day. Welcome this time live from Amsterdam, KubeCon. I'm so happy to be with you all. If you've ever heard me saying those same words, that means you've been either on SIG apps, weekly meetings, well, bi-weekly meetings, or eventually on SIG SILI, which I'm also helping to run. So, on to things. Like I said, my name is Maciej, and I'm also one of the chairs for SIG apps. The other two chairs and technical leads are Janet Ken, who unfortunately were not able to join us today in this beautiful Amsterdam. So if you have any issues about how the SIG apps operates, if you have any particular questions about technical stuff related with what SIG apps does and what you want to see being worked on, those are the three people that you want to start talking with. So how to best reach us, aside from today, and we are trying to be present on all of the KubeCons and give a little bit about ourselves, give some updates on what we're working on. You can also find us on the bi-weekly meetings every Monday. The next one is planned on May 1st. There are times, depending on which times you're on. If the meeting just does not work for you, there's always the opportunity to jump on Kubernetes Slack channel. There's SIG apps and PINK, either directly one of us, or just leave a question. We're trying to go through all the questions, all the suggestions, and respond to them. Lastly, but not least, there's also an email group. If that's your preference, you can write an email, ask questions, propose suggestions, and we'll be talking about suggestions in a moment. So what does SIG apps is responsible for? In short, we are responsible for deploying, running, and operating applications on Kubernetes. There is a link that you can read the entire charter, which describes our mission, but that's roughly a short description. If you're interested in presenting to SIG apps, whether your solution, it doesn't have to be specifically working or changing how Kubernetes work, but if you are deploying an application, you are struggling with the implementation or with running your application on Kubernetes. This is the place that you can always ping us and we can either help you with your application, or if you have any suggestions, or you would like to present your ideas, we are more than happy to see you join one of our sessions, or bring this topic to our attention. I've also linked the annual report. If by any chance the annual report should be merged within a day or two, if you by any chance to check the link before that, there is a PR still open with the annual report for 2022. So don't freak out, the annual report is empty only for one or two more days. It's already approved by the Syrian committee. It just didn't work on time. So I did mention that we will be, we are doing those presentation every roughly six months, so every KubeCon. So since last KubeCon in Valencia, we basically released three major versions of Kubernetes, 125, 136 and just recently last week 127. So I would like to cover the stuff, the features that we promoted over the alpha, beta and finally to, to stable. So let's start with the stable features that landed in the past three releases. The first one is we finally stabilized the Mac search for Daemon set. The main reason to be able to, or let me go back. The feature basically allows you to set the data. An additional number of, of notes that can run more than a single part of a Daemon set. Normally, we'll be only running one note on one part on a one note, but during rolling upgrade, if you want to maintain a, or minimize the downtime of your Daemon set, you would like to be able to progress in a little bit faster pace and allow during the upgrade to run more parts of your Daemon set. Of course, it has some downsides and you have to be aware of if your Daemon set parts are heavy consumers of resources. You need to be aware that at some point in time, there will be two parts consuming double the usual resources, but you can steer that number either through a direct number of parts or by a percentage of number of parts that your Daemon set is running. The other, the other feature that we promoted to stable is min ready seconds for stateful sets. So previously, the stateful sets controller had a very fixed num, had a fixed timeout for how long it waited for an application to be fully ready. But with stateful sets, it might take a little bit longer for the application to, to become fully available. The most frequently used example was we want to ensure that the caches for my applications are warm enough so that I can serve the traffic already at my full potential and not wait additional more timeout. There can be probably additional more use cases, but that's where setting that timeout and extending the, the timeout for how long it takes for the pod to be considered fully ready. It is now possible for a user to define that value. And let's switch track a little bit. So the two features that I was talking about were covering the apps area. So basically the long running workloads. The other side of the sigapps per view is running workload to a completion. So basically everything related with batch jobs, work, cron jobs and so forth. The two major advancements that we did over the past literally a couple of releases is one is we change how we are tracking the pods for a job. So when Eric and myself wrote the original job controller and the very early days of Kubernetes, we assumed that keeping the pods of a completed job such that we can calculate its status was reasonable and it worked fine to a certain degree. But if you start scaling the, scaling your job to hundreds or thousands of pods, keeping those pods around is literally wasting resources, unfortunately. So we had to change how this is working. Not to mention the fact that this also conflicts with pot garbage collection, which is responsible for removing the pods that have completed. So suddenly you are in a situation where pot garbage collector is removing the pods that it finds completed and job controller at the same time is requiring the pods to be still around so that it can calculate that a particular job has completed. Over the past, I would say like three or four releases, even because we've run into multiple issues, we change how we are calculating the completions such that we are setting a finalizer on every pod that is created from a job. And then upon completion of this particular pod, we are removing the finalizer only after we included the information that over the past three weeks, we included the information that, oh yes, this pod has been already included in the status of the job. So that opens a lot of fields for heavy, heavy jobs basically that could run even to multiple days or weeks. The other one that is also literally fresh from the oven because it was stabilized in 127 and it's actually, the work itself wasn't that hard is adding the time zone to cronjup. So it just so happens that a couple of releases back, we've upgraded the library to responsible for parsing the cronjup schedule. And one of the users discovered that within this library, there is an ability to set time zone through a TZ variable that you can prepend to the schedule. This is not supported. And you should not be doing that if you are. And I'll tell you why in a moment. So that was additional step that we just realized that, oh yeah, we have to finally add the time zone because time zone was requested to be added very early on in the Kubernetes lifecycle when we shortly after we created it. Back then it was even called schedule a jobs. If you haven't heard only a couple of releases afterwards we renamed it cronjups. But that was way before 1.10 if I remember correctly. So yes, we've added the time zone to cronjup but we still had that TZ issue that a lot of people suddenly started relying on. We've put warnings so whenever you try to create a cronjup or update a cronjup with that TZ variable or cron, underscore TZ. In both cases it will warn you through HTTP warnings that API server has exposed. It will warn you that you are using an unsupported version. Now in 1.27 we went even a step further. Because the time zone feature is fully supported we will prevent you from creating a cronjup with the TZ variable in it. You will be after you upgrade to 1.27 you still will be able to update your existing cronjups but you will not be able to create new ones. In the next release in 1.28 we will even prevent you from upgrading. Sorry, we will even prevent you from upgrading. Did it pull the other one? Oh yeah, okay, cool. Sorry, I have a timer. So it will even in 1.28 prevent you from updating cronjups with the TZ. So if you are relying on that TZ variable in schedule please switch over to the supported time zone variable. The one thing that I did not mention, if you were wondering what was the time zone that we previously used it was always the time zone that has been the time zone of the Kube controller manager process running on the host. So the host where the Kube controller manager was running was the time zone that was always being used for scheduling new jobs. Okay, so moving back to moving further to beta features and we will stay in the batch area and I'll cover the apps area in a little bit. So we are working very closely with a batch workgroup and I'll talk about the batch workgroup in a moment but the two very important items that came from that collaboration is retribal and non-retribal failures for jobs. So currently if you're looking at a job or you've worked with a job you are probably aware that the job has very limited ability to specify when it will retry. When we originally designed the jobs based on our experience the goal was to make sure it always reaches a specific completions. Or alternatively there was another option where we figure out that we want to have a guard pod which when it completes basically the entire job is finished. So we implemented only those and we always retried the only thing that you could configure was the number of backoffs that it would retry a couple of times and afterwards. So when we started talking within the batch working group it turned out that if you start building on top of the Kubernetes batch jobs and you start building AIML workloads or any kind of HPC related workloads you run into problems because there are cases where you are certain that the job should not be retried and there are the other cases where yes I'm perfectly aware that it failed but it's something that we can safely retry. So the batch, the folks from batch work group put together a proposal to extend the job API with retriable policy, podfailer policy, sorry that's the field name. In it you can specify either exit codes based on which we will retry or pod conditions and they are still working hard to expand the surface of that API so if you have your own ideas about what should be added which cases should be covered over there I'm pretty sure that even either popping up to SIGApps or the batch work group and sharing your experiences, your requirements with us would be very helpful. And the other topic that I wanted to cover also coming from the batch work group was elastic index job. So I did mention that one of the use cases for a job was that you were able to specify a guard pod which when completed would mean that the job is finalized. You do that by not specifying the completion number so either it will run to a specific number of completions or if you don't specify the first pod that completes the job is marked as a completed. When we initially started working on the index job we reused the same patterns for the index job but it turned out that for the index job which basically every single pod has an assigned index and we will ensure that if this particular pod failed we will retry this and we will hard assign it a specific index this allows you to work with work use or eventually divide your work into specific pods. So we used the same patterns for the index job