So if you have a question, please raise your hand and come around and get to you. I have some questions. First for Oscar, you talked a lot about building sort of a personal professional profile on LinkedIn. And I think that a lot of us are wondering how we can take those techniques or what other techniques you would recommend for leveraging the organizational profile. How do you push library on LinkedIn? Right, that's actually a good question. And as I mentioned earlier, I actually do a full presentation on how to set up your organization's profile, how to use it, and so forth. But first off, your individual profile is the foundation for all the other things that we do on LinkedIn, which, again, your organization's profile, San Francisco. So let's just take, for example, San Francisco Public Library. With that page, you have the ability to showcase events that are coming up, talk about what new things the library is focused on doing, share other information. So it's actually, in social media, the rule of thirds, which is one-third of the things that you share should be about your organization. A third should be about sharing other people's information. And then a third is sharing industry. Don't get into just me, me, me, me, me, me, talking about me because pretty soon people aren't going to be listening to me, me, me, me, me. So, but anyways, those are some of the things that they can do. Also, it's like Albert was mentioning, the LinkedIn page can also be another community where patrons or other people can come and post and share and engage folks. And it's actually a great way to, I think, increase your online footprint, too. So if people are Googling your library and they can find that you're in multiple locations, that lends both credibility and then also being able to stay top of mind in many different ways. How do you balance that rule of thirds? I mean, how intentional do you have to be in terms of scheduling content, things like that? So on LinkedIn, it's a platform where you tend to want to publish less frequent. Usually, kind of the rule of thumb is posting one or two times a day on LinkedIn, whereas with Facebook it could be five, six, seven times, Twitter, obviously a lot more. But again, just, you know, if you're posting one or two times a day on your company page, then if you go back again to your post throughout the week, you know, one or twice a week you're sharing stuff based on that rule of thirds that I mentioned. And Albert, you talked in your presentation about sort of being present in the online conversation. That sounds like it takes a lot of time. It does.  It's something that you have to tend to on a daily basis. And I think that's where being able to delegate and have multiple people in the process is helpful because it does take a lot of time and, yeah, you want to, you have to commit to it. I think you mentioned that you had sort of a team that is working with you on Albert's list in terms of sort of fostering those discussions. How many people are on your team? I would say that, I would say three people are working on this with me. Yeah. So they also make job posts. They moderate the community. They answer questions. Yeah. Okay. And do you guys kind of schedule things out or is it just whoever is available? It's kind of just whoever is available. Okay. Sort of organic. Yeah. Librarians don't like that. We need a schedule. And yeah, I mean, you can use a variety of different, different tools to like schedule your content or even just, you know, build out a calendar on like Microsoft Word if you wanted to and then fill in the gaps and fill in the blanks as you see fit.  I wanted to address the point about the time and the commitment. So I'll go back to, when I was running the Mountain View Chamber of Commerce, we had Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter. Yeah, those were the three. And then of course the email and the emails and website. Chambers of Commerce are small organising, well, small staffs, limited resources. I had four full-time, three part-time people. And really it was myself and a couple other folks that moderated and posted some things. But you guys, the truth is, and I know this from personal experience, it does not take a lot of time and effort. Obviously what he's talking about, that's a different community engagement. But I'm talking about just strictly social media if just focused on LinkedIn. I was able to do that with the limited staff. And here's the thing, downloading things on the app on your phone, using applications like Buffer or Hootsuite, where you can post the same article or same information to multiple social media platforms. And then the other thing, it really comes down to managing your time. If your boss came to you and said, hey, you know what? We need to be focused on social media.  Do you not? Why are you not making the time then to clean up and focus on the online bulletin boards, i.e. social media?  So the online world is something that you should be paying attention in making time and effort to do it. And plus one to Buffer, love it. Yeah, great suggestion.  I forgot, it's in Francisco. Yeah, you're probably doing a lot of live community moderation on that board out there, right? Every single day. Correct, yes. So just apply it online and be ready for the feedback too. To that point, I was wondering about sort of lag time and response. You're engaged with your community. You get something thrown up there at 11 o'clock at night. How much time do you allow yourself, what sort of a time lag do you give yourself before you need to respond to something to stay sort of engaged? Hi Cheryl. I think it's, I think people understand that you're not going to be like online all day and all night. I also think that if you go like say more than 24 hours without removing something, that's also a problem because it's like, okay, are you really committed to this platform and what are you doing here? And so, yeah, timeliness is key, but people also understand that you're human. And Albert, you talked a little bit more generally about engaging people across a variety of platforms. And both of you can probably speak to this. What would you say would be the best platform for engaging an online community for say, a public organization like a library? I think I like Facebook for that because it means you don't have to invest in another platform. I think LinkedIn, it's very professional. Twitter is kind of the wild west. And I think, yeah, Facebook is pretty much up there. Yeah. Yeah, I think Facebook is definitely obviously more social, more kind of fun, more casual, et cetera and so forth. We have to remember who our audience is. It's really where we