Today's lecture is part of a series of lectures on elliptic functions, and it will be about theta functions. This particular theta function is called sigma. I have no idea why it is called sigma rather than theta. I mean, I sort of imagined someone got really confused about the Greek alphabet at some point. But the motivation for it as follows. First of all, let's recall the functions we had in previous lectures. We had the Weierstrich's p function, which has two poles, or rather a pole of order two, and two zeros in a fundamental domain. And it's periodic, so p of z plus lambda equals p of z. Here lambda is in our lattice lambda, which you recall is a subset of the complex numbers. Then in another lecture, we talked about the Jacobi elliptic functions, which were s, n, c, n, and d, n. And in a fundamental domain, these had one pole and one zero, except they're not quite periodic.  So they're sort of periodic up to this extra fudge factor here. And this is the sort of price we have to pay for having just one pole and one zero instead of two. We lose periodicity. So it would be really nice if we could have just one zero and no poles in a fundamental domain, because that would make it much easier to construct functions in terms of their zeros. And this function does exist, and is the sigma function that we're going to talk about today. And it's going to have some sort of function equation that looks like this, where this is some sort of new fudge factor, and the problem is to figure out what this is. First of all, it can't just be a constant depending on lambda, because we saw earlier that if f of z plus lambda is equal to c of lambda f of z, this implies the number of poles is equal to the number of zeros. So the price we pay for having just one zero and no pole is that f is going to be even less periodic than it was before. So how do we find a function with one zero in a fundamental domain and no poles? Well, first of all, we have to decide where to put the zeros. Well, it's pretty obvious we put the zeros on the lattice L. Then in particular, we should have a zero at L. And we've got a function p of z, just poles of order two on L. So the idea is we want to start with p and go to our sigma function, and we want to convert poles of order two to zeros of order one. So how do we convert a pole of order two into a zero of order one? So here we've got a pole of order two, and we want to convert it into a zero of order one. And there's an obvious way to do this. We can multiply this by z cubed. Well, this is no good. This only works for the zero at z equals zero. I mean, we'll work for that, but for all the other zeros and all the other lattice points, multiplying by z cubed will just turn them into a slightly more complicated pole. Well, there's another way to convert z to the minus two to z to the minus one. As follows, we recall that the integral of z to the n d z becomes z to the n plus one over n plus one. So that's great. We can raise the exponent by one by integrating. So you think, well, we just have to raise the exponent by three, so we just integrate three times. So let's try and do this. So we go z to the minus two, and then we integrate z to the minus two, and we get minus z to the minus one. That's good. And then we integrate z to the minus one. And we get, well, it says we should have something time z to the zero, but we don't because this is only for n not equal to minus one. And if n equals minus one, we sort of get minus log of z. And if we try integrating this, we get some sort of a mess and we don't get z to the one. So integrating three times doesn't work, but that doesn't really matter because if you've got log of z, you know how to convert that into z. All we have to do is to apply x of minus, well, we have to get rid of that minus sign. We do x of minus something, then we get z. So we can convert a pole of order two into a zero of order one. We just have to integrate twice and then exponentiate. And we have to be a little bit careful about this minus sign here. So this gives us our definition of sigma z. It's going to be roughly x of minus the integral of the integral of p of z. I'm being a little bit vague about constants of integration and where we're integrating from and so on, but it doesn't really matter too much. And now we have to think about periodicity of this. And the trouble is, you remember, when we integrate something that's periodic, we don't necessarily get something that's periodic. So I've got to draw my p's there. p of z plus lambda is equal to p of z. Now if we integrate the integral of p of z plus lambda, it's going to be the integral of p of z plus some constant. And if we integrate twice, this will be double integral of p of z. I'm missing out the dz's, which is very sloppy, but whatever. And then this will be some constant times z plus some constant, where this constant might depend on lambda. And then if we take the exponential of this, this is equal to the exponential of that plus, sorry, times x of something linear in z, where this depends on lambda. So this gives us the form of the periodicity of the sigma function. Well, I haven't said what these constants are, but you can sort of sit down and work them out and you'll find that sigma of z plus omega one is minus x of two eta one times z plus omega one times sigma z, where two eta one is sort of what you get by integrating via Stryce's p function over a period. So you see this is linear in z, as it ought to be with some funny constants. So what this says is that sigma isn't quite periodic, but if you move it by a period, it's still the function of the same shape. It's just sort of got being rescaled by this factor here. So you can think of sigma as looking like a sort of two-dimensional ray of waves, and the waves are all the same shape, but they sort of get bigger and bigger as you go away from the origin or maybe smaller and smaller, depending which direction you go in. And we know that sigma has zeros on L and nowhere else, and you can easily check that sigma is odd. So sigma of minus z is minus sigma of z. Well, that gives us a zero at a point a, but now you notice that sigma of z minus a has zeros at L plus a. So we can put zeros anywhere we want and similarly one over sigma of z minus a has poles at L plus a. So this makes it really easy to construct functions with zeros and poles wherever we want. All we do is we take sigma of z minus a1, sigma of z minus a2, up to sigma of z minus am, and divide it by sigma of z minus b1, all the way up to sigma of z minus bm. And this obviously has zeros at L plus a1, L plus a2 and so on, and poles at L plus b1 and so on. And we can ask, when is it periodic? Well, if we change z to z plus omega1, then this function gets multiplied by all the fungifactors of the sigmas. So it gets multiplied by the product of minus x of 2 eta1 times z minus a1 plus omega1, divided by the product of the same thing for the b's, minus x of 2 eta1 times z minus b1 plus omega1. And we want this to be one, and it's periodic if it satisfies the following two conditions. First of all, the number of zeros must be equal to the number of poles. So this causes the factors involving z to cancel out. And secondly, we want the sum of the zeros should be equal to the sum of the poles. So whenever a function satisfies these two conditions, we can find a periodic function with those zeros and poles. In fact, we can do it slightly more generally, or we need the sum of the ai minus sum of the bi is in L, because if this is true, we can add some element of L to one of the ai's or the bi's in order to obtain this condition. If the a's and the bi's just satisfy this, then this function isn't quite periodic. You have to sort of change the ai's or the bi's by something in L. Well, now I want to discuss this fudge factor, as we get a little bit more. So suppose more generally, we want to have functions with f of z plus lambda is c lambda z times f of z or lambda in L. So when this is one, we get the vi stress function. If it's plus or minus one, we get Jacobi functions. And if it's sort of x to something linear in z, we get the sigma function. And we can ask what other possibilities are there?  And this multiplies it by c of lambda of z times, sorry, c lambda of z times c mu z plus lambda. It's very easy to get these the wrong way around when there's about a one and two chance I have. So this is not quite the same as c lambda z times c of lambda plus mu of z. And this multiplies it by c lambda of z times, the same as c lambda z times c mu of c, which you might guess we've got this extra sort of twiddly factor in here. So if it satisfied this condition, then c would just be a sort of homomorphism from something to another else to another. This condition is called the one co-cycle condition. And there are things called two co-cycles and three co-cycles and so on, but we won't worry about those this lecture. So generally, if we write down a one co-cycle which is a collection of c lambda satisfying this condition, the collection of things c lambda is called a line bundle. Actually, if you look at the official definition of a line bundle, it's something a lot more complicated than this, but that's because people want to define line bundles over lots of complicated spaces. If you're just working on the complex numbers modulo and lattice L, then you can get away with this very simple condition for a line bundle. It's just a collection of functions depending on lambda satisfying this one co-cycle condition. You can easily reduce this to the case of c omega one of z and c omega two of z because the co-cycle condition implies that everything else can be written in terms of this. However, there are some non-trivial relations between these. For example, we want c of omega one plus omega two of z should be the same as c of omega two plus omega one of z. For example, if we put c of omega one z equals e to the az plus b and c omega two of z equals e to the cz plus d, then you see you can't choose a, b, c and d to be any complex numbers because this condition here implies you get this condition that e to the c omega one is equal to e to the a omega two if I've done the arithmetic correctly. So you can write down one co-cycle by writing down these two functions of z, but there are some compatibility conditions they have to satisfy. And if you've got two line bundles, you can do various operations from them. For instance, if you've got one line bundle, so we're looking at functions of fz plus lambda equals c lambda z times f of z and suppose you've got another line bundle. So let's call this one d. So we want d lambdas tell us how g transforms. Now we can ask how does f times g transform? Well, this is equal to c lambda of z times d lambda of z times fg of z. So this is now a new one co-cycle called the tensor product of line bundles. So line bundle is just a collection of fudge factors telling you how something fails to be periodic and a tensor product of line bundles just says that if you've got a function for one line bundle and a function for the other it tells you the fudge factor that you need for the product of these functions. And of course you can take inverses by taking the inverse of c lambda. There's another thing we can do. We can take f of z times h of z where this is any non-vanishing function. And then we can ask how does this transform? Well, this is equal to c lambda of z times hz plus lambda divided by h of z times f of z h of z. And this is a one co-cycle called... Sorry, that should be f of z plus lambda and h of z plus lambda is equal to that times f of z h of z. And this thing here is called a one co-boundary. And this thing here is a new co-cycle. However, you see it's not... I mean, it's giving you a new line bundle but it's not really that different from the old line bundle because you can get from sections of one to sections of the other just by multiplying by h of z. So we say this is equivalent to the line bundle of c lambda. And classifying all line bundles is sort of a hopeless task.  