Now, we've been putting in balance our beginning balances. Imagine we have another accounting system or had one prior to using QuickBooks. We're entering the beginning balances into the system, these hour-hour beginning balances. We're going to enter them into the system as of the last day of the prior period that was in the prior accounting system, December 31st, 2022. We're going to then start the new data in our system as of January 1st, 2023, moving forward. We started entering the most difficult balances, which are the inventory, oftentimes, and the accounts receivable and the accounts payable due to them having sub-ledgers that we need to be careful of as we enter the data. Inventory having a sub-ledger for the units of inventory, accounts receivable, a sub-ledger related to who owes us money, customers, accounts payable having a sub-ledger related to who we owe money to, vendors. Now we're going to enter all the rest of them and we'll give a short discussion on some things you might need to consider with them, but we won't go into them in as much detail. It should be a little bit more straightforward to enter some of these transactions, the checking accounts, and then we'll enter the furniture and equipment, the accumulated depreciation, the visa, and the loan. Same strategy. We'll enter them one at a time. The other side of the transaction is going to go somehow to opening balance equity, most likely to, I'm sorry, somehow to equity in total. Most likely these accounts will go to opening balance equity and then we'll fix opening balance equity or the equity accounts to represent the proper amount in equity, which should be in owner's equity. Okay. Cash account. Let's open up the cash account. Now cash has its own kind of special concerns that we'll have to deal with and the concern is going to be, for example, the bank reconciliation. So you can connect it to the bank. We're not going to be focusing on bank reconciliation here. We will do that in another section or a course later. The other concern also is going to be if there's outstanding checks or deposits in the system, how is that going to impact our bank reconciliation? We'll talk about that in the future. We'll run into that problem when we do the bank reconciliation in another course or section in the future. So entering the beginning balance, we have to use this $25,000 even if that balance is different than the bank balance as of December 31st, 2022, which it may be if there was outstanding checks and deposits. But I have to use this balance to be in balance, right? And then we'll worry about that issue with those outstanding checks and deposits and we'll get into how to deal with that when we get to the bank reconciliation. So if I go back to our accounts tab to the left and I'm going to go into our chart of accounts. I'll just do this by going to the chart of accounts and I'm going to hold control, scroll down to the accounting on the left-hand side and then chart of accounts up top. If you're in the business view, by the way, it's going to be under the bookkeeping and then the chart of accounts on the left-hand side and then you have to open up the chart of accounts. Okay. So now this is our list of accounts that were given to us by, into it by QuickBooks when we set up our accounts. We have a cash account up top. So you might want to like change the name of the cash account, but we might just use that cash account. That's her strategy. I'm going to use the account if it's there, if I don't like the name, I'll change the name. If there's not an account there, then I'll add an account. So this is the, they put it as their cash on hand account. So but that's okay. I'm going to say edit. Let's go ahead and edit this one. And then, and then this sub-account doesn't matter too much, but I'll just change it to my checking account. And then you might put like the name of your account. You might put the bank name and you might put like the last four digits of the account number or something like that, which is useful for internal reporting purposes because it helps you to locate which account you're dealing with. If you have multiple accounts, although it's a little bit messy for external reporting purposes, but oftentimes our goal is to get the data input as easy as possible. And then we're going to go down below and we've got this thing that says start date opening balances. Now you're only going to use these when you're first setting up the accounts as we're doing here to get those beginning balances in place. So I'm going to say it's going to be a beginning balance as of, let's say beginning of the month. So say other date and I'm going to choose the date as has been our process at the end of December, December 31st, 2022. So everything is correct as of January 1st, 2023, opening balance 25,000. And that should allow us when we do the bank reconciliations to have that opening balance be the right number at that point in time. So I'm going to go ahead and save it and say changing the type of tax form section of the account may affect your accounting. So I'm going to go ahead and are you sure you want to say yes and close this out. So now we've got our account there. If I then go into my balance sheet up top and run it to refresh it. Now I've got the cash account, which I'm going to say is my checking account. And then I'm going to go into that number and it used a deposit form. Notice again, I didn't enter a deposit form. I just entered the beginning balance, but it entered it with a deposit form, which makes sense. That's the form you would typically use to increase, you know, the checking account. So that's what it used. There's a deposit form. It put the other side to opening balance equity, which is what we expected closing this out. Other side in the split also indicating opening balance equity back to the report. Then if I scroll down, opening balance equity, there's the other side going into it. And there it is with a deposit form. No impact therefore on the income statement. So I don't have to worry about that at all. So that is that one. So we'll get back to that opening balance issue and the bank reconciliation, which is kind of an issue for the first bank rec in a future section or course on that.


For this video, headphones or earphones are highly recommended, but also a very bad idea. And then I said to him, I said Thor Ragnarok, more like BOR Ragnarok. Why is no one watching? Wait a second, I got one viewer? That's not too bad. Hello! Hello viewer! Oh. It's a bot. Alright, well it's clearly not my shining personality. It must be another reason. Alright, let's see what's popular here. Music. I know that requires talent. Chess. No, I have a fear of horses and bishops. I'm Catholic after all. Azmer. Is that a disease? I don't get it. That is horrible. Maybe it's not for me, but it seems easy enough. Oh god, I've closed the page and she's still going. And wait a second, there are absolutely no males. I found my gap in the market. Ear microphone. Oh look, see other people are looking for it too. Ah, here we go. Ear microphone. 441 euros. Eh, if it'll make people like me, I guess it's worth it. Add to basket. Now we just sit back and wait for the microphone. Oh. Oh yeah, I forgot. Ireland has the most efficient postal service in the world and also we never lose packages. Or just give them to your neighbour. Expensive packages. With no leaflet or anything, just hand them over. You might never see it again. Yeah, that doesn't happen in Ireland. A few inches later. The microphone did come, luckily enough, and I even got to practice it on my friends. Hello. Oh good. Kevin's in my left ear. Now he's over there in my right ear. Oh my god, one of those bikes. Now I'm going to simulate me running around you. Thanks for the feedback. My spine hurts. I'm going to nipple on you. So far I give this microphone an A+. I think it's definitely got me some more points in the group. I feel like people like me a bit more. And I'm excited to give you that same effect of relaxation that I gave my friends. Okay, so right now I'm using this mic, but at any moment I can swap over to this one. How is that peaking? How sensitive is this thing? Wait, can I get a comparison between the two mics? Because I was talking so low there. How am I going to do this? It's a YouTuber's natural instinct, especially gaming YouTubers, to just scream. So this is really foreign to me. Oh, that's good bread. Irish. Irish bread. I got bread in these metal things everywhere. These could be good, I think. Let me give them a little bit of a... That was meant to go over. Sorry, sorry. Go back to relaxation. That was meant to go over and land in the other hand. Like... Christ, I'm bad at throwing things. Sorry. I have one of all things that I'm doing. And then I'm like, no. The chair is too loud. The chair must go. Alright, now you're going to get relaxed. You probably are already. You're probably feeling pretty damn good right about now. Oh, that doesn't look good at all on the wavelength. It's the pump. If you can hear that, I don't know if you can hear that picking up the water pump.  I don't know how... I don't even know how many I had, but they've just gone everywhere. Now, we're going to listen to some music. Hooray! Gotcha! Anytime I actually speak normally, it feels so good to speak normally, by the way. Anytime I speak normally and the wavelengths just go... I just fill up the whole screen. Okay, it's VR time, everyone. Get ready.  A perfect sake. Sorry, I know you're just trying to relax here. This microphone is not cooperating. There we go. A perfect sake. Why do I bother? Don't ask what the tape is for. That comes into play later. Now listen to your feckin' VR, okay? It's not that hard. There are children in third world countries that would love to play some VR.  Okay, here we go. I won't actually be able to hear the game, but at least you will. You'll get to experience VR. Alex, Addis, can you say something relaxing, please? Can you say Merry Christmas, everyone, and to all a good year? Okay, thank you if you did say that. If you didn't, I'm going to find out later and I'm going to be really angry. Ow, I hit my hand. I was eating a banana earlier, Alex. I was eating a banana on camera and microphone for my friends. All right, good try, Alex. Good game. Now the question is, do I tape it to the front or the back of my head? I guess the back makes the more sense, but I don't think either of them actually makes sense really. This is such a cool experiment. Like this should be like Vsauce or something. Wait, I'm missing out on ASMR opportunities here. Listen. Okay, so far, so good, I think. I think it's on. Let's just listen to my thoughts. No, don't listen to that one. Listen to the next one. Kevin, I think we've soiled ourselves. Yeah, we've definitely soiled ourselves. I don't like this experiment. Let's listen to music again. Where's the music? We're listening together. This is fun. Wow. Would anyone be interested in buying an ear microphone perhaps?


Diolch, dywihap eiscam bowb yn Aled courses. Happy St David's Day from Aled courses. We're proud to be supporting Welsh food and drink the same day as today. Cary Cymru, Cary Blass! Love Wales, love taste!


