Save 10% with my code Bobby10 on raw, organic, grass-fed and grass-finished, freeze-dried organ meats from grassland nutrition. Link in the description box. All right guys, welcome back to the channel. If you're new, my name is Bobby. Guys, today we're going to react to the 70 major sins in Islam, the worst sins by the merciful servant. From what I learned so far about Islam is that the worst of all sins would be shirk and shirk is when you associate other gods with God or even partners with God. When you dive into polytheism away from monotheism, that would be the worst of all sins. But even if you look within Christianity, you see of course that the first commandment is that you should have no gods beside God. And this is the main sin, the worst of all sins, because once you start associating partners or other gods with God, you start making everything else into God. You start defying other things, you start shifting your priority.  All right, this is a long video with no further ado. Let's have a look. 70. The major sins are acts which have been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, peace be upon him. Allah says in the Quran, if you avoid the major sins which you are forbidden, we'll remove from you your lesser sins and admit you to a noble entrance into paradise. So it is very important for us to learn what these major sins are and avoid them inshallah. Number one, associating partners with Allah, shirk, indeed, Allah does not forgive association with him, but he forgives what is less than that for whom he wills. And he who associates others with Allah has certainly fabricated a tremendous sin.  So this again absolutely translates to the 10 commandments of Christianity, you shall not kill, you shall not commit adultery. It's exactly the same. And whoever should do that will meet a penalty. Number three, practicing black magic and the people learn what harms them, it does not benefit them. But the children of Israel certainly knew that whoever purchased the magic would not have in the year after any share. And the wretch is that for which they sold themselves if they only knew. Number four, not performing the prayers, but there came after them successors who neglected prayer and pursued desires. So they are going to meet evil. Number five. So this would be a question to you guys. I heard oftentimes people struggle for the fajr prayer, which means getting up before the sun rises. And I can understand how hard that is. And many people don't practice it because it is so hard. My Arabic teacher gave me an analogy. He said that the hardest thing in the world to lift is your sheet in the morning for fajr prayer. So my question here is, if you do not practice the fajr prayer, are you still a Muslim? Are you still considered a Muslim? Please let me know. Withholding the zakah, charity. And let not those who greedily withhold what Allah has given them of His bounty ever think that it is better for them. Rather, it is worse for them. Makes sense. Their necks will be encircled by what they withheld on the day of resurrection. Number six. It's very beautifully put because Allah, God gave you that wealth. He gave you that money. And now you don't want to give that further to any other person, even though it wasn't yours to begin with. Fasting on a day of Ramadan without excuse. Islam is built upon five pillars, testifying that there's no true God except Allah and that Muhammad is a messenger of Allah, performing the prayers, paying the zakah, making the pilgrimage to the house of Allah and fasting the month of Ramadan. Number seven, not performing Hajj while being able to do so as mentioned in the previous point. Number eight, disobeying and disrespect to parents. And your Lord has decreed that you not worship except Him and to parents good treatment, whether one or both of them reach old age while with you, say not to them so much as of and do not repel them but speak to them a noble word. And Lord to them the wing of humility out of mercy and say, my Lord have mercy upon them as they brought me up when I was small. Number nine. Absolutely beautiful yet again translates to Christianity you shall honor thy parents. Cutting off the ties of relationships.  Those who do so are the ones that Allah has cursed. So He deafened them and blinded their vision. What does that really mean? Please let me know in the comments section what kind of relationships are we talking about. If I tie the relationship with friends, am I sinful then please let me know. You so are the ones that Allah has cursed. So He deafened them and blinded their vision. Number 10. Committing adultery or fornication and do not approach unlawful sexual intercourse. Indeed it is ever an immorality and is evil as a way. Number 11. Committing sodomy. Allah will not look at a person with pleasure who commits sodomy with a man or a woman. Number 12. Taking or paying interest. If the world would only stay away from this one sin this world would be a thousand times better already. Consume interest cannot stand on the day of resurrection except as one who stands who is being beaten by satan into insanity. That is because they say trade is just like interest but Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest. So whoever has received an admonition from his Lord and insists may have what is past and is a fair rest with Allah but whoever returns to dealing in interest or usury those are the companions of the fire they will abide eternally therein. Number 13. Devouring the wealth of orphans. Indeed those who devour the property of orphans unjustly are only consuming into their belly's fire. Number 14.  Number 15.  Good. This of course is a strong commandment for men and keeps the character in check. Number 16. The unjust leader. The cause is only against the one who wronged the people and tyrannized upon the earth without it right. Those will have a painful punishment. Number 17. Pride and arrogance. Assuredly Allah knows that they conceal and what they declare. Indeed he does not like the arrogant. 100%. Yet again I know I said it a billion times before but I met so many arrogant Muslims throughout my life and this is one of the major things that kept me away from Islam for so long even looking into it let alone reading the Koran. I was met by arrogance and that arrogance appalled me from the religion. Therefore yes absolutely arrogance is a sin with arrogance. We essentially playing God. We always have to stay humble. Ungratefulness. So remember me. I will remember you and be grateful to me and do not deny me. Beautiful. Number 19. Intoxicants. Alcohol and drugs. Exactly right. Or you have believed. Indeed. And there you saw it. Alcohol and drugs. I know so many Muslims that stay away from alcohol but they're smoking weed and do all kinds of other drugs. Intoxicants gambling. Sacrificing on stone. Altars to other than Allah. All of it. And the vining arrows are but defilements from the work of Satan. So avoid that. You may be successful. Number 20. Gambling. The previous verse mentioned also applies to this sin. Number 21. Slandering innocent women. Indeed. Those who falsely accuse chastity. Unaware and believing women are cursed in this world and hereafter. And they will have a great punishment. Number 22. Stealing from exploits of war and from the money of the zakat. It is not attributable to any prophet that he would act unfaithfully in regard to warguti. And whoever betrays, taking unlawfully, will come with what he took on the day of resurrection. Then will every soul be fully compensated for what it earned. And they will not be wronged. Number 23. Consuming forbidden wealth or taking it by any means. And do not consume one another's wealth unjustly or send it in bribery. To the rulers in order that they might aid you to consume a portion of the wealth of the people and sin while you know it is unlawful. Number 24. Committing highway robbery. What? Number 25. Making false oath. And they are those who do not testify to falsehood. And when they pass near ill speech, they pass by with dignity. Beautiful. Number 26. Committing oppression. Except those poets who believe and do righteous deeds and remember Allah often and defend the Muslims after they were wronged.  Leveying legal taxes. Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam said, Do you know who the bankrupt is? The bankrupt from my nation is the one who appears on the day of resurrection having performed the prayers, fasted and paid the zakah.  These people will take from his good deeds. If his good deeds are thereby exhausted, he will be given their sins and then he will be thrown into the hellfire. It is so obvious, isn't it? I mean anybody listening to this, we have this innate voice within ourselves and we know right from wrong. I'm really wondering how people commit such atrocities. It is so commonsensical to me listening to this. As I said, plenty of it we find within Christianity as well. It is the simple guidance of right and wrong and we as humans, we have it in us. Number 28, stealing. As for the thief, the male and the female, amputate their hands and recompense for what they committed as a deterrent punishment from Allah. And Allah is exalted in might and wise. But whoever repents after his wrongdoing and reforms, indeed Allah will turn to him in forgiveness. Indeed Allah is forgiving and merciful. And this is exactly what the critiques of Islam always point out.  First and foremost, a person that does not repent, a person that simply steals, is a threat to society.  It's absolutely repulsive. I've been robbed before in Vietnam, a Christian country apparently. If there would be a stronger implication of getting your hand cut off, people wouldn't do it. And why do you even care? Are you a robber? Do you steal? I personally do not.  If a stronger implication then such a law set keeps people from it, there will be a great thing. Number 29. Suicide. And do not kill yourselves or one another. Indeed, Allah is to you ever merciful. And whoever does that in aggression and injustice, then we will drive them into a fire. And that for Allah is easy. Number 30.  And invoke the curse of Allah upon the liars. Number 31. Whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed, then it is those who are the disbelievers. Allah does not accept the prayer of a judge who judges against the laws of Allah. Great, absolutely fantastic. I wish we would have theocracy implied within Western countries as well. And the law sets that are given are given by God and not given by man. Because this is exactly what we have. Man-made laws that serve so much in justice. Number 32. Engaging in bribery. And do not consume one another's wealth unjustly or send it in bribery to the rulers in order that they might aid you to consume a portion of the wealth of the people and sin while you know it is unlawful. Number 33. Woman appearing like men and vice versa. Allah's curse is upon women who appear like men and upon men who appear like women. Bigoted. Number 34. Being a pimp. Day youth. Is the one who approves the indecency of his woman folk and who is void of jealousy or the pimp who facilitates indecency between two people. Wow, I didn't know that man. Again, most pimps in Germany come from a Muslim background. This is why I didn't know that this was forbidden within the religion. Of course it makes sense that it is forbidden. Thank God, but nevertheless, I didn't know it. I learned something here. Number 35. Marrying for the purpose of making a woman allowable for another. And if he has divorced her for the third time, then she is not lawful to him afterward until after she marries a husband other than him. And if the latter husband divorces her or dies, there is no blame upon the woman and her former husband for returning to each other if they think that they can keep within the limits of Allah. Yeah, this passage, I do not really understand. We had lengthy comments about it in the comment section. So please let me know what this passage truly means. Number 36. Not keeping clean from the remains of urine and your clothing purify and uncleanniness avoid. Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam passed by a grave and said, these two are being punished and they are not being punished for something hard, but it is a great sin. One of them did not keep himself clean from his urine and the other went around spreading tales. Number 37. Showing off. So vote those who pray, but who are heedless of their prayer. Those who make show of their deeds. Number 38. Acquiring knowledge only for worldly gain or concealing knowledge. People have to understand as well what the point of those sins is. So what happens when you show off? Sure, you make other people jealous. But that's not the big deal. The big deal is essentially that you are getting further away from God because you are defying your possessions, your objects. Wow, look at my car. How awesome. Look at my house. Look at this. Look at that. Like this. You're pointing away from God. This is why this is sinful. Those who conceal what we sent down of clear proofs and guidance after we made it clear for the people in the scripture. Those are cursed by Allah and cursed by those who curse. He who is asked about knowledge he knows and does not reveal it will be sued with fire on the day of judgment. Number 39. Breaching trusts. Oh you have believed. Do not betray Allah and the messenger or betray your trust while you know the consequence. Number 40. Reminding people of one's kindness.  Do not invalidate your charities or reminders or injury as this one who spends his wealth only to listen by the people and does not believe in Allah in the last day. Nobody likes it. If you believe in God and you're giving charity for God, then God saw it anyways. You don't have to tell people that you gave charity. His example is like that of a large smooth stone upon which is dust and is hit by a downpour that leaves it bare. They are unable to keep anything of what they have earned. Number 41. Rebelling and calling people disbelievers. But do not transgress limits for Allah does not love the transgressors. He who calls his brother a kafir, disbeliever, one of them will bear it. Really man, this is absolute news to me yet again. I learned something absolutely mind blowing here. I heard this term being thrown around so often people being convinced. He is kafir, he is kafir. I didn't know that this is one of the sins. Two. Spying and eavesdropping on others' private conversation. O you who have believed, avoid much negative assumption. Indeed, some assumption is sin and do not spy or back by each other. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his brother when dead? You would detest it and fear Allah. Indeed, Allah is accepting of repentance and merciful. Number 43. Spreading harmful tales. And do not obey every worthless, habitual swearer and scornor going about with malicious gossip, a preventer of good, transgressing and sinful. Tail-bearing, Namima, is defined as spreading words among believers with the purpose of stirring up enmity and problems between them. This matters forbidden. Number 44. Cursing others. Abusing a Muslim is evil and fighting him is disbelief. When a man curses a thing, this curse goes up towards paradise. The doors of paradise are shut against it. The curse then moves right and left. It finds no way for it. Then it goes back down to the cursed one if he deserves it or else to the cursor. 45. Not fulfilling one's promises. Whoever possesses any of these characteristics has the characteristics of hypocrisy until he gives it up. Whenever he makes a promise, he breaks it up. Number 46. Believing in soothsayers and star signs. Whoever goes to fortune teller and asks him about something will not have his prayer accepted for 40 nights. He who asks a fortune teller or an astrologer something and believes him of what he says is a blasphemer. Makes perfect sense. Here again, we have the same concept. A wife's junior bellies to her husband. If a man invites his wife's bed and she refuses and he becomes angry on her, the angels curse her till morning. Again, from a Christian background in the Bible, we find that women should obey their husband as the husband obeys the Lord. 48. Making statues and pictures. The people who will receive the greatest punishment on the Day of Judgment are those who compete with Allah in creation, those who make pictures or statues. It's about believing one can give life or compete. 49. Striking oneself. Wailing, tearing one's clothing, pulling one's hair, and similar deeds are a form of mourning. So this here is extremely fascinating as well. How would sheers explain this? Within sheers, in some sheers, we see that they punish themselves with knives even, or similar forms of mourning beating their chest. So please, if you're sheer, let me know in the comment section what you think about this verse. 50. Committing injustice. The cause is only against the ones who wrong the people and tyrannize upon the earth without right.  51. Being overbearing or taking advantage of the weak, slaves, wives, or animals. 52. Harming neighbors. A person whose neighbor is not safe from his mischief will not enter paradise. 53. Harming and abusing believers and those who harm believing men and believing women for something other than what they have earned has certainly borne upon themselves a slander and manifest sin. Trailing one's garment in pride. Example, below the ankles out of pride. What is below the ankles will be in the hellfire? This is if it's to do out of pride. What does that mean? So if you wear anything below the ankles, you will go to hellfire? Harming the friends of Allah, whoever shows enmity to a slave of mine, Allah's, I shall be at war with him. 56. Men wearing silk and gold. Prophet SAW said, gold and silk have been permitted for the females of my nation and forbidden for its males. Men who wear silk in this world will have no portion of the heavens in the hereafter. He who wears silk on earth will never wear it in the hereafter. However, it is true that a prophet peace be upon him permitted silk, only for those suffering itching within four fingers measure, and he permitted using a tooth of gold also. 57. A slave is running away from his master without reason. If the slave escapes his master, his prayer will not be accepted. You who believe fulfill all obligations. 58. Sacrificing animals for other than Allah and do not eat of that upon which the name of Allah has not been mentioned. For indeed, it is grave disobedience. The one who sacrifices for other than Allah is cursed by Allah. 59. Claiming that somebody is once father, while the claimant knows it is not true. One who claims that someone is his father and knows that it is not true will be forbidden of paradise. 60. Arguing or quarreling for show and not seeking the truth. Whoever argues in support of something that is wrong and he knows it, Allah will be angry with him until he stops. Amazing, because this reminds me of pretty much 99% of debates that we have nowadays online. This is why I stopped watching debates, this is why I stopped participating in debates, because nowadays you see that people do not debate to find out truth, they simply debate to win a point, to win an argument. Absolutely disingenuous and boring to be honest. 61. Not allowing excess water to flow to others. Say, have you considered if your water was to become sunken into the earth, then who could bring you flowing water? Whoever doesn't allow the access of water or pasture for others will not share in the blessings of Allah on the day of judgment. 62. Dealing in fraud. Woe to those who give less than do. Who, when they take a measure from people, take in full. But if they give by measure or by way to them, they cause loss. 63. Disbelieving faith. Then did they feel secure from the plan of Allah? A man asked, what is faith believing? The prophet SAW said, believe in Allah, his angels, his books, his prophets, and the day of judgment, resurrection after death and faith, good or bad. 64. Eating carrion, blood or pork meat. Say, I do not find within that which was revealed to me, anything forbidden to one who would eat it unless it be a dead animal or blood spilled out or the flesh of swine, for indeed it is impure, or it to be that slaughtered and disobedience dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is forced by necessity, neither desiring it nor transgressing its limits, then indeed your Lord is forgiving and merciful. 65. Despairing from Allah's help or forgiveness. Say, O my servants who have transgressed against themselves by sinning, do not despair of the mercy of Allah. Indeed Allah forgives all sins. Indeed it is he who is the forgiving, the merciful. 66. Continually not performing the Friday prayers and congregational prayers without any valid excuse. Prophet SAW said, if people don't stop abandoning the Friday prayers, Allah may seal their hearts and they will become heedless. Whoever hears the call to prayer and doesn't come to prayer, there is no prayer for him, say for the one who has a valid excuse. 67. How do you want to keep a religion going if you don't attend its houses? This is what is happening to Christianity as you can see people do not go to church any longer and like this the religion collapses. 68. Preaching error or establishing errors. He who preaches for error will bear his sin and all of those who follow him. The Prophet also said, He who preaches for error will bear his sin and of those who follow him would know decreasing for their sins. The Prophet also said, Every new established thing is an error in religion. 68. Being deceiving and plotting evil due to arrogance in the land and plotting of evil. But the evil plot does not encompass except its own people. Then do they wait except the way of the former peoples? But you will never find in the way of Allah any change. And you will never find in the way of Allah any alteration. 69. Pointing a weapon at a Muslim brother. He who points a weapon at a Muslim brother will be cursed by the angels even if he was his brother in kinship. 70. Abusing or revealing any one of the companions of the Prophet Do not revile my companions for by the one who hands is my soul. If you were to spend in charity a mountain of gold similar to Mount Ahud it would not be equal to a handful or half a handful or what they have done. These are the 17 major sins in Islam. Please share this video with your friends and family who may not be aware of these sins. May Allah SWT protect us and keep us firm on the path that is pleasing to him. What do you think? Are those authentic hadiths or not? Anyways guys the video is long enough as it is already proposed my questions to you. Please feel free to answer them in the comment section. If you liked the video leave the thumbs up. If you haven't subscribed already guys please do so and as always if you want to support this channel all the links are in the description box below. May God bless you all. Much love and peace.