need to start. And again, just going back just because of the experience that I've had with Cheryl, Cheryl has a lot of professional, like I mentioned earlier, a lot of tech folks, very savvy, very day one information. And I think you have a responsibility to understand who your customer is and be able to communicate in the platform that best serves the needs of your customer. Yeah, so understanding your buyer persona, which is pretty much your ideal customer or your typical customer who walks in through those doors, that's really important. I see some hands right here. I wanted to follow up on the comment that you made about the 10,000 people, 10,000 engaged people, but no, here, let me read it to you if I can. If you have 10,000 members and none engaged, that's kind of the worst case scenario. Yeah. And I think a lot of library staff can relate to that. We have so many engaged people in different formats, and I was thinking a lot about what Luis said too, where we do have a lot of people who may not be connected at the level that our services offer, high use of e-books in some areas, and then some people have no access, or some people are very socially connected and we're in Silicon Valley, and we have some people very connected and others not at all. I'd just love to hear more about what your thoughts were about that. Thanks. Yeah, I think the challenge obviously is that there's a lot of value to be offered, and then there's a lot of different buyer personas that are engaged on a daily basis, just knowing how much libraries are trying to serve. And so I think being able to vary up your content and see and post different things on different days, while also segmenting your audience. So even beyond like building a Facebook community, in my opinion the most important thing for any organization is to build an email list. And so if you can build separate email lists for all of your variety of different programs, that's also a good way to build more engagement. And the type of community that I spoke about was if you were to build a Facebook community or a community off another third-party platform, but a community that also extends to what sort of marketing assets you use and how people engage. And so if your audience doesn't use social and they're only on email, that's still a community in itself, even though somebody's people may not necessarily engage with each other, they still engage with you. Does that answer your question? Okay. Maybe you have thoughts too. Well, sorry. Yes, Albert, you were asking the question. One of the things, so I do a lot of work also with nonprofits, and one in particular nonprofit is downtown streets. Maybe some of you are familiar with downtown streets. They recently opened here in San Francisco, but they have locations throughout the peninsula. They work with homeless folks. And one of the challenges with this demographic is the lack of access to online and so forth. But the way they communicate oftentimes with them is through text. Because a lot of them actually have cell phones. There's I think a government program that I've heard that provides free cell phone services and cell phone to people at a certain economic level. But maybe that's something too for you to think about as a library is investing in some type of a system where you communicate with a certain demographic via text as well. Thanks. My question was actually related, but specifically about market segmentation. Since libraries have such, when we look at our customer, it's incredibly broad. And social is a pretty successful way here in San Francisco to reach many of those customers. But our markets are so, even I run youth services and there are, you know, the book lovers, the currently experiencing homelessness who are using libraries as a home base. There are the folks who just want to be doing homework. Often these segments not only aren't aligned very strongly but sometimes at odds with one another, conflicting agendas. And so how do you suggest with your library hat on managing those different conversations on a single platform like Facebook? In my group, we categorize our posts or we do our best too. One of the things that we've encouraged people to do within our community is to place sort of what their request, what kind of post it is in brackets, so advice, job, success story, things like that. I think in the broader category of all the audiences that you're looking at, that works too. I guess would you be expecting that homeless people or the people who are using libraries as a home base or the people who are doing homework in the library to engage in that, I guess in a way where, this is a question I'm thinking about is, are you intending to like build a community aspect that I guess serves them too, right? Absolutely, yes. I think that for some audiences, it's both online and offline still, like having the right collateral there to guide them to those tools are important and being able to, and you obviously have me a little bit stumped here because I'm thinking very deeply about how to answer your question. I'll give you my email address. I've got a long drive back to Southern California on Sunday, so I'll think about it in depth. But maybe you have an answer. I think we need to approach communicating and engaging with our audience with high tech, high touch. I tell people, I mean, yes, we live in Silicon Valley, and people are constantly on their phones and they're crossing the street and they're not even paying attention to whether light is green or red or whatever because they're on their phone, right?  It's like, hello. You know, it's like they're constantly, that's like the world that we live in. We do have to balance the team. Yeah, but here's the thing though, you guys, and we haven't even talked about what about people that do not speak English? How do we communicate with them? Okay? Some of them, it's good old traditional way and that is you translate the paper, the form, whatever, send it out or post it. That's how you're going to communicate with them. And here's the thing too is that, and it reminds me again of going back to the chamber about the way I looked and ran the chamber because as a chamber organization you have businesses that have been with you for a long time, they're not going to change, they don't need to change, but it's about honoring the past, disrupting the present, and embracing the future. And if you keep those three things in mind, honor the past, disrupt the present, and embrace the future, I think you will come up and you already have the answers to how to continue to engage with the broad demographics clients that you are serving. Hi. So I was wondering if you have thoughts