And thanks to the organizers of the LynxNIST webinar on antibodies in solution for giving me a chance to talk about my favorite pet project, antibodies, and how to understand them using colloid models. We have actually been interested in concentrated proteins for a long time, initially driven by our interest in understanding the islands, and in particular also understanding protein condensation diseases around this like cataract formation, for example, or impaired vision like Presbyopia, but also more in more general terms, understanding protein crowding and the stability of the cytosol. And accordingly also the our prime interest initially was mainly on protein aggregation protein phase separation stability of protein solutions and mixtures and so forth. But then later on moved very much towards dynamics. In particular also of a more newer interest and that has to do with the formulation of biologics involving high concentration protein solutions. Now this is in particular this is of course also the focus of today's webinar this has come from from the fact that when once to formulate antibodies, one actually faces a few problems. And this is has to do with the fact that antibodies are very large proteins, typically around 150,000 molecular weight, but they only only a small fraction of this protein is really the active site that is targeting then sort of the, the structure of interest for the pharmacological treatment. And so we need relatively large doses of antibodies to administer something like a milligram of antibody kilogram of patient. And, obviously, currently, I mean we all know how important antibodies have become in pharmaceutical industry. They're primarily administered. In the hospital. I, I, I be into witness. And what would however be preferred is of course you fund if the patients could self administer these drugs, for example through containers injection. Now given the fact that we only can inject a limited volume. This means that we have to have high concentration for relations typically above 100 millimeter per milliliter antibody concentration. And that of course then again raises problems because of something that one often finds that that is the increase of viscosity in protein solutions if one increases the concentration. Now, there is something like a window of opportunity here if the if the relative viscosity the ratio between the seership viscosity and the viscosity of the solvent goes above something like the factor of 10 injection becomes very difficult and painful and so one needs to create formulations with antibodies that that the viscosity even at the high concentration formulation is below this critical threshold. And as you can see in this particular example of an antibody that can for example then strongly depend on parameter such as for example the ionic strings with a pH. We really need to understand and better even predict the viscosity of concentrated antibody solutions as a function of the molecular structure of the antibody and the other formulation conditions and physical parameters. Now there is obviously a link between the molecular structure and the interaction potential between antibodies in solution. There is also presumably a link between a tendency of antibodies to self assemble and the resulting viscosity then of the antibody in solution that higher concentrations which we need to understand. So, there are of course ideas about around drawing analogies from colloids why the viscosity increases with antibody concentration if we typically look into colloidal systems say heart sphere particles in in in a solvent. We see that with increasing volume fraction. Initially, the particles are able to undergo freedom fusion. Once the volume fraction increases particles around a particular particle or target particle then form sort of form something like a cage. There, the particle now is no longer to diffuse freely but will initially bounce around within the cage until it's opens and the particle can escape. Once the concentration and the volume fraction is too high and for heart sphere colloids this is close to random close backing so close to about 64% volume fraction typically with lower such cage openings no longer can happen. And, and basically the solution or the suspension arrests. We assume that for proteins similar mechanisms hold, and indeed if we grow or compact globular proteins that interact primarily via excluding volume interactions. Indeed we find exactly the kind of behavior quantitatively reproduced by the relationship between the relative viscosity at the volume fraction as found for heart spheres and predicted through so called no carbon theory. However, the situation for proteins is actually more complicated because proteins are and this is something we will come back to in a minute are not really like billiard balls and and so when we then look into the different types of proteins, we realize and here I just show information from a related type of experiment. And that is, Newton spin echo experiments that allows us to measure the collective diffusion coefficient and relatively local distances in the nearest neighbor distance between proteins at high concentrations. And it's the short time collective diffusion coefficient in this case we indeed see dramatic differences between the diffuse safe behavior of different proteins. And also when you look at the dashed lines here that indicate the rest transition as a function of the given volume fraction here, you see that this actually shifts down to very low values below point three or so for certain types of proteins. These are in effect proteins that are known to interact, not only through typical colloidal centrosimetic simple interaction potentials but are known to also have attractive patches that result then in the cluster formation in transient cluster formations. And the idea then that allows us to qualitatively at least understand what's going on here is that clusters open fractal clusters as they typically form up to these conditions, take up much more volume than the monomers themselves and so you can still have these kinds of teaching effects and the rest transition, but now the clusters these open clusters play the role of the color it's initially. And so what is important in is that when we now go for different types of proteins and in particular and we need to understand what the relative mechanisms are that determine the viscosity for concentrated, for example, antibody solutions. Before going into this we need to think about how we characterize the structural and dynamic properties of these antibody solutions and what we typically do is a combination of different techniques. That's dynamic light scattering static light scattering small angle x-ray scattering and my choreography. So we want to derive models to understand the behavior of these proteins and analyze these experimental results that come from these from these techniques it's of course first of all important that we really understand what we measure. In the case of dynamic light scattering what we really look at is the dynamics of density fluctuations or concentration fluctuations of wavelength given by 2 pi over the scattering mixture which we do this dynamic light scattering experiment. And so the number of fluctuations or the decay of concentration fluctuations is governed by a quantity. That is called the gradient diffusion coefficient and it's really this quantity that in the limit of small angles, small scattering victories and small protein dimensions is what we measure in light scattering. In the dynamic light scattering side what we what we look at is the magnitude of these density fluctuations at the same wavelength. And this is expressed or governed by the multi-compressibility. When we then go to SACs instead of light scattering static light scattering. Of course now we go to much larger Q vectors so smaller structure link scales that we can investigate. We look at the scattering intensity as coming from a combination of influence from the particle structures so in this case for example the antibody structure or the protein structure more general and into particle correlations that become more prominent at higher concentrations. And finally in the microbiology experiment which we prefer for protein solutions compared to a classical rheometry measurement. And what we really measure here is the self diffusion or mean square displacement of large trace of particles well and I say large they're a couple of hundred nanometers in diameter so much larger than the characteristic length scale in the solution given by the proteins and their distribution in the particle distances. And so, we can then look at the protein solution as some sort of a bulk solvent, and the trace of self diffusion then basically gives us access to the searshift is considered you have this bulk solvent. Now, as I said we now need to create models that allow us to interpret these data based on for some of the molecular structure of the protein. However, can also self assemble and so, and, you know, apologize for the density of formula here, but we have to understand then that in this case we have to consider a system where we might see actually a polydispersed solution of clusters that also in that that also interact with different interaction forces and and also indirect interactions caused by high dynamic interactions. And so what we then measure in the dynamic light scattering experiment is so called Z or intensity average parent gradient diffusion coefficient that is given by the two diffusion coefficient and and then for you know spherical high dynamic function H of Q and the direct structure factor S of Q, which is also measured in the sex experiment. And in the static light scattering we can measure something like an apparent weight average molecular weight. And the problem here is that we need models that allow us to consistently incorporate both self assembly so particle size distributions, as well as interactions that are also influenced by the self assembly in order to then arrive at a consistent analysis and interpretation of this data. And so this is really here. The important thing to consider and this is what we need to keep in mind. So how do we do this well in general, or, you know compact global proteins, the use of colloid models has as a long tradition, and actually been successively used in order to describe and also even predict base behavior of protein solutions base separation aggregation rest transitions And typically, what one does is instead of, of using, you know, the full molecular structure of the protein or here also seen as the as the as the full shape of the hair. We go to something like a spherical here in the extreme case of a spherical colloid that interacts via spherical isotropic interaction potential. Now for some proteins, these may not be good enough so we may have to incorporate some particle shape and I saw to be or also the include the possibility for directed interactions patchy interactions, cause for example by high default patches or non homogeneous distribution of charges. But we never try to use the full atomistic structure because for example, doing computer simulations of highly concentrated protein solutions using an optimistic description of the protein which has to be absolutely impossible, because it's it's way too costly in terms of the medical effort that needs to be taken care of. And so the key questions when when trying to attempt to use colloid models, in order to analyze experimental data then is what is the right level of course training that is capable of reproducing the concentration dependent properties. So this. And the importance of direct interactions and shape and interaction and I saw to be do we have to take this into account or can we get around with simple spherical models and interaction potentials. Now, for antibodies it's becoming even a bit more complicated because of this open widely shaped structure of the antibody. And we have to see whether we need to use the full here, or whether we can get away with the spherical here. And so there are different levels of course training this criteria on this, on this slide, where we start from the two molecular structure of the antibody that we can then for example, use in something like in the simulations or so to gain information about the most chemical confirmation of the antibody and gain insight into the flexibility of the antibody and so forth. Typically we will then make a course training step and, and for example, model each amino acid as a small sphere. And then we can then use this using for example Monte Carlo simulations to gain insight into the charge as a function of pH ionic strengths and so forth. And it's still highly demanding. And so we might need to make further course screening steps and they to go to a smaller number of beats, but still maintaining the why shaped structure of the antibody or go to a full spherical antibody description so the analog of the spherical here here. And this kind of model that is typically used by many of the researchers interested in antibody solutions and their characterization and description. And it's used to interpret, for example, theta potential measurements or a sketching experiments both dynamic and static sketching experiments. Let's start with this very simple color with approach and see how far we get. For this, we take a first example of an antibody. It's a so called IGG one. A typical molecular weight of about 148,000 Dalton. It comes with the high dynamic radius of about five and a half nanometers, radius