However, we're really only interested in classifying all line bundles up to equivalence. So we want problem, classify line bundles up to this sort of equivalence. And this can be done in two steps. I'm not going to go into details. So the first step is to show we can take c lambda equals x of something linear in z. So we can reduce any line... I mean, you could have a line bundle where the c lambdas was something really, really complicated, some large polynomial in z or some even worse function, but they're all equivalent to something where this is just linear in z. And then you can just classify these by doing a little bit of elementary algebra. And I'll just tell you what the answer you get is that the line bundles form a group and it's just isomorph to c modulo l. So the complex numbers modular lattice times the integers. So these are the so-called degree zero cos cycles, optical equivalence. And this integer here is called the degree of the cos cycle. So this entire group here is sometimes called the Picard group or sometimes the Picard scheme. And rather confusingly, this bit here is just the c over l is sometimes called the Picard variety. And if you want to know what this one is called, it's sometimes called the Neuron-Severi group, but we don't need to worry about that. So what is the meaning of c over l and z? So suppose we're given a line bundle. That means we've got numbers c lambda. And what we do then is take a meromorphic section. So we want f of z plus lambda equals c lambda of z times f of z. Then we look at the poles and the zeros. So the number of zeros minus the number of poles is equal to the degree, which is an element of this z here. And the sum of the zeros minus the sum of the poles is going to be a well-defined element of c over lambda, sorry, c over l, which gives us this bit here. So if we've got a line bundle, we can tell what its image is in this group taking a meromorphic section and looking at the zeros and the poles, and that gives us these two invariants. And as I said, any line bundle is going to be equivalent to one of these by bump by this process. So let's just see a few examples. This means that we can arrange all elliptic functions and all theta functions and everything else in a sort of neat array just by keeping track of what element of this group c modulo l times z therein.  So suppose I take the element 0 in c over l and 0 in z. Well, this just gives us our usual periodic functions. And typical examples would be the vice-stress p function and its derivative. Or we could take an element in half l. You remember, there are four elements of order 2 in c modulo l. We could take 0 here. And if we do this, we get the Jacobi functions s, n, c, n, d, n. If we take 0 here and degree 1, that means we want some of the poles minus the sum of the zeros to be 0. And there should be one more 0 than pole. And we had an example of this, which is just the sigma function that we discussed earlier this lecture. Or we could take an order 2 element of c over l and 1 here. And these we get the Jacobi theta functions, which I haven't discussed yet. But I will probably be discussing them in a lecture coming up fairly soon. Well, suppose you want an arbitrary element a in here and 1 in here. Well, then we could just take sigma of z minus a. Suppose you want an arbitrary element a here and degree 0. Well, we can do that just by taking sigma of z minus a and dividing out by sigma of z. Well, suppose you want something 0 in c over l and degree minus 3. Well, here we can just take sigma of z to the minus 3, which just has a pole of order 3 and 0 and so on. So the fact that every, if you want to summarize the entire theory of elliptic functions and theta functions in the shortest possible space, all you do is you say that the Picard group is c over l times z. This describes, essentially describes all the possible sorts of elliptic functions and theta functions and everything else you want. Okay, as I said, next lecture will probably be on these Jacobi theta functions.


Broadway's My Beat, from Times Square to Columbus Circle. The gaudiest, the most violent, the lonesomest mile in the world. Broadway's My Beat with Larry Thor, as Detective Danny Clover. Nighttime of November, a special time on Broadway. Sense it, it's a new time, when the after-images of early autumn are dying, cloaked already in river mists, chill and drifting. And sense this, that winter is already at a place not far away. Drifting too, hung from a pale moon, scutting over the city and making new shadows. Hurry, it gets dark quickly. Where I was, darkness was cut across by the fingers of light, intersecting the beams of two searchlights, focused groundward. Destruction of building temporarily halted. Rush wrecking job stopped because of this. Remains of dead man found and report phone to headquarters. This would be the cellar, Mr. Clover, where we found him. Under three inches of composition flooring.  Real puzzle, huh? Just a skeleton and all? Well, there's something we can tell about him. You know, what I can't figure out, that satchel of money laying beside him, must be over a thousand bucks in there. What about that? Imagine lying five years under a cellar floor. I do know it's been five years, Mr. Rogers. Well, I bought these three buildings to tear them down for a garage. I got a story about this one. Right where we're standing. What story? Of course, we've torn down to the cellar, so you can't tell, but this one used to be a nightclub, you know. No, I didn't. Yeah, it was. That's the story, a scandal or something about this nightclub. The bank told me, a partner of something five years ago ran away with a payroll or something, to California. What else? Nothing, except that the other partner tried to hold on to the club, but it failed a year later. The bank grew up. The bank took it over four years ago. Couldn't lease it. Nailed it up. Anyhow, that's the story the bank told me. Well, it doesn't look like the man ever got to California. He was murdered. Sure what else? He didn't just lie there and pull three inches of composition flooring over his head. Shot, huh? Twice. See the bullet? The chest cavity? Hmm. Small caliber, 22. And here, right arm fractured and beside it, see another bullet. Bigger one. Yeah, 38. Shot twice by two different guns. Like I said, a puzzle. Well? Well, what? This is a rushed job, Mr. Clover. You know that. Let's get this stuff out of here. It's a good morning, in case you didn't hear. Hi, Denison. Sit down.  Big night last night? No.   Were you going to say something, Danny? No. Oh. Then maybe this will interest you. Got a rundown on the corpse you found last night. What about it? Well, that's what it takes to get a rise out of you. Come on, come on. Get with it. Yeah, better do that else I won't be liked, huh? Technical chart of the teeth. Muggevin put the code on a teletype. Late last night, the one place we got a call back from was Danimora. You get on identification? Code checked out to a former prisoner named Bob Foster. Released six years ago after a 10-spot stretch for Grand Larson. Anything else? Stick with me, kid. I'm loaded. My identification came in. I checked it with R and I. They had a file on Foster. Yeah, wait. Muggevin left some notes for you. Yeah, 1947, May, May 23. A year after he was out of Danimora, Foster was wanted on suspicion of Grand Larson. He packed a satchel with his partner's dough and ran out on him. That would be the satchel you found. Who was his partner? A fellow by the name of Joe Turner. He and Foster opened a nightclub together, a blue sheen. A year after Foster allegedly checked out with his partner's dough, the joint went into bankruptcy. And the word is, Joe Turner cried his heart out at the time, beat his chest, called his partner naughty names. Any lead on Turner? One of the boys traced him to a hotel on West 12th. Only the hotel is out of business now. The management converted the place into offices. Nobody knows what became of the hotel records, so... So an all-points bulletin on Joe Turner. Yeah. Is that all? Yeah, it's got a girl type in it, too. Aggie Blaine. He used to do a poker with clever parakeets at the boys' nightclub. The last known address, let's see, 1326, West 34. It did real good, Denison. Yeah, pull up a minute, Danny. There's more. Oh, what? Those bills you found in the satchel. What about them? Their serial numbers were in series. Must have been the nightclub's payroll. A few weeks after Fawcett went up in a puff of air, 520s out of the same series turned up in sunny California. That's all? Now I can go? Yeah, you can go. Don't sit in that chair, Sonny. Just pick a spot on the floor and stand on it. In the floor, the floor, not the rug. This okay, Miss Devlin? Floors don't belong to me, Sonny. Furniture does. Let's not louse up the furniture, huh? What do you want? Some information about a girl named Aggie Blaine. My niece, brother's daughter, brother's dead. Went out without muffler and rubbers, winter of 36. Got himself a flu that wouldn't quit.  Where's Aggie? My niece. That's what you said? Blew out of here a long time ago. Don't know whether she's alive, dead or what, or could be married to the king of Turkey for all I know. How long ago did she leave? Oh, been five years. Used to be a dancer, Aggie was. Used to. Hey, don't lean on the furniture, Sonny. Pretty furniture, huh? Yeah. Yeah. New as a day, I got it. You want to sit down? We go in the kitchen. Not in the parlor. Not on this stuff. What do you do, Miss Devlin? Huh? Your niece used to live with you. She's gone now. What do you do? Taking rumors? You mean sublet like that? Huh? What for? Who needs it? Retired, huh? It's nice. And all this furniture, ornate. Huh? Oh, you mean tricky with the curlicues and the things, huh? Yeah, all mine. Bored and paid for it. Let's get back to Aggie, Miss Devlin. I don't know she's alive or dead. I told you, I just... She used to dance at a nightclub called the Blue Sheen. With pigeons. A blue one and a yellow one. One named Gloria, the other named Phyllis. Oh, I've seen it myself. Look, Miss Devlin, one of the men who owned that club was found last night. He'd been murdered. You're leaning, Sonny. He'd been murdered. And your niece might be able to tell us something about it. Couldn't you give me some... No, no, nothing. Aggie, she was a dancer. Is she alive? Is she dead? How do I know? Okay. And leave there. And once more into November day. Its furnishings also not to be touched nor leaned against. For instance, the autumn perfume worn by the girl who almost brushes her sleeve. Side steps, changes course, hurries on. And from far off, the brief, wild sob of a freighter sailing out of autumn waters. And at headquarters, it arranges itself into familiar pattern. Routine investigation into death. And wait. And on the first quick surge of November night, the return on the All Points bulletin, Joe Turner, bankrupt nightclub owner, had been spotted in a skid row bar. Third booth on the right was all his. Go there. The place is jukebox and fat cats crawling cymbals and sawdust. The place is Joe Turner, who was once a man.  Do you understand me, Joe? I'm from the police. Something real good. I'll dance for you. You watch me. You watch me. I hear this is just for you. Sit down, Joe. You don't have to do that. You like me. You'll buy? I've got other routines. Tell me about your nightclub, Joe. Your nightclub, the Blue Sheen. Tell me about the club and about Bob Foster. Him? Your friend the Bogs.  I'll squash you like a fly, so help me. What'd he do to you, Joe? Well, who did something to me? Foster. Bob Foster, he stole from you, didn't he? Walked out on me. Didn't wave goodbye. Just took my money. Danced off someplace. Far away. Never sent a postcard. Nothing. Aggie either. Aggie Blaine? There was a dancer. You ever see her? Oh, it's a stunning dancer. Well, I'll show you a dance. It's with the hands first. You know where Aggie is, Joe? Aggie's far away to... Aggie and Bob, the Blue Sheen. We found Bob last night, Joe. He'd been buried under the cellar of your nightclub. Bob. Bob, he forced to... Well, that's where he's been.  