on like a limit of the number of social media platforms that you should really be engaging in so that it's not overwhelming since there's so many options. So there's Twitter and Tumblr and Facebook and maybe your own blog and there's LinkedIn and Instagram, so all of that. So if you have thoughts on making sure that you're not overwhelming people with the number of options or really balancing like how you're posting across all of the different platforms. I think it's good to start and be simple. In my thoughts usually it's Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are your default and that if you want to move into an Instagram or a Snapchat or any of these other ones that it makes sense even if you wanted to say like go and use apps like kick that like teenagers use you could do that too for specific audiences. But as a whole I think it's generally what your audience will be using and you go and you find where they are. In the tech world for example, I have a lot of peers who like to talk about how Snapchat is the biggest hottest thing right now and that every tech company should be on Snapchat. And as a marketing manager, product marketing person who interfaces with sales a lot and also knows a lot of people who are very technical, none of them hang out on Snapchat all day to think about purchasing a $200,000 technology implementation. And so when it comes to I think libraries you still do have to keep it simple in a lot of ways like that too. And start out with a couple of platforms and then as traction grows expand to your other platforms so you know that there's social proof that there's interest in people following you. So my name is Wenwen, I'm a digital inclusion follow at San Francisco Public Library. So as my name or my title tells you my work is focused on those people, the 20% of Americans who are not online yet. So I have a question, how to engage those people using the online platform to engage people who are not online yet. Some of them don't even have the text message as you mentioned. So do you suggest like traditional way, set up a table at our reach events or like lock on the door and how to reach those people who never came to the library. Because those people who come to the library might be on the Facebook. But for those people who never come to the library they might need the services we offer here for free. And another question is about like Facebook. As you probably noticed we have many events posted on San Francisco Library's Facebook and Twitter page. However it is always, yeah, not many people click the like or comments on it. So yeah, any suggestion Anna? So to answer your second question first with Facebook events these days, the thing that I've really begun to hate is that it's also become a pay to play, pay to play game where you can only invite I think up to like 500 people. And then once you've reached that limit you have to find other ways to promote whether it's onto your own wall or whether it's to, or whether it's actually running Facebook ads. And so a word about Facebook ads really quickly is that Facebook ads are actually a great way to get the word out to people in the sense that they, if you target your audience correctly you can pay very, very low for cost per click or cost per action. As far as getting people online, obviously you can't use the internet to reach them because they're not on the internet to be reached. So it's imperative I think to get out into the community and still leverage your print mail, your print collateral, and all those things to get people in as well as events and get people engaged that way. And you know there's a lot of different ways that people I think engage publicly, right? Whether it's going to fairs, going to the mall, going to the store, the election, whether they, when they walk into a polling place. I think that, I think those are all great ways to actually reach those people who are offline. So I have two recommendations. Number one, identify some patrons here at the library, you know as an example, that are community leaders and ask them to be your ambassadors to help you get the word out to other people in the community that are not online. Number two, identify some local nonprofits that some of these residents patronize and also view them as a go-to for information and share information with these nonprofits so that they can spread the word to those individuals that are not online. So I have a question for each of you if that's okay, hopefully. Sure. For Albert, I heard you talking earlier about community as a program and what I heard about, you know, what I heard was kind of, you know, maintaining that consistent brand and experience between the offline and the online world, but it sounds like you were getting at something more and so I was wondering if you could talk about that. Yeah, so it's to drive and use your communities as a driver to get people from in front of their computers to into your library. And so a lot of what you do online should be focused on that because that's obviously where your product lies in a library and so community as a program is the term that I kind of use as that to designate I guess what I would describe as taking something from online to offline. And then for Oscar with LinkedIn, beyond from the organizational perspective for your organizational page, beyond really trying to promote an image of your organization that makes you desirable to want to work at, what would really be the purpose for an organization to put a lot of effort into a presence in LinkedIn, particularly considering staff time? It's about building a community and engaging community and sharing information. I really don't think people are going to go to the San Francisco Public Library to look for a career for the job because there's a whole different application process for the type of work that you do. It's really more about, again, sharing upcoming events, engaging the community questions. Maybe someone might ask about a need that they have that spark a whole different service that you begin to provide, or people begin to provide you with some feedback about things that they want to see improved or different and so forth. So, again, really actually for the public library, it's more about building that community and engaging with the community. Hi, I just have a quick question for both of you. Do you have any suggestions on emerging social media platforms that we should be paying attention to or using to grow our communities? You kind of answered it earlier, but is there anything else out there we should be paying attention to? I will tell you what you should be paying attention, and that is activity. The honest truth is there's a lot of different platforms like Albert mentioned. There's so many out there, okay, but start with the ones that people are familiar with that are using. It's like working out, you guys. Do we need another gym to prove that they work? We need to show up to the gym. And I think it's also the medium then in that sense because you can show up to the gym, but if you're using the wrong equipment, then you're still never going to get fit. So the other half of it... Anyone experienced that before? We're all laughing, so I assume that we have. I think it's activity, but it's also how you deliver that activity. So it is absolutely... It is correct that, you know, video right now is really hot, and imagery is also really, really hot. And so, you know, writing 10 paragraph long Facebook status updates might be great for your local politician, but it's not good for your library. And so get on Facebook Live.   