Thank you. So I'm going to introduce now our first panel. We have Heela Rasul Ayub, who is the director of our Planetary Politics Initiative at New America. She's going to moderate the panel. It is the title of the the panel's What Systemic Shifts Will Shape the Future of Conflict. We're going to particularly focus on climate change and also migration issues. Thank you, Peter, and welcome to one. And welcome to this panel discussion on the nexus of climate change, migration and conflict. Climate change is rapidly remapping where humans can exist on the planet. As optimum conditions shift away from the equatorial zones to the poles, more than 600 million people have already been stranded outside of the crucial environmental niche that best supports life. By later this century, three to six billion people between one third and a half of humanity could be trapped outside of that zone, facing extreme heat, food scarcity and higher death rates, unless emissions are sharply curtailed and mass migration is accommodated. So because we have 30 minutes for discussion and 15 minutes for audience questions, I want to just dive right into it. It gives me great pleasure to introduce this illustrious panel from across several time zones and climate zones. We are joined from Baghdad by Ambassador Farid Yasin, climate envoy of the Republic of Iraq, former ambassador to the United States. From Texas, I am happy to introduce Jeff Godell, a former New America fellow. Jeff's latest book, very scary title, is a New York Times bestseller. The Heat Will Kill You First, Life and Death on a Scorched Planet. He is the author of six previous books, including The Water Will Come, Rising Sea, Sinking Cities and the Remaking of the Civilized World. And from Geneva, it gives me great pleasure to be joined by Director General Elect Amy Pope for the International Organization of Migration. DG Elect Pope is currently the Deputy Director General for Management and Reform of IOM. Prior to joining IOM, she served as Senior Advisor on Migration to President Biden and in the Obama Administration, she served as Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Homeland Security Advisor. And so with that, I will just jump into my first question for Ambassador Yasin. In a country like Iraq, which is the fifth most climate vulnerable country to climate breakdown, not only is climate induced water scarcity exacerbating conflicts, but some of the origins of the water scarcity are from previous rounds of conflict, which has led to a great deal of instability, to say the least, and weakened institutions. As we see greater migration from rural areas facing acute scarcity, what is the absorbent of capacity of these urban centers to take in these new migrants internally within Iraq and to temper any rising communal conflict? Over to you, Ambassador Yasin. So, John, my microphone. Thank you for asking this question that goes right into the problem. So, first off, in Iraq, urban centers and like many parts of the world are already operating at above capacity in terms of infrastructure, whether it's roads, whether it's water facilities, whether it's electricity. So Baghdad now is, I don't know, multiple times the population that it's that it was designed to accommodate. So this is something that we have to take into account. What really helps in terms of handling migrants and refugees, if you will, in a country like Iraq is that we have very powerful, cultural, solidarity networks, whether they're family oriented or client or religious. They really help and remove a lot of the tensions on this. But the truth is, we won't be able to accommodate more of these waves as they become more frequent. Our climate change, what the migrations that we're seeing right now in Iraq are not really due to climate change. They're really due to lack of water, droughts. But these droughts are induced, essentially, by upstream damming in damming in upstream countries. We've lost some like 40% of our water inflow over the last 10, 20 years. We also have to do a lot better in terms of water management. But this is an issue that we will have to be dealing with and dealing with more and more appropriately. I think the answer to four Iraq's problems, as it is for other countries, is to develop and revive our countryside to develop a network of, you know, climate resilient villages, towns that can accommodate lack of water through technology. I mean, we're very fortunate to be living in the 21st century. And there are examples of new technologies that are making it possible to develop agriculture in extremely arid areas. There are some technologies, for example, that have reduced the water intake of all of plantations by 96%, sorry, 94%. So instead of having the need for 100 liters, you need only six. I mean, these are these as things that can change the overall conditions. But of course, you have to prepare for that. And you have to prepare for that by developing the appropriate infrastructure by developing the right culture and by getting your populations ready. Nonetheless, you know, water, water scarcity is not the only thing that will accrue from climate change. As was very well expressed in the book you just mentioned, the heat will kill you first. And I can tell you that the heat is no joking matter. Two weeks ago, three weeks ago, we had five successive days of 50 plus temperate degrees in Baghdad. It's nothing to joke about. We have to be ready. Thank you, Ambassador Yassine. And kind of on your point on adaptive technologies and the need for them, especially given that we're unlikely to get ahead on mitigation measures. I'd like to turn to Jeff. Are you saying in your book that the heat will kill you first, that as heat waves become more intense and more common, they will become more democratic. But until that happens, the heat is exposing deep fissures of inequity and injustice. Not everybody has access or can afford adaptive technologies like air conditioning or some of the technologies that Ambassador Yassine just mentioned. You also delve deep into the idea that he is predatory from a migration and security point of view. It preys on the most vulnerable first. So how do we reduce the impulse to flee within these places that are most vulnerable and the people that are most vulnerable? And how do we democratize access to adaptive technologies? Thank you. Those are really excellent questions and very complex questions about, you know, let me start with the idea that I think that, you know, for too long in the climate discussion, there's been this binary between, you know, mitigation or adaptation. And we haven't been able to have both conversations kind of at the same time. People think have thought before the talking about adaptation takes away from the political inertia and energy towards mitigation. And if you talk about mitigation, that will take away from any kind of political momentum for adaptation. First of all, so I think we need to really reframe the larger conversation because obviously what's driving, you know, these migration problems that we talk about. In my book, I talk about heat as a kind of force of planetary chaos. And so we need to like turn down the thermostat, right? And that's the number one thing that we can't forget about, which is reducing fossil fuel emissions as quickly as possible and much faster than what we're doing. But then, you know, we also have to think and talk about adaptation. And, you know, that gets into technology for sure, like Ambassador Yasin was talking about. But it's also, you know, deeply political and it's about this divide between, you know, the wealthy and the vulnerable. And that is I see that here in Texas. I live in Austin, you know, there's it's been a summer of brutal extreme heat. And you can see, you know, the outdoor workers, people who are working on the streets, farm workers, you know, incredibly vulnerable to these outdoor conditions. And then there's, you know, the knowledge workers and others who are sitting inside their air conditioned offices and, you know, just think that it's like a little bit higher of an electricity bill. So how do you how do you deal with this? How do you deal with this separation? And, you know, we have a governor in Texas who, for political reasons, decided to pass legislation making it illegal for any city or county in Texas to pass laws requiring water breaks and shade breaks, rest for outdoor workers. I mean, it's, you know, climate has been politicized in a very powerful way here. So, you know, the answer to these questions is technological. Yes, we can figure out ways to develop cheaper air conditioning, better access to air conditioning for people who can't afford it. We can subsidize electricity rates to make it cheaper for people who do have AC to run them. We can think about cooling technologies. There's a lot of technological solutions to some of these problems, but it's also, you know, a deeply political problem. And it's a deeply political problem, you know, in the most straightforward sense, but also in, you know, just like money in the sense of we see that in the international climate negotiations with the Green Climate Fund and things like that. So it's a, to me, when we think about, you know, how we're going to deal with this gap, we have to think first about politics. Thanks, Jeff. And on politics, I'd like to turn it over to Director General Elect Amy Pope, you know, IOM as an agency, as an organization that works very much directly on the ground with the populations most affected. In my previous work in development, I've worked very closely with IOM and they've always been on the forefront acknowledging the impacts that climate change over time and then as well as immediate climate induced disasters have on populations in the displacement of people. But it's also a very political question. And given your where you sit and some of the not necessarily aversion to delving into politics, but acknowledging the impact that climate has on politics and that politics has on acknowledging climate. How much is IOM investing in activities that address adaptation measures? And if there are any specific initiatives or programs that the IOM is planning to implement to promote climate resilient migration, both within countries and internationally, we'd love to hear more about that. Thank you, Hila. And I also just want to say thank you to New America and ASU for even raising this issue. It's one that frankly, I think is not getting enough attention given how