Because he stole from you when he went away? Joe, listen to me. I performed for you, Mr. Where's my jacket?  I don't know. Maybe I did. He deserved it. Maybe I did. You think I did? Come on, Joe. Let's join me go uptown. Charge? Suspected felony. Murder. Turn him over to the policeman's school as to proper procedure and proper jail tier and proper cell. Back to the office and sit at the desk. Far away, a light is turned off. And another. And a swollen sag of gray suddenly hangs from the black sky. Morning folding over the horizon. Danny, downstairs, come on. Down the corridors and the steps and outside is damp and still night. I've been wounded upstairs. I got it. Uh-huh, shut. Dead Danny, on account of the police rang her doorbell yesterday, on account of she's Aggie Blaine's aunt. I'm talking to you, Danny. You think so? You are listening to Broadway's My Beat written by Morton Fine and David Friedkin and starring Larry Thor as Detective Danny Clover. Two outstanding events on CBS Radio tomorrow in the day time. For one, the quiz kids will return to the star's address to begin another series of their breath-taking metal gymnastics. Professor Joe Kelly will be in charge of the Little Wizards and they'll all be waiting for you to join them tomorrow on most of these same stations. The other big event tomorrow is the American Radio premiere of Christopher Columbus, Darius Milo's famous opera conducted in concert form by Dimitri Metropolis. It's the featured work on the New York Philharmonic Symphony heard on most of these same stations tomorrow. Broadway makes its entrance out of subway kiosks, out of night corridors, blinks once and long against the white of a new member day, then moves into it soft, polite. It's the thing to do. Treat the morning nice. Don't step on the cracks. You'll still be on your feet when day is done. And the other performers, the man hanging from a spectacular, twisting out the Mazdas that died in the night. And the mannequin, her face dusted, a bolt tightened where wax had given in tonight. And torso and head tilted closer now to shop window. And on wax lips, the good morning kiss. A new day, kid. Live it. And at headquarters, November morning, Sergeant Geno Tortaglia dipping a finger into a container of coffee. Just testing, Danny. You leave these things to the whim of that new girl in Balos Delco. I knew it. Too sweet. Well, that's too bad, Geno. Some days you wake up on the wrong side, and it comes in your container. True, true, Geno. Don't feel bad about it, Danny. No percentage in building a tragedy out of it. We'll both be bigger persons if we don't make of it an issue with the delicatessen. And off the work we go. You gained, Danny? Whatever you say, Geno. Am I permitted a simple statement of fact? Of course. I admire you. Thank you. To work. In the name of Miss Devlin and to Aggie Blaine, the murder weapon was the same that five years ago did do in Bob Forster, suspected absconder with his partner's loot. Same weapon. Indeed. The bullet that was found in the chest cavity of the remains of Bob Forster bore the same markings, riflings as the bullet extracted from Miss Devlin. Ergo, same weapon was used. Small caliber gun, Danny, 22. Then whoever killed Forster five years ago, still around. Which brings me to Miss Aggie Blaine. The routine perusal made by our boys of vital statistic records, a marriage license date of July 3-0, 1947 was found made out to one Aggie Blaine and one Herbie Morse. They find the... Don't interrupt, Danny. A check was made on said Herbie Morse and was found that he owns a drugstore on 23rd corner of night. That's how. You care for my coffee, Danny? No, no, but thanks anyway, Geno. Thanks for everything. Yes, sir? What can I do for you? My name's Clover, Mr. Morse. I'm from the police. Hi. I'm trying to get some information about a girl named Aggie Blaine. Depends upon what kind of info you want. She was my frown. Some things I'll tell you. Some things I won't. Just tell me how you met her and when you met her and why you're not married to her. Things like that, Mr. Morse. What's the matter? You think you could have stayed married to her? Mr. Morse. You haven't got the dough on the wear with all. Just tell me about it, Mr. Morse. She's not gonna make a fool out of me. You know what I'm gonna do one day, buddy?   I'm gonna show her... When did you meet with Aggie? On an airplane. I said hello to her and from there on in it was air pockets, all the way to Frisco. You met her on the way to California, huh? When was this? In 47. Drugged convention. I never saw the inside of the convention hall. Not with Aggie showing me the fancy eating places. And me with a paper to read on dressing at the prescription department. I go on. That was in June. Then back in New York, somehow she wouldn't let me see it. Then she called me. When? July the 30th. I know because July 31st was the day he tied the knot. How come the divorce? A fella. I work late one night fixing up a one-cent sale. I came home, she wouldn't let me in. I beat the door in with my bare hands. There was a fella there selling rugs. He gives me his card and left. Next day she followed him.  You know that? You still have his card? Do I? Right in my wallet. I want it.  Swell. Here. Here's the card. I'm on your side, buddy. Have you seen Aggie since then? I'm happy to say no. However, the day that I do, I will also find me that big blind, buddy.  And get out of the way of Mr. Moss's wagging finger. And through the aisle, lined with preparations, guaranteed to keep you alive longer than anybody. The right turn, down the aisle of space guns, insecticides, and bubble baths. And then left at the table where everything is marked down to 19 cents. And out into the street. Legwork now, an address off the card given to you in the drug store, and a standard drug dealer. Aggie? She ran out on me, Mr. a long time ago. Customer of mine came in one day and ordered our most expensive number wall-to-wall.  Customer's name? Ewing. Dr. Keith Ewing, big back man. Got offices in the Muncie building. And at the offices of the Muncie building be told by Dr. Ewing that Miss Blaine was merely a patient of his. In that condition he never saw her again. No, he never treated her at his office. She was an outpatient at the Cheney Hotel. So go there, Cheney Hotel. Yes, the clerk says. Miss Blaine, yes indeed. He checked out, he's sorry to say. The morning after an automobile dealer's conclave, he remembers. Forwarding address? Yes indeed. 1213 East, 61st. So go there. The girl who answers the door is dressed in velvet pedal pushers. But shakes her head sadly at the name of Aggie Blaine. Agatha, it seems, moved out on her about a month ago. Bag, baggage, and her very own boyfriend, Tony. Where? Well, Tony owns the apartment building over on East River, Beekman Place. So go there. I'm from the police, Danny Clover. And I'm too desperately sorry because whatever it is I can't use it. Let's talk about it inside, Miss Blaine. But then we'd be committing something or other, wouldn't we? Oh? The city ordinance is something.  And all the time you'd be operating under false pretenses. Naughty? Tell me about it. You see, dear boy, I'm not Miss Blaine. Not the girl you need, not Miss...what, Blaine? Aggie Blaine. Girl who used to work at a club called the Blue Sheen danced there with birds. With birds? Oh, how desperately thrilling. That's what we'll talk about, huh? Of course, let's. I haven't indulged in anything so pulpy in years. A club dancer with birds, man of the police knocking at my door. Oh, just walk right in, Mr. Clover. The rugs are deep in the fireplace as Italian marble, and my dressing room is perfumes and custom-made crystal and full-length golden mirror. And it's a castle, and I call it home. So you may plump down wherever you like. I'm grateful. Don't thank me, thank Tony. Tony Crenshaw, my fiancé. Nothing's too good for you, Agatha, he said. And he's loving it.  All mine.  And now your, uh, Agatha... Agatha Reigns. Always was, always will be. Oh, I almost slipped. Soon, Agatha Crenshaw, Tony's wife. You want to hear about Aggie Blaine? Dying. It's how we met, we two. Yeah, speak to me of Aggie. Five years ago, she was a dancer at the Blue Sheen. She... Yeah, there were feathered creatures. You said all that. There was something else. A man named Bob Foster. Just one man? This dancer couldn't have been very good. Bob Foster, ex-con, five years ago, 1947. Partner in the Blue Sheen. We found him the other day buried under its cellar flooring. He'd been shot twice, murdered. Oh, tell me you're not making this up.  It's so desperately sorted and thrilling. You ever know this, Bob Foster? Not till this precious instant.  Aggie Blaine had an aunt, Miss Devlin. Yesterday, she was murdered with the same gun that killed Foster. Isn't that always the way... Another thing about Aggie Blaine. In 1947, she met a man on a plane to California. When they came back here, they got married. A man named Herbie Moss. Serves a girl right, killing her aunt and that Foster fellow. Yeah.  We're going downtown. Oh, such a short time and we so well know each other. Already, you're taking me out. We want you for suspicion of murder.  It's a lovely day and when I got up, I didn't know what I'd do with myself this morning.  Let's go wherever you want, Mr. Clover. And this room is what, Mr. Clover? Interrogation room. Sitting or standing? Sit down, please. Smoke? Oh, I have my own. You can light me, though. Yeah. Thanks. Still excited? Tolibly. It's slowing down. Do something about it, Mr. Clover. Like book you now? For what was that again, I've forgotten. Murder. Oh, that's a charge. All right. That's really one of the... You got him? Bring him in. How do you feel, Joe? It's a shame the way I feel right now. Hi, Aggie. Charades, fellas? I supposed to guess what he is? Yeah, do that. Hint, a guy named Joe Turner, co-owner of a nightclub named The Blue Sheen, partner found in the cellar, employed a girl named Aggie Blaine. Now guess why he's here? Hi, Aggie. There's no excitement in it anymore, Mr. Clover. Take me home. Then you don't know who this man is. By the pink of his eyes, I'd say a whinoe. You look nice, Aggie. A rum pot. Well, there's another way we can do it, Denison. You better look at her, Denny. She's getting excited all over again. Those people bring back fond memories, lady. You should have seen her when she danced. You should have seen her with the blue light. With the spinning spot. Hi, Joe. Where you been, Aggie? I looked for you once, Joe. I couldn't find you.  Now you see why I didn't find you. Now we all know each other. Hi, Aggie. Sure. I used to know a cop. I've been drinking a lot, Aggie. I've been thinking about you. Have you? Joe? She's still pretty. Almost all we need, Joe, is the motive. Why did you kill Bob Foster? Hey, Aggie. Don't remember out loud, Joe. You wanted the business, Joe? The nightclub or her? Tell him, Aggie. You want to confess how you killed Bob? Go ahead. Oh, baby, baby. I'm going to tell him my part, baby. I never killed anybody. Joe. Who'd I kill? I wanted the business, so I took a shot at Bob, but I hit him in the arm. That's all. Then he ran to you, Aggie. You boys believe rum pots around here? Go on, Joe. Next time I saw my poor old partner, he was dead. Then you felt so sorry for him, Joe. You buried him under the cellar with some money to see him on his way. All that Aggie, she's got a mind on it. She figured it. Go ahead, Aggie. Show the fellas how you got a mind on you. Mr. Clover. Uh-huh. It's getting serious, huh? Huh, Mr. Clover? That's the lieutenant's serious face, yeah. It's getting serious. Look, Bob Foster came over with a shot arm. I said, Bob, before you go see an MD about your poor bullet-filled arm, here's a gun. Bob, I said you shouldn't take that from a guy like Joe. When I handed the gun to him, it went off. Well, that's some mind. Then what was your aunt defending herself against when she got shot by the same gun? Well... When Bob came to you when he was shot, you were in his place, weren't you? Well, yes, I was. Your aunt knew what happened. Blackmailed you. Hey, how about my aunt's furniture, a scream, huh? Furniture, income, proceeds from blackmail. Who's your aunt, Dad, Aggie? I didn't know.  