but it turned out that in an index job that's not quite necessarily useful and we were discussing this a couple of times in how we should be implementing this because we would like to be able to change the number of completions for an index job because the other thing that I did not mention is you were not able to change the number of completions. It was set up front upon job creation and the only parameter that you were allowed to change was parallelism. You could modify depending on the traffic, depending on your time, whatever the workload of your cluster is, how many concurrent pods are running your job but you were not able ever to modify the completions. So with the index job what we found out it would be reasonable to be able to modify the completions. Sorry again. So we discussed this a couple of times and we figure out that we cannot break the index job because that was already at the point where index job was released and it was fully GA and we could just not allow ourselves to break the API promises that both the project and our SIG is. So we figure out we will name it differently and we will ensure that we will not break users by allowing, modifying both completions and parallelism and as a requirement we would allow modifying but only if both of them are modified at the same time. This allowed us to ensure that we do not break users because breaking users is the worst thing that can happen to all of you and as well as the maintainers. Okay. So that covers the batch side of things, going back to the app side of things again. So the first topic that I want to talk a little bit is pod healthy policies for pod disruption budgets. If you use pod disruption budget before, you know that it allows you basically to set a specific numbers of pods that always have to run your application. This is especially important during upgrades when you are rolling your application, when you are rolling your cluster upgrade and you want to ensure that your application will always serve the traffic for your users. This way, that allows you to create a PDB wrapping your application. The problem with that we figure out at some point in time, unfortunately it was a little bit too late, was that all the pods running but not necessarily healthy are also accounted for in the PDB budget which in some edge cases will block the upgrade because the application cannot progress because something has been broken in an app but it cannot remove the broken pod because it is already running. So we doubled back and forth several times because it's a bug on one hand but on the other hand there will be users who strictly rely on a particular behavior that it guarantees just that behavior. So at the end of the day we decided to add another field which allows you to define the pod healthy policy. The new pod healthy policy, so the current behavior is as it was up until this point, the new policy currently allows you to specify that unhealthy pods, the ones that are running but not healthy are not accounted during the PDB calculation and they can be evicted safely and this way this allows you to unstuck your upgrades and at least in our case and in an open shift that I've been working very heavily with, we have multiple options where we got bitten by this case. The other two topics are covering the stateful sets. One of the main objectives when we designed stateful sets was to ensure the stability of the data that is supporting the stateful set. To ensure that we've decided never to remove the PVC backing a particular stateful set. And that worked for pretty extended time but it turned out eventually that there are some cases where you are safe, it is safe to remove the data behind a particular stateful set. So someone opened a proposal that they would like to be able to remove the PVC along with the stateful set. It's a very simple opt-in. Not much code was actually required to be done but obviously we didn't do it as a default option because that would break too many users but we did open an option so you can specify something like that. And we're currently at beta on a happy path towards stabilizing this feature around 129. The last topic for stateful sets was ordinal lumbering. When you're running a stateful set on a single cluster everything is just fine. But if you start discussing the topics of migrating the stateful sets between different clusters, that's when you start running into issues. Because during the migration you still want to maintain the ability to run your particular stateful set. And the lack of control of how the stateful set controller numbers, the parts in your stateful set did not allow you up until this time to spread your stateful set between two clusters. Basically that was the goal. So we've introduced something that is called an ordinal number which basically says this is the starting number of my stateful set. And everything from, so normally stateful set would be numbered from zero, it will number its parts from zero to n minus one. With ordinal you can affect and shift the number to start from your given number to n minus one. And the initial part you will be basically covering by creating a regular stateful set with your new ordinal which is set in the other pod, sorry again, in the other pod, in the other stateful set as a replicas number in the lower one. Okay, so that covers the topics that we've been working on for the past three releases. 128 hasn't started yet, I literally was checking the dates just to make sure that I didn't miss something, but there are no official dates for 128 yet, although the master branches has opened already and there's a bunch of PRs landing in Kubernetes. If you have any topics and I know that there's at least three or four that are slowly starting and will be getting to alpha, such as the, all of the work of controller status is consolidation. We are discussing that topic for I would say a good couple of years by now, we're still trying to figure out how to best design the API to cover this topic. There are a couple topics which will will be like the ones that are beta, which will be promoting to stable in the next releases. If there is a topic that you are interested in, that you want to help with, speak up if there is something new. Like I said, May 1st will be the next SIGApps meeting or send an email to MailEnglish or reach out to us on Slack. Let us know what is something that you would like to see being added in core controllers. I did mention the batch work group. I want to thank everyone in the batch work group. They are doing amazing job and progressing where our batch API, so both jobs and cron jobs, the work has been invaluable. They are even helping us with improving some of the workloads, so the apps controllers that I've been discussing earlier today. They also have bi-weekly meetings. They are meeting actually on Thursday. There's also an email group and a Slack channel that you can join if you have any ideas about workflows or any kind of AIML batch workloads that you are running in your environment or you want to learn about how to run these workloads on Kubernetes clusters. This is the place that you want to listen to the stories that many people are, what kind of struggles people have in the ecosystem or what are the solutions that we are slowly building. Lastly, over the past second half of 2022, I run mentoring session for SIGApps to become reviewers and approvers. We have a small number of people who are actually working on the core controllers. I'm working effortlessly to raise additional group of people who will be able to help with us. It's a very challenging work. There's a lot of initial knowledge that is required for the controllers that we own. It's not an easy task. Not as easy like, for example, for SIG-C-Li, and I have a comparison because I also help mentor folks for the SIG-C-Li. For Qubes-Utl, it's very simple. The risk of breaking something is slightly smaller because in the worst case, you'll break a single command, which is not that bad. If you break a controller, that's a little bit more scary, especially if the controller has some data behind it. That's super scary. If you're interested in something, reach out, let us know. We're more than happy to help you grow in the community and help us all. I think that's basically all the stuff that I wanted to share with you. Thank you very much for today. If you have any particular questions, I can take them either on the recording. If you don't feel comfortable doing them on recording, I'll be standing here for a while and you can just come say hi or throw some questions or tough issues at me. Thank you. There's a question from .com. Yeah, I know what you're asking about. So the batch work group put together a proposal for a job set and they are... We've just... Last week or two weeks ago, we've opened requests to create a Kubernetes-sponsored... Kubernetes... In the Kubernetes SICK orc, we have a jobs at repo, so we are not starting in the core. We will be starting as an additional add-on, as an additional controller. We would like to be able... This will allow us to progress and experiment a little bit faster, gather a lot of feedback within the batch work loop, because like I mentioned, the batch group gives us a lot of feedback about how they want to run stuff around the topic. There was a proposal sent to both SICK apps and the batch work group. If you haven't seen it, just check the archives for either of the group or ping me, I'll be happy to share it with you. And I'm pretty sure that there will be further discussions and further development. If it's something that you are interested in, make sure to sync with the batch work group and provide the feedback so that it goes in the direction that matches your expectations, basically. Okay, thank you very much all.


Hello. I'm Admiral Jamie Fogo and this is the fifth video that I've done based on things that inspire me. And it's probably one of the biggest inspirations in my life and that is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. An organization founded on a charter signed in April 1949 in Washington, D.C., the Washington Treaty. And throughout the 71 years of the Native Alliance, Article 5, which is an attack on one, is an attack on all, has only been used once and that was with the attack on America in 9-1-1 and the Allies came to our defense. The reason I like the Alliance is because of the confidence and trust and the partnership and the friendship and the camaraderie that we build in the Alliance. You'll note that in the face of the aggression that we sometimes see in the battle space around this theater, we stick together. That's a famous photo of an SU-35 coming danger close to the USS Donald Cook, about 30 feet from the wingtip to the deck of the cook, and that aircraft's doing probably 400 knots as it flies by. Unprofessional and unsafe conduct. And shortly after this photo was taken and shortly after the illegal annexation of the Crimea, NATO pushed back and we put our first NATO commander in charge of Baltops, 2015. I was very lucky to be that commander. I was dual-hatted as a commander six-fleet and the commander of Strike Force NATO. And we went up there with 49 ships and about 5,000 personnel. And I used to joke with people that when the Russians came out to wash us with two Sterigushi's and one AGI, we could count over 50 ships in the formation for our photo X that took place on the first day as we left Estonia. And finally, Trident Juncture, 2018. The largest NATO exercise since the end of the Cold War. That was my exercise as the commander of Joint Force Command Naples. We had 50,000 soldier sailors, airmen and Marines, 265 aircraft of all type model series, 70 big large deck ships and destroyers and frigates and 10,000 tracked vehicles performing an Article 5 exercise in the country of Norway and testing their total defense concept. That's what the Alliance does for you and that's why I'm inspired by that legacy.