of charge for five nanometers. And it's, it's strongly positively charged with a charge net charge of about plus 30. So if we make such a spherical void model we take a particle that would then be modeled like a non conducting sphere with a given radius or say call it the heart sphere radius. And the interaction potential of that would then be a combination of the heart sphere potential. The screen cool on potential and some short range attractive potential. That is typically then taking into account things like fundamental attractions and possibly also some hydrophobic attraction. And that's really the kind of classic color potential that people then use also in the protein business. Now, there is one thing that is often forgotten about and not taken into account and that is, when we look at the screen cool on potential that describes the effect of the charges in the presence of ions counter ions. It often forgets to take into account the dissociated counter ions from the charged amino acid residues that also contribute to the screening. And so, in effect, we then actually get a interaction potential that in particular at low ionic strength so no added salt for example, then makes the potential fairly strongly dependent on concentration. Here, the example of the kind of colored potential that we then use for the analysis of the data here. And the dashed line here is without the additional attraction and the solid line is then the full potential that also takes into account the short range attraction. And a low ionic strengths coming just from the buffer itself and no added salt and the higher ionic strengths with an additional 50 million dollars sodium chloride added. Now, the question then is, is this type of potential capable of reproducing the experimental data that we then get from the four techniques that I have mentioned. Lots of lines and lots of data here. Let's just walk through this. So let's start with the static light scattering results here the the solid black points are the measured data set from the low ionic strength sample. So, looking at the S of C or the osmotic compressibility as a function of concentration, all the way up to very high concentrations of close to 200 mixed per mil. The blue solid symbols are the same data at 50 millimolar added sodium chloride. So, all together 57 millimolar ionic strengths. And the solid black and blue lines are the corresponding results from colloid theory where we calculate the static structure factor and the compressibility to liquid state here using what is called a Rochester's young closure that is known to be particularly accurate also at high concentrations. And we see that indeed our data is almost quantitatively reproduced over the entire Q range. The dashed line here is the is the same calculation for potential that only includes excluded volume effects and screen coolant repulsion but no attraction. This dotted red line here is for pure heart sphere system here so you see indeed we need some attraction in order to cover all concentrations measured. And here on the right upper corner you see the results from the dynamic light scattering experiment. Again, the lines mean the same and the data points and colors also mean the same. So black is low ionic strength is high ionic strength. And the solid line is a full calculation where we use the percolation function as we get it from the Rochester's young closure relation calculation and then calculate the hydrodynamic function. And again, here, we cannot do this up to very high concentrations because of the fact that this approximation that we use here is not valid at concentrations higher than about 50 mixed per mill. And so again, things look good. The full structure factors are also nicely reproduced by the Rochester's young closure for these two concentrations shown here at low ionic strength 2050 mixed per mill. And what I have to say here is we use a colloid model with an effective charge of plus 20. And then finally, the even the relative is causing and its concentration dependence is more or less quantitative reproduced at the lower ionic strength sample through a relationship phenological relationship that is known to reproduce heart sphere data quite well. Things look pretty good. Well, there is, there is a problem here. And, you know, if this were a standard talk I would stop here, but I tried to show not only the benefits but also the problems with this colloid model. And, you know, there is more to say here because at the end of the day what you will see is that we can indeed use this simple spherical colloid model to reproduce the data. But we cannot predict it we cannot predict the parameters of the model that we need to use to reproduce the data based on the molecular structure of the antibody. Let's for example look at the charges that get out that we get out from from the theoretical treatment of the data. There are three ways on how we determine charges on the antibody other than also chemical titration, which has its own problems. One is of course, the theoreticians or simulators way by by by really, you know, calculating amino acid charges using Monte Carlo simulations of the antibody where the protonation state of the amino acids are allowed to fluctuate to go for minimum free energy of the system, and then if you unexpected theoretical charge net charge of the system, but also the charge distribution positive and negative charges along the surface of the antibody. The standard way protein biochemists chemists. The trick is that they measure electrophoretic mobility or, you know, they normally call it seat the potential measurement, even though one doesn't measure the seat the potential but the electrophoretic mobility of a charge particle in an in an external electric field and then use a colloid model to deduce the charge. And results then together with the hydrodynamic properties of of of the of the particle in this mobility. And then finally the way a colloid scientist often deduce charges on their systems is by doing sex measurements calculate the structure factor then use the liquid state series in order to reproduce the structure factor based on an effective charge, that they introduced, what are the values for this particular antibody if we do these three different types of of calculations or predictions as well. The theoretical charge as we get it out from from the molecular structure and the Monte Carlo simulations is plus 31. And the kind of of charge distribution as it shown here on the inside of the picture. If we do the electrophoretic mobility measurement analyze it with a spherical colloid model we get an effective charge of plus 13. And if we analyze the structure factors we need to use an effective charge of plus 20. So obviously, you know, they all differ wildly. And it's clear that we really have to be aware of the fact that all of these is model dependent and and the question then remains how we, how can we obtain and predict charges and their effects on on antibodies stability. Well, there is another problem in the in the simple colloid model and that is in the way we actually look at the structure factor. At higher concentrations we see that we no longer reproduce it with with the colloid model. The local part is finding is not the compressibility comes out right, but the peak the nearest neighbor peak is vastly enhanced in in the technical prediction, but it's not present in the measurement. So clearly, we have some deficiency in this in this simple spherical model and we need to look at effects of course grading on the effective charge and on the effective structure factor so we then made a systematic investigation starting from the amino acid representation, and then going through successive course grading steps to come up with why shape models and finally with the spherical colloid. We started with the full amino acid representation. And we also did then many antibody simulations. We now introduce an effective beat beat potential between beats on different antibodies given again by a screen cooler potential and the liner Jones to take care of hardcore and short range attraction from the most attraction. The idea is that indeed at both ionic strengths we can we can more or less quantitatively reproduce the measured structure factor from sex and all the different concentrations using the theoretical charge of plus 32 variation that we that we tested in the in the strengths of the, not the attractive interaction this epsilon term that we vary the round values that are known to work well for for the other types of proteins on this, I mean, acid representation. So what is then happening when we six, you know, in steps reduce then the number of beats and so we consider here 1296 and one beat models. Let's first compare the six and the one beat model you see that already for the six feet model, the structure factor at both low and high concentration for the low ionic strength is very well reproduced by the six feet model. A higher charge so we need for the six feet model we need to use an effective charge total net charge of about 26 compared to the 24 the one beat model. And you also see that at low protein concentration, the level of course creating doesn't really matter, but at high concentrations it does. If you then go to the nine beat model, things really become quantitative we can reproduce all measured structure factors with a new yet still a bit higher net positive charge. And you can see here that indeed the charge that we need to use the effective total charge on on the model depends on the level of course creating and it sort of approaches the net charge that we get from the initial single molecule simulation on amino acid level. And so clearly the take a message from here is that charges obtained are indeed effective charges that depend on the model that is used to interpret the data. Moreover, it's the anisotropy that is crucial also for calculating the correct measure structure factor. Why does the nine beat model work reasonably well and why is the charges lower that we use the effective charge lower on the one beat model then on the safe for example nine beat model. You have looked at this by sort of measuring an effective potential of mean force in simulations between two antibodies on the left bottom you see a movie on not on an antibody but on a more compact protein that I got from one of our polymini. And so one basically looks at the percolation function between these two particles that are allowed to move around and rotate and and and based on this we can then estimate the potential of mean force. And what you see here is that in particular at low on the string so that's the upper right hand graph. You see that the long range tail of the potential for the one beat and the nine beat model using these different types of effective charges actually more or less overlap. So you see at shorter distances when the potential start to deviate. And obviously, for the one beat model, antibodies cannot come closer than the heart speed diameter of the one beat system, whereas for the true antibody and also for the nine beat models they can of course come much closer. The, the minimum distance that they can have is basically something like the heart speed diameter of a single beat. And, and so, since in the low ionic strength system, the potential is fairly long range and fairly repulsive antibodies hardly ever approach very closely. And so, in that sense, what we then see is that we have to choose an effective charge in the one beat model that results in the same long distance tail of the screen cool on potential and that is of course a much lower charge. Since the charges in this case are all smeared on on the surface of these non conducting sphere. On the other hand, there is still the need of some attraction also in particular at higher concentrations where distances are shorter, because we need to compensate for the two large excluded volume that the one beat model has. And, and so, again, what one needs to realize is that the charges that one gets when analyzing structure factors or compressibility using these one beat colloid models these are effective charges that very much depend on the model to interpret the data. And the attraction needed in the one beat model is also not really directly linked to the fundamentals attraction, but it sort of is there to compensate for the two large excluded volume. And so, the values in the attractive part only become meaningful for antibodies once we go to a much less coarse grain model. And this is, of course, in contrast to the much more compact, typical proteins like Lysos, Gamma crystalline and so forth that people have used, where we indeed have the charges on the surface and the structure is not so open. And finally, anisotropy is really crucial for calculating the measured structure factors. There is one final thing to add here and that is, even for this antibody that is highly charged, and with a relatively homogeneous charge distribution, still at high ionic strengths, we suddenly start to see a dramatic increase of the viscosity at high concentrations. And this presumably comes from the fact that now at high concentrations, at high ionic strengths, the range of the repulsive interaction between like charged spots on the antibodies become much shorter. And so, patches start to develop and eventually we can also start to see cluster formation that then leads to higher viscosity. So the homogeneous charge distribution stabilizes initially the map against aggregation and cluster formation and once we give enough salt, patches develop