To solve various problems from electricity chapter, we need to understand and remember four formulae one is Ohm's law a formula on resistivity series and parallel resistance formula and finally the power formula All the other formulae you might see in your book can be derived just by using these four That's that's what makes these four the most important ones and So in this video, we will look at each one in detail and use them to solve certain board type questions And you can see the index on the right-hand side. So if you want to jump to any specific topic, feel free to do that So let's start with questions on graphs So here's a question where we are given a graph of voltage and current and we're asked to calculate the resistance of this material Can you pause and think about how you will solve this? Okay, let's see we are given values of voltage and current and from that we're asked to figure out what the Resistance is meaning we need some kind of relation between voltage current and resistance and that relation itself is what we call Ohm's law So Ohm's law says voltage v equals IR This basically means that if the voltage across the conductor doubles the current doubles if the voltage halves the current becomes half And the resistance R is a constant which does not depend on the voltage or the current Okay, so how do we find the resistance over here? Well from this equation resistance becomes v divide by I And if you look at the graph the values of voltage and current are given you can pick any set of values you want But in our graph only for four volts. We know the value of the current So we'll take that set and so if we plug in When V is four volt we get the current to be point two volt Sorry point two amps and that gives us four divide by point two which is 20 volt per ampere, which is often called Ohms. So this Material has a resistance of 20 ohms All right, let's try one more a little different one in this we are given two graphs Representing the two different materials and we are asked to figure out which of the two materials has a higher Resistance again pause the video and see if you can give us give this one a shot Okay, again, we are asked to calculate resistance given voltage and current Which uses a clue that we have to go back to ohms law. So again R equals V by I But over here you might say look there are no values of current and voltage given. How do I calculate resistance? Well, the question doesn't ask us to calculate resistance. It only asks us to To compare and tell which one has a higher resistance. So we don't have to do any calculation But we have to look at this formula and see if you can get some insights Well, one way we can think about this is we can say look When we are comparing two resistances if we keep the current in both those materials the same And let's say the voltage is higher Then for that material the resistance would be higher. Does that make sense for the same current higher voltage means higher resistance That that's one way to look at this And so if we look at the graph we can say let's keep the current Same for both of these and the way we can do that is we can draw a horizontal line like this Right, this represents the same value of current for both these graphs And now for each of them, let's figure out what the voltage is for this one for that current The voltage is over here and for this one for that current the voltage is over here And so this means for the same value of current the second one has a higher voltage Compared to the first one And therefore the second one must have a higher resistance compared to the first one And so the second material has the higher resistance With this we can now jump to the next topic questions on resistivity So here's the first one when the length when the length of a wire is doubled What happens to its resistivity? So can you recall that resistivity formula and then think about what happens over here? Okay, let's see since we are asked about resistivity and there's only one formula for us in resistivity That immediately reminds us I may have to use this formula r equals rho into l divided by a And what's given to us what's given to us is the length of the wire doubles Meaning this length becomes two times and we're asked what happens to resistivity Does it double does it become half the answer is nothing happens Why why doesn't anything happen? But because it's important to understand in this formula as the length of the area changes The resistance of the material changes. That's what the formula is saying The resistivity does not depend on the dimensions So whether you double the length or you half the thickness or you do whatever you want to its dimensions the resistivity does not change The resistivity only depends on the material and also it of course depends on the temperature But that's not important over here. So changing the dimensions has no effect on resistivity. So nothing happens to resistivity Okay, let's look at another problem We are given a silver wire has same length and resistance as a gold wire Which is thicker given resistivity of gold is less than that of silver Again, can you give this one a shot? Okay, let's see Again, we are dealing with resistivity and therefore immediately I can I can guess that we may have to use this formula r equals rho into l divided by a Now, let's look at what is asked. We are asked to figure out which one is thicker Right. So what I do immediately because of this is I know I know now I have to figure out what a is a the cross sectional area That's the that's the meaning of thickness over here. So I will immediately rearrange this formula to get a What next well now, let's look at the data the data is a silver wire has the same length The same length and the resistance as the gold wire So if you were to compare the gold wire and the silver wire, they have both the length to be the same And even the resistance to be the same So if I were to calculate the area of gold and the area of the silver wire The value of l and r are the same for them Right. That means this ratio will become the same for them. Whatever that number is Whatever that value is that value turns out to be the same for them And so in this particular problem the area purely depends on the value of resistivity. Does that make sense? So whichever has more resistivity will have more area So which is which which is given to have more resistivity. It's given that silver has a higher resistivity than gold If silver has higher resistivity, it will have higher area And so immediately just by inspection we can say that the silver That's the one that should have The more area of cross-section. So that's the one that should have more thickness With this we can jump to the next set of problems on series and parallel Resistors. So here's a question. What is the equivalent resistance between a and b? Again, graded pause and see if you can try this on your own first Okay, so let's start with understanding when resistors are said to be in series and when they're in parallel So they are said to be in series If they have the same current flowing through them So if you look at these two resistors, whatever charges are flowing through this resistor All of them would also have to flow through this one, right? So the current here and current here must be the same And so we can say these resistors are in series. So I'm going to mark them with one color over here But what about this resistor and this one? Are they in series? It may look like that at first But no because whatever charges are flowing over here Not all of them have to pass over here. Some of them might some of them might flow over here So the charges can split meaning the current can split and therefore they are not in series Similarly, this and this are also not in series This and this are also not in series. This and this are also not in series. So only these are in series On the other hand, if you look at these two resistors, you can see they're connected across each other Such that they're connected across the same point They are connected across the same point and as a result the voltage across them will be the same And when the voltage across them would be the same, we say they are in parallel And so again, let me shade them with a different color These two are in parallel And if there was say for example a resistance over here Then these two wouldn't be in parallel because then they wouldn't be connected across the same point on this side Over here, they are connected but on this side, they wouldn't be so for parallel on both sides They need to be connected across the same point. Okay, but anyways in this problem. They are in parallel So now how do we solve them? Well, we need to remember the formula for series The resistances just add up. So to calculate the equivalent resistance, we just add them up over here But when it comes to parallel resistances, we do the reciprocal the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance Happens to be the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances and over here one big mistake Which I used to always do is that after doing all the calculation, I forget to do the reciprocal I'll tell you what I mean when I'm solving this. So anyways, we can go ahead and solve this now We know these two are in series and so we can just add them up. So five plus two gives me seven ohms So I replace these two resistors with just one resistor of seven ohm What about these two? Well, when I calculate for these two since they are in parallel, I will do one over rp Let me do that over here I'll do one over rp Equals one over 10 plus one over 40 And then I take the common denominator of 40. So I'll get four plus five I'll get five over 40 and I might think hey, that's the answer five over 40 or maybe one divided by eight But remember this is one over rp. So do the reciprocal. So the rp that is the Actual value becomes eight ohms. So the equivalent resistance over here becomes eight ohms And so I replace that two resistors with one resistor of eight ohms And now I have two resistors again in series. So I can go ahead and add them seven plus eight is 15 So that gives me my final answer 15 ohms I have reduced this entire circuit to one equivalent resistance and that is 15 ohms I thought of putting one more similar problem Because this is so important. Can you pause and try to solve this one after about five seconds? I'll present the entire solution Okay, so Here's the entire solution You can pause and check the solution yourself. The final answer is over here 15 ohms is the equivalent resistance Okay, let's take another type of problem on series and parallel circuits. So here's a question How many 20 ohm resistors are necessary in parallel? to carry one ampere across five volt Again, great. I had to give it a shot and here's a clue sometimes when things are not very clear I like to draw a diagram diagrams make things very clear Okay, I guess for me a diagram is necessary to make sense of this So we are asked to find how many 20 ohm resistors are necessary to carry one ampere across five volt So here's how I'm thinking So I have a wire across which five volt of voltage is put and it needs to carry one ampere of current All right. Now do that. There must be some resistors over here We are given only 20 ohm resistors and we are asked how many such 20 ohm resistors Need to be put in parallel to get one ampere Now since there is current and voltage and again resistors I'm guessing I need to use ohms law over here So what I do is I look at this and I say hey, there is voltage given there's current given So from that I can immediately use ohms law and figure out what this resistance must be Right. So the resistance according to ohms law must be v over i that has to be five ohms So this means look at how the question changes. So this means we need to figure out how many 20 ohm resistors are necessary in parallel to get Five ohms, right? That's all it means this part of the problem was to get to this part And so we are basically asked how many are needed in parallel to get five ohms in other words This Is rp in other words it's