Reasennin on prosenttia käyttää logiikkia, jota saadaan premissa ja päästään tilaisuudessa. Me ajattavamme erilaisia reasennin kautta- ja kautta-reiseksiä, ja haluamme tehdä teori. Joten katsomme, miten reasennin, kautta-reiseksiä ja kautta-reiseksiä erilaisuuteen ja miten käyttämme teoriin nämä reiseksiä. Joten, mitä teori on? Teori on esim. mitä tapahtuu, miten, miten ja miten, ja teori voi tietysti olla keskusteltu usein prosenttia. Joten voimme sanoa esimerkiksi, että nimenominen asio, kautta-reiseksiä ja kautta-reiseksiä on käyttäjärjestelmä. Joten meillä on kautta-reiseksiä ja kautta-reiseksiä täällä asiaa kautta-reiseksiä. Joten teori on sellaista prosenttia ja kautta-reiseksiä. Joten tämä asia on esim. mitä ne ovat sellaista prosenttia, mitä ne ovat eivät heittävät. Joten teori on esim. teori. Joten, mitä teori on teori, mitä ne ovat eivät heittävät ja mitä ne ovat osaamista prosenttia, mitä ne ovat eivät heittävät, ja miten heidät heittävät. use government services. So if the government service provides you more accurate information, then people are more likely to use it. And then there is one paragraph explanation of how that process plays out. So we have theory here, explanation of particularly what and why happens. And then we have here a hypothesis and the role of the hypothesis here is to be a test of that theory. So the idea is that if this theory is true here, then we should observe this hypothesis here. The process through which we arrive from the theory to the hypothesis is called deduction. So the idea is that this is a general statement, a general theory, and then we infer that if the general statement is true, then we should observe support for a specific hypothesis developed based on the general theory. So it's from general to specific kind of inference. Let's take a look at the CO-gender example that I mentioned in the beginning of the video. So let's assume that we want to make a claim that naming a woman as a CEO causes companies profitability to increase. So our proposition would be that our CO-gender influences company performance. So that's the level of the theory. Then in quantitative research we apply deduction and we think, okay, so how do performance abstract CO-gender is a bit less abstract, but it's not something that we could easily observe. So how do we use logic to come up with some observable things? So we could for example say that performance could be measured with ROA and CO-gender could be measured by checking whether the CEO's name is a man's name or a woman's name. Then we measure data and we calculate some kind of statistical association. Then we infer that if this proposition is true, then this hypothesis must be true as well and then we must observe a statistical association. If we don't observe a statistical association that we hypothesized, then we conclude that the proposition was not correct. Or at least it's not supported using these data. And there are lots more to that, but that's the basic idea. So how do we do it in qualitative research? In qualitative research we don't really use hyperphasies. So that's basically interesting in quantitative studies. So instead of going deductively from theoretical propositions to statistical associations, we go up. So we observe something and then we infer that maybe there is a general tendency for something to happen. So the idea here is that instead of focusing on these variables here, what we focus on in quantitative research, we focus on the process here. So this is not actually, we're not looking at statistical associations. Instead we are looking at causal processes. So what caused what and through which process in your data. Then we infer that because we observed a causal process in one particular case or one small set of cases, then maybe there is a general theory that holds for a larger number of observations. Or larger sample, larger population. So the idea is that we observe a specific instance of a causal process and then we generalize that there could be a more general causal process that occurs also in other settings. And this is the idea. You go from individual observations to more generalizations instead of going from general theory to specific observations. And of course the importance in causal making these kind of inferences and causal claims in qualitative data, it's important that you explain really clearly what is the causal process like and why it happened. Because otherwise you really can't make the proposition which is a causal statement.


Ahoy-hoy and welcome to the channel. I'm Dr. Sumerian, not a real doctor, and today we're gonna try not to blink. So I actually got soap in my left eye when I was taking a shower a second ago. It's gonna make this way way harder, but we'll see how long I can last. I can, I can blink, but I can't blink. So anyway, I'd like to thank my Patreon backers now before the worst happens, and scp173, which is on the other side of the camera obviously, does what it always has to do. Thank you to Sinjeriki and Dr. Jay Redacted, who are both pledged $100. It's nice to know that I'm not alone out here, though right now kind of wish you was. Let's see how long I can last. You won't get me. Figure if you practiced at this you could become pretty good at it. I need to cut in a little close a couple of times there. One eye's gotta be open at all times. Can't open and close at the same time. If I just wait. Nope. Burns. Alright. Yep. Oh my arms are not used to being up here, so now they're starting to hurt. Interesting. I thought...


Welcome back, in the previous segment we discussed recursive objects, in particular we discussed trees and how to draw them and for this we used a recursive function. In this segment we want to say something about how to think about recursion and after that we will conclude this segment of sequence of segments. How do you think about recursion? On the face of it recursive programs, program seems very complex, where it executes, typically multiple calls are in progress and how do we reason about all of them, how do we even visualize what is going on. So the good news is that we do not need to do any such visualization, there is a much more direct simple way of thinking about recursive algorithms. So let me begin with some high level ideas and let me first consider the case when you are trying to design the recursive algorithm. Now you may think that designing recursive algorithms is tricky and indeed Euclid's algorithm is pretty tricky. However, if you are dealing with recursive objects then recursive algorithms are quite natural and you may well find yourself designing such algorithms. So how do you do this? Well you first attempt to solve the problem given to you by constructing and solving a smaller problem of the same type or what you might more accurately call a smaller instance of the same type. And I want to observe that this is exactly what we did for GCD as well as for drawing. So when we wanted to solve, when we wanted to find the GCD of m and n, we instead requested to find the GCD of m and m mod n. And why did we do this? Because these numbers are in fact smaller than the given numbers. So in some sense we are reducing or we are simplifying the problem or we are reducing its size. So when I say size, I mean it in a metaphorical sense. So we are reducing its size in some sense. Even in drawing, when we were asked to draw a tree which had L levels, we reduced it and we said let us first draw trees which have just L minus what levels. So again this is a simpler problem in the sense this is a smaller tree that we are going to draw. It has fewer number of levels. So if you can do this, so if you can say that I want to solve this big problem but I want I can break it up into problems which are of the same type but smaller in some sense, then you have already taken the first solid step towards designing the recursive algorithm. And then you should be able to solve the simplest instances directly. So that is the second step. So for example in the case of GCD, this was the simple instance. If M was divisible by M, then you can directly say that M is the GCD or in the case of drawing if you wanted to draw a tree with 0 levels, then you can directly do it. Well actually in this case there is nothing to be done but that is trivially doing it. Now I want to say something about how do you think of a recursive algorithm that is given to you by somebody? How do you understand it? So the first step is sort of the analog of this step over here. So can you sort of interpret or is the designer telling you that look, this is the problem size that is reducing in successive calls. So that is the first question and let me make this discussion more precise. So for the GCD you can argue that this second argument is always reducing as you execute the program. It does not have to be the second argument, it could be some complicated function of the arguments in general but in this case it happens to be the second argument. And for drawing it is in fact the very first argument. So here it was L then we said that this tree could be drawn by drawing several trees with L minus 1 levels. So in fact here you can think of the second argument and the first argument as the problem size. So if I give you a recursive algorithm then you should look for a problem size in it. Something that is reducing as you do the recursion. And then the question that you should ask is will we eventually get to problem sizes to problems that are solved without recursion. So now I want to look at these things in a little bit more detail and so for that I will need some terminology. So I am going to define something called the top level recursive call. So this is the call made from the main program or the first call made to the recursive function. Again taking examples for the case of GCD the top level call is the GCD of MM or this is in fact you can think of this as the call as identified by the signature of the function. And for the drawing it is this call. So this would be the call that would be in the signature of the function. Then there are the level 1 recursive calls. So these are the calls which are made directly while executing the top level call. So for GCD the next call was GCD of N and M mod N. So this is the level 1 recursive call for this top level call. And for drawing this tree the recursive call was this and also this. So these are the two level 1 recursive calls. So this is just notation. I could define level 2 recursive calls in a similar manner but I do not need to. So the whole point of this discussion is that we can just think about one level of recursion to understand what is going on. Then there is a notion of a base case. So these are simply the input values for which the top level call returns without recursing. So in the case of GCD if M and N are such that M is divided perfectly by M then that is a base case because in this case you can return N directly as your GCD. So MN such that M mod N is 0 are the base cases for the GCD function. Then for drawing similarly if L is 0 then you are not going to recurse. You are just going to return in this case without doing anything but you are going to return. So L equal to 0 is the base case. L equal to 0 and other arguments whatever they might be. So more terminology. So we have defined this earlier actually but I am just going to restate it. So for every problem or every call really there is a notion of a precondition. So this simply says what are valid values for the inputs. So in the case of GCD the two arguments have to be 0 only then this is a reasonable call. Only then is the GCD defined. And similarly for drawing the number of levels must be greater than or equal to 0 and the height and the width have to be greater than 0, greater than