and attractions take over and clusters form and the viscosity shoots up. So that was this and you have already seen a bit about pros and cons of such colloid models that we can use to interpret data for antibody solutions. Now let's switch to another map. And this other map is again positively charged. It's still a reasonable charge of plus 13. But you see now when we compare the so-called electrostatic iso surface. Whereas this is fairly homogeneous and normal, you know, sort of globular spherical for the first map that we looked at. For the second map it looks different and there are actually clear, positively charged and negatively charged regions in this particular antibody. And that actually has consequences when we look at the resulting relative viscosity as a function of concentration. And back here are the data taken for the first antibody that we looked at, map one, and blue are the data taken for the second antibody map two. The open symbols are the ones with high ionic strings, the solid symbols are the ones at low ionic strings and you see that for the first antibody charge is stabilized the antibody against aggregation and high viscosity. At salt, we start to see a much more increased viscosity and high concentrations, whereas the opposite is true for the second antibody, where adding salt to a high concentration antibody solution decreases the viscosity quite a lot. And so, in one case, ionic strength, increased ionic strength seems to destabilize whereas in the other it seems to stabilize. So this made us rethink again our approach to colloidal modeling for this type of antibody. You see this actually when you compare data from static dynamic light scattering and my choreography as a function of concentration for this antibody. With ionic strength we have a clear indication of a concentration in use self assembly with both the apparent molecular weight and the apparent dynamic radius increasing, but then at higher concentrations interactions take over. And so obviously we need to now include also a possibility for self assembly when we model this particular antibody. Given the heterogeneous charge distribution and the fact that charges seems to destabilize the antibody against self assembly and clustering, we designed a three patch model here. Either in a by shape computer model. In this case it was a six speed model where we had then patches be and a type to be and one a type there a attractive interaction was then happening between a and b and b and a and a were repulsive. And the rest was just excluded volume. And we also used a patchy sphere models to which we then applied analytical bedtime series so called bedtime theory that allows us to look at this simple numerical calculation. The approach in this course training modeling is then that we start with patchy monomers use their time theory that allows us to calculate as a function of a of two key parameters the the heart sphere diameter and the strength of the attractive patch patch interaction. allows us then to calculate the bonding probability as a function of concentration. This can then be plugged in into another polymer theory so called hyper branch polymer theory that then gives us the cluster size distribution. So the next course training step in order to calculate also dynamic properties such as the diffusion coefficient and the viscosity, we then treat clusters again as in the heart or attractive heart sphere collides. So how well is that time theory able to reproduce the mission compressibility. Almost quantitatively you see here is three patch model. The bond strength here and and and the S of zero or the apparent weight navigation weight average aggregation number is is is almost quantitatively reproduced. We can then use the bond probability as these come as he comes out of their time theory as a function of concentration. We can then use the so called hyper branch polymer theory to calculate now the cluster size. At each of these concentrations, there's no additional free parameter there. And when we compare the analytical cluster size distributions with the ones that come out from patchy why computer simulations they quantitatively agree. So we're confident that the cluster size distribution shape of the cluster size distribution makes sense. And we can then use this and now again calculate compressibility and and through the sort of a heart sphere relationship where we treat the clusters as as an attractive or attractive sticky heart spheres with the radius given by the cluster size. And we see that now indeed. Once we have fixed the parameters in the bedtime model. These resulting cluster size distributions are then capable of reproducing both static light scattering data for both ionic strength as well as the microbiology almost quantitatively. And also if you use a simple cluster model to calculate the mission structure factors they also reproduce the structure factors quite well. So indeed, when we beef up our our colloid model course great colloid models with patchy interactions is again works beautifully. I think it's time to conclude and let me just run you so some of them. The major take home messages that I would like to convey to you when we talk about the use of colloid models to deal with complex antibody solutions. First of all, I think it has become clear from what I said that individual techniques such as dynamic light scattering or static light scattering or rheology or saxa sense alone don't provide conclusive data or assessing aggregation propensity or predict the nearest transition. I think this it's fair to say that this is not enough. And we really need complimentary techniques. These two colloids and using the existing theoretical framework from colloid physics allows us in principle to understand model and predict the onset of aggregation and the location of the rest transition in an asset in principle. The problem here is that we have to be aware of the fact that the predict is difficult because since these since the parameters that we then need in this colloid description are effective parameters and we cannot just take the molecular structure and then predict the parameters that are the effective charge. And so we have to include shape and isotropy and patch interactions. If you really want to go from the molecular structure to all the measured quantities. So really the combination of stacks or sense SLS and deal is my theology and compute the simulations that we believe is vital to understand concentration effects on diffusion and rheology of different antibodies. I would like to particularly point out since charge is a very important parameters determining the stability of antibodies in solution. And charge distribution is essential for stabilizing monomers in many cases and preventing cluster formation and face separation. But it has to be clear that simple colloid models together with the experimental tools that one uses to determine charges like electrophoretic mobility measurements or structure factor measurements. These are the yield effective charges. They are different from the actual net charge as it would come out of a titration experiment or in particular from computer simulations based on the fluid molecular structure of the antibody. Colloid models are great, but we need to design them appropriately by first looking indeed at the molecular structure, looking at possible charge heterogeneity is that determined in the repulsive or attractive charge charge interactions. We need to look at the presence of possible hydrophobic patches that will not be covered by long range repulsive interactions between antibodies. And so we need to combine molecular and colloid viewpoint. And it's only the link between the molecular structure and the resulting stability and dynamics on all relevant links and timescales that can come out of this if we really make this marriage between the molecular and the colloid viewpoint. With this I'm through. And I would like to thank those that did all the work. There are a couple of experimental postdocs, Alessandro Glover assembly and Nicholas Cargislinghe, as well as our simulation friends Marco Polimani here in London, but also the more senior PIs Mikhail Lund Anna Stratner. And there were collaborators from Rome around Emmanuel Lattacarelli, and we had industrial scientists from no one or this concern of that we're also participating in some of the studies that I presented here. And with that, I'd like to thank you for your attention and I'm happy to answer questions. Thank you.


Hey everyone, welcome to this week's video update. Today is Friday, January 29th. Hope everybody had a great week of trading. Taking a look at the S&P. Some blood in the streets this week. A couple big red days including today. The S&P is getting ready to close down about 75 points. If we look at the other indices you've got the Dow down 638 today. NASDAQ down 279 and the Russell down 33. The market is getting ready to close here in just a second. What's going on here? Keep in mind from a perspective, if I look at year-to-date percentage, the S&P is still positive for the year. We're only 4% off of the all-time highs in the market. It feels like a big drop. These are two big red days but you've got to keep it in perspective too. This could just be a little dip and we could rip back higher. I think a little damage might have been done here. We tried to bounce on Thursday and then we rolled back over. We may see some more legs to the downside. I don't think this is COVID crash 2.0 where we're going to be down 30-40%. But being down 4% now, having another little drop, another 4-5% being down 8-10% is certainly not out of the question. We are prepared for this. We've got a little bit of short delta in our portfolio and where we sit after today is we're a little bit less than one-to-one on our short delta versus our theta ratio. I was considering adding a little short here just in case this did roll over. Didn't end up doing it. Wanted to see if it was because it was a pretty solid bounce until the end of the day. We did in fact roll over. I didn't get any extra short delta on but the account is still positive even with down days like this. That is a good thing. Just make sure that you're comfortable with the amount of risk that you have on or the amount of hedge that you have on. We've got several verticals that I'll go through here today that are helping with that. Then we're continuing to add and take off and book winners day in, day out, week in, week out. That's the methodology here. Let's take a look at the, actually before we jump into the alerts, just a real quick recap of the week in day trading. Weekly P&L in the mighty 90 was a little over $1,900. Not a ton of mighty 90 trades this week. Only 10 trades total but only two losers. So 80% win rate which is nice. On the runners, had a couple of red days. Monday and Tuesday just small. Nice runners on Wednesday and Thursday and then a red day today. So basically a scratch on the runners for the week. 20 different trades right at 50% win rate on those. If we take a look, so the total summary for the week booked a little over $1,900 on the week between the two strategies. So still continuing to do very well. Nice bounce back from last week's red week. So that's always a good thing as well. All right. Let's jump into the alerts for the week starting with Monday. Did an opening trade in Amazon. This is a long call diagonal and what we're looking at here, if you go to our earnings class, a lot of times what we try to do is in anticipation of some upside momentum leading into earnings, we will buy calls or redo long call verticals. In this case, we're doing a long call diagonal. And the reason is is because we've got a pretty slim amount of risk if this thing does come down, which in fact it has. But we've got a good potential if it does in fact rally into the earnings announcement along with a spike in implied volatility. So if we look at our Amazon position here, you can see we're down a couple hundred dollars. But even after a week like this where we've seen this massive, pretty sizable downside move, we're still in a situation where if this thing just bounces a little bit into earnings, which in this case Amazon announces earnings on February 2. So we've got a few days next week where this thing might be able to bounce and we can still book a profit, but we shall see what happens there. Next alert was Facebook closing trade. So this was a long call diagonal that we did in Facebook, kind of a similar situation. On this one, we booked over 100% profit. On this piece, we had two different contracts. We booked half last week and then we took the remainder off this week for a nice profit overall in Facebook. Did a closing trade in SPX. This was an iron duck. This was when price was still higher before it fell, ran up big. So we closed it out, booked a big profit on that one. Facebook closing trade. So we also did a pre earnings long strangle in Facebook. And when it did have the up move, we're able to book this for small profit. I think we booked about 10% profit on it. So no big deal. We're targeting about 20. But on this up move, I didn't want to give back any profits. And so we went ahead and just took our money and ran, which ended up obviously in hindsight being a good thing because we took it off when price was up here. Had we held it, price rolled over and we would not have booked that. Now, we did have earnings coming up too. So that helped. We don't want to hold these through earnings. And so that was a whole anticipation is this run up into earnings, which did happen