significant the impact will be on hundreds of millions of people into the future. I was actually just in Kenya for the Africa Climate Summit. And when I was there, in addition to engaging with the government officials, I also made a trip out to Dadaab, which many of you will know is one of the world's largest and longest standing refugee camps where over 100,000 people have come over the last about two years because of the drought in Somalia. And those people are joining hundreds of thousands of people who are already displaced and are unable to go home because, frankly, they don't have a way to live at home. Right. And when we talk about Somalia, we're talking about conflict. Obviously, they've had a long history of conflict and continued threats as a result of al-Shabaab. But when you layer that on top of the inability of communities to make a living and many communities are agricultural or pastoral, so they are literally depending on the land to feed themselves and their children, you immediately see how climate change is becoming a threat multiplier. So it is first and foremost, if you cannot make a living, if you have no future at home, moving is the most human adaptation strategy that now exists. Right. And if you add in communities that have been facing conflict, especially for a prolonged period of time, you can see how climate is actually destabilizing and preventing more durable solutions in those communities. So from my point of view, number one is just building awareness about what's happening. And and, you know, for a lot of these communities, there is no low-cost air conditioning solution. They just, I mean, they have very little, right? They're living in very basic circumstances. So building awareness of what we're seeing right now on the ground and how that will impact communities across the world. That's that's key. Two is driving the political consensus that this is happening. So I was in Africa in Kenya because we are helping to facilitate what's known as the Kampala Declaration, which is basically an acknowledgement by African member states of the impact of climate on human mobility because that consensus doesn't yet exist. Everybody sees it. You know, one of the ministers said to me, well, but it's obvious. It's obvious, but but there's still this unwillingness to acknowledge. And the reason why that's so important is because then that allows us to build climate change and climate adaptation into national planning, into resource mobilization, into strategic thinking. So for me, this is this is there's an awareness raising. There's a political consensus driving and then there's on the ground. What is our direct response and our ability to provide more stability for communities that are impacted? So there is a tremendous amount of work that needs to happen. And we are so far behind where we need to be given the real threat this poses to existing communities and then the destabilizing follow on impact it will have as a result. Thank you. And I particularly appreciate that that last point, because I think for those of us who work in this space, we take it for granted that there is consensus, but there is, in fact, not that consensus that is necessary. In fact, there are powers that be that are shifting the consensus to the other side. So on that and Ambassador, I guess, you do get very political in your role as you should. But, you know, I think we think. Measures and we think about these large scale COP convenings and the like, but a lot of the agreements that we have to come to must be done at the regional level. You alluded earlier to the lower flow rate of the rivers in Iraq due to some of your regional neighbors, Turkey and Iran in particular. Can you share a little more with us about how Iraq is engaging with those regional neighbors on the urgency of shared water resources and how that figures into other regional considerations? Well, thank you. This is a critical issue. You know, oil is precious, but water is even more precious because it's vital for life. And so in every country has to take into account the requirements of its own population, even before looking at the requirements of downstream countries. But, you know, there are historic presidents. One has to take into account Iraq would be nothing without its two rivers. My slogan is, you know, Iraq land of the two rivers. Let's keep it that way and let's keep them flowing. And so I think there are examples that we could we could emulate in terms of wise management, equitable management of water that have been implemented. I can think, for example, of the Mekong Delta Authority or the way the European Union handles their rivers that cross go through several countries. But the real issue that I want to raise here is that, in fact, there is even though action has to be local, but the resources that are needed are such a magnitude that this has to be a global, global collective effort. There is so much need. And the issue is really down falls down to equity. The countries that will be most vulnerable to climate change have done in the end of the calculations, very little to raise the level of CO2 in the atmosphere, which is where it is because of history, because of the fact that, you know, the industrial revolution has been going on for actually more than a century. And so we need to focus on this aspect of equity and to force a consensus to get the countries of the world all to chip in as they can, according to their resources. And also, according to the needs of the countries that will be most at need, one of the things that I'd like to point out here is that we're all trying to talk about achieving the Paris Consensus, which is, you know, capping the increase of average temperatures to 1.5. But that's an average, you know, there are countries that will get less. There are countries that will get a lot more, really a lot more. And my concern as an Iraqi climate envoy is that Iraq is going to be is most likely to be one of those countries where the temperature rise is going to be way more than than 1.5 degrees. And that's going to be also the case of our neighboring countries. And so how do we deal with it? Well, we have to get Iraq together to what we need to do. But then we will require the help of the international community as as much as they can in terms of technology, in terms of resources and perhaps in terms of a little more water from our neighboring countries. Thank you, Ambassador Yasin. And to that point on, you know, the impact of increased carbon emissions does not stay within borders. And so we are seeing the impact of it on the more vulnerable countries, most vulnerable communities. And so this brings me to a point that you made, Jeff, in your book. As a lawyer, I really appreciated your examination of the science of extreme event attribution, especially as we go into the next cop and ongoing discussions around loss and damage funds. What will it take for the international community to accept attribution and attach monetary value to it? Particularly with special interests playing a very significant role in these discussions. Yeah, that's a great point. I think I don't know what it will take to, you know, gain recognition of the power of this attribution science and how that will exactly play out. But I think it's one of the most important developments in climate science right now and actually in kind of climate politics right now because it is, you know, for a long time, scientists have, when they talked about attribution, you know, of extreme events, a hurricane, a drought, a heat wave. They always quoted James Hansen's line about, you know, climate loads the dice so that, you know, these extreme events are more likely but we could never say, oh, this heat wave or this storm was caused by higher levels of CO2. Well, now attribution science, which is, I have a chapter about in my book, it's basically a kind of modeling that looks at extreme events and asks, would this have happened without the higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere or not? And I write about a German scientist named Frederica Otto who is on the forefront of this.  And what they've done is not that they look at every event and say, aha, you know, this was caused by climate change. They're able to discern that some events are climate driven like the heat wave in the Pacific Northwest in 2021. They've said virtually could not have happened without the elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. Then they looked at the Pakistani floods last year and they basically said, no, this was within the range of sort of natural events and we don't see CO2 as a driver. But what's really important about this is it begins to, you know, change the political dynamics because you can now look at this and say, look, you in the global north or you ExxonMobil or, you know, caused this in the same way that, you know, there's not an exact comparison but it's a fair enough comparison of smoking and tobacco, you know, we now can attribute these events. And so once we can attribute these events with some degree of actual, with close to factual certainty, that changes the political discussion in a big way. And it recalculates this big question that's at the heart of what we're talking about about mitigation, adaptation and security, which is what do the rich, you know, who are causing the problem, owe to, you know, the people who are in the refugee camps and the name he is talking about and what does justice and equity mean in this world now? And this attribution science is changing that in a very dramatic way. Thank you, Jeff. And then for Director General Elect Pope, you know, I threw out some very dramatic numbers earlier at the top of this conversation. And while that might resonate for some, I think it's too far removed from people's day-to-day realities. But as I mentioned earlier, IOM has been doing excellent work on documenting and researching and seeing whether that nexus is between climate change, disasters and conflict and migration. So, you know, there are conversations within these cops, the UNFCCC, among others, but they seem so high-level. How is the IOM working with these other organizations to create a coordinated and effective responsive strategy that deals with the day-to-day of people's lives and brings it down a few levels? Oh, I wish I could say that it was fully coordinated and effective. I think because we're not fully at the point where we have appreciated the threat, the response is actually not where it needs to be.  