She lost the whole thing for us, Joe. This policeman came calling. She got panicky, called me up and said she was going to talk. You see? At first, she lost it, Joe, you and me. Since I got back from California, remember? Now, how about that California trip, Aggie? Great. Just took a flyer that had planted some of that money for us that was supposed to have stolen. To make it look like he'd run away to California. Hi, Joe. Five years, honey. I've had a lousy time. What about you? Great. A time. A real time. Yeah. I've missed you, Joe. We probably see a lot of each other now. For a time. In the ab of nighttime, the slabs of Broadway lean against the darkness in crazy tilted angles. The balance is delicate, precise. So the walk must be careful. The talk, quiet. It's the never-never time that drifts in from the edge of the world. The time of regret. It's Broadway. The gaudiest. The most violent. The lonesomest mile in the world. Broadway. My Beat. Broadway's My Beat stars Larry Thor as Detective Danny Clover with Charles Calvert as Tortaglia and Jack Krushen as Muggevin. The program is produced and directed by Elliot Lewis with musical score composed and conducted by Alexander Courage. In tonight's story, Mary Jane Croft was heard as Aggie Blaine and Sheldon Lendard as Joe Turner. Featured in the cast were James McCallion, Ted Bliss, Martha Wentworth and Peter Leeds. Bill Anders speaking. Have you ever longed for Escape? Escape from an everyday existence that may have a color of its own but with which, nevertheless, you are temporarily bored? If so, CBS Radio's dramatic adventure program called Escape is meant for you. Every Sunday evening on most of these same stations listen in for a new drama of Escape at the Stars Address. And remember, Amos and Andy are here every Sunday on the CBS Radio Network.


We are looking into the state of the nation and the role of the church in the national discourse. So much has been going on before we took that break, we talked about the COVID-19 response and how church behaved, and how our leaders behaved in manner to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. And as we speak, the curve could say it's going down, but the Ministry of Health is encouraging us not to lower our guards yet, until we are at zero. We are now talking to matters corruption where before we went on break a reverend, my kukuriya had mentioned that we need people like Zakiaz who returned what he had taken from the people and now I am directing that very question to my political analyst, private socrates, do we have politicians who are willing to return what they have taken? Because every time someone has been mentioned in a scandal, one I will resign over my dead body and then the communities our people are being targeted. Well, for the short period of time that I have been alive and being able to have a front row seat towards the political and social development of this country, our politicians sadly do not have the moral conviction to come out and say, I have been found culpable of certain social offenses and I declare that I am not fit to hold public office and I am ready to pay. We do not, they are not mature man, look at them. They rather explore the extreme worst case scenarios than come out clean and I think this is occasioned by our previous geopolitical culture. Because we have nations where one would resign because they simply came to parliament session late. They will say, Mr. Speaker, pardon me for the last sittings have been late and my reasons for lateness are unjustified, I am unfit to continue serving this honorable parliament. I beg to step aside and you are like, wow, I mean that is huge.  The exact uses in our country may be in the years to come when we change the geopolitical culture and we breathe fresh air into the moral fabric of governance but you know we are also to blame as the larger citizenry.  So if you elect somebody who is going to steal, right, you really need to be careful who we give power to transact business on our behalf. So we are not yet there. Alright, now finally on this, Reverend you said the pulpit has been the platform. Do you think it's about time the church changed the tactics of approaching these manners of corruption? Of course, because as timing changed, we also need to change with the timing and I think one of the things, another thing that the church needs to do is what I would term as the refusal to fraternize and this is basically where you intentionally refuse to honor in church people whose source of wealth is questionable and you give them total blackout. And I think one of the things that has also entrenched corruption deeply in this nation is because our politics more often than not is ethnic based, not issue based. And when one person has been a child with corruption, the first thing that they do is they retreat into their tribal cocoons and so we have this mutwetu syndrome. I'm the one who stole public parts but when finally EACC catches up with me, I run to my backyard and I say we are being persecuted. We are being followed. We are being destroyed. And I think politicians normally thrive on the ignorance of the people and I think right now we need to make a clear decision where we want this nation to be the next 30, 50 years. If you want to continue with the same trend, imagine it's up to us but we can change that narrative. And another thing that we can also do as a church is just raising a crop of leaders who are accountable, full of integrity and maybe Christian leaders should not shy off from getting into these political and public offices. So that probably they might also, other people might see how leadership is done. You see, we've been fed with a lot of negative issues until there's some people who, when you say something is a church leader, they tell you, ah, we're a pastor, wacha mambo ya siyasa, can I tell you something, this nation is too big, too valuable and too precious to be left to the politicians. Hilari just imagine, leaving Kenya to politicians, the media is not speaking, the church is not speaking, you know, the politicians are just running this country. It will crash and that is the narrative they are always selling to us and so I think even as a church we should do much, much more, you know, in terms of holding people accountable so that of course there has been this debate, especially when there are fundraisings in church and politicians are coming, there's some people who have been feeling that that's like money laundering, you know, the process of corruption are finding their way in church. There has been that debate, it is still ongoing, alright, but I believe the church in modern Africa has played a role in bringing positive change in the society. A perfect case study is a place like South Africa, you know, where clerics like Desmond Tutu, you know, they fought hard to ensure that the apartheid regime comes to an end and it came to an end and so I believe the church is properly placed in raising leaders and I'm just imagining like part of what I do is mentorship and somebody comes to me and says, and then I give them, I tell them it's okay and then we pray for this person and then we campaign even for them. You know, when this person begins to go off the rail, we can call this person and say, man, this is not how we brought you up. Yes, and you really need to change. Number four, we need to start being bold in calling out these people because I think where we have the levels that we have gotten into, man, we really need to call out these people.  Deal with it because when you are stealing, you never involved us and by the way you did not even give us a coin. And I think they normally even want to figure nabaya ikua uso. Check this out, you steal public funds and when you are coming to us, you are coming with a chopper. No, leta kakwa migu. And then you are driving posh cars, posh kain, which other posh car do you know? I wish I knew. We are even giving you an opportunity to address us.  May God really have mercy on us. And I think this is the high time we begin even taking personal responsibility and begin educating people on some of the virtues and qualities to look out for in leaders. I think we also need to look at the track records and personally I am off the view that if you are standing for a public office and you have a case in court relating to corruption, you should not even be cleared. First of all, deal with your mess and then come. But what are we doing? Look at most of our legislators. Actually they have loads and tons of cases. Since they entered politics. And so to clear their names, they get this money in corrupt deals and then they pay some to people and then they are sanitized. Right now we are talking about sanitization. It has happened several times. This matters corruption. I feel each year wanted it to end here. But I feel I still have a pressing issue because we have things to do with the leadership and the kind of message that is being sent as socrates. We have young people who want to be in politics. If the people who have been there, what Machako's governor would say a system that has been there for some time. The young people would go there and still they start getting corrupt. How do we end corruption? If the people were there, the kind of mentorship they are giving us to us, do we have a people right here? I know you interact with most of the young people and the young parliamentarians. Do we have young people right now who feel like when I go there, I'm going to be different? Okay Hilary, two things. One, the tragedy of contemporary society is that the modern youth wants to go to positions of leadership with the mentality of ashtag it's my turn to it. You just feel that now you have secured a seat where the national kek is being served. And you have to take huge chunks of it because you kind of feel that it's your turn and therefore you have to take a lot of money. You have to buy houses, cars, you have to maintain a certain level of lifestyle. That's the first tragedy the contemporary youth is facing. Number two, existing systems do not allow one to maintain their integrity when they get to these offices because of a very not so good history and culture of governance. It goes back to one thing, strengthening institutions tasked with integrity of the country, re-evaluating existing laws that mitigate corruption. As a youth, you have to have it at the back of your mind that when you're going to parliament, the moment you steal money, there is the hangman's news waiting for you, right? You'll be given examples of guys who are in jail for the things they did. Existing leaders, leaders of the day, leaders of today must move with speed and re-evaluate existing laws. They have to put more capacity to existing institutions that fight corruption. And they have to at least jail certain people who've been successfully convicted. That way, we as Africans have been trained to learn by example, right? So that once we see that this government is serious with matters of corruption, we will not dare to steal money because we kind of fear what goes on in jail. So it goes back to policy, it goes back to re-evaluating existing laws. As to that, I think we also need to make some of this size, especially political offices, less lucrative. And I can tell you this for a fact, one of the quickest ways to become rich in Africa is by becoming a politician. Because a politician you're somehow above the low. And you see all this, there is a certain lifestyle that you must maintain surrounded by 20 bodyguards eating in certain restaurants, dressing in a certain way, okay? And so most of the young people, unfortunately these are some of the people who've been there, models. And so to them it is not about service delivery, it's about making it in life. Being them. And so if we can even reduce, like you was talking about policies, if we can reduce the salaries of politicians so that it is only people who are passionate about bringing change and leading who are able to get there. Number two, we also need to re-evaluate on how we do business with the government. I think the rain started beating us when we realized that I can hit a jackpot by just doing business with the government. And that is why all the young people nowadays, they just want to do business with the government. You know, tender premiership. Just open a company, open an account. And then when the government says that we need people to supply this, get some few people inside government. And then supply air.  