in Facebook. And so those both worked out very well for us. Tesla opening trade. So this was a earnings iron duck that we put on in Tesla. This was a little frustrating today because we were right smack dab in the middle of the duckhead hoping for a max profit of 716. Unfortunately, obviously, if you're watching the markets today, you know what happened. I mean, the whole the whole entire market came down and took Tesla with it. So Tesla moved down ended up down 5%. I mean, it took a 5% move lower in Tesla to create a loss for us on this. And so I had this conversation a little bit with a few folks in the community today is, you know, why, you know, some of the questions was it's kind of like, why didn't you take it off earlier when, you know, you were over 50% of max profit? The reason is when we trade iron ducks, the whole the whole premise of it is obviously just like a lot of our strategies, we are playing the probabilities. So you know, if price runs higher, you're booking these small beak profits, beak profits, beak profits, that's the most common thing that you're going to do. And those are nice, right? You book them and, you know, so you have no risk to the upside. But you've got if price comes down and it's come down in that duckhead area, you can't just you can't take it off early. And the reason is because if you get in the habit of always closing it out at 30% of max profit or 50% of max profit, because you're scared it might go down too far. Well, then overall, your PNL overall will be much less, if not negative overall, because what happens is you've got to you've got to book those big winners to to compensate for the risk involved as well. So the way that we have the criteria set up for the iron duck is to maximize profits over time. You know, there are going to be situations like this where the whole market falls apart, drags this in particular stock down with it. And we ended up having to take a loss on this trade where we did have a nice profit earlier in the day or yesterday. But you can't look at one trade and start making trading decisions based on that. Our criteria where we have it set up so that if we come down and we, you know, we have a loss that's equal to our initial credit received, that's when we exit. And that's the only time we exit unless we're closing it early for a big profit, which is this is all part of the course. But you know, think about this, if price would have come down and you would have booked profits early and we would have just got a little bit of a bounce in Tesla and booked max profit, you know, that that happens too. So you can't you can't start speculating and doing things based on, you know, how you feel about a trade after the fact you have to have. Now, if your set criteria is, Hey, I'm going to take this off at 50% of max profit every time. Okay. You know, I'll listen to that. But what you can't do is on any individual trade to trade. Sometimes I'm going to leave it for max profit. Sometimes I'm going to take it off early. You know, that that's when you start letting your emotions get into play. And then you're not trading by probabilities. You're trading by emotion. And that's what our strategies are designed to get away from is trading on trading based on probabilities and statistics, not on emotion or hype or what you feel is going to happen because because none of that really matters. So I took a loss on this one, but that happens. That's part of the game of trading. And so we'll move on to the next trade.  Because, you know, you're going to take losses like this. But over time, you're going to maximize your profits by using the criteria that we've developed of when to take it off, when to leave it on, that kind of thing. So hopefully that helps. Let's take a look at rut. Didn't opening trade in rut. When as price was coming down, we put on an iron duck in rut. Did this one with 16 days expiration? It's now at 14, I believe. So you can see prices just starting to come into the duckhead. So we still got a lot of room to the downside. If this market does continue, continue lower, we got 14 days left on this. So hopefully price kind of stays in our range. And we're able to book a nice profit on that one. Next trade Microsoft opening trade. So in this one, we did what's called a ratio double diagonal. And I added a link to a little video because we don't have a specific course on ratio double diagonals. This is kind of a hybrid between a weekly double calendar and some similar features to the strategy that Tim Weiss has been teaching the revised enhanced double diagonal. But the criteria was not the same as red. So I want to make sure I clarified that. So I sent out a little video so you can use this link if you if you haven't watched it, but we're targeting 20% on this trade. And basically what I'm looking at is after Microsoft released earnings, if you take a look at the options chain, what you'll see is that so Microsoft announced earnings in this week, right? These are the ones getting ready to expire. Well, if you look out in the very next week, a lot of times those options will still be elevated after the earnings were announced. And so what we wanted to do is we wanted to sell those because we we knew or we assume in a normal situation, those front week options are going to start decaying faster than some of these further dated options. So and you can see what happened that that's exactly what has happened where this was at like 38%. And this was at 36 when we put it on. Well, now this is at 36. And this is still at 36. So these options decayed faster than these. And so by by doing that, we put this on with a it's actually a calendar on the call side, you can see the 245 calendar on the call side and then the put diagonal on the put side the 225 230 puts. And so here's where we're at right now. We're up about $138 max capital max at risk here is 1405. So we're up about 10% on this, really targeting about a 20% return on capital. So if we move through time, if we take this off a day before expiration, which would be this day here, you know, looking to, you know, book somewhere around 230 240. And this is, you know, obviously volatility in price is going to change a lot of different factors. But if it stayed right here, that's kind of what we're doing is we're targeting about 20% return. Now obviously, if it moves a little bit higher on that day, we can book a lot more. If it moves lower in price could be less. But that is the plan with this trade. So we'll be looking at more of these. You know, I was looking at potentially do one on Apple or Facebook. But you want to do these on a day when just like a double calendar, you want to do it on a day when implied volatility is contracting or prices going higher. Obviously with today's massive down move and implied volatility spiking, I didn't want to put one on today. We may look at one next week on one of those other stocks that has just just announced earnings. And we've got some others coming up. We've got Amazon coming up and a couple other big ones. So I'd have some potential on those as well. So look for that in next week after those companies announced earnings. Next trade, SPX opening trade. This is a weekly double calendar. Put this on with eight days to expiration 11 in the back week. So we take a look at SPX. This is an iron duck that we have that expires next week. This one's right in the duckhead. So hopefully we can hold there and potentially book a book a nice profit there. The weekly double calendar is this one here. And you can see after today's down move prices come down, not, you know, just out of center here, but still well within range. So if we if we can stay here and take this off the day before or the day of exploration, we'll, you know, book a nice profit if it stays in range. And then lastly, while we're here on SPX, let's take a look at the other iron duck that we put on today. This is pretty close to where we just put it on. It's in the beak here. So got a lot of room to the downside here with this one that expires on 213, even with the move lower that we've seen today still have a 82% chance of probability of profit on that one. Next trade SPX weekly double calendar. So we had another weekly double calendar on this one, booked a really nice profit book, booked over 50% profit on that trade. We took that off with one day to expiration and booked a really nice profit on that one. SPX opening trade. So this is a iron duck that we put on with 14 days. That's the one that I just showed you. And lastly, Tesla, this is that closing earnings iron duck that I already mentioned. So let's take a look at some of these other positions we've got ES, which was got a long put vertical, you can see with this price moved down, we're now up over $577, $550 on this trade. If this continues to move down a little bit into next week, we'll go ahead and roll this out to the next cycle. This has 21 days to expiration. So we can go ahead and roll that out to March, which currently has 49 next week, we'll have 47 46 whenever we decide to do it. So that would be the plan in ES. Nat gas has been pretty strong for us, but down a few percent today, we are currently up about $840 since we did our last roll here.  And so hopefully we can get a little bit of strength going into next week in Natty gas. We just bounce back up really above, you know, this high here up into that 2.8 region. We'll be able to book that and close that out for profit after that wild ride that we took with Natty gas. Let's see, bonds. Similar thing in bonds, we need a little bounce and bonds to get back into range here. And if we can do that, we will take that off and book a profit after all adjustments and rolls here as well. We got 21 days to expiration. So we could have rolled it today, but I'm going to wait until early next week. See if we do get a little bounce and then we'll just close it out. If not, we will roll and extend duration and go for another cycle. This is Apple, another one of our short Delta positions. This is a long put vertical and price was way out here, but with this down move, take a look at a chart of Apple. I mean, really big down move. Of course, Apple announced earnings as well, had absolutely blowout earnings, the best over $100 billion in revenue in one quarter, which is the biggest quarter of any company ever. And bright skies ahead, but the market taking that downturn brought Apple with it as well. And so a nice downside, which helped out our position here, getting us right back in our break even on this piece and still room to go if this thing does continue lower. This is Amazon. I showed you that one. Alibaba, we've got a couple of positions here. This is our call vertical side of our iron condor. So if you remember, if you had this on, price came through, broke through the break even so we closed out the put vertical side, booked max profit on that piece and then given this a chance to work its way back into range. Now we've got, this is in FEB, so we've still got 21 days left to expiration. So we're going to hold this. If we get some continued downside, we'll end up taking it off. Earnings is here on the second before market opens. So actually on the first, we will take this off. So regardless of where we are profit wise on the first, we'll take this off and close it out. We're not going to hold through earnings. And then we also have this long call diagonal. So if it price does go up, we'll benefit on this.  Maybe we can do a little ping pong action and book both, but we will see. I never know what'll happen. Baidu, we've got this iron condor. We've been holding this thing what seems like forever. We put this on and then implied volatility really spiked up on us. And so we've been, we've been in range the whole time, but we've just never, still never had a chance to book a profit on this thing. And so hopefully we get some theta decay into next week. We have no earnings risk on this one. We're closing out before the earnings cycle happens. So if we can get a little bit of a contraction implied volatility, and this thing stays in range, we should be able to book a profit next week. I mean, if the markets do end up bouncing overall, or just kind of staying steady, we should get some decent implied volatility contraction and have a chance to book that one. John Deere. So this one had a big move down on Thursday. And I was going to give it one more day to see if it continued.  We're up about 153 since our last roll. So if we get some continuation to the downside, we'll roll this one out to March. We are currently in FEB, DIA, some short call verticals we have here, still a lot of room to the downside there before we would roll or do anything. Same with IWM. All these verticals are kind of in a similar, similar position. We're up about 40 some dollars on this one since we did our last roll. So looking for some more downside to benefit that. Microsoft, I mentioned that one, QQQ, another short call vertical piece, right inside range. So looking for some more downside to benefit that. SMH, we've got a short strangle here that we have adjusted because the price is pretty well centered here, even after this down move just left the center. We're up about 150 dollars since we did that last adjustment roll. And then lastly XLK, now the market just closed. So this P&L line's little goofy, but it's well within range here, but a lot of downside, a lot of benefit if it moves lower as well. So that's all the alerts. Those are all the positions. If you guys have any questions, let me know. Otherwise, have a good weekend and we will catch you next week.