And the truth is we know very little, right? So part of my priorities coming into the organization is to engage with our sister agencies as well as those other entities that are collecting the data on which communities are going to be most impacted by climate disaster, drought, flood, sea level rise to start, right? And then identify which vulnerabilities exist in those communities. So for example, if you are completely dependent on farming and we project that you're actually not going to be able to farm, what are we doing now to engage? Right now, that's not happening. There is not a concerted effort globally to approach the problems that that way. And so that means that the solutions are lacking and they're very ad hoc. So we have really great solutions, working with a community in South Sudan who has been displaced by flooding to help them do better water management. But we do not have across the board a strategic approach where we're systematically applying the data, overlaying it with vulnerability of communities and then coming up with interventions on the adaptation side. So that's where the work needs to happen. And that's why the awareness raising is so critical to the future. Thank you so much. And I think we are almost at time but before we go to audience questions, one thing that I like to do with panels, I always acknowledge that when we have such a gathering of great minds and experiences, I like to give people the opportunity to ask one another questions. And so I'll turn it over to you while if you have any questions for one another. Well, at the risk of betraying my age, I'd like to make a comment. So most of the models that are looking at our evolution as a species under the impact of climate change take 2050 as a target for net zero or 2040. 2050 is to me not that far off. I started working on climate change issues in 1996. That's 27 years ago. And 2050 is 27 years from now. So this is real. It's no joke. It's something, I don't know if I'll be there, but you sir, I hope I'm pretty sure you will be. And so this is about the livelihoods of all the people or actually a great chunk of the people who are attending this workshop. This is about you. It's not about strangers. This is something that engages us all and we have to address it because we'll have to live with it, hopefully. Yeah, I'll just add one thing to that, which is the reason I gave my book, as you described scary title of The Heat Will Kill You First is because I really wanted, I think that the discussion about climate and impacts has been kind of marooned in this sort of middle future for too long and dominated by scenarios and arguments about scenarios and future people that will be impacted and future water flows and future projections of heat and all that. And I think that, I mean, in my book, I really wanted to underscore that this is happening now that these impacts are real. Heat can, you can go for a walk on a hot day in Baghdad or in Phoenix. And if you're not prepared, you can die in two hours. And this is not hypothetical. This is not some risk that's far in the future. This is a risk that is playing out around us right now in real time that all of us are dealing with. And, you know, I just, the attempt in my book was to do exactly what the investor talked about, which is shift this conversation to today, not to 2050. Just add that the other angle where we are thinking a little bit differently about this is starting to understand and appreciate how migration can actually be one of the climate adaptation strategies. So if people no longer have the opportunity to make a living because of climate factors that have completely eroded their economic opportunities at home, how do we build strategies that enable them to take opportunities that may be elsewhere? In some cases that's gonna be within a country. So we've seen a lot of natural rural to urban migration but it's important that we start to do planning around that. And then when we think about the demographic changes that we expect to see in the world much more broadly, can we think about how do we enable communities that cannot adapt at home to take the jobs that might be elsewhere? So again, thinking about not just, how do we avoid a mass migration? How do we do migration that's gonna work in the face of a changing climate? Thank you all. And I think then we can turn it over to audience questions. I think we'll have some questions coming from our virtual audience as well as the mic in the room. So we'll give it a minute or four questions to come through. Question for Ambassador Yasin. This is Peter Bergen. Can you sort of assess, obviously there's great wealth disparities in the Middle East. The Saudis, the Qataris, the Emiratis have a lot of resources. How are they doing compared to say the Yemens or other countries without many resources that are equally affected? Well, both the Emirati and the Saudis and I've observed their attitude during the climate change negotiations. In the very beginning, they, like many people working in the oil industry, were dubious, were deniers, if you will, and in fact tried to not scuttle but delay discussions. And in fact, I remember their chief negotiator was very often offered the fossil of the year award by organizations like Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth in a climate activists. The attitude that you feel that you sense from the chief negotiators from Saudi Arabia, from the Emirates is completely different. It's very responsible and there is a concerted effort on their part to try to use their resources to develop technologies that will help to the greatest degree mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions. They're doing a lot of effort, for example, on carbon capture use and storage. Whether that will be a silver bullet, I don't know, but it's certainly something that needs to be pursued and worked on. One of my pet ideas is to try to talk about countries around the Persian Gulf or Caribbean Gulf, call it what you will, is to see whether we can develop a common stand in these negotiations. Because in fact, one of the reasons why I think Saudi Arabia is moving in the direction that it did is because they are confronted to heat. And you mentioned, Jeff mentioned heat in Texas. I think I heard that the municipality of Riyadh just passed a law forbidding people from working outdoors between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m.  I think one thing we were remiss in mentioning in the course of this panel was, there is some focus on adaptive measures and mitigation measures, but we are also going into a new great competition over a battle of resources for renewable energies themselves. And so this is creating a new kind of geopolitical tension and geopolitical competition, primarily between the U.S. and China, but among others. And so I would like to pose this question to all three panelists. How do you see this impacting those communities that currently house those resources? I'll say something about this. I think that this is gonna have a profound impact on geopolitics as the kind of power structures have been developed around the world by this wealth of fossil fuels. And we can argue about the timing and we can argue about this pace of the decline, but clearly this transition away from fossil fuels is happening and will continue to happen. And there will be sort of winners and losers in this end game, but the end game is happening. And so everyone now is scrambling for the next kind of oil. And so we have the rare minerals that are needed for batteries. We have things like lithium that were never considered valuable 20 years ago who cared about lithium. And now so places like Greenland, for example, right? Which was just seen as this place with a lot of ice and some fishing villages and just like not a part of the sort of geopolitical strategy map in any powerful way. Now all of a sudden is in the middle of this mad gold rush for rare minerals and things. And that gives them a lot of leverage and a lot of power and is shifting the sort of larger geopolitical conversations about where the future lies. What impact will this have in the Middle East as oil declines in value? I mean, obviously there's all kinds of ways of propping up value and prices, but in the long run, this is gonna change. And as you mentioned that Saudis and others know this, but it's still going to be a great geopolitical shift in the decade or two as we see this transition accelerate. For sure it will. My advice to countries that are fortunate enough to have resources is to pay attention to what happened to countries with oil. The oil curse is a reality. So they really should formulate their thinking in terms of long-term planning, look as far ahead as they can, think of their future generations and get the best international lawyers they can to work with them. We have one question from our virtual audience. And this is to all panelists, how to persuade convinced national governments that need to address mitigate climate change that it is now and immediate? I actually think that this tie to mobility and migration is actually a really concrete example of how climate is impacting communities. If you are in many places around the world, you're seeing people who are displaced by climate. There are many, many senior officials in other parts of the world who are concerned about mass migration and what the destabilizing impact that might have on their communities. For me talking about and seeing the evidence of people moving is one of our best ways to demonstrate that this is happening. People are leaving because they have no other choice. And so tying it to what we're seeing on the ground, making clear what the connection is, driving the political consensus around that, that's all part of persuading national governments that this is no joke. I mean, it also helps by the way that people in places like Arizona felt it firsthand, people in places like Switzerland where I am felt it firsthand. And so that is part of the lived experience, if you will. What I'll say is that what we're doing right now is part of what we need to do. We have to raise awareness as Amy has said. And a lot of people are doing excellent work to make people aware of what's happening. Jeff's book was mentioned. I really urge you all to read it. But there have been some remarkable pieces of reporting by journalists across the globe. One I will mention in particular is a piece by Alyssa Rubin and colleagues of the