Your ums and your us on Facebook Live then do it because it makes you look great.   And if you're having trouble getting fit, I think Cheryl Lee... She's a... You're a personal trainer, right? 24 hours. Albert, you had your second example when you were working at a full-time job in an ecosystem of people that had a full-time job doing social media. And then in your example, you mentioned it's not a hobby. It's not an additional duty as required or as assigned. You said it's a full-time job to be effective. So what would the salary range be for a full-time job doing that in reference for a company that has 26 locations, $100 million budget, and 1,000 employees? Are we talking like San Francisco salary? Yeah. What would the private sector salary be for a social media person, which you said is not a hobby? What would that salary be for a $100 million organization? Also, if you have any insight for a growth marketer, and what would that growth marketer's budget be for advertising for that same organization? So I know how crazy it is to live in the Bay Area now and how you can go out to brunch on Sundays here in San Francisco and buy $7 toast. My answer to that is probably somewhere between $70,000 and $90,000 a year. And the way you break down the value of that is you measure by how well their social media efforts bring in more people into the library, how the experience of the library changes overall, whether you're getting different programs, the kind of feedback, customer satisfaction scores, things like that. And I guess it's that high because it is San Francisco. And that's kind of the round number that I've seen in the Bay Area for a job like that. Growth marketer would probably be similar. Budget. Budget is a good question. Maybe you can answer that. Yeah. Check out LinkedIn and do a search and reach out to someone because I don't have the answer for that. Network. I mean, I guess it depends on what you're promoting, right? I realize that it's great to be great at social media, but if you're not promoting that product then it doesn't work out as well. And so at really low cost per click if you know how to target really well and if you don't know how to target very well your cost per click is going to be really expensive. And so you need to really find someone who may not necessarily need a high budget but knows better who your customer persona is, your customer pain points and really, really deliver on that. We have time for one more question. Oh, okay. Well, I noticed, Albert, you talked about targeted email and how that was very effective. And I know at my library we're mostly now using e-newsletters instead of e-mail and I was wondering if either of you could comment on how do you make e-newsletters like constant contact or MailChimp more engaging with the community so it becomes more of a conversation rather than just putting out information. So there are key aspects to a newsletter that make it worth reading. The number one one is the subject line. You want to keep your subject line at a manageable length. Number two is you want to keep what you really want people to see at the top of the, above the fold. Much like how you build your website for your library too where all the most important stuff is before you scroll downwards. And then the third part is being able to create that list that is targeted. So MailChimp allows for the creation of several lists that you can use. Not just one master list. And so if you have various individuals in a variety of programs you can put them on those specific lists and send out maybe a customized e-newsletter to each of those lists that have specific content that you know those people will read. I would also encourage you to get into a schedule that is consistent of when you send out your e-newsletter and try also, like at the chamber we sent it out every Tuesday and every week it was a different theme to the e-newsletter. At the beginning of the month it was an overall news about what was happening or had happened at the chamber. Second week we had a young professional group and it was about young professional group. Third week was focused on specific events that we were highlighting the Mount Bjorn Wine Festival or what not. And so over time our audience got used to knowing that this week it's going to be something different. It's not the same old same old. And the subject would reflect that. Yes. Great. Thank you Albert and Oscar and all of you for a really vibrant discussion. Thank you.


Hi everybody. I'm Mark Coleman, your host this week. This episode of Talking Tax, and I'm joined by my co-host, Tommy Amichika, President of the Tax Foundation of Hawaii. He's the man here really, the tax expert. I'm with the Grassroots Institute of Hawaii, Managing Editor and Coms Director for the Grassroot People. And we're gonna talk today about the school impact fees and whether we should keep them. There's some bills in the legislature, the 2024 legislature, that are proposing to repeal the school impact fee for various reasons. And Tom just wrote a column about that or he's got a column coming out about that in which he brings up a few really good points that I hope you'll read once it comes out. But one of them is that not only is the whole thing questionable constitutionally for various reasons, but even when they do collect the money, they seem to hoard it. Or maybe that was a previous column, Tom, but why don't you take it from there and we'll run with it. Okay, thanks Mark. We're talking this week about the school impact fees. If you don't know what they are, let me kind of give you some history. Our Department of Education is unique in several respects. Most states handle K-12 education at the local level. Like it could be a town, it could be a city, it could be a