or equal to 0. And Rx and Ry the coordinate where the position where the root is to be placed well they could be negative. So that might just force the drawing of the screen or if you want it inside the screen then you should say I want the tree to be inside the screen. So I will require these also to be positive and in fact maybe smaller than the size that the, so this should be smaller than the width of the screen, this should be smaller than the height of the screen. But we are just ignoring those conditions for now. Then there is the problem size and we gave an example of this but let me just say a little bit more. So this is something which is indicative of the amount of work needed to find the solution. Or this is something which suggests how difficult or how complex this problem is. So we said that the number of levels is indicative of how difficult the problem is, the more the levels, the more work needed and similarly for GCD the values of these numbers, the magnitudes of these numbers are indicative of the problem size but more specifically we looked at the second argument, this m. So this we said was the problem, it could be considered the problem size and this should be chosen creatively and as I said this is how you might choose. So there is no obvious way of what it should be but as a designer you would have to say that look I want to reduce this because if I reduce this then I can recurse. So now I want to say what you need to do to verify that a given recursive function is a reasonable function. So the first thing that you have to check is whether there are any base cases. So if there are no base cases then clearly your program will not terminate and therefore base cases must be there and then for those base cases the function must produce the correct results. So that is one check that you have to make. So for the GCD the base cases were values of mn such that m mod n equal to 0. So in this case the answer was n, is that correct? Well yes, if m is divisible by m then m must be the GCD so which is being returned and so the program is working correctly for the base cases. For drawing the base case was l equal to 0 or maybe I should write l equal to 0 over here but in this case what did the program do? It did nothing. Was that correct? Well if the tree has 0 levels then it is an empty tree and so nothing should be drawn. So even here for both of these programs this is how you would check that the base cases that there are base cases and they are being correctly handled. Then we turn our attention to the level 1 recursive call. So first thing we should check is whether they are valid. So are the arguments in the level 1 calls valid or in other words do they satisfy the preconditions of the functions? So in the GCD the top level call was GCD of m and n and the level 1 call is GCD of n and m mod n. So what are the preconditions here? So we require that the argument must be non-negative integers. So these must be non-negative integers. So can we argue that these are non-negative integers? Yes, n must be bigger than 0 why because n is an argument to the top level call also and the top level call we are assuming satisfies the preconditions. So assuming the top level call satisfies the preconditions the level 1 call must satisfy the preconditions. So which is what we can argue over here and what about the second argument? Well if you go back to the code you will see that this level 1 call is made only if m mod n is bigger than 0 because if it is equal to 0 then we just return n. So if it is only if m mod n is bigger than 0 then we make this call and therefore this argument must also be positive. So in other words we have verified that the preconditions are correct. What about drawing? The level 1 calls are these. So the original call the top level call was had L levels here we have L minus 1 levels. So are these arguments satisfying the preconditions? Well level 1 calls are made only if L greater than 0. So if L is greater than 0 then L minus 1 must clearly be greater than or equal to 0 or in other words L must be bigger than or equal to 1. So this argument must also be bigger than 0. So we have checked that this argument must be bigger than or equal to 0 and you can check and I am not going to go through it right now but you can check that these other arguments will also satisfy the required preconditions. Then we come to the next check that you should make. So the next check is that does the problem size reduce and can it reduce indefinitely? If it cannot if it can reduce indefinitely there is a problem. If the problem size does not reduce there is a problem. So the answer to this first question should be yes the problem size does reduce but can it reduce indefinitely? No, it should not be possible to reduce the problem size indefinitely. So the GCD level 1 call is GCDNM or N and the top level call was GCDNM and we said that this second argument is the problem size. So second argument has reduced why? Because originally it was mn so it was n and now it has become m mod n and we said that this was the problem size and m mod n is certainly smaller than n. So the second argument has reduced. So that is a good thing. Now can it reduce indefinitely? Well the remainder has to stay above 0 so it does mean it means that it cannot reduce indefinitely. So this essentially is saying that look you cannot have unlimited indefinite recursion you cannot just have one call after another because in every call this argument is going to reduce but if it reduces then eventually it is going to go down to 0 which is not possible. So the answer to this question is indeed yes and no for GCD so that is a good sign. Trying so the level 1 calls are these and we said that the first argument was the problem size. So has that reduced over here? Well in the original or in the top level call it was L and it has become L minus 1 so it has indeed reduced. Can it reduce indefinitely? Well it cannot become negative because we are checking if L equal to 0 then we do not make a recursive call and so this cannot become negative and therefore again we have checked that this function is a good function. The problem size is reducing but it cannot reduce indefinitely. The last requirement to check is will the top level calls return the correct results if level 1 calls to. So GCD we know that the GCD of the arguments to the top level call M and N is the same as the GCD of the top level calls to the level 1, GCD of the level 1 recursive call which are N and M mod N. So the GCD of the arguments to the level 1 recursive call is the same as the GCD of the arguments to the top level call. And now what does the function do? So the function is going to return the GCD of N M mod N. If it does this correctly then the top level call will be correct. So we are not checking whether it is going to correctly return this but it is returning this. If this is correct then this will also be correct because they are exactly the same thing. So we have checked this for GCD. In the case of drawing the level 1 calls ask for a smaller trees to be, two smaller trees to be drawn. And we have to check that the two smaller trees are drawn in the right position. So what happened there? So we asked we wanted to draw a level L tree and we said that oh if we want to draw such a level L tree then we can do that by doing these small L minus 1 level trees. So if those were correct then our program, this function simply drew the branches in the right position. So what it was doing was, so we wanted to draw a tree starting from this point. So it said look you first draw two smaller trees over here. And then in the top level call you just do this, we just do these branches. So if these trees got drawn correctly then we know that oh there are just these two branches to be drawn and the top level call is drawing them correctly. So therefore the total thing must be correct. So let me summarize this part. So how do we check if a recursive function is correct? So what should we check in order to do that? We should check that there are base cases and that correct results are obtained for the base cases. Then we should check that the level 1 recursive calls satisfy the preconditions. Then we should check that the problem size reduces that there is something called a problem size and that it reduces but the code is such that it will not, it is not possible that it can reduce indefinitely. And finally we should check that if the level 1 calls work correctly then the top level call will also work correctly. That is it. In particular what is it that we do not need to argue? So we do not need to argue explicitly that the level 1 calls in fact work correctly. We do not need to do this. We do not even need to think of what the level 1 calls do. Are they going to make recursive calls? Are they just going to return the result directly? We do not have to worry about it. So basically what is going on is that these first three points are ensuring for us that this computation is going to terminate eventually. And this last point is going to say that look if the recursive calls work correctly then we will return the correct answer. And this really the whole thing together says that not only effectively the top level recursive calls call works correctly but it effectively proves that the level 1 call works correctly, level 2 call works correctly because this argument really is applicable to all the calls. And we do not really, but we do not really have to worry about that. We do not have to think about all the calls. Here is an exercise for you. So I give you this function and it has its precondition and the post condition that is what it is supposed to be returning. So I want you to tell me whether this function is correct or whether there is a problem over here. Now you should apply what we have discussed in this segment and tell me where things go wrong. This is a bit of a trick question but the questions the strategy we decided will enable you to say what is wrong, to figure out something is wrong and say what is wrong. That brings us to the end of this lecture segment as well as this sequence of segments. So I want to make some concluding remarks about recursion in general. I want to observe that recursion allows many programs to be expressed very compact. For example, GCD, the recursive GCD is certainly more compact than iterative GCD. The idea that the solution of a large problem or a problem whose problem size is large can be obtained from the solution of a similar problem, a similar smaller problem of the same type. I should really have the words smaller problem here. This idea is very powerful. Euclid probably used this idea to discover his GCD algorithm. He probably did say to himself that look I want the GCD of these large numbers. Is it sufficient if I find the GCD of some smaller numbers instead? But the moment you take this single step you can, you are implicitly developing a capability of applying it again and again and that is exactly what recursion gives you. And recursion is also very natural, in fact much easier to understand and much more natural, much less clever for objects which have a recursive definition. Say for example trees and here we saw tree drawing as an example. To understand if our high recursive function works we need to make a few simple checks outlined earlier. And I just want to observe that some programs can be written recursively or iteratively. So for example GCD or the factorial but some others are best written recursively. So for example drawing trees it will be pretty complicated to write this program using iteration or rather I should say write this program without recursion. So that concludes our discussion of recursion, it concludes this sequence of segments. Thank you.