New York Times who went and followed with technical equipment. I mean, this is not something you could do on a print paper, but you can do it online where they took instruments that could measure the body temperature of an Iraqi worker in Basra going out to work very early in the morning before sunup because he wanted to get his job done before temperatures would be too unlivable. Compare that to the life of one of his neighbors, not two distant neighbors, the Kuwaiti University professor who lives in a protected environment with an appropriate infrastructure. These are things that can make people sense how direct this threat is in terms of impacting our lives to be a worker under noon temperatures in Texas or in Iraq or in Arizona is not something to be envied. And I think this is something we have to factor in. And I have to say, Jeff, in your book, you do mention this a great deal. And what I appreciated most about your book is that it started off with stories of families that look like mine, young families, healthy families in the US with the means to adapt to the heat and yet they are being affected too. And so I think for so long, so many people in positions of power and for who can influence those in positions of power have felt fairly inoculated because it's always, those people in Bangladesh who are facing flooding and are going to be underwater and those poor people in the Horn of Africa who are facing droughts and water scarcity, it's not going to affect me in the immediate term, but we're seeing the impacts of it coming to life in a real way. And so how can we catalyze on this moment to shift public opinion in a way that can influence large scale policy decision making? Yeah, that goes to this question of, 15 years ago I had a conversation with Al Gore about kind of what it takes to wake people up to the risks and consequences of climate change.   I asked President Obama a couple of years ago when I was traveling in Alaska with him and he talked about seeing the changes in the barrier and the coral reefs in Hawaii that he used to swim and snorkel among when he was a kid and seeing them bleached out and changing. And that was really kind of one of the things that really woke him up. But I've put aside this notion that we're gonna have some kind of collective awakening. This is going to be trench warfare, two steps forward, one step back. This is, we see that in America very clearly now where we have one political party that essentially thinks that climate change is a hoax. And to the point of security and migration that we've been talking about, you know, we would like to think that as we get educated and smarter about this, we'll see people in motion understand the risks and consequences of that, understand how the threat to security and deal with it in a kind of rational way. In fact, in Texas what we see is, razor blades in the Rio Grande and more calls for armed border patrols. I mean, it can also work in the opposite direction, right? Which is one of the great dangers that I think we face now is especially with migration is using that as an excuse to divide and to build walls and how do we broaden the security question to be not just about you and your family but about us and the world. And that's an excellent point. If I may avail on our panelists to take just one more question from our live audience. Yes, hello, this is Andres Martinez, the editorial director of Future Tents and other ASU, New America Collaboration. This conversation has been great and it hits very close to home. We've mentioned Arizona. I live there now and survived the 31 consecutive days of 110 plus degrees. That is Fahrenheit, so just to clarify. I've been really struck, Jeff, to hear you talk about the tension between adaptation and mitigation and the sense that the politics doesn't allow to talk about both. And what feels like a lifetime ago, I think we had you at your first New America events talk about geo-engineering of all things. And so a question for you and for the others is, are we in a place that you feel we can still explore and deploy technology to serve as part of the answer to this looming crisis or present crisis, really? Or are the politics where, as you said, some people want to say this is a hoax, other people perhaps want to say we need to change our behaviors. Some days I worry that there's actually no space to really at least look at technology as part of the answer but I'm really eager to hear your thoughts on that. Thank you. Thanks, Envis. So I think when we talk about broadly about technology, that's a very broad subject. So you brought up geo-engineering, which is the sort of Frankenstein of technologies, which for people who don't know about this, what we're talking about is basically some nation or even individual putting a fleet of aircraft into the sky that distributes particles. The act is sort of a solar shade, kind of in some sense creating an artificial volcano which would help reflect away some sunlight and cool the earth. It's a really bad idea that it has some kind of political inevitability as temperatures get hotter and hotter, which is a whole other subject that I don't think is worth going into right now but I do think technology, it can be a huge, is obviously a huge tool in dealing with this, whether it's when I was writing my sea level rise book in Lagos, I'm reporting in Lagos, they were, I wrote about a Dutch Nigerian architect who built a community center floating in the sort of water slums of Lagos that just out of sort of oil drums and spare wood, it was this beautiful structure that changed the relationship of the community with each other and was a great example of the kind of technology that sort of anti is not, technology is not always Elon Musk and Tesla's and things like that. And here in Texas, we see technology happening and changing things at a big rate. Texas is the home of fossil fuels. It's the ancient home of oil and gas in America. And yet during the seat wave, 30% of the power on the grid was coming from basically solar and Texas leads the nation in solar energy, which nobody talks about. This is happening, right? These technological changes are happening. There's technology to deal with water shortages as the ambassador mentioned, more efficient systems of all ways, all kinds of redesigning how cities are built, more green spaces, all kinds of things like this. But ultimately, I feel with the technology discussion is it plays into the idea that there's a kind of silver bullet for this problem, that we just need to figure out the right gizmos deployed in the right places and everything will be fixed. And it's not. And that's why this conversation is so important, is because it's really political and it's about who gets these gizmos first and where the money flows and what the relationship is of, these questions about justice and equity that we've talked about. That's where the difficult part of this transition is stuck right now. Thank you so much. Can I say something? Please do say something. We have a little bit of time to recognize you guys there. I'm a little biased. I think there potentially is a silver bullet and it's fusion. But even if we achieve it, if we ever will, we'll have to work together to deploy it throughout the world. That doesn't mean that we don't need to mitigate as much as possible, reduce our greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible. But there are things that we could do to see whether we can come up with a silver bullet. And I think we need to do all of the above to ensure the future of mankind. Don't want to be too dramatic, but that's what it's all about. Well, we hope to continue these conversations here at New America and elsewhere. But I think to both of your points, justice and equity and human rights really have to be centered in these conversations. I know that we are over time and we have to keep the agenda moving, but I really do want to express my heartfelt appreciation for all of your time. I know that calling in from across different time zones and with your very busy schedules isn't always easy, but appreciate the time that you've made for this all important conversation. Thank you all. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much for this important thing. Thank you. Thank you.


In my country with the land consolidation many problems would be solved such as solving the problem with the unfavorable structure of agriculture land considering the huge fragmentation of the land parcels and improvement of the shape of the land parcels, improved access of the land parcels to road infrastructure and to the system for irrigation and drainage, possibility for rehabilitation of the existing and construction of new rural infrastructure. All of these leads to obtaining a cost-effective and competitive agricultural production.


Kraft presents the Great Gilder Sleeve! Yeah! Cheese Company, makers of Parquet Margarine and a complete line of famous quality food products, presents Harold Perry as the Great Gilder Sleeve. Kraft brings you the Great Gilder Sleeve every week at this time, written by John Wheaton and Sam Moore with music by Claude Sweeten. Great Gilder Sleeve in just a moment. Our trusty old Almanac tells us it'll soon be time to plant those victory crops America so vitally needs this year. Everyone who possibly can should plant a garden and see it through to the harvest. And now here's a mighty pleasing way to get some of that extra energy you'll need for work in your victory garden. Eat plenty of Parquet Margarine, the nourishing spread that tastes so good. Parquet is one of the best energy foods you can possibly serve. What's more, Kraft guarantees every single pound of Parquet to contain 9,000 units of important vitamin A. So get some of that needed energy and vitamin A this pleasing way by spreading bread, toast or rolls with delicious Parquet. Ask for the spread that tastes so good. And that's Parquet, P-A-R-K-A-Y, Parquet Margarine made by Kraft. Now let's join our old friend Gilder Sleeve. Spring, as it must to all places, has come at last to Summerfield and Gilder Sleeve is feeling its magic influence. But as he basks in the wreath of his after breakfast cigar, he finds that he's not the only spring-struck member of his family. Here's the faithful Birdie, for instance. Excuse me, Mr. Gilder Sleeve, are you busy? Oh no, Birdie, just enjoying the beautiful day.  