are members of the group like it was three years ago at the moment. It's only three people in the group. And here are former members that listed kind of longer and longer. And so thank you for your attention. Thank you very much even for this overview on the technique and on the applications and the work that you and your collaborators have done recently. So the session is open for questions. I hope actually also newcomers to the technique can ask questions to even see that he has done some proposed some introduction to the technique again. You can use the chat, you can raise your hand. I have a question about the... You should start running to hit the audience a little bit. Yes, I have a question about the colloidal crystals, actually, I mean, you're analyzing micron size crystals. Yeah, yeah. So what is the information that you're hoping to extract and how this can be useful then for real application? Well, information that we extract in this case. So let's second, oops, I have to share a screen from there. So let's second our screen back and... So as I said, for colloidal crystals, it's really important to understand this defects structure in the crystals. And especially, you know, all these defects inside are very important today because people are thinking about you're using it for manipulation of this crystalline or this colloidal systems. And they were made by kind of simple technique when you put your glass substrate into the colloidal solution and then by time it grows up and then it grows just by time and that's temperature control has to be very careful. And so this is very simple technique, but you should be careful that all colloidal samples will be in a very small size distribution that then it will go through. We don't hear you. Yeah, sorry. But in terms of feedback, then onto the fabrication techniques, this is an important information, right? Right, right. The problem is that we have to also, I mean, these are small samples that we could investigate by this technique because that's actually a good thing to think about PETRA-4 because the PETRA-4, we would have here in Slant much bigger than PETRA-3 and also the distances will be hopefully much larger so that they plan like 20 or 40 meters for the hole for the adherence scattering. So in this case, we could measure larger grades and that would be very important because at the moment we just scratch small grains from the plate that is grown and just take one of them and study it. And so I guess it could go into some larger samples and could be become quite important to HIK in future. Yeah, I see Dmitry. Please unmute yourself, Dmitry, and ask your question. Thank you. Thanks for the nice talk, Ivan. I have a question actually. Maybe I just don't understand correctly. You showed the imaging of this mesocrystal. I don't remember what were the scales in all three dimensions but do you have any problems with the longitudinal adherence? Like shortage, basically. Yeah, yeah, yeah, so... Or it's not applied in this type of image. No, no, no, that's a good question. So it's about here is one micron. So it was about two, three microns probably. I don't remember exactly the size but that's a good question. So we should be careful with longitudinal adherence but luckily here we're measuring the forward direction and in the forward direction we are kind of more forgiving for us. So from the point that in the break we have to be careful with scattering from the top surface and the bottom surface and it gives you certain path length difference but here as soon as we are in the forward direction so the path length difference is given just by the thickness of the crystal and coherence is about two, three microns. We have longitudinal coherence here in this case. I mean it's on the scale of single microns, right? So we need to see how to reconstruct something meaningful. Right, right, right, right. So it's about the same size. So we're kind of on the safe side here, right? But in principle, you are right. So if we will go for larger samples then we should be more careful even in the forward direction because then we could have some troubles in this case, right? But I think again in the forward, I recall it that in the forward direction we are less sensitive to when you do know here and so that's a very good case for us. But in the break we should be extremely careful that that's why we are limited. So there are a few things whereby we are limited to let's say 200, 500 nanometer samples because otherwise we have either diffraction effects or we have longitudinal coherence effects or some other effects that could spoil our results. That's clear. Okay, thank you. I see you Nying, unmute yourself. Did you want to ask a question? Actually, yeah. I have a question for him this page. By the way, it's very nice to talk. I mean you cover many different aspects. Now in this slide, two questions. One is what is the real application of such old major crystals? And secondly, these are all real. I mean, not really artifact but all the small particles on the surface is real. That is the case. Yeah, it's real. You could see it here. So I showed it in 3D, but you could see it also in this image. You could see it at nanoparticle. So I think it's all real and all the cracks are real. And unfortunately it was quite damaged and I am afraid that it was damaged, especially by FIP that we used, you know, because initially as it was here, initially you can see that it's quite nice crystal. It was grown quite nicely. But size was a little bit large here. You see it's 400 nanometer scale. So it was about, yeah, probably a few micron size. It was, yeah. And so, yeah, that was a bit of an unfortunate for us. And that's why we took just central part of it and looked on it in this way. And then we could obtain all these details. And so here, probably here. And here we tried to understand this all by putting the displacement map and especially by calculating strain in all three directions. So here how it was made. So our collaborators actually, so it was not our part of the work, but they took the average structure that we determined for this crystal and put it all in the center of the reconstructed grain and then calculated just shifts from this ideal structure to each position. So this red arrow shows this shifts. And then from that, you can obtain strain in all three directions. So that's a little bit different from Brexit. I went by obtained strain also only in the direction of the scattering factor. And so this is, I think it's very important in future it would