mind! Oh, the raptor pack does not like it, don't it Rex? Oh, it is not fairing too well here! They're just clinging on! Hello everyone and welcome to a very special episode of Jurassic World Evolution 2! Why? Because this video took over two hours to set up? Well maybe, and in the end I'm not really gonna do it all. So, basically what we're gonna look at today is the biggest carnivores in the game and how they take down prey. This being Spinosaurus, Carcarodonosaurus, Giga, T-Rex, Indominus Rex, Indoraptor. I originally set this up to view all of the dinosaurs and how that all the carnivores attack each other. However, I've just spent 15 minutes trying to see the Bionics kill dinosaurs and it's only killed two out of four. And if I was to do this very carnival, this video would be like five hours long. So we're not gonna do that! So what we are gonna do is jump in straight away with one of the fan favorites, that big freaking Spinosaurus! I have never seen this. Oh, in-game before. Oh, wow. Oh, gorgeous! So what we've done is we've, or I've put in a small herbivore, like a homalicephalae, then a Streuthymimus, a Hadrosaur, and then something that can fight back. So, we'll see how this goes. I'm expecting this Spinosaur to not really have a problem taken on any of these prey items and he can just kind of pick whatever it chooses. But look at that model! It looks absolutely gorgeous! Like I said, when we saw this in the video, the Frontier posted in the dev update thing. I don't know what they've done. It's definitely different to the one in Evolution. It's chonkier, I think, oh god. I think the Baronex has decided to kill something else. So ignore that.  It has a plethora of choices and what Frontier have amazingly done is spent, what seems to be in just World Evolution 2, more time spent on, Doctor Woo, go away, dammit! Oh, there you go. And it sits. So, like I was saying before, I was rudely interrupted. Just as with Evolution 2 or at least Frontier, I've put in a lot more effort in the dinosaur department, in the animations. So it almost feels like every carnivore or even every dinosaur itself has their own unique animations. Whether that's a Streuthymimus or an Archeonophymus, when they're interacting with each other, I don't think I've ever seen an animation repeated from different species. The way two Metrocathosaurus interact with each other looks completely different to how two Cryolophosaurus interact with each other.  No? All right, we've got a hunt! Oh, the Homalicephalia! Oh, eaten! Damn! Straight away, just one bite and completely gone. It's kind of what I was expecting.  You know when the carnivore decides to kill something because it stops walking around and sprints towards it? I like what they've done here. It makes every carnivore feel more real. You know, in Evolution, the first one, if a carnivore was with a herbivore, it would just make a beeline to it and kill it. Or at least it felt that way. Whereas this one, they kind of cohabit to an extent and now it looks like he's actually gonna go and attack something. Oh! Oh! It's almost quadruped there! Oh, bless. The Styracosaurus being reluctantly brought into the battle, I think. Yeah, look at the spotlight. Yeah! I could eat you! So the reason why Styracosaurus... I think maybe I mentioned this one in the other video. I don't know. Styracosaurus is one of the Seratopsids with the lowest health and attack and defense stats. So, yeah, I was expecting that to happen! Oh, of course! Spinosaur wants to fight. It loves it! I don't know what's going on with the Styracosaurus' body there. But hey, look! The Spinosaur's actually going on the floor with its front limbs. I love it! Little attention to detail like that. They would never have done that in Evolution. But I like that frontier now being, you know, a bit more forward-thinking with paleontological finds, maybe. Maybe that's why they're doing it. Or they just thought, hey, people want it, let's do it. Okay, it's charging! It's going for something! I don't know what! I think it's a Struthium Imus! Oh, I think so. I think it's definitely trying to. It's trying to make contact. Oh, there it is! Oh, lovely! A little bit of shake and a kill. Gorgeous! I love that! I love the way it just, like, day and need, like, puts one claw down, you know, balancing its weight on that. Oh, it's like an I.K. handle. It's like, yes, stuck to the ground. Oh, it's gorgeous! Oh, there's only one left, Mr. Spino, and you've eaten everything! Here we go! The takedown comes! Oh, here it comes! Oh, it throws it! That's more like evolution. There we go. I think that was similar to the first trailer, the way the T-Rex in evolution, like, picked up the power and just threw it from one side to the other.  Now onto something else! The big mama-jama herself! The one, the only! Rexy! Yes! Ho, ho, ho, ho! So with these guys, I've sort of let them have vibrates, so they're more dominant. They're more likely to be hungry.  Even people who don't know the difference between herbivore and carnivore know all about the Tyrannosaurus Rex. Yeah! And when you see her up close, feel her gaze. You fall in love! T-Rex was the ruler of the Cretaceous period. Right, we've got Edmontosaurus in here for you to eat, Rexy. I think it's called over the Styrachosaurus. Oh, bless it. Yeah. Oh, god. Oh, here we go. Not expecting this kind of last two seconds and straight out, just like it was with, what do you call it, the Spino. Didn't last more than two seconds. So we've got to take it away before it has a chance to eat it, even though it definitely has had a chance to eat it.  Oh, oh, never mind. Oh, it's going over the Homocephaly. Oh, there it goes! Oh, the leggy's stuck out. Well, there you go. I guess it realized it's food was being taken away and went for the small burger. It can still see you. You're not hiding behind the tree, you know. Right, that was two kills and quick succession. Maybe we'll get the rest. Bonus round. Spinosaur eating goat. Oh, wow. Even that's a unique animation. Nice. I was going to say, your health is dropping.  And she has chosen to hunt down a Struthiamimus.  Oh, that looked amazing. Damn. All right, hold on quickly. We need to take away the food. Take away the food. You must stay hungry. You must eat it at Montaupurg. No, no food for you. I kind of looked up like. Yeah, I still think that the carnivores need to wait for the herbivores to be not sleeping or anything like that. Yeah, they need to be running like that. And once they're up, then the carnivores can go and attack. All right, here we go. And Montosaurus, can you survive, Rexy? I don't know. I'm thrown again. Okay, so maybe that animation is similar. It definitely looked like the Struthiamimus animation was different. The way it just sort of jumped on it. But that looked very similar to the Spinosaurus, like throwing it to the other side. Maybe a slight difference, but you know what, Rexy, you've earned that. There you go. You've earned your goat. Show me all your beautiful animations. You get a goat. Right. Time for the next big boy, Acrocathosaurus. Lovely. Interesting call. Oh, yes. Looks very similar to how it did in Jurassic World Evolution. I can't really see too much of a difference. Not that I'd really be able to find it if I'm looking, if I'm going to be honest. Maybe the, probably the skin's got more detail. The model itself might be very similar, but the skin on top of it looks different. Its teeth look different actually. Wow. Okay. Oh, the Acrocathosaurus is challenging the Cosmosaur again. This is going to be a battle that's going to last all of two seconds, I think. Well, there you have it. I think we pretty much found out how those two battles go, or basically how a battle with a giant carnivore and a Ceratopsian goes. When the Ceratopsian loses, it's just like a lunge bites and then the Ceratopsian falls over. We're going to have to take away your dindins because we want to see you kill everything else. It even, like, sits differently to the T-Rex. Like, the T-Rex is more low, but this Acrocathosaurus is quite high when it sits down. So it sits up like that. Whereas T-Rex is quite low. I think, anyway. It might have the same head rub animation, I'm not sure. We'll definitely be able to see if it's the same kind of animation set, depending on how it goes for the Ornithomimus, or, you know, the Streuthomimus, I should say, because the T-Rex did a very iconic, like, jump to the Streuthomimus. So we'll see if that's mimicked in the Acrocathosaurus. Well, we're about to see it eat a homalocephaly, anyway.  Oh, no. I, yeah, that's it. Just have to wait for it to get so far away. Oh, all right, the moment of truth. Oh, the herbivores like that corner. Do they think it's safe? Let's see. Is it gonna jump on it? Oh, it got stuck there. Here we go. Side stepping away. Here it comes. Is it gonna do the same kind of kill as the T-Rex? Oh, let's see. Oh, the Streuthomimus is just too quick. Oh, yes, it's a T-Rex. Yeah, it's the T-Rex animation. That kind of jump. Yeah, definitely. Oh, here we go. Now, is it gonna throw the Edmontosaurus from the other side? Let's see. Oh, is it gonna be able to do it here? Oh, I love the animation. And then, fire. Yeah, yeah. Looks like most big carnivores that I've seen. Maybe a Dominus might be different. They all have the same kill animations for the Edmontosaurus. And your prize? A goat could serve. There you go. On to the next apex predator. And that is Kaka. This became a meme in recent years for me. Come on, white. Oh, awesome call, though. Nice. Oh, look at it there. You know what it is? I've never liked the car design. I'll be honest. I don't know what it is. I really don't know what it is about it. I just don't... It doesn't do it for me. And I don't, like I said, I can't put my finger on it under whether it's the weird spikes that go down the back that are all higgledy-piggledy. I don't know if it's the shape of the head. Maybe that's the way Kaka's head did look. Whoa, still got a good roar on it, though. The sound effects for it are really good. I do like it. It just, I don't know. Something about it. Like, it's Torso's a bit too long for some tail, is it? I don't know. Maybe that's the way it looked, but hey-ho. Oh, this guy might have a different animation. Because he's a lot longer. We'll have a look. That'll be interesting. Because I'm assuming if it's going to share any kind of animations, it