given that equivalent resistance or we figured out the equivalent resistance needed is five ohms And for that equivalent resistance of five ohms How many 20 ohm resistors are needed to be connected in parallel? So now that means I can go ahead and use the parallel formula So one over rp Equals one over r1 Plus one over r2 and so on Again, remember for the parallel formula left hand side is one over rp. It's not rp equals one over r1 plus one over r2 Okay, and so if I substitute I get one over five Equals one over r1 r1 r2 r3. They're all 20 ohms. So it's one over 20 plus one over 20 And so on I just don't know how many are there and that's what I need to figure out, right? So let's say there are 20 or not 20. Let's say there are n number Okay, the sum number n and I need to figure out what that n is So what will this value equal to if there are n number? Well, let's say if there's one I would get one over 20 if there were two I would get two over 20 if there are five I would get five over 20 as the answer So if there are n number, what would this number be? This would be n over 20 And so now I just have to solve this for n. So n becomes Rearrangement 20 divided by five and that gives me four And so this means I need to connect four resistors of 20 ohm each in parallel to carry this out With this we can now jump to the next topic Circuits, so let's solve one problem on this So we are given a circuit With a battery and some resistors and we're asked to find the current and voltage across each resistor So can you give this a shot first? All right now whenever I should solve these problems earlier, I should think they are so easy I mean just by using ohm's law i equals v over r Right, and I know what v is v is 10 volt So for each one I substitute the value of r. So for this one v is 10 r is 2 I would be 5 amperes over here for this one again v is 10 r is 4 It will be 10 by 4 2.5 amperes for this one v is 10 r is 12 You get the point. So I got the current done, right? No, that's wrong mainly because What is given to us this voltage is across these two points. That's the voltage We don't know the voltage across each of the resistor And that's why we need to first calculate that Okay, and that's the reason when the current calculations are wrong So once we know what the voltage across each resistor is only then we can use ohm's law to figure out the current across that So the question now is how do we do this? Because we know the voltage across these two points It makes sense to calculate the resistance across these two points. In other words The first step we need to do is figure out what the equivalent resistance is between these two points Then we know the voltage across these two points Maybe from there we can calculate the current and then maybe we can figure out how to calculate The values across these resistors. So let's go ahead and do that So like we saw before we now know that these are in parallel These are in parallel with each other And then this entire resistance whatever that is will be in series with this one So let's redraw by replacing this with one resistor. So here is the Circuit and if I replace this by using the parallel formula, which I'm pretty sure you can do that yourself now You will get the value to be three ohms And now these two are in series. So if I add them I will get the final circuit with five ohm resistance And now I can say across these two points the voltage is 10 volt And I know what the resistance is so now I can use ohm's law and and from ohm's law now I can say ah the current over here this current has to be 10 by 5 two amperes But how do I find out the current and voltage across each resistor? How do I go from here to there? Well, we have to go backwards and this is why this is why while solving the circuit problems It's always nice if you can do it step by step So here's what I mean by going backwards when I go from this circuit back to this circuit I know that this equivalent resistance that came from the combination series combination of these two, right? So what does that do? Well, I know in series the current is the same So whatever is the current over here the same current must be flowing over here Oh, that means I know immediately the current through this resistor is two amperes and the current through this one should also be two amperes Did that make sense? Okay, I found the current through these resistors How do I find the voltage? Well, I know the current I know the resistance go back to ohm's law v equals ir this time And so two times two is four ir So this would be four volt This would be ir two times three six volt But that's not what I want. I want over here. So go back If you look carefully, we are already done for this resistor Now, how do I figure out what are the voltage and the currents across these two resistors? Again when I'm going back from here to here, I look at myself Which combination did this resistance come from? It came from parallel combination In parallel combination The voltage remains a constant. So I already know the voltage across these two points So the voltage across these two points, which means I know the voltage across this Is six volt whatever I have over here the voltage across this is also six volt So in parallel the voltage remains the same. So I found the voltage Now how I can use I can use ohm's law to find the current So again, if I use ohm's law v by r this time i equals v by r I will get six by four, which is 1.5 And over here six by 12 gives you or use me 0.5 amps And now look I have found current and voltage through each and every resistor And so the whole idea is first find the equivalent resistance Solve the circuit over there and keep going back If the equivalent resistance came from series combo, the current is the same We find voltage then if the equivalent resistance came from the parallel combo Then the voltage remains the same we find the current And also there could be different ways of asking the same question For example, one question they could ask is what's the current drawn by the battery? Okay, so the answer is two amperes again because two amperes is going through the battery Another another way to ask the question is they might put a voltmeter somewhere over here and ask What's the reading of the voltmeter that will be four volt? It's the same question of what is the voltage across this or they might put an ammeter over here and ask What's the reading of the ammeter? That's fine 1.5 amperes. Okay, so same thing With that we can now move on to the next topic power and heat So here's the first question. It's given a device is rated 100 watt 200 volt find its Resistance again, you know the drill Greater to pause and see if you can try Okay, so we are given power rating of that device and we are given its voltage And we need to somehow connect it to the resistance So how do you calculate power? What's the formula for power electric power? It's calculated as the product of voltage times the current. That's the formula for electric power But how do we connect it to resistance? I need to bring resistance into picture Well, we know the connection of voltage current and resistance ohms law So we can bring in ohms law and put resistance over here One way to do that is by substituting v equals ir We'll get ir times i which uses i square times r So that's one way to bring in resistance Another way it would be to substitute i equals v by r and so I get v square over r Now what's important is I think that there are three formulae to calculate electric power But no, there's only one formula This is just adding ohms law to this formula Okay, and that's important because ohms law does not work for all devices all cases something that you may learn in Later courses and so anyways if ohms law does not work v equals ir does not work Then you can't use this formula. So that's the reason why I stress that this is the formula to calculate electric power Anyways coming back to the question. We are given the power. So p is given We are given the voltage v is given. We're asked to find the resistance So I can go ahead and use this formula. Does that make sense? So I will rearrange that to give r And now I get all I have to do is plug in v is given to be 200 volts. So 200 square So I turned into 200 because usually things cancel out divide by power, which is 100 Like I said things are canceling out. And so you get 400 ohms. So that's the resistance Okay, let's do one more In this question, we're asked can a 50 watt 200 volt light bulb Run on a 10 ampere line Now at first you may be wondering what what is the meaning of 10 ampere line? Think of 10 ampere line is just a wire which can carry a maximum of 10 amperes So on such a wire if we were to run this bulb, will it work? That's the question You know what to do Okay, hopefully I've tried Over here. Yeah, I think it's better if I draw a diagram. It becomes much easier for me. So here's the line It can carry a maximum of 10 amperes of current It's not carrying any current right now But the maximum current it can carry is 10 amperes and on this line We are going to attach a bulb whose power rating and voltage ratings are given to us and the question is Will this bulb run or I think what is the question it's trying to ask is will this glow properly? Okay, how do we answer that question? What do you think? Well, what I am thinking over here is there's a limit on the current Right, so clearly if 10 amperes is not enough to make this bulb glow then the bulb won't go properly But if 10 amperes or less than that is enough to make this bulb glow then the bulb will go properly, right? So I just need to know how much current is needed to make this bulb glow. How do I figure that out? Hey, I know the power I know the voltage So from that I can calculate the current So I know what current from that I can I will know what current is needed for this bulb to glow And then I can answer this question. So again going back to power Power equation electric power is p equals v into i And so i equals p divided by v which is 50 divided by 200 Which becomes 5 divided by 20 that is 0.25 So I Becomes 0.25 amperes This means that this bulb will take 0.25 amperes or it will need 0.25 amperes Can this line handle 0.25 amperes? Of course it can handle up to 10 amperes So will it glow? Yes. The answer is yes Okay So again Important thing don't think that 10 ampere line mean it carries 10 ampere. No, this is the max that it can carry Okay, how much how much current it carries depends upon what what device you put across over there, right? Okay, anyways, here's a bonus question. Here's a follow-up bonus question How many such bulbs can be connected in parallel? Think about this and see if you can give this a shot All right, again, I'm going to draw a diagram since we are connecting bulbs in parallel Here's my diagram now a lot of bulbs will be connected in parallel. We don't know how much that's what we need to figure out But how do I calculate that? How do I figure out how many bulbs can be connected in parallel? Well, the way I'm thinking is now I know that each bulb Each bulb will take in 0.25 amperes So one bulb fine two bulbs will take in 0.25 and 0.25 total 0.5 That's also fine three bulbs are also fine But I'm pretty sure there'll be a limit after which the total current will exceed 10 ampere and it won't work So how do I calculate this looks like now a maths problem? Right. So how do I do this? Well, let's say there are n bulbs over here Then the total current that will be taken each one will take 0.25 total current taken by n bulbs will be n times 0.25 And we know that current At max since I want to find what's the maximum number of bulbs I can put over here at max that number has to be 10 ampere Does that make sense? So from this I can calculate what n is n is 10 divided by 0.25 which turns out to be 40 So I can put 40 bulbs in parallel maximum And if I put anything more than that it will start drawing more than 10 ampere's current and then Maybe the wire will melt or maybe there's a fuse somewhere that will blow up But whatever it is it's not good for us. So to answer your question maximum 40 