Well, sir, it's all in how you look at it. Now me, I thought it was such a nice day I'd like to get started on my spring cleaning. Oh, great idea. House could stand a little going over. Yes, sir. I thought maybe I could do some work on these floors in here. Right, they really need it. Yes, sir. And I was wondering, could you take the rugs out and beat them for a while? Birdie, I wonder if this whole thing is really necessary. Really? Of course it's necessary, Mr. Gilder Sleeve. We do it every year. Uh-huh, we do it every year. In other words, it's customary. But customary and necessary are two different things, Birdie. I've often thought to myself, Birdie keeps this house in such good shape all through the year. Why does she bother with spring cleaning? We don't need it, Birdie. Forget the whole thing. Yes, sir. You think I could get Leroy to beat the rugs? No, I didn't. I think of that. Just the thing, have Leroy beat the rugs, then you can polish up these floors and clean the whole house. It's filthy. What a man. I'll get Leroy at it right away, Birdie. Leroy! Leroy! What? Come down here. What? Don't make me shout, young man. Come down here. Okay! What's he doing up there, anyway? I don't know, Mr. Gilsey. He says he's practicing his magic. Oh, that again? That's all he talks about. Shufi of kind reception. Listen, wizard. For my first trick this evening, I shall endeavor to present the mystery of the missing egg. Not now. This trick was presented to me many years ago by a celebrated Indian Swainy. Leroy. Aw, can't you let me practice my pattern? I got it down pretty good now, but I can't keep Santa to myself. I don't want to hear any pattern. You have to have it. Why? It keeps the tricks from being so boring. Well, that's a step in the right direction. But I didn't get you downstairs to listen to your pattern, my boy. Or to watch your tricks, either. I've got a job for you right now. A job? Saturday's my paid, my day off. Well, it's really nothing at all, my boy. Just a little household chore you should be glad to do. Cleaning up a cellar? Yeah. Now you can do that next Saturday. This is much easier. I do it myself, except I'm busy. To take these rugs out and beat them till they're clean. That's all. If I do it, will you watch me do a magic show tonight? Can't watch it tonight. I'm taking Mrs. Ransom to the country club dance. How about a show this afternoon, then? Well, if you finish the rugs. Okay. Boy, what a terrible way to sell tickets. Hey, huge large. Why shouldn't she help me? Help you what? Here's the mail, Uncle Mark. Mail? Oh, all bills, I suppose. Anything for me? We'll be writing to you. Something here from the National Geographic. A bill from Dr. Pettibone. Hey, what's this? Let go. It's purple. Who's it from? From Martin P. Gildersleeve S. Leroy? My gosh, it's got perfume on it. Smell, Marge. Leroy, give me that. Okay, gosh. I don't know who it could be. Leroy stopped trying to read over my shoulder. I wasn't reading it. Uncle was just... Go away. Go do something. Go lay an egg. I need an audience. Me? Yes, Bertie?  Oh, yes, of course. Grab hold of that in there, Leroy. Wait a minute. Don't pull it with me standing on it. Come on, Marge, let's go in the den. Maybe I can read my mail in peace. And imagine who this letter could... Well, I'll be darned. What is it? After all these years. Uncle Mort, what is it? Violet. Who's violet? An old friend. An old friend of your uncle's. I've never even heard you mention anyone named Violet. I never have. The memory was too painful. Oh. Yes, my dear. This is a chapter of your uncle's life he thought was closed. Is she someone you were very fond of? Marjorie. She was the most beautiful girl I've ever known. Really? What was she like? Well, she was... She was just beautiful, that's all. She had hair that was all... I don't know, it was just beautiful. And when she smiled, it was beautiful. She must have been beautiful. She was. I remember her eyes. They were the bluest eyes you've ever seen. Only they weren't exactly blue. They were more purple. Only they weren't really purple, they were red. Violet. That's it. They were violet. And why didn't I ever think of that? Violet with the violet eyes. I used to bring her violets all the time, because that was her name. Violet. Or Vi as I used to call her. I was only 19 at the time. Uncle Mort, were you really in love with her? I would have married her in a minute. Then why didn't you ask her? I did. Oh. Yes, my dear, that's life. Mine stopped when I was 19. Oh, now, Anki... It's true. When a man loves deeply, he loves only once. Now you know. That's why your old uncle is never married. That's why women have never held any interest for him. I know what you're going to say now. I wasn't going to say it. Lila and I are... Lila and I are just good friends, that's all. We may have gotten in a little over our depth there one time, but... What about Eve Goodwin? Eve? Well, we're good friends too. It's never been the way it was with Violet. Nothing was ever like that. Tell me, Anki, what happened? Why didn't she marry you? Well, it was a fellow named Harry. Yes? That's all. He was named Harry. Last name was Kane, a hurdler. He was on the track team at college. He used to call him Harry, Harry Kane. He was fast on his feet, but that's all you could say for him. He went into insurance later. She married him? She married him. Don't ask me why. It's the last I ever saw of her. I saw him once try to sell me an insurance policy. Did you buy it? Huh. Good for you. Well, it's all water over the dam now. No use crying over spilt milk. Poor Anki. God, she was lovely. But as I say, that chapter of my life is closed forever. Or is it? Let's see what she has to say here. I've been talking so much, haven't even read it. Dear Tubby. She always used to call me Tubby. I was a little plump in those days. See, she's coming through Summerfield tomorrow. You hear that, Marge? She's coming to Summerfield. Really? This was written yesterday. That means she's arriving today. Oh gosh, I'm so excited. What else does she say? Let me see. I'll be passing through Summerfield tomorrow. You heard about poor Harry, I suppose. And I couldn't... Wait a minute. What happened to Harry? She doesn't say it, has she? Poor old Harry. His policies must have matured. I only hope he was covered. Uncle Mort, when's she arriving? Well, she gets in at 5.15. Says she'll be wearing a blue hat. In case I don't recognize her. That chance. Oh, Uncle Mort, I think it's so romantic. And it's your age, too. Huh? To think that you'll be meeting her this very afternoon. I should think you'd be so excited. Oh, I am. My heart is actually pounding. That's all right, Bernie. Marjorie.   I'd kind of like to be alone for a few minutes. Alone with your memories. I know. Alone with my memories. Well, I'll just stretch out on the couch here. Silly to get all excited like this. Think I was a kid. At George, I feel like a kid. Yep. Remember when I used to go and call on her? I'd wait for her to come downstairs. Same feeling. Couldn't get my breath. I'd sit there, trying to talk to her mother. One eye on the stairs. And the words wouldn't come out. And finally she'd come down. As beautiful as the dawn. Oh, Violet, I loved you so. If only I could have told you what was in my heart. Bye, dear. Dear darling Vi. What'll it be like to see you again? To hear your dear voice? I remember it so well. It was like music when you spoke my name. Tubby, you called me. And I liked it. Tubby. Tubby. Yes, Vi, it's Tubby. Oh, Tubby, I've come to you at last. It's been so long, so long. I know, dear. Oh, can you ever forgive me for what I've done to you? Can you ever forget? I can't forget, Vi, but I can forgive. Oh, Tubby, you were always so good to me. Why did I ever marry Harry? You can say that again. Speaking of Harry. Tubby, you heard? About Harry? Yes, I heard. Poor Harry. Perhaps it was all for the best. Well, I can go along with that. Tubby, you are glad to see me, aren't you? Oh, tell me you're glad to see me. Glad to see you? I mean, gosh, yes. Well, then? Well? Well, aren't you going to take me in your arms? Am I? Tubby, darling. Tubby, Tubby, Tubby. Right this minute, we're going down to the florist to buy Lila a corsage. Huh? On our table. But I wouldn't dream of going to a spring dance without wearing flowers. And I knew you never in the world would think of sending me in. But Lila... We'll just pick them out, and then I'll pretend I never saw them before. How's that? I thought maybe a little old fashioned bouquet of wild flowers. I'm wearing my white organ, and it's quite girlish. What do you think? Lila, I... about tonight. Yes. The truth is, I forgot about the dance at the country club. Forgot about it? Yeah, you see, well, you must... mustn't misunderstand. I'd like to take you, but this is sort of a previous engagement. I mean, I sort of got involved. I'm sorry. I don't know what you've got involved in, Throckmorton, but let me remind you that you invited me to this dance a good three weeks ago. This is something I got involved in a good 30 years ago. Well, where's she? Name's Violet. Violet! Violet! Well, it's Throckmorton. Where do you find them? What's so funny about Violet? I can see how it might not seem so funny. Danny will name Throckmorton. Well, I'll be going now. Lila, you're not mad, are you? Racist, why should I be mad? There are plenty of attractive men. Oh, that's good. I was afraid you might not understand. I understand perfectly, Throckmorton. Lila, bye, George. I'll say one thing for you.  