And so you find that is a person who did not supply anything to the government and they are receiving a cool 100 million chilling. This person has friends. This person has other people who are looking up to him. Do you think they will value hard work? They will value patience. And you see that is why we find ourselves perennially in a cycle of corruption and all that. The government can just be able to seal those loopholes and ensure that even before you trade with the government, there needs to be a certain threshold man. Because that is, I mean it's bad. But that's quite true. But now these are the kind of people we will be voting in. And we can always agree the agencies or the commissions that have been tasked in civics education like the IBC have failed when it comes to the campaign period. They do not train or educate the public on how to vote, who to vote for. The only thing we will be shown is the X and the, but now matters integrity and what have you has been left behind for the media to tell us this and this has been this. And of course at some point the media will not do that. The media might at some point go their own way. But now coming back to the church, how is the church training or educating the members of the public on how to vote for, who, when? Number one, information is power and part of one of the things we are doing is partnering with the government to ensure that there is a proper dissemination of information on important issues so that people may make informed decisions. A perfect case study is the BBI and I can tell you this again for a fact. A majority of Kenyans, they do not know what BBI is all about. They will either support or oppose BBI based on what your favourite politician has said. And that's a fallacy. I remember the last time when we were voting, doing a referendum for the current constitution, there was a very huge divide and quarrels and disagreement in this nation. But one of the things that the government did and I was so happy is that they produced copies because there are some people who are even caught on camera saying, ah, if so and so has read this document and he has said it is good, then it is good, I don't need to read it. That's madness. But again, that is when the church partnered with the government and its voice was heard and the government produced some copies. You remember? And people are given some copies of the constitution to read so that you may make your own decisions. So part of the thing that we are doing right now is even partnering and appealing to the government that on matters which are of national importance, why don't you bring this information down to the local muanaichi so that he may participate in that thing.  We have a role of educating. Number two, we also have a role. Nowadays we do not shy off. If we feel as a church, something or some sections of certain documentaries, but we tell people that we feel as a church, this is not the right thing to do. It does not conform to what the scripture says, it is not good for a nation and it is not good for this society. That is partly what we are doing.


This video gives you a quick tour of the BMC Digital Workplace Advanced Admin Console, which allows you to enable and configure features, such as creating a custom home page and setting up sections in the catalog for the end user console. On the Help Desk page, you can set up the availability of your Help Desk staff so that users can set up appointments with the staff. Additionally, you can configure contact information and add articles to your knowledge base so that users can solve issues on their own. On the Broadcasts page, you can review active and expired broadcasts as well as send broadcasts to users. On the Location Management page, you can set up site locations, floor maps of sites and assets, such as printers and conference rooms, located on floor maps. Then, with the Location link on the end user console, end users can find places and assets. On the Service Requests page, you can set up the catalog, a quick pick list, the default service request, and surveys. On the Services page, you can post the health status of services running in your organization. Additionally, you can associate actions with the services listed. For example, you might provide a URL that points to troubleshooting documentation, or you might add a button that opens a service request to report an issue. On the Social page, you can view and delete posts that end users add in the end user console. On the Configuration page, you can perform configuration tasks. For example, to configure how the end user console will look and behave, you can turn features on and off, change names on the labels, change the colors and logo to represent your company's brand, and build a custom landing page. These links allow you to perform other configuration tasks. On the Access Control page, you can grant or restrict access to areas of the Admin console for other administrators. On the Reports page, you can see the users who logged into the end user console during a specified period of time. I hope you have found this video helpful in understanding the BMC Digital Workplace Admin Console at a high level. Thank you for watching.


Essentialism, what I've called the tyranny of the discontinuous mind, stems from Plato, with his characteristically Greek Geometer's view of things. For Plato, a circle or a right triangle were ideal forms, definable mathematically, but never realized in practice. A circle drawn in the sand was an imperfect approximation to the ideal platonic circle hanging in some abstract space. That works for geometric shapes like circles, but essentialism has been applied to living things. And Ernst Mayer blamed this for humanity's late discovery of evolution, as late as the 19th century. If like Aristotle, you treat all flesh and blood rabbits as imperfect approximations to an ideal platonic rabbit, it won't occur to you that rabbits might have evolved from a non-rabbit ancestor, and might evolve into a non-rabbit descendant. If you think, following the dictionary definition of essentialism, that the essence of rabbitness is prior to the existence of rabbits, whatever prior to might mean, and that's a nonsense in itself, evolution is not an idea that will spring readily to your mind, and you may resist when somebody else suggests it. Paleontologists will argue passionately about whether a particular fossil is, say, Australopithecus or Homo, but any evolutionist knows there must have existed individuals who were exactly intermediate. It's essentialist folly to insist on the necessity of shoe-horning your fossil into one genus or the other. There never was an Australopithecus mother who gave birth to a Homo child, for every child ever born belonged to the same species as its mother. The whole system of labeling species with discontinuous names is geared to a time slice, the present, in which ancestors have been conveniently expunged from our awareness, and ringed species tactfully ignored. If by some miracle every ancestor were preserved as a fossil, discontinuous naming would be impossible. Astronomists are misguidedly fond of citing gaps as embarrassing for evolutionists. But gaps are a fortuitous boon to taxonomists who, with good reason, want to give species discrete names. Coraling about whether a fossil is really Australopithecus or Homo is like quaraling over whether George should be called tall. He's 5'10", doesn't that tell you what you need to know?  The majority of African-Americans are of mixed race. Yet so entrenched is our essentialist mindset. American official forums require everyone to tick one race ethnicity box or another. No room for intermediates. A different but also pernicious point is that a person will be called African-American, even if only, say, one of eight great-grandparents was of African descent. As Lionel Tiger put it to me, we have here a reprehensible contamination metaphor. But I mainly want to call attention to our society's essentialist determination to dragoon a person into one discrete category or another. We seem ill-equipped to deal mentally with a continuous spectrum of intermediates. We are still infected with the plague of Plato's essentialism. Moral controversies such as those over abortion and euthanasia are riddled with the same infection. At what point is a brain-dead accident victim defined as dead? At what moment during development does an embryo become a person? Only a mind infected with essentialism would ask such questions. An embryo develops gradually from single-celled zygote to newborn baby. And there's no one instant where personhood should be deemed to have arrived. The world is divided into those who get this truth and those who wail, but there has to be some moment when the fetus becomes human. No, there really doesn't. Any more than there has to be a day when a middle-aged person becomes old. It would be better, though still not ideal, to say the embryo goes through stages of being a quarter-human, half-human, three-quarters-human. The essentialist mind will recoil from such language and accuse me of all manner of horrors for denying the essence of humanness. Evolution too, like embryonic development, is gradual. Every one of our ancestors back to the common root we share with chimpanzees and beyond belong to the same species as its own parents and its own children. And likewise, for the ancestors of a chimpanzee back to the same shared progenitor, we are linked to modern chimpanzees by a V-shaped chain of individuals who once lived and breathed and reproduced, each link in the chain being a member of the same species as its neighbors in the chain. No matter that taxonomists insist on dividing them at convenient points and thrusting discontinuous labels upon them. If all the intermediates, down both forks of the V from the shared ancestor, had happened to survive, moralists would have to abandon their essentialist, speciesist habit of placing Homo sapiens on a sacred plinth, infinitely separate from all other species. Abortion would no more be murder than killing a chimpanzee, or by extension any animal. Indeed an early-stage human embryo with no nervous system and presumably lacking pain and fear might defensively be afforded less moral protection than an adult pig, who is clearly well-equipped to suffer. Our essentialist urge toward rigid definitions of human in debates over abortion and animal rights and alive in debates over euthanasia and end-of-life decisions makes no sense in the light of evolution and other gradualistic phenomena. We define a poverty line, you are either above or below it, but poverty is a continuum. Why not say in dollar equivalents how poor you actually are? The preposterous electoral college system in U.S. presidential elections is another, and especially grievous manifestation of essentialist thinking. Florida must go either wholly Republican or wholly Democrat. All 25 electoral college votes, even though the popular vote is a dead heat. But states should not be seen as essentially red or blue. They are mixtures of various proportions. You can surely think of many other examples of the dead hand of Plato, essentialism. It is scientifically confused and morally pernicious. It needs to be retired. Thanks for watching.