bulbs can be connected in parallel All right another problem on power is this one Calculate the heat generated in 10 seconds when an electric ion of resistance 15 ohm takes a current of two amperes I'm not even going to tell anymore. You know what to do Okay, now at first it might seem wait a second. Where did this heat generated concept comes from? What formula do I use for this? But if you think carefully heat generated is basically energy This is basically energy Heat is a form of energy And what is power power is how much energy is dissipated or how much energy is consumed per second? Right. So in when it comes to resistive devices like electric ion or heat or things like that that power that energy is usually in the form of heat Descubated in the form of heat. Anyways power it tells me how much energy is consumed or dissipated per second So if I want to calculate how much energy is consumed or dissipated in 10 seconds I just multiply that number by 10. So you see this is also a problem on power electric power Okay, and so I'm going to go use the same formula P is equal to v into i I know what the I don't know what the voltage is. I know the resistance. So I can use v equals ir And get i square r over here and another value of i This is two amperes and r is 15. So if I plug in i square is two square, which is four 15 is just 15 15 times four is 60. So that gives me 60 watt This means every second 60 joules of energy heat energy is generated. That's the meaning of power So I know every one second 60 joules is generated in 10 seconds. How much heat is generated? Well, that's going to be 60 times 10 So the heat generated is just going to be 60 times 10 and that's going to be 600 Joules And so what's important is you don't need a new formula for heat, right? You might see in your textbooks that heat formulas given as i square r into t They call that the joules law now, that's great But if you think carefully, what exactly what are we doing? We're just calculating how much energy is generated by multiplying power with time because power is energy per second You multiply by whatever time you take and you get that energy. So I don't remember this as new Formula so this all comes under power. So if you know what power is how to calculate electric power We can calculate the amount of heat generated And that now brings us to the last topic the last question question on commercial unit Here we go so Find the cost of operating a five kilowatt device 20 hours a day for 30 days given per kilowatt hour is three rupees You know what to do Hope you've done that Let's see So we are given or what we are asked to do is find the cost how much money it takes to operate this device Okay, and what's given to us is cost per kilowatt hour What is this kilowatt hour? Well kilowatt is the unit of power. What is the unit of power? So this is power r is time. So kilowatt r is what is that power into time? We just saw it's energy Right now normally unit of energy is joule kilowatt r is the commercial unit of energy It's a big unit of energy. So this is also called unit by the way So but what's important is what's given to us is how much how much it costs to consume one commercial unit of energy So how do I calculate the cost over here? Well, we can figure out how much is the total energy consumed in the same units And then we can multiply that by three because I know each unit takes our cost three rupees So let's go ahead and figure out. What is the total energy consumed over here? How do I calculate energy consumed in general? We just saw it's power into time So energy consumed is power into time. We know what the power of the device is that's five kilowatt And we know what the time is. What's the time? The time given is 20 hours a day, but for 30 days So total how many hours? Well total we get 20 hours a day times 30 multiply them, right? So that this many hours and what's important is you have to keep the units in kilowatt and r So notice this will become r and that's important because our units is also commercial unit is kilowatt r So that's the one important thing. So if kilowatts are not given you have to convert that into kilowatt If minutes or seconds are given again, you have to convert that into r's. That's the important thing Anyways, once that is done, we can now just multiply five times two is five times 20 is 100 100 times 30 is 3000 So this is 3000 kilowatt This cancels r So that's the total energy consumed. We can also say 3000 units kilowatt r is also called unit, okay And we know for each unit we have to pay three rupees for these many. How much do we have to pay? So the total cost will be three times 3000 and that's going to be 9 thousand Rupees And there is our answer And that's pretty much it. Just one thing I need to tell before we end this is if you Struggled in any of the problems or any of the questions. Don't worry We have videos and Exercises explaining each of those topics in great detail. So you can go back to the lesson go back to the unit and practice more


The six students and two staff of the Nuhu-Bamali Polytechnic in Zaria who were abducted a month ago have been released. The school's authorities say they were dropped off on Thursday night following negotiations. A spokesman for the school did not say if ransom was paid. All eight were abducted from their school on June the 11th when the student was killed during the incident. Don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


The House of Squib presents Academy Award. Every week Squib brings you Hollywood's finest. The great picture plays, the great actors and actresses. Techniques and skills chosen from the honor roll of those who have won or been nominated for the famous Golden Oscar of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. And now, E.R. Squibbin, son. Manufacturing chemist of the medical profession since 1858. Bring you the distinguished star, Mr. Humphrey Bogart. Who as Best Actor of the Year was nominated for the 1943 Academy Award. You will also hear Ms. Mary Aster, who won the 1941 Academy Award as Best Supporting Actress of the Year. And Sydney Greenstreet, who was nominated for the 1941 Academy Award as Best Supporting Actor. Tonight, Mr. Bogart, Ms. Aster and Mr. Greenstreet will play the famous roles they created for the screen in The Maltese Falcon, the thrilling mystery which was nominated as Best Production of the Year for the 1941 Academy Award. My name is Spade, Sam Spade. License number 357896, issued by the police department of San Francisco. Occupation, private detective. Sometimes known as private eye. My files in the case of the Maltese Falcon are closed, but I've got the Maltese Falcon. I got it and some dough. My partner got murdered and a very slick chick went up for life. I'll tell you about it. This slick dame comes to see me one day, gives me a song and dance about her sister and a guy called Floyd Thursby. She wants us to get her sister back before her mother and father get in from Hawaii. I put my partner Miles Archer on the case. At night, he gets murdered. And so does this guy Thursby. I go round to the apartment where the dame is living, the one called Bridget O'Shaughnessy. She had something I seemed to go for. Oh, Spade, come in. I have come in. Oh yes, so you have. Mr. Spade, tell me, am I to blame for last night? You warned us that Thursby was dangerous. 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I don't know. His, I suppose. I'm afraid. I don't know. Who are these enemies?  Oh, this is hopeless. Well, how much money have you got? I've about $500 left. Give it to me. There's only $400 here. I had to keep some to live on. Okay, I'll be back as soon as I can. You needn't come to the door with me. I can let myself out. I went by the office then and the dark little guy with very white teeth waiting for me. His name was Joe Cairo. He was a Greek. Mr. Spade, I'm trying to recover an ornament that has been, shall we say, mislaid? I thought and hoped you could assist me. Uh-huh. The ornament is a statuette. The black figure of a bird. I'm prepared to pay the sum of $5,000 for its recovery and no questions asked. $5,000 is a lot of money. It's a very interesting figure. You will put your hands together back of your neck, Mr. Spade. Huh? Oh, sure. I shall shoot you if you try to stop me, Mr. Spade. But I must search your office.  We shall see. Please stand up. So... Sure. This way?  I am very slow in things like that, unfortunately. Yeah. I'm still prepared to pay $5,000 for the return of the figure. Do you have it, Mr. Spade? No. If it is not here, why did you just risk serious injury to prevent my searching for it?  You wish some assurance of my sincerity? A retainer? I might. You'd better make a $200. Thanks.  What's your second guess? That you know where it is or where you can get it. You're not hiring me to murder or do burglary but to get back the figure in some lawful way. Say, from a dame with red hair or a smooth, dangerous fat man. Oh, so you know. You must be aware of them. They would stop at nothing. May... may I have my pistol now? Oh, yeah, yeah, sure. I'd forgotten it. Thank you.  What the... Don't move, Mr. Spade. This time I might shoot. I insist on searching your office. Sure. Go ahead. I finally got rid of the Greek and started back for Bridget Ashonisi's apartment. Matter of fact, I had a hunch that the Greek was going there himself and started to tail his cab when a sad-faced guy poked something into my back Come on.  Here he is, Mr. Gutman. The guy who was talking to the dame in the Greek. Oh, Mr. Spade. Mr. Gutman, we begin well, sir. I distrust the man who talks too much. I like to talk. Of course, talking is something you can't do judiciously unless you keep in practice. Yeah. Now, sir, we'll talk if you like.   You're the man for me, sir. No beating about the bush right to the point. Let us talk about the blackbird by all means. Mr. Spade, have you any conception of how much money can be got for that blackbird? No.  No, no, not even if I thought so. But you just tell me what it is and I'll figure out the profits. You mean you don't know what that bird is? Well, I know what it's supposed to look like. So, Shaughnessy didn't tell you what it is? And Cairo didn't either? He offered me $10,000 for it. $10,000?  They must know what it is. Or do they? What is your impression? I can't tell. They're both lying. If they don't know, I'm the only one in the whole white suite world. That's swell. When you've told me, that'll make two of us. Mathematically correct, sir. But I don't know for certain that I'm going to tell you. Don't be foolish. You know what it is. I know where it is. That's why I'm here. Well, sir, where is it? Don't be silly. You see, I must tell you what I know, but you will not tell me what you know. It is hardly equitable, sir. No, no. I don't think we can do business along those lines. Well, think again and think fast. I can get along without you and keep that gunsel away from me while you're making up your mind. I'll kill him. Well, sir, I must see you the most violent. I'll do it for you. You've got a 530. Then you're either in or out for keeps. Three characters and a black bird. Well, all I knew was my partner was dead and the cops were getting very uncooperative about the whole thing, including who killed Floyd Thursby. I thought I'd better get back to see that a Shaughnessy dame before it was too late. And sure enough, it almost was. They came here and took him away. Took who away? Who? The police. They wanted to talk to you, too. They took Mr. Cairo with them. They came to talk about the bird. What is this bird, this falcon that everybody's all steamed up about? Suppose I wouldn't tell you anything at all about it. What would you do? Something wild and unpredictable? Maybe. Well, it's a black figure, as you know. Smooth and shiny of a bird. A falcon about 12 inches high. What makes it so important? I don't know. They wouldn't tell me. They promised me 500 pounds if I helped them get it from the man who had it. Go ahead. They promised me 500 pounds to help them, and I did. Then we found that Joe Cairo was going to take the falcon and desert Floyd and me, so we did that to Joe first.    