I'm sure you are having great time in understanding interpretive spectroscopy. I once again welcome you all to MSP Lecture Series on interpretive spectroscopy. In my last lecture, I started discussion on topics such as mass spectrometry. When I concluded my last lecture, I was talking about resolution mass spectrometry. So let me continue from where I had stopped. So resolution of a mass spectrometer. So let us consider molecular weight of M equals 2000 and R equals 2000, then delta M equals 1, the ratio. So M by Z peaks at 1999 or 2001 can be resolved. This is called unit resolution. On the other hand, if you have M equals 200 and say R equals 2000, then delta M will be 0.1, the ratio. So now spectrometry will distinguish masses such as 200.1 and 199.9. So using HRMS, high resolution can be achieved. That means we call high resolution mass spectra is abbreviated as HRMS. For example, if we consider two iso-electronic gases such as CO and N2, we know the mass of 12 carbon is 12.000 and 14 carbon is 14.0031 and 16 O is 15.9949. So the exact mass, if we consider for N2, it would be 28.0062 and exact mass of carbon monoxide is 27.9949. The difference delta M is 0.0113. So in HRMS, here we have 1234. In HRMS, up to three decimal places is common and can distinguish CO and N2 and resolution can be given up to six decimal places. So that is the strength of HRMS. No matter how much the minute difference is there in the mass between two species that can be understood and analyzed in HRMS. So now let's look into unit mass molecular ion and isotope peaks. In order to elucidate the structure, unit resolution for the molecular ion, together IR and NMR data is sufficient to know the molecular formula. So sometime, although we get vital information about molecular weight and the fragments through ionization, it's always advisable to take some more information from spectroscopic methods such as NMR as well as IR and if needed from UVC by spectroscopy as well. So now let us consider an example of C7H7NO. So here we have 12 carbon atoms are there and 7 hydrogen atoms are there and 14 1 nitrogen and 1 oxygen is there. The unit mass is 121 here. So unit mass can be higher if molecules contain heavier isotopes such as 13 carbon. The abundance is 1.11% and also 2H very low abundance 0.016 that's deuterium and then 15N is about 0.38% and 17O is even less 0.04%. The unit mass will be greater if you consider some of these isotopes as well. If you consider let us say 13C along with 12 carbon and 1H7 14N 16O we will get M plus 1 isotope because we are adding 113C in place of 112. So unit mass will become 122 instead of 121. So other isotopes also contribute to the intensity of M plus 1 peak. For example, you can also have a combination like this 12 carbon 7, 2H 1H6 14N 16O or you can have 15N 12C7 1H7 or you can also have 17O. So that means all these will contribute towards the intensity of M plus 1 peak where the mass unit mass will be 122 rather than 121. So peak height ratio and reason for observing M plus 1, M plus 2 peaks we should understand now the presence of 13C isotope as I showed you in my previous slide in a molecular species cause an additional peak 1 unit to the rate of the M plus peak and that is called M plus 1 peak. So instead of 121 we saw 122 further due to the addition of 113 carbon in place of 112 carbon. So the presence of chlorine or bromine autumn in a compound causes two peaks in the molecular ion region that is M plus and M plus 2 peaks depending on that particular ion contains 35 chlorine or 37 chlorine same is true in case of bromine as well. So here so that means when we have halides we can anticipate M plus and M plus 2 peaks depending upon whether we have 35 chlorine or 37 chlorine or bromine also with the difference of two units. So now in a molecule if only CHN, O, F, P and IR present approximate percentage of M plus 1 intensity can be calculated as follows for the same molecule we are considering with unit mass of 121 in absence of any of these low abundant isotopes. Now for example if you consider percentage M plus 1 1.11 into number of carbon atoms plus 0.38 into number of nitrogen atoms should be considered. So that means if you take here the values are given here 1.11 into 7 and then 0.38 into N. So it gives around 8.15 this comes very close to this value here. So this is actually I simulated for this one and I obtained this data and clearly it shows about M plus 2 peak here. So you can get the value calculated here and we are getting 8.08 here. So now the relative abundance of common elements I have listed here. Carbon of course 99% I would say is 12 carbon only 1.11% is 13 carbon and the relative abundance is 100 and this is 1.11 and then 1H is 100 and here it is 2H deuterium is 0.016 and in case of nitrogen 14N is 100 relative abundance whereas for 15N is 0.38 and similarly for oxygen 16O it is 100% 17O it is 0.004 and also apart from 17 more we also have 18 more that is 0.20 relative abundance. In case of fluorine we have only one isotope 19 of that is 100% abundant in case of silicon again we have 3 isotopes 28 silicon relative abundance is 100% 29 silicon 5.10 and then 30 silicon 3.35 in case of phosphorus the only isotope is 31P which is 100% and in case of sulfur again we have 3 isotopes 32 sulfur 100% and 33 sulfur 0.78 and then 34 years 4.40 and in case of chlorine we have 35 chlorine 100% and 37 chlorine 32.5% and in case of bromine we have 79 bromine 100% and 81 bromine we have 98% and then in case of 127 iodine we have only one which is 100% so the contribution from this one is M and contribution from this one is M plus 1 and contribution from this one would be M plus 2 so this clearly shows why we see apart from M we will see M plus 1 peaks and in some cases we also see M plus 2 peaks because of the different type of isotopes in different abundance present in the sample so the isotope peaks are useful in determining the molecular formula so an intense M plus 2 peak indicate the presence of elements such as sulfur, silicon, chlorine and bromine so that means in our sample when we are subjecting to mass analysis if we have silicon, sulfur, chlorine and bromine we will see an intense peak due to M plus 2 unit so while analyzing and interpreting mass spectra one should always check for M plus 2 and M plus 4 peaks and other higher isotope peaks as well and one should look into relative intensities to know whether that is present or not so now the relative intensity of the M plus 2 peak in the mass spectrum of the compound shown here so indicate the presence of two sulfur atoms the moment you see this molecular formula isotopic abundance is 148.0380 moment we see this one it indicates the two sulfur atoms are there and then mass to charge ratio again this I have taken simulated spectrum from that one this data was obtained and you can see here M plus 2 peak having the fraction intensity of about 8.27 so that is seen here 9.7, this is 8.27 and then isotope abundance is M by Z 148 for M is 100% M by Z 150 is M plus 2 this is about 9.7% here so now mass spectrum of pentane is shown here and in this one one should try to identify different peaks this 72 is for this one if you calculate the molecular weight here 60 plus 12 higher than atoms this is 72 and then we have one at 57 we should try to identify what it is due to so of course from here you remove one CH3 here so then you will get 57 that means one CH3 is missing here and here one CH3 and one CH2 is missing so like that this fragments would give you how the given sample is fragmenting out and at the end we get a 29 this is CH3, CH2 so this 29 is for ethyl group so this is how we can analyze and we can simplify mass spectra this is a simplified mass spectrum of pentane here so now let us try to understand little bit more about these isotopes and their influence on unit peak and shifting that one to M plus 1 or M plus 2 so M plus 1 peak is caused by the presence of the 13C isotope in the molecule 13C is a stable isotope of carbon makes up 1.11% of all carbon atoms that means basically if we have 100 molecules are there out of 100 molecules one molecule will be having 13C whereas other will be 12C or if we have 100 atoms are there out of 100 atoms we have 99 atoms 12 carbon and one atom is 13C if you take methane CH4 one in every 100 will have 13C rather than 12C so one in every 100 molecules will have a mass of 17 rather than 16 so therefore mass spectrum will be consisting of two lines due to molecule ions 13CH4 plus as well as 12CH4 plus the line at M by Z value of 17 will be much smaller in height than the line at M by Z value of 16 because the 13C isotope is only 1.11% so there will be one heavier ion 17 for every 99 lighter 116 as a result the M plus 1 peak is much smaller than the M plus peak so the moment we see that one why M plus 1 peak is much smaller than M plus peak M plus peak represent the isotope which is abundant maximum and whereas the other one for the smaller isotope present in the molecule so now look into one problem here a gas was known to contain only elements among 1H, 12C, 14N and 16V