I thank you everybody for inviting me along this evening to talk about one of my favourite subjects, and that's Whitaker's chocolate. I'll give you a brief history of Whitaker's, and then I'll talk about a few of the principles that we follow. Let me tell you from the outset that there are no silver bullets in all of this. Mae'n amlwg, mae'n dweud yn ymddangos arall, a'r amlwg ddweud Andrew i'r Bryn, y dyfodol y byddwn yn ymddangos, mae'n ddweud a'r amlwg o'r cyd-dweud, a'r cyd-dweud yn ymddangos cymdeithas cyllidau cyflwynt Cymru. Mae'n amlwg ymddangos ar Wyddikas, ac mae'n amlwg, mae'n amlwg, ymddangos cyllid Cymru, is the world-loving world-class chocolate from Poirot, and that's what drives everything. So everything about the business has to be world-class. The company was founded in 1896 by James Henry Whitaker, and he had emigrated from the UK. He had lived in Macclesfield, now none of you would have been to Macclesfield. Oh, you have. Now you know why he left it then. He arrived in New Zealand in 1890 and set up Whitaker's in 1896 in Christchurch. It then moved to Wellington, and the factory was in the centre of Wellington just off Vivienne Street, and it moved to the current site in 1969 in Poirot, and it was on one section, and subsequently we bought the section next door, which has got a big warehouse on it, and about 18 months ago we bought the section on the other side. So we are fully committed to New Zealand, we're not moving to China, Thailand, Australia or anywhere, we're fully committed to New Zealand and we've invested a lot in the factory and we're continuing to invest. The company is still New Zealand-owned. Andrew and Brian are the current directors, and they are third-generation Whitakers. There are fourth-generation Whitakers in the business. Holly Whitaker is a marketing manager. Matt Whitaker is in charge of the international business, so they're fourth-generation in there. Both Matt and Holly have young children as well, very young children, so there's a fifth-generation coming through, so the dynasty will continue. So let me show you this first chart. Now I'll show you this chart for two reasons. The first reason is the winner of the most trusted brand, the second and third companies are normally Sony, Toyota, Samsung, although they've slipped a bit. It is big multinational companies, much bigger than Whitakers, but size doesn't always count. We have a very strict policy on quality of the product and I think that's why we win this award. We're also the most loved brand. Which brand do you reckon comes number two in the most loved brand? It's your blacks. So we're the only team in the world that continually beat your blacks. So we're very proud of that, and it's a chart I love showing. That's the second reason I like it. Everybody in the company is very proud of that. We probably don't celebrate success as well as we should do, but for the last few years when we've won that, we've taken the whole company out to lunch. It's an award that goes back to the heart of the company. It is a family company. The people that work there are very proud to work there. So let's talk about a few of the principles. If you think about Whitakers, or think about most consumer markets in New Zealand, the consumer is bombarded with choice. The consumer problem is choice. It's not one of supply. Most products are in good supply. It's one of choice. Whitakers is up against Cadbury, Nestlé, Lint and Mars for huge multinational companies, much bigger than us, much bigger resources, and they're blue chip companies, very good companies. So we have to make sure that what we do is better than what they do. Otherwise, we won't survive. We'll just sink. So successful brands build a strong brand culture. Consumers like to be in a community, and you're all in a community now, and brought together by a brand called Balkan University. Strong brands act like magnets, and they build these communities around them. And what they do is the people in those communities, what we say is we want to move people from being spectators. That's people that are aware of the brand to supporters. And supporters of a brand will not go to another brand. So it's very, very important to build those supporters. Many years ago I used to work for Unilever. And during one of the companies I worked for, the CEO was an accountant. Actually worse than that was a Dutch accountant. There's no Dutch accountant in the audience. That's good. I did come across one in an audience once. Anyway, he was a Dutch accountant. So I went into his office one day. I said, I need a meeting with you next Tuesday. Now, Wednesday? No. Or can I meet you on Thursday? No, that's the type of conversation, dynamic conversation you used to have with him. And I said, oh, why can't I see you next week then? I'm away. Holiday? No. Business? No. I said, well, I'm getting a bit irritated by it. I said, well, where are you going? He said, I'm going to a convention. I thought, oh, a chartered accountants convention, that's going to be good. And I bit my leg. And I said, oh, are you going to a chartered accountants convention? No. He said, I'm going to a Harley-Davidson convention. Well, he must have seen the look on my face. And he started talking about Harley-Davidson. And he almost became animated for a Dutch accountant. And he told me how, when he was at university in Amsterdam, he had bought a Harley-Davidson that's the first one he had. And ever since then, he'd always owned a Harley-Davidson. And every year, wherever he was in the world, he tried to get to the Harley-Davidson convention. And again, I had to bite my lip because you can imagine it. This dull, boring, grey Unilever accountant would change his suit and put on his Harley leathers for one week a year. And he'd go to this convention. There'd be company directors, bikers, gang members, and goodness knows who. But the important thing is Harley-Davidson acted as a magnet. And it drew all of those people into it. Does anybody here own a Harley? No. And I guarantee, I don't know anything about motorbikes, but I guarantee that if you own a Harley-Davidson, you're not going to buy a Honda or Suzuki or whatever because you're a supporter of that brand. And again, I don't know the technical details about motorbikes, but the thing that really separates Harley-Davidson from those other motorbikes is the emotional driver. It's all about the freedom of the road, which was encapsulated in a film in the late 60s, and I'm looking around the audience and probably... Well done, well done. Normally when I'm doing this, our generation is not well represented. I've never seen the film. Again, emotional drivers are so important because rational aspects of a brand can be copied. The emotional ones are unique. And as I say, Harley-Davidson has this emotional freedom of the road. So this year you're going to leave a guy for one week a year, he's free. And he goes out and drives his Harley around. So very important to build a culture. And we do build a strong culture with Whitaker's because we are a family company. We are New Zealand, but above all, we are fanatical about the quality of the product and its chocolate. It's a small indulgence.  You do not want to be disappointed. And quality is absolutely critical. And that's how we... And we're the only major chocolate company in New Zealand that do the whole manufacturing process. Import the cocoa beans, the whole process, the whole nine yards through to the end product. And we do that. It would probably be cheaper for us to import cocoa liquor because there's companies around the world who specialize in producing cocoa liquor. And because of the economies of scale they've got, it's cheaper. But you can never, ever guarantee the quality. By doing it yourself, you guarantee the quality. And it's chocolate, people put it in their mouth. If you put palm oil in it, people will pick it up. And quickly. Everybody's an expert on chocolate, particularly females. And people notice a change very quickly. So build a strong-brank culture and build strong relationships with customers. The best way to build a relationship with your customer, get the product quality right, but then build a strong relationship with your customers through storytelling. All brands, all great brands have good stories behind them. And with Whittakers, we focus very much on what we call... What is unique to Whittakers? First of all, the bean to bar. And that is a signal of quality. You know, Cadbury, Nestlé, Mars cannot claim bean to bar in New Zealand. We are family in New Zealand. And with the New Zealandness, we don't want people to buy Whittakers chocolate because it's a New Zealand brand. I think it's a bit pathetic really. We want them to buy it because it's the best quality chocolate. And they love the quality of the chocolate. The fact that it's a New Zealand brand helps, you know, is another added factor. And family. Family is important because generally family-owned companies and family-driven companies have just more detail, more passion, more energy going into the quality of the product. You know, I've worked for multinationals and I worked for family companies. I can tell you that the focus on quality in family companies is far greater. I'm not saying multinationals don't look at quality but compare us with Cadbury. So build strong relationships with the customers through the storytelling and ideally have unique properties that you can tell to the customers. I'll talk about some of the aspects of what we do at Whittakers in building the company. First, company must have a clear vision. And everybody in the company must understand that vision and the vision must be, I think, ambitious. And everybody understands it as the ambition that everybody works towards it. And as I say, our ambition is for the world-loving world-class chocolate from Poirirau. And the essence of that is world-class chocolate. And as I say, that drives everything else. And we wouldn't survive or prosper unless we really focused on that. And the world-loving means we are very strong in New Zealand but we do have ambitions to develop an international business. It will be slow because by definition a consumer goods company based in New Zealand any other market it's going into is going to be bigger. And we are coming off a small base but we are gradually building our business. So we are in a lot of the Asian countries. We're now in Canada. We're in China. We're in Walmart in China. So little by little we're building the brand in that international markets area. But it will take time. But it will take time. But that's the vision. And in doing that we will never ever lose the world-class aspiration because that is very important. The value of the company really comes back to the quality. And we always say we do not cut corners. However, we have a product called a sandy bar. And guess what? We cut the corner. Now this is where Brian and Andrew are very clever and going back to that world-class aspect. Santee bar was sold in dairies for years, unwrapped. Now we wanted to get it into supermarkets. You cannot have it in supermarkets wrapped. So what we did, or what Andrew and Brian did was to find a machine that would wrap a sandy bar. Now if any engineers or packaging people amongst you will know that wrapping something with a curved end like that is very difficult. And in the end they searched the world and found a machine in Italy, took it back to Wellington and I think in typical New Zealand fashion and made a few amendments to it and made it work. They sent these products to Italy and said your machine is wonderful. It's packing these sandy bars now. Italians couldn't believe it. I think they even sent somebody out just to make sure that it was true. But again the important point is now the accountants would have said, well square up the end, you know. The production efficiencies will be much better. Everything will be a lot easier. The machine will be cheaper and everybody will be happy apart from the consumer. And the accountants, don't get me wrong, accountants