Don't brag about it. Is there any truth at all in that yarn? Some. Not very much. Well, we've got plenty of time. I'll put some coffee on and we'll try again. Oh, I'm so tired. So tired of lying and thinking up lies and not knowing what is a lie and what is the truth. Darling, don't stare at me like that. Come closer, darling. It is something to do while waiting. Why not? Kiss me, Sam Spade. Kiss me. Why not? It happens every time. I'll get it. Be careful, darling. Okay.  You want to see you.  How many did you bump off today?  Cutman's waiting for you. No kidding. What kept you? Darling, what did he want? He wants me. The fat man's been thinking things over. Mr. Spade, I must apologize for sending you in this fashion. Never mind. Let's talk about the bird. All right. Let's. Think of the order of the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. Crusaders are something, weren't they? Very good. In 1539, these crusading knights persuaded Emperor Charles V to give them the island of Malta. He made it one condition. They would pay him each year for the tribute of a falcon in acknowledgment that the Malta was still under Spain. Do you follow me? Yeah. Have you any conception of the extreme and measurable wealth of the order of that time? I imagine they were pretty well-fixed. They hit upon the happy thought of sending the emperor for the first year's tribute, not an insignificant live bird. The glorious golden falcon encrusted from head to foot with the finest jewels in their coffer. Allow me to replenish your drinks, sir. Well, what do you think of these knights? I don't know. Well, sir, the glorious four can never eat spade. Buccaneers raided the galleon. In 1713, the bird showed up in Sicily in 1840 in Paris.  In 1923, a Greek dealer found it in an obscure Paris shop. He knew what it was. I heard about it in London and rushed over to buy it. But the Greek was murdered and the falcon gone. That was 23 years ago. For 23 years, I searched for the bird. I traced it to the home of a Russian general, Kemedon, but he wouldn't sell, even though he knew nothing of its value. I was forced to send my agents after it. They got it, sir. But I haven't got it. But I'm going to get it, sir. Um, how soon can you, um, how soon are you willing to produce the falcon? Uh, a couple of days. That is satisfactory. Well, sir, here's a fair bargain and profits large enough for both of us. What's your idea of a fair bargain? One hundred thousand? Why not? What did you say to a quarter of a million? Oh, then you think the dingus is worth a million, no? Why not? Yeah. Why not? Hey, I... I feel kind of funny, Guttman. That drink. My dear man, how could you suggest anything so cruel? I... I... Wilma, Wilma. Put your guns away, Wilma. You must learn to be subtle in these things, like me. Not like a light, huh? Well, I owe him something to last. He thinks he's tough. Let's see if he can take this. It's thick. That's enough, Wilma.  I never do to kill him here.  In a moment, you will hear the second part of Academy Award. You yourself uncover jewels more precious than the rarest gems every time you smile. Your teeth are priceless. Preserve their natural brilliance with creamy, smooth, squib dental cream. For the polishing agent in this quality dentist is one of the safest, softest, yet most effective known to dental science. That's why you can actually see the refreshing difference when you brush your teeth with squib dental cream. And you can taste and feel the refreshing difference, too. That's because the delightful flavor of squib dental cream is cool and inviting as a shady bed of myth. Because the refreshing action of squib dental cream leaves your teeth and gums feeling gloriously clean. So for a brighter smile and a happier mouth, try squib dental cream, one of the great family of squib products. Taste, feel, and see the refreshing difference. Use squib dental cream. In a moment, you will hear part two of the Maltese Falcon. But first, we want to thank Warner Brothers for making this story available. And one thing more, on August 6th, Warner Brothers will celebrate the 20th anniversary of Silent Pictures. Yes, it has been that long since the silent shouters of the screen found a voice. We congratulate Warner Brothers on this historic anniversary. And now the House of Squib presents part two of Academy Awards, starring Humphrey Bogart in the Maltese Falcon, with Mary Aster and Sidney Greenstreet. I guess the name of Sam Spade was a cinch for the back page obituaries, but I came out of it somehow and managed to get up and stagger out of that apartment.  All I could find was a newspaper and the wastebasket folded back to the steamship news. It was a list of arrivals and one was marked. It said, 8.7 a.m., the La Paloma from Hong Kong. That was good enough for me. I got a cab and rode down to the docks. The La Paloma was on fire and burning beautifully. I went back to my office to hold my aching head and think things over when the door opened. The tall guy in the long black overcoat stood there with a package in his hands, making gurgling noises before he fell like a tree. He should have. He was dead. I took a good look at him. He was the maid of the La Paloma. I unwrapped his package and there it was, the black bird, the Maltese Falcon. I grabbed the phone and listened. It was British British dishonesty and she said she was in trouble. I found her shivering in the dark corner of an office building. I took her in the Falcon home to my apartment. I put her on the couch. I put the Falcon in the icebox where no one would think to look for anything, including ice. I came back in and switched on the lights and found the surprise party waiting to greet me. Well, sir, we're all here.  You're not going to frisk me. Dance, too.  Put your paw on me and I'm going to make you use that gun.  Never mind, Wilma. You're certainly a most headstrong individual, Mr. Spade. Well, let's be seated. You, too, Cairo. You can put down your gun, too. Of course, Mr. Spade. I was only using caution, as it were. You ready, Gutman? Are you ready to make the first payment and take the Falcon off my hands? Well, sir, as to that, here are $10,000, sir. Oh, we were talking about more money than this. Yes, sir, we were. But this is genuine coin of the realm, sir. With a dollar of this, you can make $10 of talk. Besides, the more of us should be taken care of now. That may be. But I've got the Falcon. I should not think it would be necessary to remind you, Mr. Spade, that though you may have the Falcon, yet we certainly have you. Yes, sir. I'm trying not to let that worry me. We'll come to the money later. There's another thing to be taken care of first. We've got to have a fall guy. The police have to have a victim. Somebody they can stick for those three murders. Only two murders, Mr. Spade. Thursby undoubtedly killed your partner. All right, two. What difference does it make? The point is we've got to give the police... Come, come, Mr. Spade. You can't expect us to believe at this late date. You are the least afraid of the police or that you're not able to handle... I'm up to my neck, Guttman. I've got to come through with somebody, a victim, when the time comes. If I don't, I'll be hit. Let's give him the gun, sir. He actually did shoot Thursby and the other one, didn't he? Anyway, he's made to order to the part. Let's turn him over to the cops.  I've taken all the writing from you I'm going to take. Get up, shoot it out. No, no, Wilma, don't shoot. Hey, Gantzel, that'll take care of you. Put him on the sofa. Sorry, Bridget, but you seem to have recovered. I'm... I'm all right. Good. Well, gentlemen, there's our fall guy. Now, gentlemen, you agree or I'll turn the falcon and a whole lot of you in? Mr. Spade, I don't like this. What if we took matters into our own hands and killed you? You won't, or you'll never find the falcon. True, but there are other ways we could make you talk. No, I'd take it and make you kill me and then you'd end up the same way. No, I believe you would, too. Well? I've always felt toward Wilma like a father. But you can have him. Well, let's get the details fixed. Why did he shoot Thursby? Thursby was Miss O'Shaughness's ally. We thought in disposing of him, we would teach Miss O'Shaughnessy to patch up her differences with us regarding the falcon. The mate from the La Paloma. That was Miss O'Shaughness's fault. Cairo got in touch with me when he saw the notice of the ship's arrival. He remembered that the mate and Miss O'Shaughnessy had been friendly in Hong Kong. He called on this man, but he, with Miss O'Shaughnessy and the bird slipped through our fingers. He followed them to her apartment and Wilma shot the mate as he was coming down the fire escape. He shot him many times, but the man was tough and he did not drop the falcon. We persuaded Miss O'Shaughnessy to call your office. But unfortunately, she did not call in time to prevent you from meeting the mate and getting the falcon. I see. And now, sir, would it be presumptuous if we asked to see the falcon? Okay, then my icebox. Icebox, I see. You are the character, sir. Yes, very, very clever of you, very. I've got it, sir. I've got it. Bring it in here at once. Here, right to Miss O'Shaughnessy. Now, after 23 years, it is it. We'll make sure. Give me your knife, sir. Here. I appeal of some of this, this figure-ing enamel. All right, O'Shaughnessy, you've had your little joke. Now tell us about it. No, Sam, no. That's the one I got from the Russian. I swear. You bungled it, Gutman.  The Russian caught on how valuable it was. No wonder we had so little trouble stealing it. You imbecile.  Yes. This is the Russian's hand. That's not doubt of it. Well, sir, what do you suggest? Shall we stand here and shed tears and call each other names? Or shall we go to Istanbul and to interview our Russian friend? Go to Istanbul. For 23 years, I have wanted that little item and have been trying to get it. If I must spend another year on the quest, well, that will be an added expenditure in time only. I'll go with you. We'll must go on. We must go on. So he has. That makes it imperative that we go, too. Oh, by the way, sir, I've traveled you for my envelope containing the $10,000. I kept my end of the bargain, so I'll settle for a thousand for expenses. Thank you. I'll allow you the thousand. That'll take care of my time. Now, sir, we'll say goodbye to you unless you care to undertake the Istanbul expedition with us. Don't? That's too bad. Well, sir, the shortest farewells are best, aren't you? And you, Mr. Shaughnessy, I leave the rare aavis there on the table as a little memento. The Morty's Falcon. Oh, rather Shaughnessy talk. Where shall I begin? You came to me and asked me to have Thursby followed. I put my partner on it. He followed Thursby. He was killed. You must have told Thursby he was being followed. I told him, yes, but please believe me, Sam. I wouldn't have told him if I'd thought Floyd Thursby would kill your partner.  But it had gone up there with you, Angel.  And then you could have stood as close to him as dark as you liked and put a bullet through him. Don't talk like that to me, Sam. You know I didn't know... Stop it. Why did you shoot him? I didn't mean to at first. I can't look at you and tell you this, Sam. You thought Thursby would tackle him. If he got Thursby, then you were rid of him. If Thursby won, you had something on him. Enough to be rid of him for good. Wasn't that it? Something like that. But when Thursby backed down, you took the gun and did the job yourself. Oh, Sam, sweetheart, from the very first instance I saw you, I knew... You angel. Well, if you get a good break, you'll be out of San Quentin in 20 years, and you can come back to me then.  You know deep down in your heart that in spite of anything I've done, I love you. I don't care who loves who. I'm not going to play the sap for you. I won't walk in Thursby's and I don't know how many other footsteps.  