the gas showed a molecular ion peak at mass to charge ratio of 28.0312 in high resolution mass spectrum identify the gas so here the information what we needed is the atomic weight of these four elements so H is 1.0078 12 carbon is 12.00 14N is 14.0031 and in case of 16V it is 15.9949 then if we look into all possible gases possibly N2 we can think of CO and C2H4 N2 will be 28.0062 and CO will be 27.9949 and C2H4 will be 28.0312 so workout will give a mass of 28.0312 so that means here 0.0312, 28.0312 this is for C2H4 so immediately we can say that this HRMS this molecular ion peak is due to ethylene gas so in the mass spectrum of dodecahedrine C20H20 approximate ratio of the peaks at M by Z is 260 and 261 so identify the peak so here only carbon atoms are there and C20H21 and if we consider only one carbon 1.1 into 20 will be 22 so other will be 100 so if you take the ratio of these two it will be 100 by 22 is approximately 5 so the ratio should be 5 is to 1 is the answer so that means the approximate ratio of the peaks at is question mark this should be 5 is to 1 so this how some of the simple problems can be understood and solved without any problem so now another example here in the mass spectrum of 1 to dichloroethane the ratio of peaks at mass to charge values are 9800 and 102 if the ratio of this one is 9 is to 6 is to 1 explain how so when we look into chlorine the two isotopes are there 35 chlorine and 37 chlorine they are in the ratio of 3 is to 1 that is 75 percent and 25 percent ratio so then we write all possible combination of these two isotopes in dichloroethane so one is 35Cl and 35Cl both here is 98, 75 both so that is the reason it is 3 into 39 and whereas here we have a two combination one is 35Cl and 37Cl other one is 37Cl and 35Cl so now we have 3 into 1 and plus 1 into 3 that is equal to 6 and then we have both of them are 37 here it is 102 and this is only 1 so that means this gives the ratio of 9 into 6 is to 1 so we can tell 98 and 102 will be in 9 is to 6 is to 1 ratio because of the possible molecules having this type of distribution of isotopes in these three are four different type of molecules so now another example is there so among C6H7Ns C6H7NO2 and C7H8FN and as well as C8H15N so molecular rate of all of them as 125 which one will show electron impact mass spectral rate of 125 plus 125 for M plus 55 percent and 126 M plus 1 and then 3.65 127 M plus 2 2.35 percent so now if you consider this is 125.19 and this is 125.13 and this one is 125.14 and this one is 125.21 among all the closest 1 to 125 is 125.13 so it corresponds to this one you can just check molecular rate of 125 if you consider the unit mass in all these things this comes to closer to this one and hence the given peak is due to C6H7NO2 so let me stop here and come up with more information about mass spectrometry and also more interesting problems in my next lecture until then have an excellent time thank you


I am Dr. Kishore, Neurologist and Epileptologist, today I will be speaking about how to assess and treat patients with epilepsy. So usually when they come to us, patients may be having recurrent seizures with or without loss of consciousness or falls, you know, and we will have a detailed discussion about, you know, what were the clinical manifestations before the onset of seizures, that is, you know, what, you know, the subjective phenomenon which they could feel and what was observed by an eyewitness and if there is any video recording of the event, we will go through it and we will have a fair idea, you know, about the localization of the epilepsy. In which we will subject them to EEG, that is electroencephalogram, it is electrical activity of the brain and there we get clues whether it is a focal epilepsy or generalized epilepsy and then we will go for imaging modality, that is MRI brain, which will give us clues whether there are any structural issues in the brain based on our assessment, you know, we will start them on medication. Seventy to seventy-five percent of them will be, will get controlled with a single medicine and usually twenty-five to thirty percent of them, seizures will not stop with, you know, two or three medicines and then they will, they will be considered as medically refractive epilepsy.


My cube ID is now opened and you can see there my homework and I've got my GPDMA but I call this one GPADMA number one and I've now got all my files and I'm ready to start editing code. So the first item I need to do in the code, hopefully you've all got this far, if anyone's fallen behind please let us know in the chat. The first item we need to do is we need to include the link list in our file. So sheet sheet. So I'll include the link list to my file. So that goes in my user code includes. Next I need to create my buffer that I configured in the cuba mechs. So my buffer is called data. So that needs to go into private variables, buffer into the private variables. Now as a default the device applies standard power saving parameters. So therefore VDDA is disabled by default. So we need to enable our VDDA because we're using the ATD converter. So we have these two lines to enable the clock and then enable the VDDA. They need to go into our system init section, line number 92. So we need to now add items related to our link list now. So our queue name is defined in our link list. So it needs to be declared as an extern for our main.c file. So we need to add that to our private variables. Our data array that we've declared in our main.c needs to be visible to our linked list. So we need to declare that in our linked list as an extern as well. Finally we need to configure our queue name, actualize our queue name. So that goes in user code begin number two of main.c. So what we've just done when we configure the queue name is we're going to load our data structure into the registers. So when we call the command dma list build node, what we do is take all our parameters from our data structure and we load it into all the registers that make up the dma node itself. And then when we do the insert node tail, we will move from the linked list area into our linked list queue. So then our linked list will jump to the next node which is the same address, this particular case. So we're just going to go around one area in here. So our linked list will end up going like that. So we're in circular mode. So we'll have our original list. We'll have our next list and then that'll go back to our original list. In our case, all of these are the same at the moment. So now we're going to link the queue to the specific dma channel. So we're going to add this into our code, user code begin number two and then we can start our ADC off. So we're going to start our linked list and then start our ADC. So that's also going into user code begin number two. So once you've completed all that, you should now be able to compile the code and run a debug session. I've just connected my board to my laptop. Highlight the project. In case you've got multiple projects open in an Eclipse environment, make sure you're highlighting the correct project that you want to build. Now you can build your project. Okay, we've got zero errors and one warning which is for a casting assignment. Okay, that's not too bad. And now I can enter debug. Okay, so because I've not actually launched anything, I need to debug and launch a new debug application on my debug. So switch to debug mode. We want to view live expressions. So window, show view. And I'm looking for live expressions. There we go. It's appeared here. That one, my previous example. And now we want to add a new expression to our live expressions. And we want to look for our data array. 64-bit array, which is correct. Expand that. It should be all zeros because I've not run any code yet. Now if I run or resume, you'll see now that I'm getting data parameters coming in. So what we've created at the moment is we've declared dma channel one. We've set up all the registers. And we've linked it to our link list, which is got a default configuration as it starts. It hits the link register at the very bottom. It loads in the next item in the link list, which is the same item. And then once that link list is finished, it then loops back around to our very start. So that's it. So we've created one node in our link list queue now.


Qytosan is a versatile natural biomaterial with many beneficial properties, including its biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and broad antimicrobial activity against both gram, negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as fungi. It also features reactive functional groups which allow for the formation of electrochemical interactions at the cellular and molecular level. These unique properties have made it a popular choice among materials scientists who are developing new Qytosan-based biomaterials for use in dentistry. Additionally, the incorporation of Qytosan into existing dental materials can improve their performance. This article was authored by Shereer Hussein, Khalid H. Al-Samadani, Sharik Najib, and others.