Thank you for joining us for a conversation about impact science. My name is Catherine Guarini and I'm the Vice President for Impact Science at IBM Research and I'm joined by my colleague Marina Raplan here for a conversation around our new program launched just a year ago that we call Impact Science. Thank you Catherine. When we launched this new initiative we were inspired by the field of impact investing. We wanted to do research that could have positive impact on society both within our community and worldwide. And that's why we picked three initial topic areas, the future of health, future of climate and future of work. Now the future of health topic is one that we're passionate about with deep expertise in the domain of healthcare and life sciences as well as bringing technical expertise in artificial intelligence, data analytics and more. And it turned out that this is an important set of skills and capabilities given what we all faced in 2020 with the COVID-19 pandemic. We were able to bring those skills to bear to help to address the pressing crisis and the collaborations that we had with external parties, public and private partnerships allowed us to really contribute it in a meaningful way to address the most pressing concern of 2020. But that wasn't the only challenge that we face. 2020 was actually one of the hottest years on record. We saw more frequent and more severe weather events such as wildfires, floods and storms and that's why our second focus area is the future of climate. We looked into the expertise of IBM research community and we focus on areas such as for example materials discovery for CO2 capture. We also looked into how can we support our clients as they battle with adapting to climate change and mitigating the effects of climate change. Of course, one of the lasting legacies of 2020 is going to be how our work has changed. So future work looks into our work spaces, the technology we use and the way we will be collaborating with each other moving forward. Now in the middle of last year we also recognized the unique challenges around racial and social injustice in the United States and around the world. So we launched a new program we called tech for racial and social justice about applying our technical innovation as well as some of the unique collaborations that we have externally with historically black colleges and universities as well as other academic partners to address the pressing challenges we see in society. At the same time, IBM research recognizes that we need to be responsible stewards of technology and while the technology itself is neither good or bad, we know that we need to be thoughtful about how it's developed and how it's deployed. From artificial intelligence to quantum computing and hybrid cloud, we take very seriously the responsibility being thoughtful and proactive about the development of advanced technologies. What makes me really excited about the work that we're doing each day is being part of the vibrant community of IBM researchers over 3,000 worldwide and also working on impact science allows us to turn our passions into something that can help our families, our clients and our communities. We're looking forward to sharing more of impact science with you. So please like and follow this channel and we will be sharing more with you moving forward.


Welcome back after the break. Before we went for our break, we were looking at chapter 4, the nature of our God-given vision. And we just saw the goal of, I just mentioned to you, what is the goal of this chapter, this goal of the chapter is to understand, you know, how God imparts his vision, how God takes us on a journey to see his vision fulfilled in our lives, and the process that we carry out the purposes of his kingdom. So we'll continue with that and see that our God-given vision is a divine command and the authorization comes from heaven, from God himself who is the king of his kingdom.  So, you know, when God gives us a vision or he's revealing his plan and purposes through his vision to us, it's a command that needs to be obeyed. Okay, it's not just the dream or vision that God has given to us about what he wants us to do is not just a heavenly entertainment, but it's a command which we have to obey. It's, you know, we also received the authorization from heaven, which means, you know, God gives us the authority, he gives us the grace, he makes us bold, fearless and confident. And, you know, for every vision that God imparts to us, we can have this assurance that he's, you know, 100% committed to seeing the vision fulfilled like we saw in the Mary Miracle, the points in Mary Miracle.  So we don't have to be afraid when God gives us something to carry, to birth, because we know that the king of the kingdom is backing us up. He's 100% committed to seeing the vision fulfilled, he will do everything that is required, but only God can do what is required and he can help us see his vision fulfilled in and through us when he's backing us, is when, you know, when we are willing, when we are submitted, when we are yielded, when we are, you know, obedient, trusting in him, willing to carry that and run and not give up on the way. So, you know, when God gives us the vision, we need to understand that we become the vision bearer. Okay, we are the ones who are bearing the vision, carrying the vision, and God will work in and through us to see the vision fulfilled. But this does not mean that they're going to work in isolation, God will bring other people, like-minded people who he also will stir their hearts up towards what he's birthing in and through us, what he's wanting to do in and through us. Several people will come and, you know, they will work alongside us to see this vision fulfilled. Okay, so we see that usually God raises a person in a certain place who he gives the message, we birth the message in, or he reveals his plan and purposes, and then we see that he stirs up other people. He puts the burden on other people to come alongside us to fulfill God's plan and purpose in our lives. Okay, so we see that God raises a man who he gives the mission to be fulfilled, who he proclaims a message to, and that man or that woman becomes the vision bearer or the vision holder. And, you know, God also gives the person the methods, the means, how to carry out and how to fulfill the divine purpose. For example, we look at Moses' life, we'll not look at the book of Exodus where we look at Acts chapter 7, verses 17 to 36, you know. It says that, you know, when the time of the promise drew near was 17 of Acts 7, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt, till another king arose who did not know Joseph. And this man dealt treacherously with Israelites, oppressed them. And, you know, we see that at that time Moses was born and how Pharaoh ordered all the male babies to be thrown in the River Nile.  And then how he is put in the basket in the River Nile and Pharaoh's daughter takes him as his own son. And how he's, you know, trained and brought up in the palace, learning all the wisdom of Egypt, of the Egyptians, you know, learning warfare and learning to be the next Pharaoh of Egypt. And we see that when he was 40 years old in Acts chapter 70, Acts chapter 7, verse 23, we read when Moses was 40 years old, it came in his heart. That means God stirred up his heart to visit his brethren. And we see that two of them, two of the Israelites are fighting with each other. Sorry, the Israelites in Egyptian were fighting with each other. The Egyptian was beating up the Israelites and, you know, Moses steps in and we see he's so angry with the Egyptian that he strikes down the Egyptian and the Egyptian dice. And in verse 25, it's very interesting to read. It says, well, he's supposed that his brethren would have understood that God would deliver them by his hand, but they did not understand. Okay, so he thought, you know, by the age of 40, Moses had come to know what God had purposed for his life. He knew that God had raised him up in the palace to be the next Pharaoh to set his people free. He came to know he was not an Egyptian, but a Hebrew, an Israelite, and God was going to use him to set, deliver his people free from slavery. And, you know, we see that when he steps in to stop the fight between the Egyptian and the Israelite and how he kills the Egyptian. He just, envision, he just thought that, you know, that his, his Israelite brothers would, you know, understand that God has chosen Moses to deliver him from their hands. So we see that, you know, the next day when he sees two of these lights fighting, he steps in.    And he could not stay in Egypt anymore.  And so we see that he goes to the land of Midian. And we see that after 40 years, you know, 40 years have passed by that Pharaoh who was ruling Egypt who knew Moses died. So the plans and purposes of God was, you know, on hold for 40 years. And we see that God calling Moses at the burning bush and asking him to go to deliver his people out of slavery. And we also see that God did many science miracles and wonders through Moses, you know, when he went to deliver his people. So here we basically see that, you know, God is how God works in Moses' life, you know, just to a summary of how he, you know, gives Moses the purpose for his life, a steering in his heart, how Moses recognizes it, but how he tries to do things in his own way and delays the process by 40 years. But how God, you know, again, uses him to birth his vision, his plan to fulfill what God had planned and purpose for his life. Okay, so that is an example about Moses. We'll see more of the examples from other people's lives. A God given vision is often detected by a simple steering in our hearts. So sometimes it's not through dreams, visions that we see, but it's just a simple steering, you know, something that we see, something that we hear, something that we see in the news that stirs up our heart. Now this steering of our heart that God uses to birth his vision is not just an emotional steering.  You know, all of these when we see things like this, we can get emotionally stirred, you know, we can cry, burdens our heart, we just pray, crying out to God, pray. But just that's just an emotional steering which lasts for a day or two and then, you know, it just vanishes out of our minds, our hearts. We don't think about it anymore. But a steering that God steers in our hearts to, you know, to birth his vision is a steering that does not stay still, that does not go away from our hearts and minds. It's something that, you know, we call for our attention with, you know, we would step in, do something about it and we are not at peace, not at rest till we do what God has called us to do. So we see that in the life of Moses, you know, you know, when he was 40 years old, it came into his heart to visit his brethren, the children of Israel.  But it was, you know, God speaking to him, telling him what was his plan and purposes, releasing, birthing his plan and purpose in Moses' heart, deliver his people. And God knew, or Moses knew that, you know, he was chosen by God to deliver his people out of slavery. But, you know, he stepped in, he did things in his own flesh and that delayed things.  We see that God is calling him again and, you know, assigning him to fulfill the same plan and purpose in his heart. What started or 40 years before was just a simple knowing in his heart, a simple steering, a simple desire. But because of his, what he did in his own flesh, delayed the process by another 40 years. 40 years later, you know, we see that God calling him to the burning bush when God speaks to him, to his encounter, he calls him back to the purpose that he had given to him 40 years back, just a simple steering in his heart. Okay. A simple steering in a heart. Another example is Nehemiah. We know Nehemiah was a cup bearer to the king, the Persian king. And one day one of his brothers, Hanani came from Judah and, you know, Nehemiah is concerned about his people, how they're doing in Jerusalem. And he hears that the walls of Jerusalem are broken down.  