have a role. They were right to ask the question but what they do, they ask the question but they missed the point because the whole mnemonic of this brand was that curve. And cabars have had a whack at this over a number of years. They brought out a stick like this. Guess what? The ends squared up. So the product didn't have any identity. That whole curve is the identity of that product and the history of the product. So it goes back to the values. It goes back to world class and defending the values not only of the company but of the products, the individual products as well. And very successful, very successful. In fact, the problem that we have is we can't really meet the demand for that. But again, it's that. If it squared up the end, it wouldn't taste any different but it would lose that identity. Don't listen to the accountants. So values. Strong identity. This was the first pack that we had in gold. Again, this was launched in the early 50s, unwrapped and sold in areas for years. We wanted to get it into a supermarket so we had to wrap it and it was wrapped in 1984 and that was the first gold wrap. Gold is very much the colour of the brand because again, if you're shopping in supermarkets, you don't really like it. And you're up against a lot of other products so you want to have a clear, strong identity. When you go to the chocolate section, we say what we try and achieve and we say we want, with all the blocks, merchandise, we want a wall of gold because then people can easily identify the Whittaker's product. We want a wall of gold. Now there might be a little wall of purple next to it, but ignore that. So the strong identity is very important and gold is very much the brand colour which is a premium colour. It denotes a premium product and we are very strict on that because strong identity is particularly important in supermarkets. Positioning. This is how people perceive the brand not only in their hearts but in their minds and often the heart is more important than the mind. So when we position the brand we talk about bean to bar because that's very much shorthand for quality. People realise that if you're spending that amount of detail in roasting the beans and the beans are roasted for a certain amount of time there's some magic there which Brian and Andrew have developed over the years. So they are very strict on that quality and so bean to bar is important. The family is important because again what that communicates about the quality, the effort and enthusiasm that goes into the product so most of our advertising is signed off from Andrew and Brian and again the New Zealand part is important as well. Also we certainly underpin that with the quality of the ingredients we put in only used Ghana and cocoa beans and all of the ingredients that we put in we have higher percentage of inclusions than other brands. So if you look at our hazelnut product for example it's got a higher percentage of hazelnuts in it than the cavalry product and that's true across all of the products. So again that goes back to the positioning of the brand in people's minds it's better quality. In one of the focus groups we did many years ago and focus groups with chocolate are very interesting because you have to segregate them you cannot have males and females in the same group because females have this sort of slight guilt complex about chocolate and if there's males in the group they won't talk. If it's just females in the group they do talk and for many years when I was working with Unilever I worked on product categories like detergents, toothpaste, deodorants things like that and if you did a focus group they would last probably about two hours by which time it was dragging a bit because there's only so much you can say about a detergent really. The first one that we did with chocolate at the end of three hours was that the moderator of the group came out and said have we got enough information and poor woman she was absolutely exhausted because there are eight women in this group and they've been consuming chocolate all the way through. And there were some lovely comments that came out of it. Firstly it was when we were launching a square a square as product and it's 10.5g, a square is 10.5g of chocolate and one woman said oh it's 10.5g of chocolate that's fabulous I can eat as many as I like and I could never quite work out the logic again. And then another woman said oh I really love Whitaker's products and they're so generous she said I like Whitaker's products because they've got bigger and better nuts and I thought well I don't think we can use that in advertising. So positioning is very important. Communication is critical. If you think about the vision, the values, the identity and the positioning communication, successful communication brings all of those together and very much builds the bridge to the consumer. So it's very critical in building that relationship to the consumer. It must have been about five or six years ago now. We launched the creamy milk product with a five roll refined process. I won't go into all the detail but the process of refining it through five rollers gives you a smoother product, a nicer mouth feel and just an overall better quality. And again this is where Andrew and Brian are really clever because Whitaker's never had a problem with quality which is true. It's better quality than the other product and obviously I'm biased. But it's better quality, it's got 33% cocoa, competitor brands won't have as much. A dark chocolate doesn't have any milk solids in it and I think the reason for that is that competitor brands do because I think they're using cheaper cocoa beans and they might be slightly more bitter so the milk knocks the flavour back a bit. Not sure but anyway we do not use milk solids in our dark chocolate.  All from Ghana and cocoa beans. Sorry I digress slightly. With the milk chocolate Brian and Andrew had this sort of nagging doubt in the back of their mind. If we want to be world class there's an improvement that we can make by using a five roll refining process. It will just improve the smoothness, the mouth feel of the product. Just give it a nicer edge. And I said well it's not a problem. Quality is not a problem. We think we can do it, we can do it. The machinery for this the investment ran into five figures. It was huge, it was huge. But it did improve the quality of the chocolate. Now from a communication point of view really difficult because if people are happy with a product they think it's better than the other products on the market. The last thing they want you to do is change it. Why change it? I like your product. It's better, I like it, why change it? Because we can make it even better. But I'm not sure that I want you to do that. So the communication was very very difficult. We explained to the agency that we were improving the product and the communication had to convince people they needed to try this product because it had been improved. Even though they liked what they were eating at the time. Most difficult problem to actually do in communications. If you've got a problem with a product and you say we've improved the product we've put enzymes in it or blue specks or whatever it is with detergents. We've improved it. It'll make your washing whiter. Try it. Easy story. It's a simple story. This one was very difficult. So the agency and I give credit to the agency. Our accountant didn't. They came up and they said there's only one person in the world that can convince people to buy this new improved chocolate. And we said oh who's that? Nigella Lawson. Oh good god. And when you think about it and we thought about it for two minutes really. You want to communicate chocolate which is indulgent, smooth and Nigella is ideal to do that because she is indulgent, very smooth and the rest. And the good thing about Nigella is she is very popular popular with everybody. Not only females but males as well. And probably for different reasons but very, very popular and ideal to communicate chocolate values. We told the accountant and because as you can imagine Nigella is not cheap.  And he said oh come on. Only an accountant can reduce Nigella to an ROI. And I said I don't know. I don't know I said and I can make up some figures if you want but I just don't know. But what we can say is that since she advertised this initially and this is now the number one SKU in the chocolate market. Now five years ago if you'd have said to me and I'm the chief market officer of Whittaker's would Whittaker's creamy milk be a higher seller than Cadbury dairy milk which has been around for years part of New Zealand history part of the culture and everything would it be a higher seller? I'm not sure that I would have bet my house on it. But anyway it did. And we have used Nigella very successfully to launch the this is the artisan range which is using obviously Whittaker's chocolate but using artists and companies from around New Zealand to incorporate into the chocolate. So this one has got Marvel's sea salt and caramel brittle which is fabulous. We haven't tried that. Fabulous. And again we use Nigella and in that 100g market we've just launched a new range which is called the destinations range and so this range is using artisan producers from New Zealand with the destinations range we've actually got out to the world bringing artisan products to New Zealand. No expense paid. Again no if you think about it we want to be world class. And it's been interesting this is the Italian piedmont hazelnut so the hazelnuts come from piedmont in Italy very very expensive was one of the original areas that peanuts were grown. But again we searched the world and that's where we got those hazelnuts from. So again if you want to be world class you have to and this 100g range if you think about this 100g range the major brand in the 100g sector was Lint and Lint a very good company a very good quality chocolate very well marketed and we have gone in there and they had 70% of that market before we went in there 75% of the market because there was no other competitors they've now got about 30 and we've got about 40 that is the value of Nigella as I say to the account that's it and he goes butter butter butter but she's expensive can't we get somebody cheaper of course we could we could get somebody cheaper we did have a bit of slight criticism in using Nigella because she's obviously not New Zealand and we're a New Zealand brand and one or two people said well you know why didn't you use a New Zealand foodie and don't get me wrong there's some very good foodie foodie people in New Zealand but I don't think any of them are world class yet they wouldn't have the world class reputation of Nigella they may do in the future they may do but I'm not sure that they would have the same impact as Nigella does at the moment and let's say that may change in the future but we're talking about now but to go in and take that type of market share away from lint it goes back to great product great quality product and great communication using Nigella and that's the value trouble with accountants they only look at cost you have to look at value so communication very very important so in all of this what have we learnt you know and there's a number of key lessons coming out of this for us and I think it it applies to the Whitaker's business but I think it is they're general and I think they apply to a lot of businesses the first thing you have to have a strong brand you know and no matter all the studies that have been done around the world about successful profitable companies the strength of the brand is always paramount have a strong brand understand what your rational values are but even more so understand what your emotional drivers are because your emotional drivers will be the unique values of your brand and you must have a strong brand because you're in competition there will be other brands coming in you know you just want to be very very strong now the next point in tuition and talent it's a bit difficult to