ook amazing as far as a lot of show tech. They're really cool those new Oh, yeah, yeah, new flames fitter. Yep. Yeah I mean, yeah, I'll write the looking stuff Yeah, 100 100% one of the one of the best model range refreshes. Yep outstanding Uh all in all really wonderful And I mean just huge thanky. I know tom had to step away for a second there, but Hey, tom's back Tom on the sarifon models any, uh, are you are you are you a thanky on this one? I am and actually, um Uh, one of my younger sons decided he was looking for you to try to figure out what army you wanted And stumbled on sarifon and was like, this is this is mine. I want this and just uh And so we were putting together some of some of the little skinky guys and like I just love all of it Obviously as I'm suggesting, I love the war cry stuff more. I don't know if we're gonna cover war cry at all We're not I didn't I didn't pull in any of the war cries. I mean what I'll say is this in general My favorite armies or units that have been released this year almost exclusively Almost to uh unit our war cry stuff. Sure like well this year has been I mean like just overall We can take a quick aside and say that like for me most of the models this year this year That came out for war cry have been fantastic Like they're just stunning. Um, and actually some of the unit rules I think are being really like really slept on like I don't know that the gun a lot better Yeah of zeech, but they have but like have you guys actually looked at the jade obelisk units? Yeah, yeah They're like battle line with a four up save in zeech. Sure. I've seen them in some lists No, I hadn't taken a peek. I was wondering why they're showing up like they are they are Battle line four up saves zeech unit. Like that's that is unheard of in that army Yeah, I think that there's some real gas just in general with a lot of these units Some of them, uh, the escurgan makes me sad for the vampires, but just agree that we already we had that Beautiful models. Yeah. Yeah, we're talking models.  Good rule. I like them. But anyway, we we talked about that pre-show. I think I think there's there's gas there, but yeah Yeah, so what I'll say is this, um Yes, seraphon are great. Yep And I agree in general. I don't know that there's any model misses this year No, I mean like I'm sure we could find a one-off release or a couple things like that But like I think in general the larger releases that we're focusing on here They really just knocked it out of the park I really do think the standout for me out of this range was it was the agrid on lancers You know, we saw picture of them earlier And I just think they look so great. They're meaty. They're muscular. They look imposing. They're like they're they're They look like predators Right, I think it's they're really really great models. I love a heavy calf that looks and feels like a heavy calf And man to those hit the hit that on the head. So yeah, great stuff I wish the the sars warriors would rank up a little bit better I quote-unquote rank up, you know, I mean big Big hotels. Yeah, get together get together guys.  Okay?  It'll grow back in a couple of days. So don't you worry about it? I assume they're all like that. Okay absolutely uh, all right, uh, this one is my placeholder for all of the Um, harbingers. Okay, so I included the nergal guy, but you could include the fec dude and the little goblin rabble rouser and so on right that the fire the Um fire slayer Right and so on like I just use this one image to kind of place hold for the those those dudes Um, I bet I picked him because I do think this is like This is the one right? This is the standout Yeah, like you know death the frasetta homage death dealer here for that. I was trying to think of the name. Yeah yes With either his little bell or his little scythe incredible model Like I don't like nergal, but man this model Is outrageously good um The base with that's like that slate stacked stone Such an unusual thing. They almost never do that that the rocks are almost all just like generic rocks like granite you know Yeah But the fact that they actually like have that cool swampy layered Slight like stone just everything about this top to bottom wonderful. Yeah big that is That's close to a perfect model and in my opinion.  I think the fec one looks cool The only one that doesn't really land for me is the fire slayer guy, but that's just because I don't tend to like fire slayers very much so, yeah Uh tom are we are we are we universally thank you on this one on the harbinger model?  He doesn't right Yeah, totally Yeah, I I had hoped that we had learned off lesson. We did not we did not All right, let's keep moving Awesome at playing fire slayers tom fire slayer. I really enjoy fire slayers I gotta say shout out to fire slayer players. Keep it. Keep it alive. Keep it going all four of you out there Keep it. Keep it alive. Okay next up I've got Talia Uh, the the lioness of the park, but she's obviously representative of the cities of sigmar model release Uh, because I think she's the best one in the range But I love the range Again, super. Thank you for me Uh, I think Talia looks amazing I think every cast player who has a manticore is just like crying or converting those are your two choices Um, I think that the I don't like the little helmets. I've said many times.  Um, but the fusiliers look good. The cannon looks amazing Um, Pontifex and nestra is great. Like like it's just it's just hit after hit after hit for most of this range for me Uh, Cavalier Marshal guy. Oh my god. Yeah. Yes. Yes. The Cavalier Marshal. Yeah. Yeah Uh, Barono mates says the only mess with cities was no great sword replacement model. Yeah, that is a shame I would have really loved to see a reimagined this style of city's Heavy weapon troop. Man, that would be that's gotta be that's gotta be coming Like I'm I bet they're sitting on that. They just haven't released it yet It feels like this is going to be like a sister's of battle style. We're going to get yeah Drip fed cities of sigmar 2024 One can only hope But definitely a huge thank you. Tom. I have a feeling I know where you come down on this one On which one? cities Yeah, uh, thank you like I So here's the funny thing. I'm a like moderate thank you Okay, I'm not a strong thank you on cities Okay, um, and the reason is because I feel like On one hand, they did a good job of replacing the units that got pulled Right of reimagining the city's units in In the realms right and and getting rid of the the pantaloons and all the stuff. Sure So I think that was successful I just feel like at times they like They spent more time replacing units than Then reimagining new Possibility Yeah, I mean e said they don't want us using the bret foot knights and that was funny because I was going to comment on the same thing We know they can do great sword your heavy weapon infantry because those new bret Plastic foot knights for the old world actually are like great. They're there.  Who cares? So I just I guess I wanted more It's so funny like I have the entire line like I have I added that the entire line of of uh Of city stuff of city stuff of all the human stuff um, and It makes me sad that some of it's not usable Sure, like the great great cannon's not usable. Like I know that people like it, but it's not it's it's trash But the model itself, which is what we're reviewing here. The model is Right. Um, so I just wish that it yeah, I don't know Like I I wish there had been more units added to that line than the eight boxes or whatever they have That's what I would say Gotcha. Oh, yes Good. Yeah. Okay. So cool. Uh, yeah, I mean I agree and I do think tyler, you're right I think ultimately what's gonna happen is we're just gonna see more cities releases. Yeah. Yeah, we have to yeah Yeah, I really do That's I don't like I don't I don't know anything That's not me speaking any kind of knowledge That's just me like thinking it will happen because I agree with you. This is the it's so ripe for additional stuff Yeah Uh, yeah, I'll tell my mother with you kind of a moderate thank you Range doesn't do much for me personally I'll be curious to hear if any folks have you know, their experience started painting this up Is it too much detail, you know, is it kind of following some of these awes models where it's just a lot of detail Uh events, what's your High-level take I like do you think these things are too detailed? Are they too difficult to paint? I was worried about that Sure. I was worried about that originally after having put paint on model It's not bad. It's really not okay. That's good. Like it felt it felt completely reasonable Like I was able to do it quickly. I think you know, like I I I was just doing one guy But he's about 45 minutes Like a steel helmet is I think what it took me to get a reasonable effect And I could have batch painted many of them, right and sort of it would have extended the time some But it's not like it's by a factor of 10 or something like I could have done 10 guys and Probably like two two and a half hours that felt and I would have felt like I got a decent enough result out of it So no, they you know, I think that in the end they obviously somebody like Talia is really is really um Detailed and complicated but like okay, you're gonna paint one of her ever Yeah, yeah, she's a named special character fine. She should look a bit much, right? That's what she that's what those are for So that's fine Yeah, yeah, definitely. Thank you. I think they did a good job hitting their design brief with What they were going for the look and feel the grittiness and so on and so forth. Yeah pretty pretty good Yep, absolutely Uh and yes, I agree Eric. How is there not a cog fort boy? That was really a miss Yeah, that's like like a cog fort an ogre heavy unit like more an actual ogre unit Like we used to we had empire ogres back and forth and fifth edition. This is the thing Okay, and if we're gonna bring back ogres if that's just a thing we got one guy Riding an ogre around let's get some ogre mercenaries in here. All right Next up We have Uh big pig. This is representative of the entire iron jaws line refresh Obviously, I've just got three different big pigs in the picture here As well as little pig. They're little brothers Uh, but obviously this is a huge thank you. Maybe my my only hundred percent thank you again Forget the rules take all that out of it, right? Model wise I'm a hundred percent. Thank you. I've painted basically all the new stuff and added it to my to my army Um zogglick and the the everything like the whole the whole shooting match That's and I love them. They were fun iron jaws are great iron jaws are fun to paint You can paint them quick and simple and have them look nice Or you can spend a ton of time on them and have them be golden demon pieces I think big pig rules And I like his build options Uh, I like the new art boys. I think are amazing Oh, yeah, you know like it's just it's just all good. I like that even like the um The the new brute dudes Even though they were silly enough to to bust the top of their armor off, but still still incredible Just as as as the joke would go Look at the muscularity So, you know At any rate huge. Thank you. I mean, I don't I I cannot believe any of us would think any different here This was an absolute a plus home run out of the park point at left field and then crack it into the parking lot same Tom Okay, uh This is shrug So I I did separate this guy out just because they were kind of big enough to do it I could only find the