county, it could be a school district in many states. But we're different because we're descended from royalty. King Kamehameha III and we did have a king back in the old days, established the precursor to the Department of Education in 1840 to run education statewide throughout the kingdom, as it then was. Now with Hawaii being a state of the United States, a lot of the government that kind of grew up under the monarchy kind of stayed with us. And with that, the Department of Education that was supposed to provide for the education of children statewide. Along with that, and unlike most other states, the DOE doesn't rely on the property tax to fund education. Our constitution in the state of Hawaii now says that the property tax exclusively goes to the counties. So the schools are left with funding from the other taxes our government imposes primarily the general excise tax, which brings in half of our general fund revenue or close to it. And it's been that way since the 1930s at least, which is when the when the GET came into being. But then that wasn't enough. The DOE was given the power in 2007 to impose a tax. Now this is unique because no agency, even the Department of Taxation has the power to impose a tax. The Department of Taxation only executes the tax laws that are enacted by the legislature. And this point is actually what the title of your column was or will be a guess which agency can impose a state tax. And that was a really interesting concept that the DOE can do this. So the way it works is that developers of housing projects are required to provide land for school facilities depending on the number of kids that the products are expected to house. And the amount of capacity or lack thereof in the schools that now serve those areas that are being developed. Builders in the same districts that are too small to be expected to provide land have to kick in some cash instead. And in addition... So it's cash or land depending on the situation. Right. And in addition to that, all home builders or buyers must pay a construction cost fee. Right. So these sources of income go to the DOE. Well, can I back up for a second there, Tom? In looking at the 2015 state or 2019 state audit of the school impact fees and reading about the background, apparently this kind of started after the State Land Use Commission divvied up all the properties in the state back in the 60s, in other words, to rural agriculture, conservation, and urban. And somehow the DOE, I'm not sure how that related to the LUC, but the Land Use Commission, but somehow they had this what they called fair sharing. Fair share contributions, yes. Yeah, the fair share contributions. And that's what I'm unclear about how that started. None of it really sounds like it was a law. It just sounded like the DOE started sort of informally negotiating with developers to pony up some land or some cash to help build the future schools of their neighborhoods or whatever. And that was formalized in the 80s. And then finally in the 2007, like you said, they passed that law that turned it into school impact fees. So how do you think that the DOE was able to do this informally before that act came along that formalized it? Well, they must have had some kind of statutory authorization. I mean, I can't imagine that they wouldn't have anything. Otherwise, why would developers even talk to them, right? Yeah, I know it's not clear. I'm clear about that, but the reality is now we do have a law where the DOE is able to, you know, impose on these guys for money. And it hasn't all quite worked out as well as we might have hoped for various reasons. But anyway, so let's get into some of those. You mentioned and I think we need to go into next. There was an audit done of the school impact fee program by the state auditor who is actually supposed to do such things. He did one in 2019. And the audit report found that the school impact fees have been of questionable impact. He found that of the fair share contributions, a million here, a million there was spent to upgrade facilities, provide a couple more buildings in elementary schools in the various areas.  And we're going what? It's all like, why are they collecting the money if they're not spending it, right? That's right. They're just wasting capital that could be out there and, you know, in the community. And at that time, the amount of impact fees collected, this is 2019 now, was $5.3 million. Let's take a look at this graph to show what's been happening over the past few years. Okay. What the graph shows is it's up to 2024, a fiscal year 2024. And the balance of the school impact fees has swelled to $18 million from that 5.3. But what is even more interesting is that, you know, if you had money being spent out of one or more of these school impact fee accounts, you would expect the amount to go down, right? But the amounts keep going up and up and up. It's either flat or inclined up to the right, right? There are no dips. This is all money that's sitting in an account at the DOE. It's all sitting in the account of the DOE. Right now, there are four school impact fee districts. Okay. There's the newest one is Kalahita, which is along the Path of Skyline Rail. Yes. Which is on the bottom. Those are the bottom two bands. Then there's Leeward, which is the other one on a walkway. That's the gray and the yellow. Central Maui is the blue and the green, which is the next one up. And the top two are West Maui. It's kind of like, you know, small and in comparison, but still adds to the bigger pot. And the bigger pot is $18 million. And it doesn't seem to have been used. So that's why we have, you know, an issue and you hit it on the hair there. Mark, you said, well, if they're collecting all this money, why the hell aren't they using it? What's it there for? Yeah. Well, I guess it's there to raise the cost of developing houses, which gets passed on to the consumer. And it's another reason home prices in Hawaii are so high. That's really one of the major complaints right now, isn't it? Oh, yeah. Very much, very much so. If you want to build a housing development, you got to go through all this, all this red tape, permitting through various incendiary agencies, then you build the thing. And there are, you know, non-government delays and expenses, especially recently with the supply chain delays that we've had. And in the meantime, the Department of Education can't spend all the money that they're given. We've had recently an episode in the news where the DOE had to come to the legislature and said, look, we're going to lapse half a billion dollars worth of projects. Yeah. Yeah. Because they can't get to them. It's unreal. Yeah. So, of course, the legislators who worked really hard and fought tooth and nail to get those projects on the books, they were beside themselves, right? They worked this hard and everything is lapsed.  