explain we do not do any consumer research and don't get me wrong I'm not saying you know consumer research is not relevant but we do not do any consumer research because our philosophy is we should know our business and you should know your business better than anybody else certainly better than consumers and I think and marketing people are dreadful for this they tend to hide behind consumer research and companies tend to hide behind consumer research you know you often hear people say I'm not sure what you want to do we've got a few ideas let's ask consumers about it well if you don't know consumers aren't going to know your business is life and death to you it's not life and death to consumers if your business fails you don't get any money and you don't eat with consumers if you think about toothpaste it's not the biggest decision of their day you know so we rely a lot on intuition and it goes back to talent you know if you're going to follow that you have to have very talented people working on your business and we very careful in the selection of our people and we invest in them heavily so on the marketing side we've got two marketing managers one Jasmine Griffin and the other is Holly Whitaker and I would have employed Holly even if her name wasn't Whitaker because she had spent she had gone through university and she had spent time in London working as an art director for Sachi and Sachi in London now anybody that knows the London advertising scene will know will be very talented and very tough to survive in that I think you know notice period is 24 hours if you're lucky very very tough and she did very well in that so we have two marketing managers both of them have been to Stanford because it's the best business school in the world now I know where I'm standing and again you know probably a brave thing to say but I think the people at Auckland business school will admit at the moment Stanford has a better reputation than Auckland and in the future that may change that may change but at the moment again it goes back to world class Stanford is world class is Auckland world class at the moment not sure and it may change but we invest heavily in those people because we expect them to use their intuition and you could say it's the way that we do it rightly or wrongly it's the way that we do it and I suspect we are a bit different in that way and this is another thing that may seem a bit strange we are not a consumer led company and again I think people get this wrong in that you see these dreadful ads which say we have listened to the consumer and this is what we are doing now and you think oh and normally it's after the company has made a massive mistake and we have and this is very much Jasmine's area 700,000 people on Facebook that is an enormous slice of New Zealand because chocolate and we are lucky because chocolate is an interesting category and we have there is a dialogue with them continually and you learn an awful lot that way so that's our consumer research we have a relationship with a consumer we are not consumer led I'm not sure if that makes sense but because consumers don't know what they want they just don't so that's the way that we run it which may be different and you may say that's wrong but it's the way that we do it so intuition and talent is very important and they go together you know your business better than consumers you know what you want to do more than consumers have the courage to do it take the consumers along with you don't wait for them to tell you what to do if you wait for them to tell you what to do you'll be behind all the time speed to do things quickly so quick that the accountant can't stop us but I think speed is important and let me tell you this some years ago we had an ad on TV when the palm oil thing came up an ad on TV a pack shop and going through a list of things that they had done that whole ad took because we'd seen what they had done and we thought well consumers should know about this and the whole ad took two days to write conceive, shoot and get on air because there was an opportunity there there was a moment in time there was an opportunity so if you see that you've got to seize it and it was very successful it was very successful sales shut up 35% over the next few weeks the good thing about it was what it gave Witticus was a huge sampling campaign I couldn't believe a number of people that hadn't tried Witticus we got all these people coming back oh I just tried Witticus it's fabulous and I think it's been around for 100 years should have tried it before but it gave us a huge sampling campaign and what was good was the sales didn't just go and come back down again because it went back to the quality of the product you know the quality of the people tried it they perceived it was better and stable and if you look at the Witticus market share in the block market that's in this market over the last probably sort of 10 years, 12 years it's quadrupled and we haven't done it on price we've done it on quality our product sells at a premium to Capric this product sells at a premium to Lint because we are not price driven we're quality driven and it will always be that way as long as I'm there it will always be that way because in the end if you're price driven somebody will always come in lower than you always happens so intuition, talent, speed and take risks you have to take risks and I always think taking risks is the fun part of the business but if the intuition and talent is right the risk is reduced you don't really reduce risk by doing market research you came a bit and that's another thing we're marketing people get market research wrong they want to reduce the risk so they say reduce the market research and ask the consumer and a lot of the time it fails and people will say oh this is failed and they say well and the defence for marketing is well research said this it doesn't matter what research says it's failed so I think if you're using research just be very careful what you're using it for just say why are you using it why can't I answer the question why haven't I got the competence to answer the question


hey there friends thanks for checking in today we're going to talk about budget-minded handguns and let's start right here with the torus g3c probably the most popular one of the group people love the g2c then they came out with the g3c with some enhancements and it too has become a fan of many people people carry this it is subcompact and the reliability has been there for me and so many other people does come with three 12 round magazines three that's a nice touch and a 3.2 inch barrel it does have a single action trigger that is measuring at four and a half pounds with a reset right here very short and it does have restriped capability serrated black rear sights a front dot Glock interchangeable nice texturing does offer a thumb safety there for those who like that an accessory rail a teflon finish on the slide a sight hole indicator but most importantly at the range it does very well really like the way this performs and many other people do too that speaks to its popularity the torus g3c definitely is a winner in the budget category here we have canik smallest pistol called the tp9 elite subcompact check that out i received this from its initial launch it still looks brand new it's got a beautiful tungsten circle finish on top a 3.6 inch barrel comes with two mags this is a 12 round also comes with a 15 round magazine a pick rail right there front serrations and this one is optic ready that is a very popular choice these days and it certainly offers it with this model does have a loaded chamber indicator bar that raises when a round is loaded a striker fire that will not be there when the slide is not charged but a trigger that many people speak highly of canik for because it is a five and a quarter pound trigger with a reset right there those who understand canik know that they offer more than any other manufacturer in the case that has back straps a tool kit a cleaning kit a holster everything for a budget price now people are picking this up for 360 and it offers a lot for the money serrated black rear sights front dot and i probably missed a couple other things but a real beauty of a handgun that won't break the bank when ruger released the security nine many people fell in love with it and they said finally i could purchase a mid-size handgun that i can actually afford and that's what the security nine offers now they took the technology from the lcp2 added it to the security nine with a very nice package it has a four inch barrel 15 round magazines a rail front serrations it is a hammer fired pistol with a trigger that i'm measuring at five and a half pounds with a nice reset right there you can see that it does have the goalpost like rear sights and a front dot it also has an integrated barrel bushing right there keeps everything nice and tight with the actions it also has a thumb safety that works right there right just sweep down and you're good to go they came out with a compact size it's a little bit shorter on the grip a little bit shorter on the slide length and that one is just as fine but i wanted to bring out this one because this was the original and this is the one that people fell in love with and it's been really fine for me i have noticed this past year that the sar usa sar nine has become extremely popular a lot of people love the full-size pistol with a budget price at one time people were picking this up for under 250 bucks it is raised along with everything else but you take one look at it you say that's a combination between a glock slide and an hk lower and i agree entirely does come with two 17 round mags and the grip very hk-ish comes with three back straps and three grip panels to custom fit your hand size it does have a beveled out mag well there a nice looking gun this one here has the thumb safety they make another model without the thumb safety front serrations for the press check a full rail right there a 5.5 pound trigger that is very nice it has that that red piece right there that goes away upon shooting but this gun has been great and a lot of people agree it's become a famous choice amongst people really enjoy budget friendly handguns the sar usa sar nine sar usa has some great guns that they're importing from sarsal mass when stoker came out with the str9 a lot of people took notice this is the c model a little bit shorter but it has a 3.8 inch barrel and it comes with a 13 round magazine if you look closely you can see the slide serrations both front and rear are very deep cut and it does have a nice trigger i'm measuring right around six pounds right there with a reset right there a full pick rail on the dust cover three dot sights a nice ergonomic feel to it very nice grip and what stoker does is they offer packages so you can get it with night sights you can get with additional back straps you can get it with additional magazines to cost raises but they are one of the few manufacturers that did not raise the msrp 329 for the basic model one mag one back strap but what you're getting is a pretty reliable handgun this has been great for me i really enjoy it it shoots great and it i think it's a good looking gun as well and it's just been a fine handgun for me and when i purchased this it did not cost too much you know 329 uh on average so that's what i got and that's what you'll get if you go with the str9c here we have the diamond back am2 i've enjoyed this you know at one point people were picking these up for 250 bucks really is a budget gun but it doesn't perform like a budget gun now we'll start right here with the mags 12 rounds in this one they also offer a 17 round mag for a full size feel check out that magazine release very flush to the frame it does have a black nitride slide right there it does have a sight hole indicator on top there but a nitride finish that is matte black and they move that down to the front and rear serrations it looks kind of cool a full pick rail glock interchangeable three