Why must you do this to me, Sam? Surely your partner wasn't as much to you as... Listen, listen to me. This won't do any good. You'll never understand me, but I'll try once and then give it up. Listen. When a man's partner is killed, he's supposed to do something about it. And it happens we're in the detective business. Well, when one of your organization gets killed, it's bad business to let the killer get away with it bad all around. Bad for every detective everywhere. You can't send me to the... Sam, you can't. You love me. You love me. And maybe I do. What of it? Maybe next month I won't. I've been through it before. I'll have some rotten nights after I've sent you over, but that'll pass. I want you sure, but I won't take you at the price because of all... because all of me wants to, regardless of consequences. Because you counted on that with me the same as you counted on that with all the others. Sam... Darling... Kiss me. Kiss me. Sure. Sure, baby. What are you doing? Who are you calling? The cops, baby. The cops to come and take you away. There's tracking down some fabulous treasure, is the search for the unknown which goes on unceasingly in the Squib research laboratories. For that is the search that leads to the discovery of new life-saving drugs and new life-saving uses for existing drugs. Streptomycin is one of the newest products of this searching. In the new field of medicine opened up by penicillin, Streptomycin, still in the testing stages, shows great promise against additional enemies of mankind. That is why Squib scientists are working night and day to unlock the secrets of Streptomycin, to improve the strain, to find and test all the ways in which it may be used in the conquest of disease. It is this same questing spirit that's refusing to stop anywhere short of perfection that inspires all endeavors of the House of Squib. It is one reason why wherever you come across it in the service of human health, Squib is a name you can trust. Next Wednesday another great picture of the House of Squib will present Academy Awards starring Henry Fonda in Young Mr. Lincoln. Today's performance of the Maltese Falcon was written for radio by Frank Wilson with an original musical score composed and conducted by Leith Stevens. Our producer director is D. Engelbach. Humphrey Bogard is soon to be seen in Warner Bros. Big Sleep. Mary Aster appeared through the courtesy of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer producers of the Technicolor musical Easy to Wet. Sydney Green Street is soon to be seen in Warner Bros. The verdict. This is Hugh Brunday bidding you goodnight until next Wednesday at the same time when you're invited to listen again to Academy Awards presented by the House of Squib a name you can trust. This is CBS The Columbia Broadcasting System.


Hey guys, what is up? Welcome to my channel. So for today's video I am going to be reviewing a product that you guys have been waiting for my review on. It is going to be on the Natasha Denona Sunrise palette. This is such a beautiful palette. So if you're interested in hearing my thoughts on this palette seeing this tutorial Then just keep watching So I know I'm a little bit later than usual on getting this Natasha Denona release up for you guys I teach PE and this week was field day, which is the event that I'm in charge of so this week was absolutely crazy for me So there was a ton of new makeup releases And I really couldn't review or play with any of them because all my focus was on field day But it has happened. It is done. It went extremely well. I'm very proud of myself I and now it's time to sit down and play with some makeup finally So let's go into the major facts about this beautiful palette. It is available right now and for a beautylish and Natasha Denona It is $65 and online it is described as a palette inspired by the warm glow of a morning sunrise With sunny yellows crimson corals earthy browns and powerful pinks all made to melt together in perfect harmony I think that is the most perfect way of describing this palette I 100% agree with everything that is stated online So the packaging of this guy is the hard case packaging which I personally prefer you do on the back half holes So you can push out the eyeshadows if you would like to and put them somewhere else mix and match Whatever you want to do with it. The front of it is just this beautiful Reflective red and you open it up and you have a big mirror and then of course your gorgeous 15 shades inside you are getting almost berry tones pink tones yellow tones and peachy tones I will say this palette definitely does run a little bit more on the warm side But it's not too crazy warm like the sunset palette, but it is warm now There are already a bunch of great reviews out there that do comparisons between her different palettes So I am not going to compare them in this video, but just so you know look online There's a bunch of other great reviews that you can check out that do cover that topic So first thing I want to talk about is the size of this palette Now you are getting a 15 shades in this eye shadow palette the overall total grams in this palette is 19.25 grams this palette is smaller than her regular eye shadow palettes the amount of product in her regular eye shadow palettes are 37.5 grams so that is almost exactly half the amount This is $65 in her regular eye shadow palettes are 129 this is almost right on that half price mark and I think that this Amazing and let me explain why so a lot of times when a brand releases smaller amounts of product The value of it is not as good this time Natasha You know now literally took her palette cut the amount of product in half But also cut the price in half. I know for somebody like me I'm never going to run through the product of her regular eye shadow palettes So the fact that I can get the same range of colors with half the amount of product for half the price I think that that is amazing. I think it is way better for the consumer It seems that Natasha Denona is going towards this more smaller amount of product route So that it is more affordable to consumers, which I mean she's doing a fantastic job of it So this definitely makes her eye shadow is much more affordable the typical high-end eye shadow palettes going to cost you from like 40 to $60 so $65 is definitely right on that cusp But 65 versus 129 I mean come on and you know what if you are upset that you do get less amount of product in this Literally just by two of these you can just buy two of these It's literally the same amount of product for like almost the same price though I don't know if anybody who's really going to be mad about that because this is still a good amount of product and to Be quite honest these aren't everybody's Everyday color scheme, so I just can't see somebody running through this palette that fast now I did do the math a little bit just to tell you the price per gram of her Regular eye shadow palettes is $3 and 44 cents the price per gram in this palette is $3 and 84 cents, so you're getting slightly over half the amount of products that have the price I always talk about how I love a brand that offers less amount of product for less of the price because For me personally who collects makeup It saves me money that I was gonna buy this palette regardless But anyways now that I'm done talking about what a great value this is for Natasha Genona Let's go in to the actual shades So you get 16 shades and I always like to point out little tips and tricks to help you create looks So you can actually put this palette in half and then you get this really pretty kind of Neutral light eye with not too much definition you cover these two and you get a beautiful very pink Eye perfect for sunset looks what I really like about this palette though There is this orange shade as you don't really need orange shades in this palette because the colors blend to create orange So it really does create a beautiful Sunrisey kind of eye the term sunrise is perfect for this palette in this palette You are getting seven mattes and eight shimmers, which is a great ratio I will say about two of the shimmers I would consider more of a lid topper But they are quite pigmented compared to a lot of other lid toppers, but you can definitely tell it feels a little bit different in texture I'm talking about Aster right here and awakening, but the rest are her extremely silky pigmented shimmery eyeshadow formula and let's just talk about the shade Morgan right here There is a shade that is my name. So it's my favorite shade in the palette more of a reason to buy it right I should Morgan so I'm gonna talk about my overall opinions of the quality of this I am not gonna be shy right away to say that this is such good quality Every now and then Natasha Denona will come out with palettes where I feel as if the formula is compromised Especially when she comes out with these mini versions of her palettes So I was very curious about this palette since it was such a good value and a smaller Amount of product if that would mean the quality of the eyeshadows is compromised But I can tell you right now. No, it's not. This is the same exact formula of her regular big eyeshadow formulas that we all know and love and there's no weird Playing with different textures in this palette a lot of times lately She's been trying to release new cool textures that are new to her brand and a lot of times It leaves me feeling kind of confused and I normally don't like those new things that she does But no, there is no bs in this palette. This is all her real true formula The mattes blend super beautiful. I would have loved a deep chocolate brown in this palette But that's me being picky. This is a sunrise palette after all So that would be just for me to feel comfortable, but I love the shades in here I they're all so peachy and pretty and warm. She really stuck with the theme on this one The yellows are very buildable So you can start off with a very nice soft yellow just to have that undertone in there Or you can build them up the berries Surprisingly blend very Beautiful sometimes you can find that these shadows can turn out patchy They go on so pigmented just as they look in the pan They're soft and they're blendable the mattes in here really did impress me They are a little bit more powdery But if you're familiar with Natasha Denona, you're used to that because they are so powdery But they are so creamy and they just blend on the lid beautifully Now the shimmers I was pretty impressed with the shimmer formula There isn't a shimmer in here that I would say is will bam pout Absolutely amazing not my socks off, but these are good standard Natasha Denona shimmer formulas And I love them. I love that she has these like crimson red shimmers that really create a fire eye I feel like not enough people go for those types of colors But those that really create gorgeous looks and then you do have some more safe neutral colors right here if You're kind of uncomfortable with these brighter colors And like I said, there's this beautiful almost like purpley lid topper I love that shade awakening right here is not as like Super shimmery pigmented, but it adds a nice really soft ethereal look on the lid So yeah, I didn't want to go too in depth about the quality because it's bomb So I did do a couple of looks I've played with just about every shade in this palette right now I am going into a really fast forwarded version of a look that I created the other day I didn't get to show you the completed look But just so you can see how the more bright colors played on my eyes You can see that they laid down very pigmented. They blended with ease the colors were vibrant But they could be muted down if I just applied a little bit of product But they can be built up to be super pigmented I just think that that first look that I created was so pretty So sunrisey and it was so easy to do and I just feel like the colors I use sometimes they can go wrong With those shades, but in this palette it worked and it was good quality Now I'm going to go over the look that I'm wearing right now I wasn't going to go for such a warm look, but you know what sometimes that just happens So I started off with the shade morning right here and I use that as my transition all over