And they hate me because both my elementary school, my intermediate school, and my high school, were all in the lapse list. All of them. Every school out of the three that I went to, they're all in the lapse list. Well, it seems like this discussion about the school impact fees, you know, you can't but help talk about the DOE at the same time usually. And so, on one hand, we can talk about how there might be, you know, a constitutional issue regarding the nexus between the fee and whether it really is appropriate, you know, for the person who's supposed to pay it. And all of those kinds of things and the hoarding of the money and the adding to the housing prices. But really, you know, it's also about the DOE and how it's got $2 billion, you know, and every year is their budget. And of course, as you said, this is like maybe 5%. Was that what you said? 5% of their budget is from school impact fees. Oh, probably much less than that. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So does it really even matter to them with so many millions of dollars, billions, do they really even need this anymore? Especially now too, when enrollment is declining, it's been declining steadily for, I got the chart around here somewhere, but definitely in the last 10 years it's been going down. I think the peak was in the 1980s or somewhere in the 90s. Well, let me tell you an interesting fact that came out in the auditor's report. You know how important the school impact fees are to the DOE? You know how many people they assign to it? One. One. Just one. Now, so apparently they don't care about this that much. And yet they're making a big deal about, for example, that affordable housing development in downtown Honolulu, they wanted to, I think under the emergency order, they wanted to, that was the first decision of the working group that got set up under the governor's emergency housing order. They exempted this adaptive reuse project downtown, which is about 50 units turning an old office building into condos. They exempted it from the school impact fee, which saved the developers and hence the ultimate buyers, at least $200,000 plus, which, you know, that makes affordable homes a little less affordable when you have to fork over money. There was also a story about somebody in very recently, 2022, there's a, I think it's Howard Hughes in Kakaako. They're actually, most of the developers incorporate the school impact fee that they have to pay into the price of the home. But Howard Hughes was packing it on like, here's what you're paying for this, here's the price of the home and here's what your school impact fee is, which was about $3,000 something, which per unit. And so people are going, what, what is this all about? And I wonder too with, like I said, with school enrollment going down and the birth rate declining and people leaving the state, is the school impact fee even make any, does it make a difference anymore? And even two, it also applies to people who don't even have kids and may never have kids. So there's a little bit of an unfairness there, I think. Thoughts on that? Well, it seems like there's a, people have a mentality to power grab for the DOE. I mean, even, we've been following a constitutional amendment bill that was proposed in 2018 first and it's come back to us again. But somebody, some genius has proposed, as an additional funding source for the DOE, to take back some of the property tax authorities from the counties to levy a surcharge, whatever that means, on residential investment property that's worth $3 million or more. Now, they don't even say real property. They say residential investment property. What does that mean? What does that mean? I mean, could it be, you know, if you had like $3 million in Hilton stock, would that count? Yeah, that's a really good question. I hadn't thought about that nuance. Or if you had some mobile homes. Yeah. Would that count? Uh-huh. You want to surcharge those? One thing that you always got to worry about when you're enacting, you know, broad language to give the state taxing power is when you let the genie out, you don't know what the genie is going to do. Yeah, it's a foot in the door. And the more the more wiggle room, you know, you leave in that lamp, the more trouble might come out of that bottle. Oh man, that whole thing, that, you know, the last one in 2018 went down because of the constitution, of the lawsuit that claimed the language was vague. But if the new bill really says residential investments, I think most people are thinking about, you know, rich people from the mainland buying an expensive house so that they won't live in half a year or whatever. That's what they think people are thinking about. That's what they think, right. But that language is so vague and malleable, you know? Yeah, it doesn't say tax, although that's what it is. It says surcharge. Uh-huh. It says residential investment property, whatever the heck that means. Yeah, wow. And there's some issues there.  And their primary revenue source for repayment of those bonds is the property tax. Mm-hmm. And the bondholders are uncomfortable at the prospect of having the property tax monkey with. Mm-hmm. And they've told the counties that in no uncertain terms. So the counties are opposing the constitutional amendment, you know, even today. And if the thing passes, you know, they're going to file suit again to get it off the ballot. And I think, you know, with the current state of the measure, it's not that different from the one that the Supreme Court shot down in 2018. Yeah, sounds like it. Yeah, I didn't. I hadn't thought about that as far as the language issue goes. I, you know, at the Grassroot Institute, we're just opposed to it simply because it's a tax hike. And all the problems that that can cause in the real estate market because this applies to conveyance tax. Was it the conveyance tax? Or is that a different one? That's a different one. Yeah. Having a rigged moment? Yeah. No, I think there's another lot that, yeah, it's like, they're grabbing everywhere, right? So I'm trying to make sure here, but. Yeah, those are different bills. Like it doesn't have enough money already. You know, that's what really blows me away. Yeah. And then they said, this is like totally necessary for teachers and so forth. And then, you know, I sympathize with them a little bit. You know, they aren't getting, you know, paid very much when you compare the cost of living here with that on the mainland. But that's a problem