Mr. Gildersley, that's one thing I won't take from any man. Make sense of humor, that girl. I wonder if she meant it. If you're going by the florist, tell him to save me some violets. I guess she meant it. I think you women will agree that some foods, more than others, help solve that problem of how to serve tasty, nourishing meals despite ration point handicaps. Take a fine food like parquet margarine, for example. What a wonderful help women have found parquet to be. Parquet adds good flavor, good nourishment to every meal. Yet parquet is amazingly economical, low in price, low in ration point cost, but at the same time high in all the qualities of a fine spread for bread. It's always such a pleasure to serve parquet. The flavor is so fresh, so delicate, so satisfying. It's rich in food energy value, and 9,000 units of vitamin A are guaranteed in every single pound. So for better tasting, more nourishing meals, serve parquet. P-A-R-K-A-Y. Parquet margarine, the spread that tastes so good. Tomorrow, buy parquet. It's made by Kraft. Now let's get back to the great gilder sleeve. He's somewhat nervously consumed his lunch, and after a long mental debate as to whether he should dress first and go to the florists afterwards, or go to the florists first and then dress, here he is in his bedroom, picking out a necktie. Well, let's see. This one is expensive, but I never liked it. She always liked the figured tie. Nice polka dot would be just where the devil is it. Found it, I only bought the darn thing last week. Bernie Marjory, where's my polka dot tie? Did you say something else? I'm looking for my blue polka dot tie, Leroy. Have you seen it? Oh, yeah. Well, if that kid is starting to wear my neckties. Hey, Neri Box. That is, it looks like an ordinary box. However... Leroy, I don't want tricks. I want my neckties. Just a sec. The box is empty. Is it not? Nothing in the box, nothing up my sleeve. Leroy? Now the masked wizard reaches into the box and presto! Give me that necktie. Here. See, I did it pretty good, didn't I, uncle? Did what? Produced the necktie. Didn't it mystify you? Hey, what's happened to this necktie? Have you been wearing it? Oh, no, I never wear your ties. You told me not to. And how'd you happen to have it? I was just using it for a silk. Physicians have to have them. Oh, they do. Yeah, you have to have silk because it's the only stuff that rolls up into a ball. Leroy, you've practically ruined a necktie that cost a dollar thirty-five cents. To strike you that magic is rather an expensive hobby? It sure is. This box costs six dollars. Six dollars? Young man, I won't have you throwing away good money on this junk. I didn't. I traded it. What's more, if I catch you using any of my neckties again, you'll regret it mightily. Okay. You want to see my show now? No, Leroy. What's your promise? You said after I finished the rugs? My boy, the episode with a necktie didn't exactly put me in the mood for a magic show. However, I would keep my word except I have to go downtown on very urgent business. Oh. Oh, gosh, what about tonight? I told you I was engaged for this evening, Leroy. Yeah, but I thought Mrs. Ransom gave you the brush. Leroy, do you want me to give you the brush? Oh, no! Then forget the magic. Are you honest with him? What can I do for you this afternoon? Not a thing, Phoebe. I saw there was nobody in here, so I came in to wait for the five-fifteen bus. Judge Hooker's in the phone booth there. Have a stool or make yourself count room. Well, I... All right. Eh, care to put your violets in a glass of water? Eh, no thanks. I'll just hold them. The bus ought to be here any minute. Yes, you do right now. Expecting a visitor, Mr. Gildy, please? Yeah. Now, Gildy, trying to listen in on my telephone conversation?  I was talking to an old lady friend of yours. What? I'm taking her to the country club dance tonight. Oh, well, have a good time. We will. Who are the violets for, Leela? No, Judge. They're not for Leela. I'm meeting a lady on the five-fifteen bus, and they're for her. Oh, anybody I know, Gildy? Nope. That's all right, Mr. Jealousy. A man wants to keep something to himself, that's his privilege. Uh... Is the lady a relative? No. As a matter of fact, she's a very lovely lady I knew some years ago. She has violet eyes, and she's dying to see me.   That's the sure thing P.V. never did. Well, no, I wouldn't say that. P.V., you're happily married. Oh, yes, but even a married man has his memories. Why, P.V., I never would have thought it of you. Well, she didn't have violet eyes, but she had something. Was this before you met Mrs. P.V.? Oh, certainly. I met this lady about a year before I met Mrs. P.V. She was the daughter of old Mr. Bensinger. He was the head of the firm where I was working. Bensinger and Holtz, wholesale drug concern. Fine company, Bensinger and Holtz. Their slogan was purity and quality. Never mind the advertising, P.V., what about the girl? We used to call the partners purity, Bensinger and Holtz behind their backs, of course. The girl, P.V.? Oh, yes. Well, as I say, she was Mr. Bensinger's daughter, the apple of the old man's eye. His only daughter, I presume. No, he had 12. But she was the only one he could stand. You see, he kept expecting a boy and each girl made him madder. But he decided to train this girl in the business and it was my job to teach her. Well, teacher what? Well, the laboratory under it. She and I used to be alone every afternoon in that laboratory. Now we're getting somewhere. Was she good looking? A dish for the gods. All right, George, this is good. Wait a minute, P.V., I think I hear the bus. No, just a dump truck. Go ahead, P.V., what happened in the laboratory? Well, I made progress. You did? Yes, sir. Inside of one month, I had her making aspirin tablets. Aspirin tablets? Making them just as well as I could make them myself. There must be something in her entity. I don't care what they say. What about the girl, P.V.? Well, in another month, I had her doing mortal and personal work. And a month after that, she was on solutions and titrations. Honestly, gentlemen, she had my head in the whirl.  You never... didn't you ever kiss her? Mr. Gildersling, she was my employer's daughter. Well, that settles it, P.V., you're made of wood, that's all. No, no, I wouldn't say that. Her father was watching us all the time through a peephole. That's certainly a lovely memory, P.V. Yes, it is, Mr. Gildersling. I can still see her in my mind's eye, stirring up a batch of magnesium. Hey, is that your bus coming in, Gildersling? Bus? Where? I didn't hear anything. Yes, yes, she comes right down the street. You're right. Where's my hat? Oh, on my head. Violets. Oh, here. Well, I'm off. You're going to introduce the lady to your friends, Gildersling? You stay inside the store, judge, if you know what's good for you. Come on in front, P.V., let's watch this. Good luck, Mr. Gildersling. Thanks, P.V. Let's see. I guess I'll let him out of that bus at the front door. Sorry, madam, I was looking at the bus. Women like that ought to stay in the house. Well, here they come. Isn't her? Soldier, it isn't him. Blue hat. Here she comes. Here she comes. Boy, pardon me, sir. This is an emergency.  P.V., I got a hide someplace. You got a back door? I'm going to ride through the prescription room, Mr. Gildersling. Watch out for the garbage pail in the alley. Where is she?  I'm a little tired tonight. Of course. Here, I'll sit on the stairs. Honky, what happened? Wasn't she on the bus? Yeah, she was on it. Well, tell me about it. You were going to bring her home to dinner.  Never try to dig up the past. Why? What do you mean? Live for the present, my dear, and the future. Never look back. I don't understand. Well, you're young. I don't know that I can explain. I'll tell you this. I never knew a little tonight how old I am. Honky, you mustn't talk like that. I wasn't just seeing her like that. It made me realize how I must look to her. Old and fat. You're not old. You're the foot. Yeah, I'm through and I know it. Lucky to have a good little niece like you to help me off with my galoshes and my old age.  Now, stop drooling.  I bet she wasn't so much when she was 16, either. Why, Marjorie, I don't know how that I think of it, but you may be right. She always was a little on the hefty side. I don't know where she got off to call me, Tubby. All you ever saw probably was your violet eyes. Well, I'm a sucker for violet eyes. Now there's Mrs. Ransom. She's every bit as old, but she's taken care of herself. Yes, by George. I'll say that for Lila. She's well preserved. Don't ever let her hear you say it. And she's got spirit, too. I like that. She's not the type who would settle down and marry a hurdle jumper. You know, maybe I ought to invite her over to dinner. Birdie's got all that food out there. Why don't you? I'm doing it. I was planning to take her to the country club dance anyway. I'll run right over there right now.  But you might get wet! Little water never hurt a young fella like me, my dear. Honey, honey, better be ready about half-assie. Honey, honey. Sense of humor. Lila, I find I'm going to be able to take you to the dance after all. Isn't that great? I'm afraid you found that out a little late. Well, better late than never, I always say. I want you to come over to dinner, too. It just happens, Mr. Gildersleeve, that I have been invited to go to the dance by another gentleman, including dinner, and not home cooked either, at a restaurant where we shall probably have lobster new bag. You'll probably get fat. I guess you didn't hear me. You're gone at wire, women, so mean to me. Like this in my own home. You're kidding.  Yeah? There's one trick I'd really like to see. What's that? Do you know how to saw a woman in half? I can find out. You find out, my boy. You find out, and I'll watch you do it every night of the week. Yeah. The car came out during the complete line of famous quality food products. Craft and buy it, you'll musten again next week for the further adventures of the great Gildersleeve. Days of temporary shortages and the small ration point budget, have you learned how craft dinner can help you? A food store near you has craft dinner, two boxes of this delicious macaronian cheese for just one red ration point. And what a special help that quick-made macaronian cheese is. Each craft dinner box serves four folks with fluffy light macaroni that has really rich cheddar cheese flavor through and through. With craft dinner's two magic ingredients, you cook this dish in just seven minutes flat, a wonderful main dish all by itself. And you can do tricks with this swell macaronian cheese. For instance, press the hot craft dinner into a ring mold for a few minutes. Then serve your swell macaronian cheese ring with creamed fish or eggs or leftover fowl. Garnish with tomato slices or whatever you like. You see, you can have company these days when you learn about craft dinner tricks. Tomorrow at a nearby food store, invest just one red ration point in two boxes of craft dinner. This is the National Broadcasting Company.


Not much is known about how intrinsic timescales, which characterize the dynamics of endogenous fluctuations in neural activity, changed during cognitive tasks. Here, the authors show that intrinsic timescales of neural activity in the primate visual cortex changed during spatial attention. Experimental data were best explained by a network model in which timescales arise from spatially arranged connectivity. This article was authored by Roxana Serrati, Yang Liangcha, Nicholas A. Steinmetz, and others.