We see that he sat down and he wept. Okay. He wept, he mourned. It was not just for one or two days. It was for many days. He wept and fasted and prayed, you know, and, and it was God birthing something in him for him to do. And we see that this initial steering in his heart, which let him to weep and mourn and fast and pray, led him to, you know, write the tell the king, you know, and the king gave him permission. And we also see that when God, you know, calls us when he gives us a mission, he gives us a message, you know, he also gives us the methods how to do it. So God would have put in his heart to write to the king, tell the king. And we see the king giving him not only leave, but also giving him security, the soldiers to take, you know, Nehemiah safely and also providing him with all the material that is required for building the walls of Jerusalem. So just a simple steering in his heart. When he heard that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down, led to such a great, worthy of such a great mission, a purpose, which led to building the walls of Jerusalem, which, you know, Nehemiah carried out and he did it. And how do we know that it was just a simple thing that God put in his heart. We read this in Nehemiah chapter two, verse 12, when Nehemiah goes to Jerusalem, and he's kind of, you know, taking a tour of the situation of the walls and what needs to be done. He says, then I arose in the night, I and a few men with me, I told no one what God had put in my heart to do at Jerusalem. So Nehemiah goes to Jerusalem. It takes a few people in the night to go and to look at the walls of Jerusalem. He doesn't at night because there were a lot of enemies around, but he does not tell them what God had put in his heart. So what that God put in his heart, but it put in his heart to build the walls of Jerusalem. And we also see that, you know, the God given vision does not just begin with a simple staring in our hearts. It also has an appointed time when God wants to initiate it and when God wants to execute it. So I gave you an example in the previous lecture, in our first lecture, where, you know, in Genesis chapter two, where three, where God says, you know, he talks about the seed of the woman, the capital S. He's already, you know, for to his foreknowledge, he's already, you know, revealing that the Messiah will come that, you know, God would come down as man. So, you know, it, but it took 4,000 years. So that 4,000 years when God was preparing the scene for God to become man is called as the Chronos time. So the Chronos time is the duration of time or the number of days when God speaks or births his vision, and it takes that time to, you know, for the fulfillment. So, you know, God spoke in Genesis chapter three that the seed of the woman would come and would destroy the serpent seed. But it took 4,000 years for the right moment when it was going to be executed. So when the time that, you know, the full list of time came, which is called the Kyros time. So God works in the Chronos time and he works in the Kyros time. So the Chronos time is a time when, you know, is a time when God births the vision in us. It can be to a dream or vision as a steering in our heart or he just shows us something, you know, to the Holy Spirit. And it takes a certain amount of time for us to prepare ourselves to engage in organizing and strategizing and initiating the plans. Before we see the, you know, the, the, the, the birthing of it in reality. Okay, which is the Kyros moment. So the Chronos moment is the time when we receive the vision, the time when we are organizing, planning, or strategizing when we are working hard, laboring hard. When the fullness of time comes, it's the Kyros moment, we will see God's vision that has been burdened in us. We see it's fulfillment here on earth.  Okay. And he will fulfill it. So there's both the external factors and the internal factors, you know, for the coming of these two things together, the Chronos moment and the Kyros moment. So we look at that, you know, in the Kyros moment, there is a Kyros moment for the initiation and for the execution of God given vision. So for the Kyros moment to come to take the fullness of time to come into action for us to see God's vision, burden in us, there is the external factors and there are the internal factors. So there's external factors that determine the Kyros time, and there is the internal factors that also determine the Kyros type. That means, you know, both of these factors, when, you know, when we, when we adhere to it, when we are in sync with it, when we are in alignment with it, then we will see the birthing of God's vision or plan or his dream or what he wants to do in and through life. So what is the external factor?  So we see God bringing the right people. He was, we will also see God bringing the people that are not needed. Sometimes it can also be that, you know, the previous generation has done their bit, and it's time to make way for the next generation to carry on the plans and purposes of God. So one of the external factors of people, the second one is places God prepares the place, the city, the region, the environment where the work is going to be birthed. It's going to be released. He prepares the place. He also prepares the things that are surrounding the vision bearer, the man or the woman who's carrying the vision in terms of his finances, his family just preparing that. So these are the external factors that determine the kairos time, the fullness of time for the birthing of God's vision. And, you know, there's also the internal factors.  So it means having the right heart attitudes, the person should have a right heart attitude, right relationship with people, maturity in their walk with God, in their understanding of God's ways, you know, being developed spiritually in several years of their life, putting their personal life in order, their home, their family, you know, possessing a heart of a servant, attitude of a servant, not being a boss, not bossing over people that God brings into their lives to birth their vision, but how they can be examples, how they can have a heart of a servant serve along with the others, how they can encourage and motivate others, and build others up who God assigns to, you know, to fulfill the vision that he's birthing in and through the vision bearer, and also a Christ like character. Okay, so there's nothing that we can do to, you know, speeden the process God takes his time to prepare us. If we delay things and we are not learning, we're not having the right heart attitudes, we are not having a right relationship with people, we're not maturing in our spiritual walk with God, we don't possess a heart of a servant, we are not Christ like in our character then it can delay things that God is doing in our lives, okay. So we can see that, you know, our life is lived in seasons and stages and in phases, we learn this when we're looking at fulfilling God's purpose for the life in the first year. So we see that, you know, there will be several seasons when we can go through this Kronos phases when God is preparing us or when he is building us up or he's preparing us or he's, you know, times when we are strategizing or we are bringing out, contemplating what to do, how to go about things. So there can be different seasons that we can go through in the Kronos moments, but the Kairos moment, you know, that God takes us through, you know, will come at the end of the Kronos moment when he will bring about, you know, what he has envisioned, what he has planned, what he wants to birth in him through us. But we must be like the sons of Issachar who understood the times because 1 Chronicles chapter 13 verse 32 we read that the sons of Issachar understood the times they knew what Israel ought to do. So we need to also recognize the times and seasons God is taking us through as he unfolds his kingdom plans purposes and his visions and his dreams in and through our lives. Okay. A God given vision requires preparation. So, you know, God will not just give us the vision. And then the day to he will just show us what is the strategies and day three will not just put it will not be just a Kairos moment, but he takes us through a preparation time. You know, the preparation time is times when the internal factors that I just mentioned, you know, that God will help us to grow in it, develop in it, develop price like character. You know, and doing the preparation time God will also give us the opportunity to associate with other people who are working or birthing the same kind of vision, how they're going, what they have done, what are the pitfalls to avoid, what we should do, what we shouldn't do. God would also give us dreams, strategies, plans, he'll, he'll associate us with people who can help us, a birth of vision. You know, he will also train us equip us in being efficient in how to, you know, birth his vision and in the plans that he has for us. You know, sometimes God can also give us a vision, but then he can take us and put us into, you know, to work alongside somebody else's vision that he wants that he's birthing in and through somebody else. So you can say, God, I thought you wanted me to be a pastor of a big church. You've given me this vision, this dream, I know for sure. And what am I doing here?  So God, what do you really are saying? What are you doing to my life? So, you know, sometimes God can take us to this preparation time where he is taking us into somebody else's, you know, vision, where we are helping them. But as we are doing that, God is preparing us, he's teaching us, hey, this is how things need to be done. Even as you are going to go and birth your own church, you're going to be the pastor, senior pastor of a big church. You know, these observe this man of God, observe the senior pastor, how he's doing things, how he is working things, learn from him, learn how to, you know, church administration, church building, church, how do you execute a church, how to build a church?  So, you know, sometimes we can do things also that, you know, not directly related to the vision that God has put in our hearts. We are compelled to do things. Sometimes it makes no sense. It does not seem relevant to what we're carrying in our hearts. It can be like a disconnected season.  You never know God is preparing you and taking you through all of these things which you think is not relevant.  Okay, so he's developing you in the areas of life that are important to fulfill your vision. What will take you through the various seasons of life, which, you know, he's designing for you so that he can bring about specific growth in specific areas. So preparation time is never wasted time. And our focus should be to work with God. We yielded to his working in our lives in each season. I'll just give you an example. For example, Pastor Ashish, you know, when he was in his 10th grade. After his 10th grade, he did not want to study further. He just wanted to go ahead and, you know, he wanted to full-time ministry. He just wanted to go out and share God's word. But his father said, no, you have to study. And he was not willing. He was adamant to go and preach God's word. And so his father took him to two pastors.  Both of them said, what is the hurry? Even Jesus waited 30 years, you know, before he launched out into ministry. And in three years, God did everything what he wanted to do. So, you know, that made a broad sense to his mind and in his heart. And he went and studied. He studied engineering, you know, he, you know, he studied engineering computers and, you know, he started his own company. He also studied, you know, engineering in the science field. So we see that, you know, all of what he had studied, engineering the computer field, you know, is helping him now as a senior pastor of a church where he is able to, you know, do this e-learning, build up his e-learning platforms for students, online courses, you know, build up the website, do so many things to, you know, to technology to reach out to millions of people around the world. You know, and how does he have all of these ideas and strategies is because he studied computer science, he knows everything. And that makes him so much more, gives him an upper hand, so much more efficient to bring in technology into the kingdom of God and to, you know, how to release material and to reach out to thousands and millions of people around the globe. Now, just imagine if he had not studied computer science, he would be so limited in his knowledge, his understanding of what can be done. But just see, you know, we might think that those four years of engineering and what he did is MS degree, all this, you know, might be something that is irrelevant, disconnected seasons where he feels a steering in his heart to go and preach and teach about God. But we see that, you know, how God was designing every season of his life, you know, and bringing growth in specific areas to build his kingdom.  