shade This is such a complimentary transition shade to this overall palette And then I went in with the shade carnelian right here, which is more of a mustard bright orange shade Again, really beautiful and pigmented and it's very easy to build up I just put that on the outer half of my crease I then went in with the shade jasper, which is this more Rustic orange red shade and I blended that into my outer corner Again, it just applied with ease and blended out so beautifully And then I finally went in with the shade a gate right here And I applied that to the inner half of my eyelid and this is like a very soft yellow shade But it really brightens up the look and I just love this really warm sunset look that I have going on with this palette I mean, so overall if you couldn't tell I am quite in love with this palette This definitely is a hit from Natasha Denona. I love the direction her brand is going in and a lot of times in most of her Pellets there's usually one or two shades and I'm like these suck. I'm not going to use these In this palette every single one of these shades are great So everything about this palette really excites me. Um, it is such a pretty color scheme The quality is stupendous. The price is right I just think if you are looking into getting in Natasha Denona big palette This is the one that I have to recommend to you guys just based on value and everything that this palette brings I hope to see Natasha Denona continue with palettes like these and of these nature because I would love to see this size and formula in different Color stories and she could really play up some fun color stories And I would definitely purchase all of them. Anyways, let me know if you guys have Pick this palette up how you're feeling about it I know so many of you have picked it up and there are so many great reviews online I'm giving this palette a 10 out of 10. I think it's awesome. So anyways, if you aren't subscribed to my channel already I hope you take the time to do so. Thank you guys so much for watching this video I hope you found it helpful. I will see you guys in my next video. Bye guys. Have a good day


So, RAID network, I'm going to talk about this off-chain token transfer network, maybe start again with why we're doing this. And the reason is with current state of blockchain technology, there are some problems. We can only do a certain limited number of transactions per second to reach finality, to be sure that the transaction will update the state. That currently takes 15 seconds for a block, but you should wait multiple blocks so that can add up to 100 seconds. And another issue is that all state of the blockchain is readable for everyone. And the throughput issue leads to higher transaction cost because there's like a limited resource of transaction or capacity on the blockchain. The reason for this is global consensus. Global consensus is very expensive because if Alice sends five tokens to Bob, then the world needs to know. And all the nodes need to reach agreement on this fact. And the problem is the latency and bandwidth properties of networks, there's latency and the bandwidth is limited. And you want to have as many nodes as possible participating in the consensus protocol. So if you switch to a different view on consensus, if it would only be between Alice and Bob, say Alice would send Bob like a check saying I owe you five tokens. And if you then add some state channel technology, which would allow Bob to be secure about the fact that he's able to claim those five tokens on the blockchain, then you have a pattern which you can use to solve this problem or to improve the situation. And that's what we base the read and token network on. So what we do is basically we have many or we have participants have state channels with each other, like say every participant has like five or 50 state channels with other participants, and together they form a network. And if two participants want to, which don't have direct channel, want to transfer tokens, we can find a path in that network to transfer them. And all transactions happen outside of the blockchain for the token transfers. We use the blockchain only to manage deposits and to eventually settle. So that's nothing you need to do, but you could do. Today I want to go into the implementation details. I presented them last year at last year's DEFCON. But let's recap the features. So we can scale out asset transfer capacity. We get good finality properties, like one second finality. We get better transaction privacy because only those nodes involved in the transfer are learned about the transaction. And we get very, very low fees. And well, the way how we build the system is it's compatible with the year C20 token standard. That is, it should be compatible with most DApps that are built currently. That's a bit unfair, but it's like Ethereum compares to the rain that works like an early bike to MacLev. Except for the cost. It's way cheaper than MacLev. So one concept I need to explain you, because we come to that later, is what we can do in raiden is we can entangle two transfers. So if Bob and Alice want to exchange tokens, say Alice wants to exchange 10 A tokens for three B tokens with Bob, then they can set up two transfers, one sending the A tokens, one sending the B tokens. And they can lock them together so that either both of them go through or none. So that's atomic, which is a night property. Something else we can do is so-called smart transfers. These are transfers which can only be settled on a blockchain if a certain condition on a blockchain is true. That could be the outcome from an oracle or the last price from an unchain exchange. And then you can build more advanced applications based on rain like betting or financial derivatives. So what's the status of the project? We've been working on this since last September. We had a long sprint starting in May, I think, and it ended maybe in July. But then we were able to do the first transactions on the raiden, sorry, on the Ethereum test net. Actually, the transactions have been off-chain, but the setup was on the Ethereum test net three. Well, we had a transaction initiated from a note in Copenhagen going to note in Florianopolis and finally the receiver of the transactions was based in Mumbai. So that's where our colleagues are, some of them. Well, we get quite good press coverage for that and we're happy that we could deliver. So basically raiden works. Because one of the better applications of raiden is probably in the Internet of Things technology, we prepared a demo for that. So here the basic setup is that we have a producer and a consumer of electricity. And the producer, he has some meters so he can account for how much energy units were transferred and there's a Raspberry Pi running a raiden note and the Raspberry Pi can control and relay to switch off the electricity supply. We have the same thing on the consumer side, there's also a meter and a Raspberry Pi with a raiden note on it. And now the producer requires that the consumer send some tokens and if he does so, he will start supplying electricity and you see the light goes on. And then there's this LED, it blinks and whenever it blinks, there's one energy unit consumed and whenever it blinks, we send one token using the raiden network. So here we can see that on the consumer side he has only 19 tokens left, that's all he has on account and the receiver side, the producer earns those tokens and the consumer has also some credits. So now those tokens are transferred, detailed view here. Whenever it just blinks, there should be a transaction going on here, so for every impulse the meter gives, we send a transaction. Well, then at some point in this demo the consumer ran out of tokens and also the tokens that he had on credit with the producer goes to zero on the upper right and then the producer will decide to shut down the electricity supply. And well, you can imagine if such a technology or similar is used and widely deployed in IoT, then we will see like millions of transactions in short time frames and that's something that you can tackle with technology like raiden but not so good with blockchains that use global consensus. We're working with the swarm guys and we try to leverage their network transport and also we try to convince them to use raiden for micro payments and swarm and in the light client protocol, we thought about how we could integrate raiden into the theorem clients, most likely a candidate is that we would kind of wrap the raiden API into the chasing the API of the theorem clients and there's already some early industry adopters who try to build applications on top of raiden expecting that it will actually work. We have a roadmap, like the most important part is probably the routing problem which is still to solve in a way that it's scalable. Currently we have required that we build a view of all the channels in the system but it will not scale to a large IoT setup but otherwise we hope that we will be able to have a test net of raiden network on the theorem, like a better of the raiden network on the theorem main net this winter. One more thing I want to talk about is decentralized exchanges. Let's look at how decentralized exchanges work on the blockchain currently. Basically that's a smart contract which implements an order book and takes token interest crow. So if someone wants to sell tokens, we call it a maker, he will send those tokens to the smart contract and says which price it sets for those tokens and a smart contract will take the token's interest crow and list the tokens in the order book. And if someone likes the offer, we call it a taker, he will pick that offer and send the requested tokens to the smart contract, the transaction and then the smart contract will give the transaction to both parties as they expected it. That works, that's good. But the problems here are again throughput, we can only do so and so much transactions per second, finality like you don't want to wait 100 seconds to be sure that your trade went through and transaction cost is rather high. So how could we build that on raiden? The easiest approach would be just to broadcast your offer to a group of interested traders or parties who want to exchange tokens and then one could decide to be one who picks that offer and a taker and make a good engage in this atomic swap which I showed earlier. You could just swap the tokens off-chain securely. But the problem is basically if one party, no, the set-ups, if two parties want to set up an agreement, the one who signs it first or commits to it first offers the other party a free option because the other party can decide whether it also wants to join the agreement or just waits. Maybe the price moves into his favour and then he can later decide to take that option or not. You have this problem if there's a long time, if there's a longer period where this situation can exist. So if you had that for a decentralized off-chain exchange, that would not work. So it would be exploited and that would not be a workable market. So the solution could be that you work with a third party. Basically the free option from them is only solvable with a third party. So that third party would, well, it would offer to take commitment deposits from both parties and notify both parties if both parties committed to do that off-chain token swap. And if they fail to later prove that they actually executed the token swap, he would keep or burn those deposits, otherwise he sends them back. And if we have the incentive set up like this, it could work and how it actually the flow of actions would be something like the offer of the token, the maker deposits with the third party. Then crosscasts the offer which has a reference to that deposit with the third party. Then someone who is willing to exchange your tokens also needs to deposit and if he does, the maker gets a notification. Then they both do the token swap. And if it goes through, both confirm to the third party that it worked and then third party can release those deposits again. And the properties we get here is that it's off-chain, none