The Paul Bunyan Trail covers 120 miles from Bemidji to Brainerd, and now a new trail is in the works to continue the path from Brainerd. Our Anthony Scott has the story. Don't quit. I have the Paul Bunyan Trail in my district. The people in Little Falls haven't quit, and an idea that started back in 1991 is finally coming to life as the groundbreaking was held today for a new trail that will connect the Paul Bunyan Trail to the Sioux Line Trail. To be 500 miles of continuous paved trail, it will create the longest paved trail in the world. The Camp Ripley Veterans Trail is planned to be 32 miles long, starting south of Little Falls and ending at the Crow Wing State Park. One unique facet of the Camp Ripley Veterans Trail is that it is proposed to be a multi-use trail, meaning that not only bikers, but also ATVers and snowmobilers can enjoy the trail. I've worked with the snowmobilers in the past and the ATVers, and I've promoted their trails. And biking is something that hasn't been big in the area, but it's growing fast. We now have a bike club. And Little Falls is lacking bike trails for that growing community. As you can see, it's someplace that's only two feet wide. I mean, it's kind of dangerous for bikers, but they do have a trail that's designated along the Mississippi, and that's our only trail. And the tourism aspect cannot be overlooked. And you're going to get people coming in from all over. People from out of this country who love biking look for opportunities like this. One issue throughout the process has been getting land for the trail, but Camp Ripley stepped up, allowing the committee to bypass a tricky section of the trail. Trying to get land acquisition from Randall to Pillager, that leg would have been almost impossible. It would have took 20, 30 more years. The celebration today was about the first section of the trail from Lindberg State Park to Mill Island Park being approved, and an almost 30-year-old idea finally getting a sign of life. Reporting from Little Falls, Anthony Scott, Lakeland News. No date has been set for the completion of the trail, and the board is still in the process of acquiring all the land necessary for the construction. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Okay so you've been asking about this and I wanted to make a video just more updated video for you guys. I've done a video version of this before where I was talking about the various different specialties and how much they make but you guys have been asking me about the number one like highest paying PA specialty and so that is what this video is going to be out about. I hope that you guys go ahead and check that other video out because you can see if there's anything that has changed over the past few years from when I first did this video. So let's get into it right now.  Sit down and welcome back to my channel. Okay so like I said did this before I'm going to link it here for you guys so you guys can go check that out and you can do a little compare and contrast to see if anything has kind of changed. If new specialties have moved in, moved out, fallen off completely who knows but you're going to find out right now and I know you just want to get into the money and know how much these specialties make so I'm going to start off with the top like the number 10 of the top 10 and we'll go down to the end and you guys can try and guess and see if you know which specialty is the one that makes the most money. Let me know in the comment section below if you were right. Okay so the number 10 specialty is plastic surgery. Now if you want to be a plastic surgery PA this one is for you because they make a pretty decent penny. They're coming in at $122,000 on average a year and again this is an average. Obviously there are people in the plastic surgery subspecialties that make a whole lot more and a whole lot less well maybe not a whole lot less but less maybe let's say like $10,000 less I would say but on average it's about $122,000 and take everything that I say with a grain of salt because again these are all averages. For one of the specialties that they're talking about I was like no way they're like I know people making like $10,000 like boo goo tens of thousands of dollars more than what this is saying but again it is the average and this is coming straight from AAPA.org which is our national like kind of governing body of the physician assistant career and profession so you know this is not just me pulling this off of google this is from AAPA okay so you can take it to the bank but with that being said plastic surgery they had like a little kind of diagram that showed how much they made and then like what the average burnout was and it was like 33% which is pretty good that's like low so you know high salary low low burnout I think that's a good thing. All right so the number nine specialty is radiology and now I don't really know that many people in radiology but I know that there are quite a few people that are interested in it you know doing like IR stuff helping out on that end and they make about $122,000 a year like $122,350 I think is what the average was and so that's pretty good too not that far away from plastic surgery and obviously this is on a group of people that they have surveyed AAPA sends out this survey every year to see what the salary or the average salary is so if somebody chooses not to participate or if you know the higher paying radiology PAs are not reporting then that obviously skews this but again take it with a grain of salt okay I'm just giving you the facts and their burnout rate is 42.9% so again not even cracking 50% so that is really good retention which is great in my book okay the next one is urgent care now the urgent care PA makes on average $123,517 and again that is an average I don't know how many times I'm going to keep saying this but to me those numbers sound really low just because I know people that make way more than that but that is what AAPA's salary average is saying however their burnout rate is 54% so they're cracking that 50 percentile which I mean you can take it or leave it it's not like super high but it's just something to think about because you know obviously of the workflow and the case load and all of those are different things so keep that in mind if you're trying to go into urgent care the next one is neurosurgery now neurosurgery is making $124,000 on average a year their burnout rate though is 51.4% so a little bit lower than the urgent care contemporaries but still over 50% so again that may have to do with someone like the neurosurgeons and their their like ego whatever the case may be their their various different like you know idiosyncrasies as neurosurgeons sometimes have or just the case load as well so again something to keep in mind when you're looking at that critical care PA's make about $124,886 on average a year according to the survey I want to see what their burnout rate is 63% 63.4% to be exact and I thought it would be high because honestly like they deal with a lot they see a lot there is a lot of like you know really tough situations surrounding them and you know they're relied on a lot when dealing with their patients so I'm pretty sure that the burnout was going to be high 64% seems high and actually actually 63.4% seems high and it is actually the highest percentage of burnout in the top 10 so just keep that in mind the next one is occupational medicine and they are making $125,600 on average a year their burnout rate however is 42.1% closer to your radiology plastic surgery area you know so you know if you want like the soft life if you look up for that soft life you know hashtag soft life then this might be one for you to get into so this is my area this is where I am at in the surgical subspecialties you know general surgery acute care surgery trauma so for our specialty we make on average $127,775 a year again there are people that make way more than that but that is the average of what was reported and I am happy to say that our burnout is 32% which is the lowest in the top 10 but I think again that is all in terms of like specialty specific because I feel like maybe in like your you know trauma surgery the burnout might be a little bit higher than in your acute care surgery where you're dealing with lots of appies and gallbladders and things of that nature just because of the types of cases that you're coming in contact with but on average it's 32% which is cool to see the next one the number three so we're down to the top three specialties so the number three is emergency medicine and it says that they make on average $129,146 and their burnout is 51.8% so again among the highest actually I think it is the fourth highest in the top 10 so if you are interested in some of these specialties I think it is important to look at both like not only like how much money you're making but also what is the burnout rate because that goes to show like what your overall lifestyle will be what your overall work-life balance might be and you need to really take that into consideration when you're choosing a specialty especially in this career that you have worked so hard to get to okay the number two specialty is dermatology now I know a lot of people that love dermatology all the aesthetic stuff you know Botox and lasers and all of that good stuff they are pulling in 146,000 on average a year which is cool you know obviously that means that there are people pulling in higher like way higher than that they're already in like the mid 100 so that's pretty cool it's interesting though that dermatology is number two at 146,000 and plastics is that 122,000 because you would think that there is like some overlap in there where you know you when you get to like the more cosmetic side of things that they would pull in more but it would be very interesting to see if plastic surgery PAs that deal solely in cosmetics what their salary is in comparison to like their dermatology counterparts because I promise you I promise you it's very high their burnout is 43.2% so on average on par with all of the other kind of like mid-range burnout specialties and now for the number one specialty okay the number one PAs specialty that grosses the highest on average income is cardiothoracic slash cardiovascular surgery they are pulling in 147,200 dollars their burnout rate is 47.6% again pretty on par with all of the other like mid-range it's not in the 60s like a critical care and emergency medicine so you know maybe closer to that soft life but I did see just a report that they pull in the most amount of hours you know on average they're doing like 60 hours a week which is bananas because you know I'm doing like 72 to 80 hours in a two week span so it's just something to think about but I hope this information is very enlightening to you please tell me in the comment section below if you guessed which specialty was the highest grossing one and if you didn't if you got close to it and then kind of tell me also what specialty you're thinking of going into it and how that burnout rate plays on your on your mind in terms of if you're still interested or if you're kind of double you know kind of questioning that or thinking over a little bit all right thank you guys so much for watching if you have any other comments or questions for me leave them in the comment section below don't forget to subscribe and like this video follow me on instagram at a dot on the pa and on instagram at get that c university thank you guys so much for watching I will talk to you guys next time