picture with the other trolls in there, but they're not new obviously, but um, but shrug himself Uh Yeah, he's okay I'll still give him a thanky but like Boy, he's not a strong thanky for me. He's okay Not as big as he could be. It's it's so funny. I agree with you Like I built him like I built him with the intent of painting fully base And as I was like sitting with the model, you know as as one does before they decided to put paint on something And just the more I sat with him and looked at him the more I was just discontent Like it felt like I was I was painting a knockoff Glockin that's what it felt like. Sure. Uh Like a Tyler Bob Yeah, he's so busy right a lot going on there. He's he don't have a good focal point. His face is weird Like oh, yeah, all of that all of that. Yeah, I think you guys covered it I was looking at this model last night across the table Uh a couple friends of mine table next to me playing and his profile just isn't quite what I would think Right along with a line that goes with the rolls. I mentioned this when we did the show, right? He's not he's too cheap Like you need he needs to be stronger better faster more. Yeah. Yeah, and he's not so yeah It's the bloodthirster problem. I mentioned earlier. Yep. Yeah Um, it's not that he's like mispointed. It's that he's not enough For what you would expect Yeah, I'll agree. I'll still give him a thanky, but he's like boy. Is he just across the line? Um, like I could I could see a janky on this guy and I think he'd be defensible But but I'll give him a thanky, but just barely. He's my weakest thanky of the year honestly on the models Yeah, yeah, it's so funny. Like I and I didn't I didn't get there until after I like built him It was getting ready to put paint on him and I was like Yeah, sure All right Ionis Crypt born he hath returned Uh Ready to rip and tear baby I mean, obviously this guy's like a thanky like an incredible thank you. Yeah, uh, this dude rules Be straight rules Yeah So I'm in person last week Yeah, looks great. Love the the profile in person Yeah, no, uh, yeah, no notes Yeah, exactly the way the dragon is up on the rock the wings being pointed how they are but still being highly visible The mace the super cool bone armor. That's like an evolution of his previous armor that he had, right? The look on the dragon's face and the detail on him like Everything about this guy Wonderful. I'm glad he's still carrying around his old skull too. That's nice So yeah That's standing he's got me excited about The thunder strike refresh that apparently we're getting next year wisdom cast 4.0 Sure.  I mean like I get it. It's it's fine. Yeah And I know it is but it's still bothers me. I get it That's fair But overall like gorgeous beautiful again. This would be like my second favorite of the year honestly Is Ionis right behind big pig? All right bel thanos The talon or fist or claw or something Of kernauth. I don't know what he is. He's some he's some he's some kind of digit related thing some hand related first He's the one.  I know some people aren't I don't like this guy. I do not get it I love the homage to a ryan. I love the the leaf cloak I love the way he's like grown himself onto the bug to hold on but still stand up like he's gripping with his His like I am Groot tendril toe feet, right Um spear down so he can blow the horn the bug itself looks really cool and different with its big weird pointy head Uh like super creepy weird starship troopers insect Yeah, I love it Perfection. Yeah model of the year for me. Uh probably number two be harbinger and then big pig number three Thank you. Yeah, but yeah, just phenomenal Tom Yeah, he's fine.  Yeah, it's all personal taste. I mean here's what I'll say for me There's one of the reasons this guy is such a hit. Did you guess my favorite part of Sylvaneth has always been the like very tree people and the kernauth were such an amazing thing when they got introduced I was so in for kernauth And I just don't like the half elfy people really when it comes down to it Like I'm here to play big trees, you know, so kernauth tree tree lords and stuff spirit elves not spirit elves.   Uh, yeah waffles and joyer said the metacarpal of kernauth. Yes, that's correct He could also be a metatarsal. I suppose. I don't know Uh, and then lastly since we have the model, uh, it's been revealed. It's worth mentioning. Here's our last one Which is Usher on but this is really representative of the entire fec refresh Um, I am definitely thank you for this line. I commented in the last show why I don't like usher on I think actually this model is not very good Um But like I get why people would love him. He is certainly beastial and massive and and meaty Uh, and again witness the muscularity But he's just I think he's just uh Composition of this is just not good He's way too hunched. He's way too hidden. He's hiding the the entire front half his body is completely in shadow You're like most time you're looking at this model from back and above Right, because that's how you're going to tend to be looking at your own model And all you're looking at is a giant pile of fur that looks like a a furby or a triple or a or a Or something like that a critter on the table That's my issue with this dude that being said I'm still super. Thank you for the whole fec line. I think the gore warden looks amazing I think the new bat rider cavalry is absolutely incredible like incredible Uh, so yeah Yeah Well said. Yeah, thank you. Yep. I I bear buying an entire new army next month apparently too There you go And that brings us to the end. There you go. So overall Rules wise as a jankier year, but model wise it was an incredibly thanky year And even narrative wise. I think it was a thanky year um, you know, we we all were very positive of the the Dawn bringers books. I think that introduced a lot of good stuff I think the year was just really colored by several way overpowered bent Book releases battle tomes that just like dominated the year as far as as being Broken and needing multiple rainings One thing I will end here on is saying that I am greatly thankful and super thanky For battle scroll and the work of like matt And and and bringing in and correcting the ecosystem. We are getting changes and corrections and stuff like that Incredibly quickly and responsibly And I think that's wonderful because those things that are oppressive don't last that long for the most part At the same time, they've been conservative and just moving things in a gentle way to make sure that they don't Completely ruin somebody's day week month year with their army. They're trying to make the most minimal adjustments possible for To like to effect change which I respect Right so So huge thanky on that one like we have a much healthier ecosystem Despite the janky tomes and that's completely because of battle scroll completely I'm really yeah, man. I'm really hoping this is I mean, it's not going to be the last year We're going to have another period at some point in the future probably where it's this bad But this was bad this year in my opinion. This was really terrible as far as so many of these battles down my play of aos Like I looked at it and it was like And I mean you can make comparisons, you know, like where where were we previously? Maybe it was the fleshy to court since linesh period was the last time it was this bad There was that anyway without going through that history. Yeah, I I still have a hard time understanding what exactly happened how uh, how We thankfully as you just laid out we did have a process that eventually got put in place battle scrolls, etc To address a lot of these things now it took too long I mean we're we're in a pretty good place now We still we have a few issues that are out there, but we're in a pretty damn good place right now I think it took a little too long for us to get there But yeah, so I don't I don't know why this happened But god, I hope it never happens again or certainly not for a long time Because it was just a true mess So unfortunately, but yeah very thankful for the everything that you just said is spot on In terms of the the back end and improving absolutely All right with that we come to a close I'll tell you as always though, you know tyler, you know tom, you know what i'm really thank you for I don't know What here comes Both of you and our amazing audience Uh, I I am genuinely thanky for both of you joining me week to week for talking about this For sharing your deep thoughts. I'm thank you to all of you out there who watch this Uh, thank you for another year of letting us do this nonsense and watching us every week and interacting and Pacing in the chat and talking with us and leaving comments and hitting like and subscribing and doing all those Fun things that make all the fundings. Um, I am greatly thanky every day that I'm able to To like you know, I don't do this for a living but that I'm able to do this and people watch it Is a blessing and a gift and all of you out there are I feel much the same about so I am I am Genuinely, thank you for my friends in this hobby For both of you and for all of you out there watching so There you go. He's being sincere in earnest tom. I'm getting very uncomfortable. Yeah, I mean that's legitimate The robot's not supposed to not supposed to go in that direction. He only does he only does it once a year Okay, all right. That's fine. Okay. Yeah, you can get it right now. This is it That's right. So thank you both so much. I really appreciate it My life would be a lot more empty if I didn't have this time to spend with Either in both of you once a week. I really mean that so I can't wait to see you two soon. Uh, well, I guess so well, april april like three four months Like we'll be hanging out. That'll be good. Oh adept con I'm gonna we do adept con will be the next sync up and yeah, absolutely Well, so adept upon I may not be at adept icon. Um, I I work like I travel that week So if I do I can only come in for the weekend, which is the teams event and I don't have a team So, well, you should absolutely come in because you'll be in the town Uh, so there you go. No, no, I'll be in pennsylvania. Oh, okay. Got it. Yeah, anyway, we'll figure it all out Thank you everybody for watching. We really appreciate it. Thank you to both of you and as always We'll see you next wednesday


So this event in Georgia, which was April 3rd at the University of Georgia, was held in their basketball arena. And the gathering was thousands of students, and I saw pictures and that seems pretty accurate. And then after the event, around 150 were reportedly baptized in the beds of four pickup trucks. And so apparently the university had asked them not to hold baptisms on campus for liability reasons and the leaders who were part of this, one of whom is named Ginny Allen, who sort of reported on this live that night on Instagram, she said, you know, they weren't offended by that, but they just made arrangements to be able to perform those baptisms anyway. And so pretty remarkable event.


This paper discusses the need for a technology to form social information competency among future journalists in Iraq. The authors propose a dynamic pedagogical site as the best way to implement this technology. This site would allow for the expansion of technical capabilities, such as photo galleries, RSS feeds and discussion boards. Future research will focus on refining the structure of the dynamic pedagogical site. This article was authored by Ala A. Karkivska, Lyadmila Vishtafan, Mintasar Al-Sadun and others.