dots sides you can see the front is orange but a great ergonomic feel a nice trigger i'm measuring right around the upper sixes possibly hitting seven seven pounds every now and again with a nice reset i've had it for a while now i've got several rounds through it and i don't recall any failures with this since the time that i've owned it accurate shooter and a size comparison would be similar to a torus g3c you don't it's got a this one has a three and a half inch barrel torus is a little bit shorter but they measure up real well with size and in my opinion they measure up well with the shooting precision as well for budget guns here we've got the bursa bp9 this is a single stack nine millimeter handgun that comes with two eight round magazines it has a 3.3 inch barrel and accessory rail very thin and lightweight weighing only 25 ounces loaded with nine rounds you can see it also has a lock there that you don't have to use and it also has a magazine disconnect so without that mag in there nothing will happen but with the mag in there it has a very light trigger pull just under four pound trigger pull we'll take a look at that with a very short reset people say that's what sells this gun and i don't blame them one bit it's been reliable for me it does have an ambidextrous magazine release three dot sights little smaller dots in the rear a loaded chamber indicator bar right there and a nice shooting handgun at the range this has been great for me as well people are picking this up for around 250 bucks and it certainly has been a very nice handgun for me it's lightweight it's single stack and it's a bursa that basically means it's a very affordable handgun here we have a car arms st9 i once said that the st9 was the best value that car offered people were picking this up for 350 bucks and it is a nice pistol a four inch barrel it remains 0.9 inches wide on the slide width and a very thin grip comes with two eight round magazines single stack a pick rail on the dust cover front serrations three dot metal sights and a trigger right around six and a half right there with a full reset extremely smooth trigger now i was surprised to learn the car arms discontinued this they did that just recently i think they did so in favor of the tp9 same size and dimensions and everything but dash two they have a second generation they added all the updated features on the tp9 dash two as well as the p9 dash two and the reason why i'm still going with this in this review is in the case you happen to get your hands on one you may want to pick it up for a value of a deal because car arms will not be producing this model any further so there they are eight budget minded handguns a lot of people love budget handguns i love budget handguns i own all of these it's a testimony to the quality that some manufacturers produce when they don't raise up the price like others you know people go with budget guns they say i can get two for the price of one for a premium manufacturer you know those outrageous prices and budget guns just seem to be a popular model so i had to get them together put this review together let me know which ones you like or any that i missed that you feel fit the budget category if you like videos like this please subscribe and share i always appreciate thumbs up button thanks for watching and you guys be safe


Welcome back to Titans All Access from the Bet MGM Studio. Coach Dave McGinnis is here from Titans Radio. Good to see you. Thanks, Mike Keith. Good to be here as always. Second, go around with the Colts upcoming. The defensive front for the Indianapolis Colts. Really, the front seven is just outstanding. What makes them so tough? Their linebackers behind the ball are really, really good players. We highlighted Zaire Franklin last time we talked about him. He's got a partner now, an EJ Speed that is really starting to step up as a fifth round pick. He's really coming into his own in this league. And then DeForest Buckner. Everything begins and ends with DeForest Buckner. DeForest Buckner's only 6'7", 310 pounds, that's all. He has five sacks. And you look at Franklin, he has 124 tackles. That's the third leading total in the league. But I want to touch on EJ Speed a little further. So let's go beneath the surface, powered by Microsoft, and take a look if you don't mind, Coach. No, you're first. I'm first, OK. That is EJ Speed. They're in a four man front here. This is a 4-3 front. But they're not walked up into the line of scrimmage, Mike. I want you to watch him on the back side, hat and hands. Bang. He is playing to the side of the three technique. This is a three technique. This is a shade. Here's our guy, EJ Speed, right here. This blocking unit right here has outnumbered the defenders over here. So somebody on this side, if action goes away, is going to have to be able to defeat a down block from a guy that's unencumbered, hat and hands, and get in the backfield. Excellent key and diagnosed player. Playing next to Zaire Franklin gives them two guys behind the ball that are excellent, excellent players. This next thing we're going to look at here, this is 11 personnel right here on this side. And what we've got here, this is three wide outs. Over here, you've got a cut split. So they've lined up in a four-band front, but you can see they've got some lurkers. CJ Stroud is trying to read which one of these guys might come, which one of them might not, and then they'll want to redirect it to where the extra pressure is coming from. They do a nice enough job of bogeying or disguising this look that you're going to see what happens with E.J. Speed. All right, let it go, Mike. There's E.J. Speed right there. 45 on your screen. There, you see him coming. They redirect it the wrong way. On top of the quarterback, done. So this guy is a guy they took a chance on in the draft, and he's done nothing but develop along Zaire Franklin to make this defense really, really stout against the run and the pass. So we see there challenges for a rookie quarterback for Houston, C.J. Stroud. Challenges this weekend for the Titans' rookie quarterback will list. Absolutely. Trying to identify where he's going to be, where they're going to come from, and then also you're going to have to get hats on. He, Franklin, and Butner to get a run game started. That's a must in this game. Good stuff, Coach Mike. Thank you, Mike Keith. Dave McGinnis taking us beneath the surface, powered by Microsoft. More from the Bet MGM Studio and Titans All Access when we return.


Meat Boy is back and happy New Year's to you guys. Today we are making quesadillas and it's very similar to a grilled cheese in the sense that you can use all different types of fillings, cheeses, toppings. The main difference here is that a flour tortilla, generally speaking, is far less inflammatory than any bread you're going to have because it's two ingredients, flour and water. To make bread you have to add yeast, there's usually preservatives, vegetable seed oils, and there's definitely a flavoral, textural difference here as well as the types of ingredients that are typically used. Let me show you guys what we're going to use to make two different quesadillas, a ham and cheese, and cheeseburger. So depending on what you have access to you might not be able to find something that doesn't have too many ingredients. This isn't the best, there's a lot of additives, but I believe there's another brand at Whole Foods at least that doesn't have as much stuff added. I didn't see that one there when I went. Just some grass-fed butter we're going to brush on the outside of the tortilla before we put it in the pan. For the cheeseburger quesadilla we're using raw cheddar cheese and best burger blend from Frankie's Syringe Meat. And then for the ham and cheese we're gonna use raw gruyere from Frankie's Syringe Meat as well as some leftover prosciutto that I was using to make some pan and vodka recipe we did a couple weeks back. So I'm going to do all the prep and I'll see you guys in a few minutes. We're just going to melt some butter, saute some beef, shred both cheeses, and dice up the prosciutto. So after you saute the ground beef in the pan, what you want to do is put it on a cutting board and just kind of dice through it to break it up so that we can crumble it into the quesadilla. The gruyere and cheddar have been shredded, prosciutto, ground beef are nicely prepped, we have one flour tortilla, and some melted butter. And if you guys are looking for some of the cheeses on Frankie's Syringe Meat, we're out of pretty much everything besides some cheddar and I believe manchego but we will restock everything Wednesday Thursday of this week if you guys are waiting on that. So we have the pan here ready on medium heat. For the toppings we just want to cover one half of the quesadilla. So we have some ground beef and cheddar cheese. I'm not going all the way to the edge because when it cooks it might leak out a little bit. So I'll fold this in half and brush the outside with butter. Okay we'll pop this one in the pan for the next tortilla. I have our prosciutto and you probably don't have to dice up this prosciutto. I'm sure you could put it just on here layered and it would be delicious. Nice amount of gruyere. And then the same thing we'll just put butter on the outside. So I don't know if this is what they do but I'm going to put a plate on top of these just so it steams them. It melts a little easier and they stay together before we flip them. When you go to flip this just really want to make sure to scrape underneath it to make sure it's not stuck. Very nice browning. That was maybe about a minute and a half. So we'll put this plate back on. So it's been about another minute. I'm just using a fork to take this hot plate off. Then same thing as before just scrape underneath to make sure it's not stuck. Okay flip it. Beautiful crust. Cooled off a little bit so I'll put it on a flat surface. So we have four nice pieces of our ham and cheese down the middle and then quarters. We have our cheeseburger quesadilla. Oh what is this? Gina have you ever had a quesadilla? I think one time. Okay so we have two types of quesadillas. One is a cheeseburger quesadilla and one is a ham and cheese quesadilla. So we're gonna try this one first okay. Oh God that's hot. This would be really good for like a party. You're serving it to a bunch of kids and the main reason that I love this recipe so much and I wanted to do it was because you can put a lot of high quality animal nutrition. What's for Gina? It's a greasy because of the butter and the pan. So you can put a lot of cheese a lot of meat in this stuff and feed it to a kid and they're gonna get a lot of high quality animal protein and not really gonna think of anything else. Let's try this one out Gina this is ham and cheese. The difference between this and the grilled cheese I listed earlier you can be a little more creative with this and different types of meat fillings. You can do like manchego cheese and maybe some sausage. You like both Gina? I guess I'll try it for you guys. The cheeseburger one is very good. It doesn't really taste like a cheeseburger. It's very cheese forward because you get that strong American cheddar flavor. I was worried the meat would be kind of forward in this but you don't really taste it that much. So if you have some really picky eaters and they don't like beef or meat this is the way to go. So now I'll try the ham and cheese one. You know before I made these I swore up and down that I would have liked the Greer and prosciutto more but they're both very very good. This is just a little dry with the prosciutto in there. My sister is stepping in about a quarter cup of grease that she dripped on the floor. Just you know YouTube happy new year and as you know my brother is still single so if you want to take him a quick 15.  So you two can have a quick 1500 calorie midnight snack. Mm-hmm. I'm really not eating. Well, and it's on me. Why not? You guys can check Frankie's rangemeat.com for everything but we'll see you guys tomorrow.