you solve by appropriation. By allocating the funds in our, you know, the monies in our general fund through the legislative process. And that's what we elect our lawmakers to do. They're supposed to, you know, go into the square building and oversee the expenditure of funds off of our general fund. And they make, you know, over a billion dollars in appropriations to DOE every year. Well, Tom, let me ask you in principle. Is your objection to the school impact fee that they're not spending it or that it's raising the cost of housing for people? Or is it just that you just don't like it at all? Well, I think my major concern about it is that they're not using it. And if they're not using it, why are they taking it from us? What have you heard from them about that? What do they ever say? Has anybody ever asked them how come you're just sitting on this money? I don't think anybody's given them an answer. They didn't give Les Condo an answer. When he wrote the report in 2019. I don't see any, or I haven't yet seen any testimony about, you know, what the DOE uses the school impact fee for these days. Would the DOE be officially endorsing this? I mean, would they be submitting testimony supporting this? Well, if you're talking about the bill to repeal the school impact fee, I would imagine they would be submitting testimony opposing it. Right. Right. Well, I think what I actually what I was talking about, that's a good point. Of course, they would oppose that. But the one about where they want to tack on the surcharge, they would probably... They're supporting it. They're supporting it. They're supporting it. HST is supporting it.  They just want more money. Yeah. Well, that's interesting. I know that, you know, as going back to the school impact fee, the DOE would be opposed to that, too. I wonder if they've submitted any testimony. I'm sorry. I don't know at the moment. Yeah, I don't. I think one of those bills is coming up for hearing soon, but hasn't happened yet. So we may find out. But certainly from the looks of the graph, it doesn't look like they've been spending anything. Would it make you happier then if they started spending that money? Or do you... Yeah. I mean, they're supposed to be spending that money for the good of the people. Is this a pretty much... Is this like a special fund? This is like a special fund. Yeah, I believe it is a special fund. And there's, like you said, there's hundreds of these special funds just sitting there. Thousands. Thousands. I know you said that really. It's really thousands, huh? I think it's... I said that on a prior show and I went thousands. It's more than 2,000. I know they counted it at one point. My God.  Isn't it? Yes. And it just so, you know, and at a time when people are constantly asking for more money at the legislature, wanting to raise our taxes, they're not even spending the money we're giving them or that they're taking, I should say. And going back to the school impact fee, it doesn't seem to be a practical enterprise anyway. It doesn't seem to really be a good idea to me considering all the demographics and the extra cost on houses. Well, I think they ought to focus more on maintaining the assets that they have, spending the money that we give them. As opposed to letting it rot and letting it lapse. Right. That's my two cents worth for today. Well, I look forward to future articles by you about the school impact fees. It's a kind of a cool topic. Maybe we won't have to be writing about this after this legislative session. Depending on what the legislature does with the bill to repeal, which we did at the Aggression Institute, we're going to have to submit testimony favoring the bill to repeal the school impact fee. So Tom, thank you very much. It's been a really fun show talking to you about something that probably most people don't really know about until they see that bill, maybe when they're buying their new home. They didn't know what it is. Yeah. And it was funny that you pointed out that the new district actually the train, the Honolulu Rail, as if that's going to be the new booms town for kids and new school demand, probably, huh? But anyway, thank you very much, everybody. We'll see you next time. And viewers out there in Allah Land, thank you very much for being here with us today. We hope you'll be back next week. If you liked this program, be sure to check like on your YouTube channel there and subscribe to Think Tech Hawaii. I'm Mark Coleman and this is Tom Yamachika, my host, our host. Wishing you a great day and a great week. Aloha.


What's going on everyone Sam here late in sports cards ripping three boxes of 2022 tops finest Star Wars hobby for Mark G so good luck here mark. Let's do it. Yeah, absolutely absolutely absolutely job For sure. I appreciate that Stefan Yeah, our sorting and shipping team. They just they are on all cylinders all the time All the time. Yeah, no problem. The Nate Diaz was sweet man I've got to play something like numbered in the next one. I feel like was there even a red in there One there was a red in the beginning Well, there's a red good Looks like an orange. There's a Han Solo We've got orange zero Nice two out of twenty five That's sick congrats on that one mark Nice zero and Rex Fennec Shan and now you're hooked. Honestly, man.  It's fun for sure Jersey number eBay one-on-one Mandalorian nice one there on the refractor Go dolphins Frog lady, there's Janna on the refractor That's wow blue Han Solo 26 out of 150 there you go mark off to a firing start now Varmic on the auto 159 out of 199 nice one there and Finn Kind of I've seen all the originals. Yeah, but outside of that. I was never like I want to watch some of the series and stuff This guy's wearing it. This this is from my kids high school They're the late-brainly Patriots So I had captain fast I Had to get a jacket back in there in school.  It's also how I roll congrats on that one there mark On the moto exactly on Help you sleep at night judgment-free zone Not in this place. You kidding me mouth not at all even peel refractor Janna if you say you like one type of cookie once and forget it So then oral journey She on who is that a red red here Sean? Of Lorna D one out of five There you go mark congrats, buddy.   