I want to be able to give my kids the ability to live out their dreams without the worry of a financial muscle. Not that we want to build them to be lazy individuals, but having a financial muscle allows you to explore your dreams and your passions a lot easier. Hi, hello, and welcome back to The First Time. Home by a show, I'm your host, Estie Carson. As you know, for the month of August, I am chatting to an amazing, empowered woman. And today is no different. Do not forget, we bring you amazing content every weeknight this week. We've got some Antungua Kumalu with the private property podcast that's Monday to Friday live at 7 p.m. And of course, if you're interested in farming and agriculture, we've got Mbali on your screens every Tuesday and Thursday night at 8 p.m. And of course, I'm on your screens every Wednesday night and for the month of August, I am chatting to an amazing woman. So this is definitely something you do not want to miss. And last but not least, Chad Vivieros is traveling around Johannesburg, visiting amazing homes every Monday and Friday at 8 p.m. And without further ado, an absolutely amazing woman is sitting with me today in this gorgeous home over here, Lulu Mutsikira. Good evening, how are you? Good evening, Estie. Thank you so much for inviting us into the space. It's absolutely gorgeous. Thank you so much. Thank you. Let's jump straight into it. I want to find out from you what inspired you to go on this journey of interior designing. You know, Estie, I've always been very good at making spaces beautiful.  And then friends started asking me to do their homes and to make their spaces beautiful. And so I knew that I had a knack for it. But first for a couple of years, I broke my ankle and really couldn't work, couldn't do anything. And so what I did is I took up interior design as a course. And like they say, the rest is history really. Friends then started offering to pay me to do their homes. And I realized that this is something I wanted to do for my life and I quit corporate. And here we are now six years later. Wow, six years. That's, you know, so obviously you went and started your own business, which we'll get to a little bit later because I feel like it's so important for us to even educate people on how to do that, how to take that leap of faith and leave corporate because like I said a little bit earlier, corporate is such a safe space. And what you did was you turned your passion into your business. It's now an income for you.  And you don't need corporate anymore. So Lulu, you know, we're in this gorgeous home and we will give you guys at home a little bit of a tour of a little of a few things. But I'd like to hear from you Lulu, what was the most difficult part for you? Like what was hard? Was there was anything hard like to achieve, accomplish in this home? You know, coincidentally or incidentally, this was probably one of my easier homes. I've had the relationship with the client for many, many years. Me and him have been friends for many years. In actual fact, funny story, I was his client when I was in corporate before he was my client. And so we've got a lot of history and so I know him personally, which made getting elements of his lifestyle, getting elements of his passions quite easy. But in the same breath, it also teaches you to reign yourself in and not be over familiar with somebody's space. Because it's not mine. Even if I know him, it's still his. But no, this house was a joy to do. I love doing homes for loved ones. I love it because my heart then can really outpour into the space. And there's a little bit of a modern take to the home. Why did you choose to go down that route? The client is very young. He's very urban. He's an entrepreneur as well. He loves to entertain. And so a sort of contemporary modern space was really right up his alley. As you can see, it's a male space, so there's a lot of dark tonalities. But in a very light, airy manner. And so really that speaks to contemporary spaces right in the middle. And so it just, it lends itself and also the architecture of the space. Really, really lends itself to that design aesthetic. Right. What is your favorite, before I even ask about your favorite room, what is your favorite piece? Do you have like a... Yes! The staircase, please will be showcased. The staircase has a beautiful Solomon O'Mogboye piece. He is my favorite artist. You have to show me. And my client is obsessed with art as a whole. He's a collector. And so that's another part of why this house was such a dream to do. Because the collection of the art pieces was a beautiful add to making the space beautiful. That's the staircase piece. Number one. A dream. Are you going to have that in your own place? Oh girl! I need the chankuras first. But you're definitely going to be supporting that artist and getting some of that in your house. And then your favorite space, your favorite room? I'm known as the bedroom whisperer. Oh really? So I'm very good at bedrooms. I really love the bedroom in this home. But also every single room you'll notice that has a little bit of a thematic element to it. So there's a beautiful color theme to all the rooms, which was also quite quirky and fun for us to do. And so while the bedroom is my favorite of the rooms, all the rooms have something a little bit special because they all carry something different in there. That's beautiful. And again, this home is absolutely spectacular. Thank you. You spoke. I read your bio. And what a beautiful bio. Your story. Absolutely amazing. Inspiring to say the least. But you talk about how what you do changes lives. I really, really believe so. Explain that to me. I really believe so. I think the environment we stay in and the space we encompass is very important for our psyche. It's very important for our everyday. And while a lot of people may not believe that changing the structure of your lounge or changing the color of your walls has a massive effect on your livelihood. For me, it is life giving. It's critical. Color has psychology. The type of space that you stay in has feeling, creates feeling, creates emotion, helps with feeling and emotion. Different rooms need different colors. Different rooms need different looks and feels in order to give you a specific type of emotion and to help you. And so for me, it changes lives because it gives you happy endorphins. But it also changes lives because certain changes that you can make to your space can truly have a massive effect on your psyche. And you're literally doing that for people, right? And I want to find out from you, how do you plan on achieving that after every home that you've been to? You're obviously in the home for a while. It takes a few weeks. I don't know how long. How long does it take? It obviously depends on the size. Yes, correct. A general home takes about three months to start and finish, from end to end. And it's a very collaborative effort because it's not my space. It's very hard. I won't lie to you, right? Sometimes I leave homes and I want to come back all the time because I've thrown a lot of my heart into those spaces. But it's a very collaborative effort. And the people that live in that space really need to feel like it's their home. So I don't create spaces for myself. I create spaces for the people that live in it. And so their personalities, the things that they love, we make sure that we incorporate a lot of those things in those spaces so that when they walk in and I reveal their home and I hand over their keys, they feel like, oh my God, how did Lulu make this my space without me actually getting any of the items myself? And it's stunning. Yeah, and I like that you say and you're so passionate and obviously you believe that. And I believe it too because just walking into this home today, it lifted me. The energy was lifted. And there's a mood and a feeling to it. Your right colors are so important and the psyche behind that. I solely believe in that. But I want to find out, let's go back, right? So before you even enter a home, what is the type of research you do to fulfill the goal of the client? Okay. So it's really again about understanding the living conditions of the tenants of the home or the owners of the home. It's understanding how long they plan to stay in the home. Some people are new home owners and so they want to move into their homes completely done up and looking beautiful. Some people have been living in that space for a long time and they're trying to sort of upgrade it and make it look better. And so it's understanding the intention behind what it is that they're doing. It's understanding what are their lives and the things that they want to keep and preserve in the home and the things that they're happy to take away. And then really it's about sitting in the space. So we do a lot of walking about, sitting in the space, understanding, you know, how does the client flow from one room to another, from one space to another in the home. You've used a lot of words that were echoed so much through my life, sitting in the space, the intention. What is the intention? And that's so important because these are words and things that we actually need to find out from our clients. I want to go to first time home buying experiences, right? Because obviously you've designed a lot of first time home buyers' homes and let me tell you a little bit about me. If I were to get my first home now, I would not know what I want. Have you ever gotten a client where they're like, I don't know, just do your thing? Yes, my favorite type of client. Please come and do my home. I'm ready. Love those clients. Yes, you do. Listen, we have a vast array of clients. There are those who say, I don't know what I want. Make it look beautiful. Here's the key. I'll come back in three months time. You have those that you want you to show them. Every single item you buy from a flower, from a glass, from every single item. And then you have those that just really want to walk the journey with you. And so we cater to all of them. But new home owners I tend to find really have, because their home is now their new dream country, they really have a lot of dreams that they've packed away on Pinterest. They've packed away on, you know, they've sent messages to their house. My entire home and wedding is on Pinterest. Exactly. Let me tell you that. And so it's not hard to get their dreams pulled out of them. And then really it's just about making those dreams come true in a practical, affordable as well as, you know, realistic. Right. So we talk about first time home buyers and how, obviously you're going to do your own home. Because I know you're on that journey. Yes. Oh my God. Really? Tell us about that. I really want to know about that. Because I feel I'm ready. So scary. Really? So scary. There are so many homes for first time home owners. But the technicalities and the background process of buying a house is so much more complicated and nuanced than just making a home beautiful. Even though it's just about me getting a kid and making it beautiful so easy. But there's just a lot of, there's a lot of education that one needs to get into when they're buying a home. We have had to go through that very educational process. We've had to do a lot of, a lot of work in making sure that we understand the nuances and the legalities around buying a home. But it's a beautiful journey. It really, really is because it's a dream realized. Of course. Yes. So Lulu, so we spoke about your home ownership or you know, you're well on your way. What has been the hardest part? I know you said it's scary. But what has been the most difficult part this far? I think the engagement with the banks has been quite tricky because you obviously need to be negotiating the right rates for you. And I really am a huge fan of mortgage brokers. I don't know if I'm supposed to be saying that. Go ahead. Speak your truth. But I find that they help a lot with really getting the best rates from a bond rate perspective. You know, when banks speak to us as individuals, it can be quite tricky and they can be quite uninterested in helping you get those best rates. But the brokers know exactly what you need to do and they know also how to chat to these banks in order to help you get that. And then obviously it's just like getting the right space and picking the right home. No home is going to give you exactly what you want in totality. And so you really need to have the top picks of the things that you really find to be very important to you. And then, you know, when there's one or two things that are not right, you need to compromise. There's no such thing as a perfect space. It doesn't exist. There's close to perfection. But there is Jay that... Until Lulu comes and you know makes it perfect. Until I come. Yeah. I think you've got it. I finally understand what you do. I wanted to ask you, because you know this is the first time home by a show and I love that you're giving us a lot of information about what steps have been easier for you and what has been hard for you. And of course it is different for everyone. But what advice would you give another first time home buyer who's in the same process, in the same phase, you know, who just feels maybe demotivated and they would just want to give up because it gets tiring. It does. It takes a lot. Start looking and start getting your paperwork and all your things in place. Make sure that you've got your bond application, documentation. Make sure your banking situation is top notch. Credit scores. Credit scores. Important. Make sure you've got all of that stuff in order as you're looking for the home. So that by the time that you find your home, you can green light everything at the same time. And I think that's important just to make the journey a little bit easier for you, right? Correct. Now does Lulu know what she's going to do in her own home?  