Okay, let's take an example about Joseph. Joseph, we see that Joseph had a dream when he early in his life. God where God birthed his plan and purpose. But we see that, you know, things in Joseph's life took unexpected turns he was sold away as a slave by his brothers, he was in the foreign land in Egypt. He was a slave to Potiphar and then he becomes a manager. And for no fault of his he was thrown into prison. But from there, you know, he rises up to be the prime minister or the second in command to a federal in Egypt. So we see that even though God birthed his plan and purpose, he received dreams and visions about his future as a young boy as a very young boy but it took so many years of his life before he could see you know God's purpose being fulfilled or the kairos moment to come into place. And to the Kronos events of his life, the different seasons, he went through different challenges. He might have wondered, he might have questioned God, he might have doubted, but we see, you know, Joseph walked in the fulfillment of his God given dreams. So that's the timeline. Let's look at how, you know, God works through the Kronos moments how he takes us to the Kronos moments of different seasons in life, and brings us finally to the kairos moment if we are, you know, willing to submit and surrender and work those internal and external factors, how he brings us to the different seasons into the kairos moment. So that's Joseph's life. And now Joseph was 17 years old when he was sold as a slave into Egypt. He was 30 years old when he was brought out of prison, which means it took a total of 13 years, you know, when he was sold as a slave and he was in prison, he was in Potiphar's house, then in prison before he became the prime minister of Egypt.  So 13 years before he saw, you know, 13 kairos, sorry, Kronos, seasons of life before he could see the kairos moment. So we see that, you know, after serving faithfully for another nine years, when Joseph was 39 years old, he got to see his brothers when they came first time to Egypt and it was 41 years when he saw them. The second time with their father, Jacob, when Joseph's dream was fulfilled. So we see that approximately 30 years of the time he had the dream, the time that the dream was fulfilled. So 30 years of Kronos, seasons, Kronos moments to seeing the fulfillment of, you know, the kairos moment when his dream was fulfilled.  So for Joseph, you know, it happened when he was 40 years old, but continuing that vision is equally important. So Joseph walked in it for possibly another 70 years time when he fulfilled God given vision for his life. Okay, but we see that it took approximately 30 years for the time he had the dream, the time the dream was fulfilled.  Like I mentioned in Acts chapter seven was 22.  So at the age of 40, he basically understood in his heart what God has called him to do what his purpose that was to try, you know, to set his people free, but he tried to accomplish his own methods, and it delayed the process by another 40 years. So he had to spend 40 years in the wilderness in Midian.   And for the next 40 years of his life, we see Moses goes about fulfilling his plan and purpose for his life. But even as he goes about fulfilling God's plan and purpose for his life for the next 40 years, we see that he makes a mistake, you know, a serious mistake where instead of speaking to the rock he strikes the rock, and he was not allowed to enter the promised land but he was only able to see the promised land from afar. David, we know that David was anointed to be the king when he was a teenager, maybe at the age of 18. But the next few years of his life is basically a shepherd taking care of the sheep, you know, protecting the sheep from the lion and bear. And also, you know, he's a skillful musician, so he plays the music for Saul whenever needed. And when he was 15 or 17 years old, he kills Goliath. And then after that he becomes a hero, but, you know, Saul feels threatened by his presence.   So we see that David is running like a vagabond for the next few years of his life, he's spending his life in the wilderness, in the caves. But during this time, you know, God sends 400 men later on, they become 600 men, 400 to 600 men, you know, who become his men very close to him, who goes and do great exploits and fight battles. And these men become, you know, when David becomes king, becomes his generals, his army, you know, committed men. So we see that, you know, God brings 400 men into his life, they come, join him, they stay with David, they fight his battles along with him. And at the age of 23, when Saul dies, we see that, you know, David becomes king, but he becomes king only over one tribe, that is Judah, he rules over them for the next seven years and six months. And when David was 30 years old, he finally becomes the king over all of Israel and Judah, and he reigns over them for the next 40 years. So David must have been around 70 to 75 years when he died, but we see that it took 17 years of preparation time. For Moses it took 40 years, for David it took 17 years of preparation time from the Kronos moment, you know, when he was called to the time when he stepped into his calling to be king over Israel at the age of 30. To see the Kairos moment, to see, you know, what God has called him to do, to see that in reality. Okay, we look at two more examples. The other one is Paul and then is Jeremiah. You know, Paul at the age of 30, he has his encounter with God on the road to Damascus.   And then we see that he spent about 13 years preaching and teaching in the regions of Sicily, Syria and Tarsus. And, you know, it was, you know, after 17 years, when Paul was almost about 50 years old, that he begins his first missionary journey. Okay, so the 17 years of Paul's life from his time of his encounter on the road to Damascus is called as the silent years of Paul's life. Nothing much is recorded other than that he just preached a few places, but you know, during this time he was basically being trained and he received much of his revelations that each we read about in his episodes. Okay. And we see that after 17 years, you know, he steps in to do his first missionary journey. But we see 17 years, years of preparation and training for a possible Paul. So what we come to know is God is not in a hurry.  But then, you know, the few years that God executes the Kairos moments, when he brings about births about this plan and purpose into our lives. He can just do it in a year and in two years and three years, God can do it. He's not, you know, he's, he lives about time and space. The last example is Jeremiah. Jeremiah was, you know, given a prophetic call even before he was spawned, you know, and God told him not to allow people to tell him that he was too young when he starts out this ministry, but it took at least 16 years from the time that he had his first visitation from God. To, you know, chapter one, where he releases his first prophetic utterances where he receives from God. So 16 years of Kronos moments seasons to, to the Kairos moment, it took 16 years of his time. So we see that, you know, every God given vision that God has appointed has an appointed time for its initiation execution and for his fulfillment. And before the fulfillment, God takes us through the preparation time. Okay. And during the preparation time, you know, you know, is a waiting time when we're waiting to see what God is putting into us. It does not mean that we are going to be idle, but during that preparation time, you know, God is actually involved with what God has assigned us to do. During this waiting period, we see that Joseph served with excellence in Potiphar's house and later in prison. During the waiting period, we see Moses got married, he had children, he took care of his father and lost sheep. During the waiting period, we see that David took care of his father's sheep. He fought the lion and the bear. You know, he became a skillful musician. He sang songs to God. He had a deep intimate relationship with God, which built him up to engage in the battles in the future and to trust and wait and depend on God for his victories. And during his waiting period, we see that Paul received abundance of revelations, which he eventually preached and taught and ruled about. So each season is really a preparation for the next season of life. Each phase that God takes us or each season of preparation that he takes us is to prepare us for the next step of the journey to prepare us for the next phase for the things that are coming up in the future. So we must endure, we must persevere, we must be in a state of constant learning, growing and maturing with God. And the unfolding of a God-given vision may differ from our expectation. You know, sometimes we misunderstand how God is going to go about fulfilling his vision that is given to us like we saw in the example of Mary. It was through a vision. God spoke to Joseph in a dream. And then, you know, they had to go to Bethlehem where they could not find a suitable in. It was in a stable. But we see that, you know, we must, we think God would work in a certain way, but we might be open to whatever, you know, which of a God, which of a God causes his dreams to become a reality. For example, Joseph would never have thought that he would be sold off as a slave and, you know, end up to be a prisoner. Moses would never have thought that he had to run away from palace, from his own people, you know, from being the next Pharaoh of Egypt to living in the wilderness for the next 40 years of his life.  So when God imparts dreams and gives us our divine destinies, our birth's vision to us, and the spirit, you know, reveals it to us. You know, the journey towards that fulfillment of these dreams and visions can be difficult. You know, it can be longer than expected. We would not envision those, these things can happen. But, you know, we need to hold on, we need to endure, we need to persevere. Okay, because when we persevere, when we stay on course, you know, God will reveal his glory in and through us, who people considered as foolish, weak, you know, as unknown, as despised and as nothing. Who would know that a slave would become the next prime minister of Egypt?  So, you know, God chooses people who the world considered as foolish, weak, unknown and despised and nothing, but God works in and through them. We also see from this examples in Moses' life that, you know, that the kairos moment for God given vision can get delayed when we try to do things in our own flesh. You know, the flesh can always come and stand and be a hindrance from birthing God's vision, which is given to us or which is revealed to us by the Holy Spirit. So we need to be very careful of that. You know, sometimes we can't just sit back and say it is the enemy or it's God's preparing me, but sometimes it can be our own foolishness. It can be our own flesh that comes in a way and delays the kairos moment like we see in the life of Moses. But in spite of the mistakes that we make, you know, God can cause the delays and disappointments, discouragements. He can, you know, when we turn around, when we ask for forgiveness and we re-align our wills to God will, God's will, you know, God is greater than our mistakes. No situation is too complex that he can't resolve. You know, God can work things on our behalf. Like, you know, we will see in the next class, we will look at the few passages where we see how God can restore us from our fallen nature, from the mistakes that we have made to how he can restore us to continue birthing his plan and his vision for our lives. Okay, we'll stop here. We'll continue in our next class. Anyone has any questions? Any questions? Anything that you want to clarify? Anything that you want to ask? Okay. No questions with end class. Tomorrow is your second assessment. I will post it by 5pm IST and you can submit it on Friday for some of you can be Saturday evening at 5pm IST. Okay. Thank you, everyone. Have a good day and a good week ahead. God bless you.