of these transactions goes to the blockchain. So we get high throughput, low latency, low fees, basically the rating properties. And while that looks complicated, I think we can abstract it in a way that the API and the user experience is similar to traditional exchanges. One more thing to note is there's limited trust required to the third party because it could run away with the deposits, but with the commitment deposits. But they're very small compared to the tokens they want to exchange. It does not take the tokens, it takes different deposits. And if it makes a business model out of this, then always the business would be at stake. So that probably will not happen. OK, one more thing. Should we plan to move Raiden to become a generalized infrastructure to run off-chain applications? And the infrastructure might be easier than actually giving developers good tools to develop off-chain applications. So therefore we also plan to provide a framework which makes it easy or at least easier to build this kind of applications. And we just last week met with some nice other people from the ecosystem and we think about joining forces to work on that. So to summarize what you should take away from the talk is Raiden Network works and will be available soon. We aim to go beyond sold token transfers. I believe that the Ethereum killer apps will somehow be based on Raiden or similar technology because if they're killer apps they need to scale somehow and should have a good user experience that has low latency is also important here. And we also think that if you want to see broad industry adoption of distributed ledger technology then we need something like the Raiden network or similar because again the properties of scalability and especially here transaction privacy are important. If you want to learn more about our project then here's some URLs and otherwise I'm done. Thank you.


Hello everyone, I am Mrs. Meenakshi Sri Gandhi, Assistant Professor from Walsh Chandra Institute of Technology, Sholapur. Welcome to the video lecture on Selection Sort. Learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to implement Selection Sort using C-Programming. Sorting. Let us see what is sorting is. Sorting takes an unordered collection of elements and makes it ordered one. For example, here an unsorted array is taken as an input and sorting makes it an ordered one. So, a sorting is nothing but to make an unsorted array into a sorted one. Let us see what is Selection Sort is. Selection Sort is an in place comparison based algorithm. In this, the list is divided into two parts. The sorted part at the left end and the unsorted part at the right end. Initially, the sorted part is empty and the unsorted part is the entire list. In this algorithm, the smallest element is selected from the unsorted array and is formed with the leftmost element and that element becomes a part of the sorted array. This process continues till the entire list is sorted. So, in general, this algorithm selects the smallest element from the list and place it at the first position. Then it selects the second smallest element and place it at the second position and this process goes on till the entire list is sorted. Let us see the illustration of Selection Sort. For that, we consider an array A with 6 elements that are 52, 67, 34, 24, 86 and 46. Now, these array elements are placed in the array where the array starts with the index 0 and it ends at the index with size minus 1. Now, in the Selection Sort, we are taking a variable called as min. Minimum index is the variable which will hold the index of the smallest element. So, at the very beginning, we do not know which is the smallest element. So, we assume that the minimum index is equal to 0. So, in the first iteration, here we are comparing the A of 1 element with A of min. We are comparing whether A of 1 is lesser than A of min or not. In this case, we see that 67 is greater than A of min. So, here the minimum index remains as it is, that is, it remains at 0 only. After that, the comparison is taking place between the A of second element and A of min. Here we see that A of 2 is lesser than A of min. That is why we see that the minimum index is now selected as 2. Next, now the comparison is taking place between A of 3 and A of min. Here we have checked that A of 3 is lesser than A of min and so the minimum index is now changed to 3. So, with the new minimum index with value 3, the comparison is now taking place between A of 4 and A of min. Here A of 4 is checked whether it is lesser than A of min or not. As it is greater, so minimum index remains as it is, that it remains at equal to 3 only. Next, the comparison is taking place with the index value at 3 and 5. So, here we see that A of 5 is greater than A of min. That is why the minimum index remains at 3 only. So, here we find that the smallest element is placed at the index 3. Now, the smallest element should be swapped with the first element. So, after swapping, you can see that the element, the first smallest element has been sorted at its proper place. So, after the end of the first iteration, we can see that the smallest element is sorted. In the second iteration, we now do the comparison from the index 1 onwards because here we see that the first element has been already sorted. So, we do not take this element for any comparison. Now, assuming minimum index equal to 1, the comparison goes on. So, here the first two elements are compared and here we can see that A of 2 is lesser than A of min. That is why the minimum index now changes with value 2. With the new minimum index that is equal to 2, the comparison is taken with the index values at 2, 1, 3. A of 3 as it is greater than A of min, the minimum index value remains as it is that is equal to 2. Then the comparison is taking place between A of 2 and A of 4. That is as A of 4 is greater than A of min, the minimum index will remain as it is. Next, the comparison is taking place between these two elements A of 5 and here we see that A of 5 is greater than A of min. That is why the minimum index value remains as it is that is equal to 2. Now, after this we can see that the second smallest element is there at the index 2. Now, this element should be swapped with the second element. So, after swapping, we can see that the element is placed at the second position of the array. So, this is the end of the second iteration and we can see that the second smallest element is also sorted. In the third iteration, the first two elements are already sorted. So, we do not take these two elements in comparison and the minimum index value is now initialized to the index 2 because this is the first element for unsorted array. So, the comparison is taken between these two elements and here we see that A of 3 is lesser than A of min. That is why the minimum index value is now changed to 3. With the new minimum index that is equal to 3, the comparison is taking place between these two elements and here we see that A of 4 is greater than A of min. That is why the minimum index remain as it is that is equal to 3. After this, the comparison is taking place between these two elements. Here we see that A of 5 is lesser than A of min. That is why the minimum index value is now changed to 5. So, here we see that the next smallest element is there at this index. Now this is the third smallest element and this element should be swapped with the third element of the array. So, after swapping we can see that this is the end of the third iteration and the third smallest element is also sorted. In the fourth iteration, the minimum index value is now set to 3 and the comparison is taken place between these two elements. As A of 4 is greater than A of min, the minimum index remain as it is that is equal to 3. Again the next comparison is taking place between these two elements. Here again we see that A of 5 is greater than A of min. That is why the minimum index value remain as it is that is equal to 3. So the next smallest element is there at the index 3. Now this element should be swapped but as it is at the same position so it is not swapped here so it remain as it is. So at the end of the fourth iteration we can see that the fourth smallest element is also sorted. In the next iteration, the minimum index is set at index 4 and the comparison is taken place between these two elements. Here we see that A of 5 is lesser than A of min that is why the minimum index value is set with the new value that is equal to 5. And we get the next smallest element that is placed at the index 5. This should be swapped with the fifth element of the array. So after swapping we can see that after this is the end of the fifth iteration and the fifth element is also sorted. So here all the elements are sorted. So this is how the selection sort works. It finds the smallest element every time and it is placed at its proper position. Let us see the time complexity of selection sort. In the best case the time complexity of selection sort is o n square and in the worst case and in the average case the time complexity of selection sort is again o n square. Try to think and answer what is the algorithm for selection sort. Pause the video for some time and note down the answer in your book. Let us see the algorithm for selection sort. At the very beginning we are taking then input from the user, we are taking an input into an array of n elements and we are initializing i equal to 0 and temp equal to 0. Then we need to repeat the steps from 4 to 8 while i is lesser than n minus 1. And in each iteration we need to set minimum index equal to i and set j equal to i plus 1. We need to repeat step 7 while j is lesser than 9. So in step 7 we are comparing a of jth element and a of minimum index element. If a of j is lesser than a of minimum index then we are changing the minimum index equal to j. Minimum index is not equal to i. In that case we are swapping the minimum index and the ith element. So your temp is set to a of ith element and a of i is set to a of minimum index element and a of minimum index is set to temp. So this is the algorithm for selection sort. Let us see the implementation of selection sort using C programming. So first in the main function we are declaring all the integer variable. We are declaring the array then the temp and the minimum index. After that we are asking the user for how many elements he wants to enter in the array. And that is taken into n. And by using the for loop we are taking n elements from the user and these are entered into the array. i is initialized to 0 and we are using a while and the condition is i is lesser than n minus 1. Till i is lesser than n minus 1 the while loop repeats and in each iteration the minimum index is set to i value and j is equal to i plus 1. Now in each iteration here we are comparing the jth element with the minimum index element. If a of j is lesser than a of minimum index then minimum index is now set to the jth value and j is incremented with each iteration. This loop repeats till all the elements are tested and minimum index will contain the index of the smallest element. Once we come out of this loop we are checking whether the minimum index whether it is equal to i or not. If it is not equal to i then we need to swap the elements which are placed at minimum index and i. So for that we are setting temp equal to the array of i and array of i is set with array of minimum index and array of minimum index is set with temp value. So here we have swapped the values which are placed at the index i and at the index minimum index and after swapping i is incremented by 1 so that it will go for the next iteration. So this loop terminates till i is lesser than n minus 1. Once it comes out of the loop all the elements of the array are sorted and after that we need to print the elements of the array and we are using the for loop which will start from the index 0 and it will terminate till it reaches to n minus 1. So at in each iteration the array element is displayed here. So this was the implementation of selection sort using C programming. So these are my references. Thank you.