What's happening? Babe, I've got Evigy. I've got Evigy. Nice. Obviously. Yeah. I've been, luckily, the home that we're buying is a home that we've lived in for a while. And so we've had the opportunity to look at the things that we don't want. We've had the opportunity to really start building a proper vision. We call it our Vision 2024. Oh, nice. So we've got the vision to do what we need to do to make it our dream, dream, dream, dream home. Right.  You know what you don't want. What are five things that are key?  They are going to be five things that are key that this home must have for you. Light. Uh-huh. I'm big on light. So it's so strange. The position of the sun is important to me. Yeah. So light is really important. Natural light, that is. Yeah. A good kitchen, because my husband is a chef, so he needs to make sure that the kitchen is good. We've never gotten a perfect kitchen. Really? But it has to be good enough for us to be able to do what we need to do with it. Um, a big side, well-sized bathrooms. Um, cupboard space is important. Yes. I have a lot of shoes. Yeah. Cabinet space is very, very important. And then just the sizeable garden. We're people who like to entertain. And the outside. So we need to be outside. And so a sizeable space, um, from an exterior perspective is so important. I agree. I think, you know, even like just your top three are so perfect, even for me, looking for a first home. These are important things.  Would you say that it's made your journey finding your first home easier, just because you already have your vision of what it's going to look like inside? Um, I think it's made our sourcing of the home journey easier, because like you said, we know what we want. Right. We've got the things that we need in our home. Um, but it also has the, the process, the buying process, the technicalities of it have really been an eye opener and a little bit of like, oh girl, you don't know as much as you think you do. Um, and so it's, it's a little bit of, a little bit of both. Right. We've been talking to a lot of powerful women and I want to talk about leadership among women. Are you as Lulu currently doing anything as a leader? I feel like you're a leader in this industry of interior designing to inspire other young up and coming interior designers. Such an important question and you're very right. Um, it's, as women, um, as entrepreneurs, as leaders in, in whatever spaces we're, we're in, it's so critical that we, we ensure that we're doing something to charter the way forward for those behind us. Um, in our little way at Namasaya, we really, really do try to make sure that, um, we're inspired, but more, moreover, we, we're engaging with, with women and girls who are trying to get into the space as well. There is so much need to make sure people understand that it actually is possible to sit in right here. It's hard. It's not easy, but it is possible. And that is the, that's the one thing. Um, I think even in my engagement with clients, even in my engagement with the general public, when we're talking, you know, on Instagram or ever, I really, I really want people to see that it's possible, but it's real. It's a real experience. It's not, it's not the fancy experience you see on top building only. There's a lot of realness behind it. Um, and that's what we like to showcase. Yeah. And you're loving proof. I'm here. I'm loving, you know, you, and I think what's so important just to add to that is, uh, our journey and the, the race we've ran and the race we're currently running also plays a part in, in, in our own success and what we are willing to, trying to achieve. And I read a little bit of an article where you said that your parents shaped you and molded you to be the woman that you are today. And I want to talk about how you plan on doing that going forward. So both my, my parents are entrepreneurs. My dad chose an entrepreneur. My mom's a circumstantial entrepreneur. Very important to see both, both types of entrepreneurship because when you're, when you choose to, to, to run the race, it, it, it strengthens you and it makes you, you know, it makes you, um, it makes you, uh, deal with the blows quite easily. But when sometimes you're placed in a position where you have to be an entrepreneur, it can be quite difficult, but you still forge forward. And so I've had the privilege and I call it a privilege because I believe entrepreneurship is the way of the future. Um, I've had the privilege of having both my parents show, showcase what the reality of entrepreneurship is. Um, I find, I tend to find that there's a lot of, um, making nice of the journey. Um, but when you see two people that you love dearly go through the process, the, the winds are super excited, but also the blows are super painful and it's good to get that perspective. And both of your parents went through the same journey, but with different, the motivation behind it was different. And you got to witness that. What is your motivation behind your? Passion and choice. Nice. Um, and when I say choice, it's a little bit of a catchphrase because at some point I just couldn't, I couldn't live with the passion anymore and continue in corporate, even though corporate was so easy.  I was doing what needed to be done. I was, you know, running the rat race, but sometimes the spirit tells you where you need to go. And that's exactly how I felt with mine. So my motivation, I'll really say was very much spirit lead. Um, and very much passion. Nice. I like that. I wanted to ask you a little bit because you said you believe that entrepreneurship is the way of the future, but let's, let's stick to your industry. And I know that what you're doing at your company, Namasaya, right, is continuing to inspire young black woman, which I love. What is your hope for young black woman in the future? Sure. So many. How much love do you have? I know. Do we have time? Um, oh God. So I really, really, like I said, it's really first and foremost for me, for me to be able to show people and females that it is possible.  Um, and it's a, and it's a space that needs you to be rugged and hard. No, no. You can have a face beach. You can have nice hair. Yeah. You can do, you can do it all being feminine. And I think that's, that's a big, a big piece that I really am passionate about. But also your passion can become a career. Of course. That's a big one for me. Living proof. You can make a career out of your passion. It is possible. Um, and then the third one, the third one and a really important one is that with all of that that I've just said, it also takes a lot of work. It takes a lot of sleepless nights. You have to be ready to put in the work. You really, really, really do. It's not up in place. We can't be lazy in this. You're so right. Yeah. Uh, taking on, because you're taking on the role of a lot of things in corporate. You have people who do certain things. Correct. You are now doing all of that. You are doing all of that. I love that so much.  Like you said, when coming in and doing all the important, every little detail is you're creating this comfortable space where you feel at ease, you're on your journey to do that. What would you say is your driving force behind generational wealth for you? And financial freedom? Babes. Like who? I just want it. Uh, island troops to follow. Yeah. Um, it's, I wanted to be able to give my kids the ability to live out their dreams without the worry of a financial muscle. Not that we want to build them to be lazy individuals, but having financial muscle allows you to explore your dreams and your passions a lot easier. And so the reason we are trying to build generational wealth and the reason for us legacy wealth is so important is so that we can have our children and grandchildren. My husband always says he wants to be able to manage his grandchildren's lives without worry at all. And so it's a really around building that legacy and ensuring that our children, children's children, their children, um, are in a position where they can live out their passions and build their dreams without the worry of having, you know, to pay for because those bills really make it difficult to live out those dreams. That's very true. It's heavy. Thank you so much. And I'm sure there are young upcoming interior designers or maybe someone who is in university that are not sure which road to take, right? Not sure if they should study this. Not sure if it can sustain them in the long run. Whatever the case, maybe, you know, as young adults, I feel like we're juggling so much. Do I stick to corporate? Do I also do what Lulu did and take that leap of faith? So just to close off the show, if you can leave us with a little bit of words of wisdom, um, especially for young people who watch the show, someone who is not sure what motivates them, someone who lacks, not even lacks motivation, someone who we all have our down days, right? There are probably days where you're like, I have to get this out. I have to do this. No one else is going to do it for me. I run the show. I need to do it. But then that day you just don't have the capacity to do it. So if you can just leave us and close off with some words of wisdom for young upcoming interior designers, home buyers, whatever the case, maybe. Um, I used to have a boss who used to use the term for us, uh, Lulu go ahead, go on ahead and fail forward. That's what he used to say. Um, and I've, I've kept that and I've done that with everything that I've done. Take time. Firstly, it's so important to take time to understand what your spirit says to you. So take the time, particularly those of you who are in metric grade 11, take the time to really understand oneself. And it's very hard to know what your passion is in metric and grade 11. Trust me, I understand. But as even you're studying, take time to understand what the, what the trigger points for your joy are. Um, and create those trigger points within the working environment you're in. So that does not mean particularly entrepreneurship. It can be incorporated. It can be in civil service. It can be in entrepreneurship. But make time to make sure that those, those passion points within those spaces are honed and you're taking care of those. So, so important. And then for those of you that are at the precipice, just waiting to become entrepreneurs, but are very, very frightened, fail forward. Jump in. You'll see forward. I'm kidding. Um, plan. Very important to plan. Save. Save. Save. You'll find that a year's worth of salary work is unlike this. So you've got to save. Um, but if you can't plan as much as you can and then just jump in and, and throw yourself in anything. Fail forward. Might just make that the title of the show. Fail forward. Close up with something because I always have this debate amongst myself and a few friends. I will solely believe is because I, I too am an entrepreneur. I solely believe that no art is new art. So nothing has not been done before. So I love what you said about plan, save. And another crucial point is research.  And I really appreciate that you took the time out of your day to join us and educate us more about this. So thank you so much. Thank you so much. This was fun. Thank you. Thank you to our viewers at home for tuning in. As you know, we are live every Wednesday night at 8 p.m. Stay tuned. We'll see you guys again next week. Take care and stay warm.