would probably be with Giga. Okay, here we go. It's going for something. Oh, God, it's a homalocephaly. Why is it always the first to go? Oh, bless it. It never stands a chance. Although saying that, no, I've got to admit, sometimes it is the seratopsid that dies first. Oh, what was that? It sounded like a door hinge. Well, we're going to see Styracosaurus die again. Are you ready? And are we going to do a little bit of a footstamp? Oh, okay. Okay, while the Styracosaurus gets into position. Oh, we okay? We feeling all right? Yes. Oh, never mind. The Styracosaurus decided to call the quits. Oh, hold on. The other carcass did some weird glitch and hit him. Well, here we go. And it's the same kill. Okay, maybe all big carnivores have that. I love the way that it was like, and I'm going backwards. Obviously, that was because it had some weird glitch with the Styracosaurus there. How are you going to kill it? You're going to jump over it? What are you going to do? Oh, that is the lunch. Okay. I thought that was just going to be unique to the T-Rex. Turns out it's not. So I'm going to hazard a guess that Giga is probably also going to have the same kind of animation. But you know what? There you go. All right. It's the one that's going to be in the movie. That's right. It is the Giga, which actually hasn't had a redesign. So I'm really interested in what they're going to do when Dominion comes out. Oh, it looks so good. I guess we could look similar. You know what? Oh, and I'll let you play. And both have that eat everything within their field of vision thing working for them. This dinosaur is all so fast. Bottom line, if you find yourself running from this biggie, you've already made a fatal mistake. Well, you say then, yet Claire ran away from a T-Rex. So in high heels. So I'm pretty sure if she just put on some, you know, some regular trainers, she'd be all right running away from this thing. Oh, I was just about to say, who is the Giga going to go for first? And it's always, bless it, the little Malosephale. Shovel chin gets the kill. Now, it might be that these dinosaurs share all the same animations, but maybe it's that every dinosaur has a different kill animation. So the Giga has a different kill animation for the cretosaur and the Edmontosaur, like the same, maybe the strutemimus and the archonithomimus. Huh, that might be something to test out. So I put a galamimus in and we'll see when I release it, if the Giga has a different kill animation. But if it still does the jump after it like it did with the strutemimus, we know that it's an animation set rather than a specific dinosaur. All right, calm down. It's only a styrochosaurus.  Watch the galamimus. It's interesting because every time I think so far, we've seen, you know, the carnivore decide what to eat. I feel like it's always left the hadrosaur to last. I'm not too sure why that is. Maybe they just don't like hadrosaurs. They always seem to either go for the battle with the seratopsid, because maybe they're more aggressive, or the easy little pickings of the homalocephalae. But they don't go for the biggest meal first, which would be this cretosaurus. Oh, of course, to prove me wrong, you go for the cretosaurus now. Yes. Oh, bless it. The cretosaurus just has to. Is it going to? Oh, oh, this is so weird. I mean, here we go. It's going to throw it. And there you have it. Yeah. I feel like if a giga really did pick up a cretosaurus by its neck like that, it would probably rip its head off. It wouldn't just throw it. Could you imagine? Could you imagine if Trust Will Love Lushin 2 had animation like that, literally ripping heads off dinosaurs? Oh, that'd be so good. All right. Is it going to go for the jump? And it does. Okay, yeah. So you've got types of animation. You've got like the Struthiomyrus animation.  Okay, right. We've got, we've nipped that in the bud. We know how that works. Now, the one I've been waiting for for so long, the one that definitely will have unique animations, the friggin Indominus Rex. Oh, I like the way it comes out. Oh, that's so cool. Yes. Gorgeous. Go on, Woo. Tell me about Indominus. The Indominus Rex remains my most inspired creation. Oh, wow. Oh, it's going for a kill already. Oh, God. Oh, no. Hello. Why? To do so required a tremendous amount of research, gene mixing, splicing and manipulation, and, of course, determination. Wow. The result is a hybrid dinosaur that is both beautiful and deadly. An alpha predator among alpha predators treated with the care and respect it deserves. Oh, this is cool. I've never, well, I've made, of course, I had to make an Indominus in order to unlock it, but I deliberately stayed away from it because I was wanting to save it. Is it calling over the Styracosaurus? What are you doing? It's okay. It's roaming, apparently, but it seems to be steady. More threat, accommodation limit. That's good. And it hates everything. It dislikes everything. Oh, wow. Okay. Oh, oh. Oh, will it have a different animation? Nah. Okay. Okay. It seemed like it did, but I don't think it did. Oh, is it going camel there? Oh, it's camouflaging with the grass. It's changed to brown. It's doing a weird run, though. Oh, that was cool. Oh, it's changing again. Oh my God. It's going after everything. Oh, oh. There you go. Hold on. We need to put a goat in here. I want to see how it eats a goat. Yeah. There you go. Have a goat already. You know what? This is one of the only carnivores that I think will definitely go and kill everything without eating it because it's an Indominus Rex. So I want to see all it's doing. Oh, it's going for the Strythian Whale. Oh, the claws. They look like raspy claws there. Oh, that's right. Yes. Sit on your tail. Be proud. Wow.   I mean, maybe you didn't. I cut a lot of the in-betweens out, but most carnivores take a while like they only hunt, you know, or eat when they're hungry. Whereas this Indominus Rex basically just came into this enclosure and killed everything. You know what it needs? I want to see what it does to an Ankylosaur. It has to have a unique animation to an Ankylosaur. Surely. Let's have a look at it. Oh, it's going after a goat. It's going after the goat. Oh, lovely jubilee. I love the claws, mate. All right. Out of curiosity, I've released a weird dinosaur, the Amargosaur. You know, something. It's a sauropod. It's quite small though. All right. I'm not expecting this little chunk to last long. Already the end. Oh, God. Oh, God. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Oh. Oh, no. Oh, through backwards and ripped apart. I think Indominus Rex and Joshua of Evolution did a similar thing. I think most carnivores grouted by the tail and flung it back. Not Amargosaur because that didn't exist, but something like what's it called? It was the Nigerosaurus. That's it. All right. Here we go. Camarasaurus. I love how the Indominus Rex just slowly turns around like, yeah, I see you. You're going to be on the ground in a second. Bless the goat. Okay. So let's see how is the Indominus Rex. Oh, God. Oh, the Camarasaurus stomping. Oh, that was interesting. Oh, however, here comes the kill. Oh, God. There it is. By the tail. Oh, it's taking the front foot. Is it dead or did it just do damage? I think it just did some damage. Oh, it's health is going down. Interesting. I don't think it has an ailment, but it's health has is slowly going down. Interesting. Interesting. All right. One I'm interested in. Now we know if you've watched Jurassic World, Indominus Rex, the way it interacts with raptors is interesting. So how about a Velociraptor? Now, I think in the Velociraptors little bio, it says it likes Indominus Rex. But let's see. Oh, is it going after the goat? Oh, God. It must be panicking. It is. It is panicking. Okay. It likes Indominus Rex there. Maybe it just doesn't like Camarasaurus. Oh, God. Indominus Rex going for another bite. I think it's just going to take nibbles out of it until it dies. Yeah. This is how it's going to go. Oh, bless it. Oh, it's so sad. Indominus Rex could literally jump on it, right? And it would just like its rigs, its rigs, its ribs would shatter, but its spine would be split. It would just dive. And Indominus Rex just full speed head charged it. That's kind of what I was hoping for. Yeah, he's on low health now. But the Indominus Rex is not letting up. Look at it. It's making eye contact. It's looking at it in the eyes. Wow. This is so cool. But I love the little interaction of the Camarasaurus as well. Like it's stomping, you know. It can't do much, but it blesses it. It's trying. But it doesn't stop. It's so bad. They're not real, James. They're not real, but I feel bad for it. Why do I do this? Oh my god. This is awesome though.  And it's gone. And it's gone. The raptor is panicking and lonely, but it says it likes Indominus Rex. So I'm really not sure about that. However, Indominus Rex, I'm pretty sure just dislikes everything. And even the raptor, it's like, it doesn't like it. So maybe if the raptor had enough group, then it would go for it. I don't know. If we actually had a raptor pack, we'll see if these guys do anything first. Oh, it's the moment we've been waiting for. If there's going to be anything that has a unique animation to Indominus Rex that we know of, or at least it should do. It is ankylosaur. Now, if you're remembering at the end of the first one, it fought it like everything else. I pray that Frontier have taken a note out of J-Pog's book and have made unique animations. Let's see. Oh, it sounds so cool. Oh, well, it's off. It looks like it's actually charging towards the Velociraptor. It's not going to punch it across the field, is it? Oh, oh, Indominus Rex. Oh, oh, they're going to have a regular fight. Please. I'd love if Indominus Rex flipped it over. Come on.  We've got some weird glitching out on the snow there. Again, this game's not released yet. And even since I've downloaded the game, they've added patches, or at least I've downloaded updates for it. So they're definitely working on it as it's still going out. So let's see. Okay, okay. Oh, bless this little... Mama, no. Oh, the clump tail has done... Oh, it did some damage. Okay, I was going to say, it didn't look like it did anything. Yeah, they're giving up the battle there, but the... It seems like even though the Indominus Rex got clumped, it's pretty hot there. It's the... It's this guy that's come off the worst, 69% and you're on 90%. Okay, Ankylosaur has healed from its wounds. It's on 95 and Indominus Rex is also on the... Oh, yes. Oh my God. It actually kind of did it. That was sweet. It's all knocked it over and killed it.  