Have you been shooting another Friday, right? Yeah. That's off-site. Uh-huh. Which one of us will be Craig and Day Day? Who will be Craig and who will be Day Day? Do we know? I think you'll be Craig. No! Thank you! Thank you! I'm Craig! I'm Craig! This is a wrap. I'm Craig. This is Day Day. Cube Day is a wrap. I'm Craig. This is Day Day. It's over.  Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. There you go. There you go. There you go.


I'm doing this to increase attention to the CTBT challenge, to increase awareness of the threats of thermonuclear war. And I challenge the presidents of SFU, Andrew Petter, the University of Toronto, Merrick Gertler, and the president of McGill University, Suzanne Forte, to do the same within 48 hours. Let's work for a peaceful planet.


How do you overcome the cravings of the flesh by being filled with the word? So any sin that falls under the category of the lust of the flesh, like gluttony, like lust, like drug use, like alcoholism, that's the craving of the flesh. Those can be overcome by being filled with the word. You may say I already tried that.  If we do fill ourselves with the word daily consistently, eventually over time we will see spiritual strength come to our lives to where we're able to overcome the cravings of the flesh.


Hi and how are you all today? I am Priyanka and let us do the following question which says, find three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11. So we need to find it between 5 by 7 and 9 by 11, three different irrational numbers. So let us start with our solution. Let us write the following question in a mathematical form. The number should be between 5 by 7 and 9 by 11. That means it should be greater than 5 by 7 but less than 9 by 11, isn't it? First of all, let us convert 5 by 7 into decimal form. And that comes out to be 0.71428571 and it goes on. So the number and also 9 by 11 can be converted into decimals and can be written as 0.818181882 and so on. So that means the required number should be between these two numbers and there can be a lot, a lot many numbers. So three numbers which we are giving to you are 0.75075075075075407575 and so on. These are irrational numbers that means they are non-terminating, non-recurring numbers. Similarly, the other number which can be given can be 0.76707700777000767777 and so on. And let us think of a third number which may be in eighth line and that can be 0.8088083x084x08 and which will again go on. So these are the three numbers which we have given to you and there can be a lot many numbers that you can think of. But it should be more than 0.714 and so on and less than 0.80 and so on. Right, so I hope you enjoyed the session and try to find out more numbers. Bye for now.


For this example, we'll try 100,000 divided by 100. We know we should get 1000, so we can compare this to our number line to make sure we did this correctly. And I'll start with my 100,000 in binary, and I will divide by 100. And I'm going to add some guidelines for myself. So I have this 7-bit number here, which means I'm going to need to grab at least 7 bits before I can start doing anything. So 5, 6, 7. Now I want to compare this number to this number. And they look the same at first until I get to here, in which case I've got a 0 here, I've got a 1. So this number is still bigger. So I will pull down one more bit, and this is where I will start. So now I'll subtract off my 7-bit number, making sure to keep them lined up. So 1 minus 0 is 1, 1 minus 0 is 1, 0 minus 1. So I'll need to borrow something, and this is the first place I've got to borrow something from. And we're going to be doing a lot of borrowing. So now I have 10 minus 1 is 1, 1 minus 0 is 1, 1 minus 0 is 1, 1 minus 1 is 0. Now I have 0 minus 1. So I'll borrow something. So I've got 10 minus 1, keep me with 1. So I've got this 7-bit number left, but it's still obviously smaller than this number, because I've got a 0 here and a 1 here. I will pull down another bit. Now I've got an 8 number, so that's obviously going to be larger than my 7-bit number. So I know I can do this subtraction. 0 minus 0 is 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, and 10 minus 1 is 1. Pull down another 1. Now I've got an 8-bit number again, so my 7-bit number will obviously go into it. So I'll put down a 1 and subtract my 7-bit number and 10 minus 1 is 1. Again, I'm left with a 7-bit number. I'll pull down a 0, which will give me another 1. So I've got an 8-bit number now. Now I can do the subtraction and this will leave me with something to work with. So I've run out of room at the bottom. I'll move over here where I will get 0 minus 0 is 0, 1 minus 0 is 1. 0 minus 1 means I'll need to borrow something. I'll go all the way over there and then drag it back. So 10 minus 1 will give me a 1. 1 minus 0 gives me 1. 1 minus 0 is 1 and then 0 minus 1 means I'll need to borrow something and I'll go all the way over to the last place. So I will now have a 10 there. And I'll have 10 minus 1 gives me 1 and 1 minus 1 gives me 0 and 0 minus 0 is also 0. So now I've kind of lost track of where I'm at.  So this lines here with this one and then this is lined up with this here. So I'll bring my next bit down which is a 1. Now I've got a 7-bit number so I can compare these two and this number does look larger than this one. So I will be able to do that subtraction. I'll have 1 minus 0 is 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0. So I've got a 5-bit number here and I've got a 7-bit number here. So that means I need to pull down at least two more bits. I'll pull down 1. I've got a 6-bit number so I still can't do that subtraction. Then I'll pull down the other 0. Now I've got a 7-bit number. So I've got 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0. So these two numbers match up and I can do my subtraction. The subtraction I'm left with 0. Put my 1 here and then I've got three more 0s I can pull down. But nothing else left to work with so I'm just going to end up with 0s. Now I can compare this back to my 1,000 in binary, 11, 1, 1, 1, 0, and 1,000. So my results do match up with what I expect to see. I've just got lots and lots of arithmetic that I went through to get there.


This review aims to examine the effects of smartphone apps on anthropometric, metabolic, and dietary outcomes at various time points. The meta-analyses show that weight loss is sustained between 3 and 12 months, with a peak of 2.18 kg at 3 months that tapered down to 1.63 kg at 12 months. However, the study did not find significant benefits of weight loss on secondary outcomes examined, except for a slight improvement in systolic blood pressure at 3 months. The included studies covered app-based interventions that comprised of components beyond food logging, such as real-time diet and exercise self-monitoring, personalized and remote progress tracking, timely feedback provision, smart devices that synchronize activity and weight data to smartphones and libraries of diet and physical activity ideas. Future studies could consider the various aspects of the socio-ecological model and conversational and dialectic components that simulate health coaches to enhance user engagement and outcome effectiveness. This article was authored by Hansher Jocelyn Chu, Wee Lingko, Janelle Sheena, Hui Yiying, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.