This video is intended to give a quick overview of the features in the VS Code Docker extension. I'm going to start with a very simple Node.js Express app, and I'm going to add a Docker file to this application using the VS Code Docker extension. I'll go ahead and bring up the command palette, and we'll type in Docker add, and you'll see we have a choice there to add Docker files to the workspace. I'll go ahead and select that. And now I'm asked to select my application platform, or basically my language and any stack I may be using. So I'll go ahead and choose Node.js. And then I'm asked, do I want to include compose files? If you're not familiar, compose is typically used if you want to start up more than one container at the same time using the compose up command. We're not going to use that. We're going to go with a single container. So I'll choose no for now, and I'll choose the default port 3000. All right, and with that, you'll see a Docker file has been generated for us. You'll notice a couple of nice things, some nice colorization here of the keywords in a Docker file, as well as if I hover, you'll see I get help text for that keyword, as well as I can go right to the online documentation to read even more. The other thing I get is if I do a new command, like let's say I need to copy something else, I get IntelliSense, which tells me, hey, you need a source and a destination. I can tab and then fill in my source and destination. So the extension provides you some real nice Docker file editing capabilities. Let's go ahead and keep what we had. And then now that I have a Docker file, I want to build it. The extension helps you with that, too. I can just come here and do a right click and say build image. And you'll notice we put out the we output the command that we're actually running. I'll scroll back up there real quick to show that so that you can see the command that we're running. And then the build occurs and that happened really quick. So we should have an image created for us. So we can go look at that image real easily by clicking over here on the Docker whale that shows up after you install the extension. And here you see we have a couple of images. We have the node image that was pulled down as part of our base image in our Docker file. And then we have the image that we just created a few seconds ago, which was the MyExpress app. Now let's run that image. And when you run an image, it spins up a container. And we'll see that container show up here in the containers panel. I could go to the command line and type in the Docker run command with the various flags, or I can just go here and use the extension to help me run this and just do a right click run. And you'll see the command that we actually generate is the Docker run command using that latest Express app image that we just built. And we include a couple of flags so that the ports get mapped appropriately. And now you'll see our container is running. And in fact, I can do other things with that container. I can right click there and I can view the logs of that running container. So I right click view logs. Nothing interesting yet. Let's actually open a browser and see our app in action. I can do that by opening the browser manually or take advantage of the extension again and just do a right click open in browser. That's going to open up our browser. You'll see our Express app. It's nothing fancy, very simple, but it's up and running. You'll also see the logs down below as I refresh this page. We're actually tailing those logs because I did the right click view logs command. So that's really, that's really handy. Another handy command is I can right click on that container and maybe do attach shell. This is a common thing. If you want to actually attach a shell into that running container, you'll see I'm now in that container. I can do a simple command like maybe list all the files and folders. Maybe I want to cat what that package.json looks like. Didn't quite spell that right. We'll fix that. And I can show what's inside any of those files, which is very handy. Maybe when you're looking through logs or something through like application logs that are on the disk in the running container. So again, you can right click on containers, do a number of things. I can start, stop, remove this. There's a number of things you can also do with an image, such as push an image up into a repository. We help you with that. And here you'll see the registries panel. I can connect up to a registry. I can choose to connect to Azure or to Docker Hub or many other Docker registries that support the V2 API. In this case, I'll go ahead and connect to Docker Hub. I'll give it my Docker Hub ID and I'll give it a quick password. And you'll see Docker Hub now shows up as a connected registry in the extension. I can expand this and you'll see that I have one repo called Big Morty. And I have a number of images that I've pushed in the past. Let's go ahead and expand these. These are, these panels are expandable. They're also, you can move them. You can choose to put them where you want. So that's something to be aware of. All right. So now we're ready to push that image. Let's just go here, do a right click push. We'll choose that Big Morty repo. You'll notice that the extension has noticed that that image is not tagged appropriately. And it's going to prompt you to tag that. Let's go ahead and change this to 1.0. We'll go ahead and tag that image. And then you'll see down below, we're logging into Docker Hub. We're pushing that image. That image will get pushed into Docker Hub. And then it would be available to deploy to a cloud or on-prem or wherever you need to deploy that. Okay, our image is pushed. I can go over here to the registries and refresh that. And we should see, there we go. We see our Express app that we just pushed up a few seconds ago. You'll notice there's other panels like networks, volumes and contexts. We will maybe cover those in some future videos. The extension also supports debugging your application. That's something I'd like to cover in a future video as well. Well, I hope this video was helpful. Thanks for watching it and have a great day.


How to get a free English lesson from eslgold.com Want to learn English for free? Help us and we'll help you. It's easy, quick, and free. See how it works. How to get a free English lesson. There are 8 easy steps. Number 1. Watch our videos on YouTube. 2. Like one of the videos. 3. Subscribe to our channel. 4. Like a comment. 5. Share the video. 6. Contact us by email. 7. Set up a time to learn. And 8. Have your free English lesson. Let's go through these step by step. The first step is very easy. Just watch one of our videos. We have over 300 videos on our channel that you can choose from on various topics about learning English. 2. Like one of our videos. All you have to do is click on the thumbs up icon right below the video. Now if you have a YouTube account it will automatically do that for you. If you don't have a YouTube account you may have to set one up. It's very easy. Just input your email and click next. The next step is to subscribe to our channel. The subscribe button is right below the video on the left hand side. Again you'll need to sign in with YouTube to be able to subscribe. Also at the top in the upper right hand corner you can click on the bell icon. That enables us to notify you when a new video comes out. Again make a comment. Once you've logged in with YouTube you can make a comment right below the video. Here are some sample comments that you can look at. The next step is to share the video. Again right below the video itself you'll see a link that says share. Just click on that and share with your friends on social media like Facebook, Instagram or Twitter. The next step is to contact us by email. The email is in the description below this video. Send us a quick note that tells us that you have completed the steps above and we will respond to you. Then we can set up a time to learn. Our English lessons are usually by Zoom so you'll need to have Zoom ready on your computer so we can contact you. Finally talk to us. Have your free English lesson. It's usually 30 minutes by Zoom and you'll meet one of our teachers. We look forward to talking with you soon. To see more videos like this click on the link above or check out our websites for more free English learning resources ESL Gold.com and FreeEnglishStudy.com


Let's do a quick review of the main ideas of section 4.2 on Riemann sums. We saw in the last section that one way to estimate the distance traveled by a moving object, if we know its velocity function, is to construct a sum of rectangles by splitting up the time interval into a bunch of little pieces, making each rectangle go up to the velocity graph at the left endpoint, finding the areas which are actually little bits of distance traveled, and then add all of this up. In this section, we want to generalize this process so we can use it in a greater number of settings. For example, there's no particular reason to choose the left endpoint of the subintervals here instead of, say, the right endpoint, or the midpoint, or a randomly selected point within each interval. We could pick any point we wish in each interval, send the points up to the velocity graph, make the rectangles have those heights, then add up the areas. And we should still get a reasonable approximation to the distance traveled. In fact, the more rectangles we add, the better the estimates get, and the less it matters which point we started with in the subintervals. Here's a general construction that captures this process. We start with an interval on the x, or input axis. Let's say it goes from A to B. We pick a positive integer n and split the interval into that many subintervals. The width of each of those subintervals is the total length of the interval divided by n. We call that subinterval length delta x. On each subinterval, decide how you want to select the point. Usually we choose the left endpoint, or the right endpoint, or the midpoint. Let's say we pick the left endpoint. Label the endpoints of each of those intervals, x sub 0, x sub 1, and so on, up through x sub n on the far right. So the left endpoint of the first subinterval is x sub 0. The left endpoint of the second one is x sub 1. And in general, the left endpoint of the ith subinterval is x sub i minus 1. Send these points up to the curve and make rectangles on each base that are this high. The total distance traveled is estimated by the sum of the areas here. And each area is base times height. The base is always delta x, and the height is f of x sub 0, f of x sub 1, and so on, all the way up through f of x sub n minus 1, because we are taking these left endpoints and evaluating them into the function to send them up to the graph. Notice x sub n is not a left endpoint, and so it is left out. The resulting area estimates the distance traveled, and this sum is called the left Riemann sum, denoted l sub n because we used n subdivisions and chose the left endpoints. We can write this Riemann sum in sigma notation as follows. Sigma notation is a compact way to write sums, and there will be a screencast on reviewing how to work with sigma notation in general. We might also choose right endpoints instead of left, in which case we would have the right Riemann sum. Or if we use the midpoints of the intervals, this would be called the middle Riemann sum. In the section and in the screencasts, our goal is to set up and calculate Riemann sums and use them to estimate the distance traveled by a moving object given its velocity function. By the remaining screencast, we'll go into this in some depth now.