Oh my God, that was beautiful. It could be possible that maybe Indominus Rex or and all the other big carnivores kill Ankylosaur like that, but I'd like to think it's it's unique to Indominus. A roar?  Yeah, I think they are. But I do want to see what happens or how the Indominus Rex eats out of the feeder, because we've seen it eat a goat, but I've never seen it eat out of this feeder. Aha, got you.  Nope. He's just chomping away. Here comes the test. What happens if we introduce a pack of raptors? One gets on with Indominus Rex. What about four? Yeah, including the other one. I guess that makes five. Now, I know that raptors take on T-Rex, which is really cool. And maybe they take on other big carnivores, but it does say that they get on with Indominus Rex. So will a pack of raptors get on with Indominus Rex? Yep, yep. They all get on. So that means we have one apex predator left. And of course, that is the one, the only Indoraptor. You're supposed to wait for me to say the name, then you come out, damn it. This is the dinosaur created with the purpose. Money. Even seen in the dark, and uses echolocation to find its prey. Oh, here we go. Now, nature might eventually have created the Indoraptor, but I got there first. Is it dangerous? Yes. Oh, no! Oh, bless. Oh, that was so sad. It's so small. Do you have to rip its neck? Oh, Indoraptor actually standing up. Yes. We never saw that in evolution.  Oh, it's having a fight with a cow. Now, let's see how this guy works. Okay, velociraptors are fighting each other. That's different. Oh, okay. I just killed it. I like that. And it's going off for something else. I think it's the Struthiomimus it's after. It's making a beeline for it. Here it comes. It's always giving a lot of dodges. I think it worked. It kind of confused them. Although it didn't work for long. Indoraptor in hot pursuit. Oh, and monosaurus almost took it out there. Geez. Oh, I don't know if it's gonna, it's gonna see it coming out. Oh, there you go. Sort of crack the neck and let the body slide. Okay. What are you gonna go for now? Is the goat or the Edmontosaurus? They're both running the same way. However, oh, oh, it's the goat. Throws it down. Yeah. And then it looks up a little bit like, no. Oh, then. Okay. So these animations. Oh, look at that. The coloring on it looks awesome. I love it. Yeah. That's the same animation as we've seen in evolution. I'm sorry. I'm still kind of geeking about the Indomus Rex camouflaging in the different app like climates. Like it changed when it was in a desert. So I wonder if I put snow in the Indomus Rex enclosure if it would camouflage to white.  Oh, the raptor pack does not like Indomus Rex. Oh, and he's not fairing too well here. They're just clinging on. Oh, this is how it should have went. Indomus Rex would, oh, it's gone. It's gone great. Is that to fit in with the snow? Or maybe it doesn't. Maybe it depends on the map. Indomus Rex not looking too healthy here. Oh, the raptor is just still going for it. The Indomus Rex batted and beaten. Oh, is that it? Oh, down it goes. Oh, that looked so good. Okay. So I don't know what start that. Maybe the Indomus Rex killed one of them, but one, two, three, four, five. No, they're all there. Oh, well, at least we're going to see the Indoraptor killer go now, I suppose. Oh, no, wait. No, you've already seen that. They're actually boring at each other. You are kidding me. And then Montessor is being defensive. Oh, never mind. It didn't work for long. He was kind of like, all right, all right. Psych. Oh, no, you're facing the wrong way. Oh, that's great. You confused them. The enclosure is too small. It looks like it was attacked, but I don't think it was. Oh, then Montessor's. Oh, it doesn't know. Oh, it's confused it again. Can the Indoraptor even catch up to it? Oh, yeah, here we go. Now it's got it. Ah, gorgeous. We've seen a lot of different, you know, kind of interactions between the dinosaurs, but what happens when two giants come face to face? And no, not Kamarosaurus. Ah, look at them. Old friends coming back to see each other. T-Rex and a Spino. Oh, look, they get on. They sat together. Amazing. I'm sure they won't fight each other or anything like that. I'm excited. Please, I really wish they made like a unique kill animation for these two guys. They've got so much history. History together.  That was a hard hit on the side from the T-Rex. Oh, it's the dancing. They're doing some dancing. Okay, looks like Spinosaur won that one. Wow. Okay, now it does appear to be the case of they do one battle and then the next battle settles it. So I'm assuming the T-Rex is not going to win this one, but let's see how the Spino finishes it. Oh, no, no, no, no. Just telling each other off. Kind of reminds me when I was a kid and I watched Jurassic Park 3 in the cinemas and I realized, or I didn't realize I should say that I was standing up when the fight came on. When Spinosaur took on T-Rex, I lost myself and then when the fight was over, I was like, I'm standing up. It just had that kind of power over me. Oh, here it is. The final battle, T-Rex v. Spino. I feel like Spino's going to win it, but how? How is the question? How will it be decided? A little bit of a circle, a little bit of a dance, and then, oh, it's not right away. Okay, Spino having to go for another hit. Oh, T-Rex also going for another hit and another dance. Okay, but how's it going to end? Oh, God. Oh, geez. Spino's scaring it away. Now the T-Rex is looking utterly worn and battered and bruised. Spino's showing a little bit of damage, but not as much as the T-Rex. Are they going to finish it now?  The T-Rex just popped and died. There was no big kill. There was no nothing. It just died like that. Oh, what a disappointment that was. I will admit, Spinosaur looks cooler than T-Rex here. Hello, editing James here, throwing in a kill that the Spinosaur made on the T-Rex because I thought that the one we recorded wasn't that great. And there does seem to be a specific animation for killing it. I also am going to throw footage of a modified T-Rex with strong, 30% strong ability taken out that same exact Spinosaur. Whereas everything else looks the same. At the end, when the T-Rex does kill the Spino, it's of course like the original Noob came to see, but anyway, enjoy. All right, Inderaptor versus the Packeraptors that managed to kill Indominus Rex. Now will they attack in a pack or will it be one by one? I don't know where he's going. But we seem to have a one-on-one fight here, at least they're sort of eyeing each other up. I don't know what they're doing. Oh, no. Oh, oh, that just happened. 92 attack, 42 defense. 60 attack, 16 defense. Was that all of them? They've had the same attack and they just killed Inderaptor like that. I've lost. I'm, I'm, I'm Chris Fallen. Well, there's only one thing left to do. The two winners, apparently Spinosaur and the, the one Raptor that killed Indoraptor. Really? How did Blue have so much trouble when these generic Raptors could just kill him instantly, even when the stats don't give it? Maybe it was Communitive. Maybe they were like, okay, well, there's five times five by 60. There you go. It's actually 300 attack. Oh God. Oh, they're going for him already. Oh, Jesus. No wasting any time. Oh, wow. Oh, wow. Oh, dear. Oh God. There's just too many of them. There's, there's one, two, three, there's four of them taking them on. Spider rolls over, cripples the Raptor, but it does get back up. So Max maybe is four? Four in a pack. Oh, and Spider goes down. Nothing can stop a frigging pack of Raptors. They're the most deadliest things in the world, apparently. And do they take any damage? 100%, 100%, 100%, it's just running around. And now they're attacking each other because why not? Or they're doing a synchronized ballet of sorts there. All right, Indoraptor didn't really go out how I think it should have. So how about we, you know, do the biggest, the contenders for what could be, you know, the, the winners of another battle arena. Indoraptor versus Indominus Rex.  Oh, the phone, that's illegal.  Oh, another jump kick from Indoraptor though. Who's going to win it? I actually don't know. Oh, well, maybe not Indominus Rex. Oh, so that must be his attack. He sort of cuts off Indoraptor. Oh, Indominus Rex actually runs away scared. Indoraptor wins. Oh, this is going to be it. This could be the final battle. It really doesn't look like Indominus Rex's wounds have healed. Oh, teleporting Indoraptor. Okay, that was a weird glitch. But I think that was showing us Indoraptor's, like, regular kill animation from Drossel World Evolution where it sort of hops over the back and then, like, rips out, rips it. It's like neck area. But it just kind of glitched out a bit. A bit funky there, but all right. Well, that is going to have to wrap this video. I'm not going to edit it too much just because I kind of want this up and add them as quickly as possible. The good part of the last three or four days has literally been me editing those videos and getting them out as quickly as possible, as well as trying to unlock these dinosaurs as quickly as possible. Because as well as our embargo date was actually three days time. So we should have had another three days to plan videos and content. But they were like, actually, we're going to shift it to this date because there's such and such. So it got shifted. And unfortunately, I think a lot of creators have been, oh god, we don't have enough time. And because this is actually a good game, you can't just speedrun it in two seconds. So that plays to its strengths. But anyway, guys, hopefully you found that somewhat interesting. I'm sure I've cut it up and made it, you know, that. And maybe I'll put in bonus clips of Baron X killing things. I don't know. Anyway, thanks again for all the support. And we'll be back, of course, for a Battle Royale, because I think I only need, if you have a look at all the dinosaurs I've unlocked, it is literally just Nigerosaurus and Ceeleophyces. And that is all I need. And then we can do it. And I'm looking forward to that. It's going to be so awesome. But anyway, guys, if you enjoyed this video, leave a like, and I could finally rest of what's ahead of the video. Bye-bye.