be very important, but again, so it was a small grain and we continued this work. And so I think at some point we could come to some nice applications also. But is this good for catalysis or what? No, no, no, it is not related to catalysis and no, no. So the catalysis, it was quite separate work and where we look on a single nanoparticles of platinum, platinum, rhodium nanoparticles it's absolutely separate. At the moment that separate, I don't know, hopefully in future it would be also interesting to study this. And here it's actually, it's quite interesting point here. So I would probably go back to the fraction pattern. One interesting thing we have observed. So when we have for this 16 nanometers particles that we looked on, yeah? And so that they will cubic shape and they formed cubic lattice. And you could see very nice break peaks from the cubic lattice and also some fringes here coming from the surface. So it all worked here. But as soon as we looked on magnetite particles that were 16, 16 nanometer size, then we failed to reconstruct. So we managed to reconstruct the total shape but we failed to reconstruct position of each particle. And so that is a good point really in order for understanding where were the limits of the methods and where were, and why it was happening because break peaks were on the minimum of the length on the minimum of the form factor. And so then we had trouble to reconstruct properly. So I don't know, probably it gives measure of limits for the technique, I don't know. Could it have been the longitudinal coherence hurting you there? Cause the 16 nanometer crystals would give very large- No, no, no, it was 16 nanometer particles that were assembled again in the same way to form mesocrystal. And so the form factor of individual particle was having minima exactly at the position where break peaks were, you know? That was, so break peaks were kind of lowered due to the form factor, you know? And so that was unfortunate in this case. And so that we have kept in mind such kind of things. But when particles are bigger, so then we have a hope to construct and to obtain each particle position. And at some point you talked about the resolution of this image or was it one of the other images? And I didn't quite understand the nine nanometers. You said you located the particles to nine nanometer resolution. Yeah, yeah. So here, for example, in this case, we calculated distribution function. And we looked on the width of the pair distribution function and we saw that the distribution function is sigma values, six nanometers, seven. So here we obtained even higher resolution as we understand that positions of which part was determined with this six nanometer. On average. RMS, yeah, yeah, on average, of course. Actually, I find this an interesting approach. I had a similar question on the colloidal. I think you were talking about the resolution on the colloidal. So I assume that the particles are spherical for this. Yes, yes, the particles were spherical. Yes, yes, yes, they're there, they were spherical, yeah. And they were quite large in size and they were about 213 nanometers inside there. So they were quite large, yeah. And again, so as we have seen, so for large particles when break peaks are closer, so that then we have nicer construction, so for 60 nanometers we also get the construction. But when we're lower the size of particles to 16 nanometers, then we fail to reconstruct. And I don't know whether it's some generality in this rule or it's just was occasional. It's things to explore stuff. So Ivan, can you remind me again why was the resolution limited to 56 nanometers? It's like the scattering power. It was just scattering pattern, it was, yeah, so in this case, yeah. So here Q-max was just so that the X was an estimate of the resolution was given because 56 nanometers. But then when we looked on them, how we do particles with the size of 70 nanometers, so that was an average size that we see here, that was 70 nanometers. And then, so according to two, like, criteria, distances should be about 18 nanometers. Then you resolve them according to criteria. But then again, with nine nanometers, so that that was position of each particle in the crystalline lattice, you know, it was determined better than nine nanometers. Actually, I think there is an analogous for scanning diffraction microscopy if you have a very wide peak in reciprocal space. You can still evaluate the center of mass on the detector, even if it's over many pixels, and you have a sub-pixel. So it's very, very interesting. Passos, I see that you unmuted yourself. Any questions? Yeah, I have a question. You initiated more questions by asking questions. So I guess these peaks that we see originate from the scatterers, the individual crystals, right? Right, right.  Yeah, so that's no. So if you go to one break peak, so as I showed it here, so then you will get the shape of the particle, right? So if you go to one break peak that is shown here, then after reconstruction, you will get the shape of the whole structure. The whole structure, yeah. Right. And then we used this as support to reconstruct the particle. For the support. Yeah, yeah. So this was used as support. And then we used the full map in order to obtain this already position of each color book part. OK, so let's say you showed a tarot for the resolution. Right. That defines the resolution. But I was wondering if you got a read of a few break peaks. Let's say if you what? If you deleted some signal. No, that was the total scattering here, you see. So here, so the break peaks are here. They are small, but here it's the full. So detector was small at that time, you know? So it was maxi peaks, I think. And it was small detector. So as you could see that our break peak, so our scattering is larger than the part that is on the detector. And that was the maximum Q max that we see. My question is, if you delete some signal from a few break peaks, have you tried the phasing that and seeing if it works? No, we haven't tried it. Because you delete the center from what I see, right? No. So here there were some mess here, but then they were recovered. So intensity was rescaled here. And then it was continuous in intensity here in the center. Thank you. Any other questions or comments for even? I think that this discussion was quite rich. And I would like to thank Ivan again for the talk and overview and everybody for participating to the discussion, which is the most interesting part of this. Thanks again, and we'll see you in a couple of weeks.