You kill autograph Jersey What do you tell the old lady when eight to ten packages from LSE show up in the mail? Hey, where do you want to go to dinner? Yeah? Well, how do you like your steak? Yeah Yeah Honestly a legion general pride on the refractor on solo on the back. It's a gold now Gold Darth Vader if the boom Dude, holy cow, what up? What are two boxes so far insane box and a half Yeah, honestly Congrats on that one mark. We'll get that right into a mag buddy. I'm gonna need some pictures of those Actually pretty good waddo the Luke She on bail are gonna Why what's up? I know honestly unreal dude Skir Rex has killed a break Really is another cold dude. No R2 first of all an R2 refractor. That's solid gold auto a bossic 20 out of 50 nice on there. That's awesome or boss. I should say heck yeah And Padme I need the oxygen tank real Sid That's single like that's what I'm talking about Bolo blue axe wolves Nice one there. Plus. We had a Han Solo blue and an Anakin green. Yeah, also Fire axe wolves refractor True Orange how cheese dude cross air refractor Orange vice-admiral hold on nice one there 22 out of 25 the second orange of this break, too There's also another orange congrats mark. Have a break buddy Chewbacca.  I'll go right into the mag two. We've got lira or so That's one 11 out of 199 Vivian Kane and an Anakin. I know we're just like This is stuff. That's not even magged yet. Look at this all the oranges Look at the color that came out of this plus now. There's four mags Unreal mark another box. Yeah, and another box to go still too Yeah, plus there's the gold vader Two reds a sketch Unreal man I want our Missons a super now. That's what we need echo refractor BB-8. Oh Absolutely Absolutely now a see there's penic-chan look a Boba Fett chopper. I Would say probably from That true Kyle Probably just on eBay honestly shorts the client Mandalorian First-order stormtrooper grief Karga rogu Reese Sillis Silas Hunter Anakin refractor Green Chewbacca now Dude, what a break Unbelievable Unreal see a bibble on the refractor auto and Koska Reeves dude It's like every one of the main characters. I'm not all of them obviously, but like A bunch and a Chewie now to yep Luke Skywalker red Unbelievable Jar Jar Binks Fractor here is some gula Luke super dude would be think I'm asking too much for that Koska Reeves Omega the Mandalorian refractor blue bokeh Tom to 150 nice one there and Kylo Ren Moskedean blue Mon Mothma 145 out of 150 And mall That'll do it for your break there Mark that was unbelievable man. We'll get those right out to you buddy. Thank you so much


What conditions do we set for God? The Psalmist of 25 has a few. Do not let me be put to shame. Do not let my enemies exult over me. Do not remember the sins of my youth. But also asks the Lord not to shame those who wait, those not ready. Just the wantonly treacherous. So with these named, the Psalmist is ready for the ways and paths of the Lord. What do you and I need to bring our lament into covenant?


Yes. Hello. Good evening, guys. Can you hear me? Good evening, sir. Yes. So last class, I think we discussed till first order reaction. Yes. Yeah. So first order we have discussed graph also we have seen. Next, we are going to start with the second order reaction. So write down second order reaction. So I'm assuming any reaction, for example, or what we can say in the second order reaction, the rate of the reaction depends upon two concentration term, or we can also say a square of the any one concentration term, right? Anything we can say like that. Okay. A few reactions or few examples of second order reaction we have. The first one is suponification reaction. This is the reaction which gives salt off an ester. Salt off. When ester reacts with a base, for example, if I write down one second, so if I write down a reaction, CH3 C double bond O O C2 H5 ester reacts with a base. It converts into CS3 C double bond O O and A and C2 H5 OH. This reaction is a second order reaction. Another example we have two NO2 gives two NO plus O2 O3 gives O2. Second order reaction. Okay. With respect to this. Now I am assuming a reaction here and the reaction is a reactant A gives product. Second order reaction we are assuming. So the rate expression would be what? The rate expression for this equals to minus of D concentration of A by DT is equals to the rate constant K into concentration of A square since we have assumed that the reaction is of second order. Now one more thing you try to understand here. I am writing down this expression with respect to this reaction. Okay. If you have reactions like this, for example, if the reaction is given in the question to A gives product, then we'll write the expression according to this reaction. Correct. So don't try to mug up this relation. Try to understand how to write down the rate expression. Yeah, it's first order reaction to O3 plus O2 if you give. I'm just, I have just written over here with respect to O3. It is second order. Overall order is that's what I said. I have it. I let down here with respect to O3. Overall order is one to A gives product. So I'm just trying to, to make you understand that this expression, you don't mug up. Okay. Expression will write down with respect to the reaction given. If you take this reaction, if this is given in the question, then here the expression of rate would be R is equals to half of minus of D concentration of A by DT is equals to K times A is square. Then minus of D concentration of A by DT is equals to 2K concentration of A is square. And then we can solve this by integration. Correct. Must take care of this. Okay. According to the reaction will write down the expression. Fine. So we'll continue with this. So we have the expression which is minus D A by DT minus of D concentration of A by DT K concentration of A is square. So when you integrate this D concentration of A by A is square. It becomes K DT. A naught to 80. A naught is the concentration when time is T initial concentration. When time is T, this becomes 80. Now you need to integrate this and solve the expression you will get K is equals to 1 by T open bracket 1 by concentration of 80 minus 1 by concentration of A naught. This is the expression of K we'll get. So could you go to the previous slide? Thank you, sir. Yeah, Aditya, we can have it tomorrow. Okay. You can call me at the test seat. Sir, tomorrow is okay. Fine, sir. Okay. Cause I have to go to the airport. Okay. Like I have to read. Okay. So I cannot wait. Okay, sir. No problem, sir. You are, you are talking about this thing. You have some doubt regarding the test tomorrow. That's why. No, no, no, not urgent, sir. Like. Tomorrow last. Yeah. Today I cannot, you know, wait because I have to go to the airport. That's the thing. Anyways, so this is the expression we get. Correct. Now, could you tell me what is T half here? At T is equals to T half. The expression we know it becomes half again. So concentration 80 at T half would be a naught by two. We substitute this and we'll find out the expression for T half, like we did in other reactions. So here T half would be one by K. So here more concentration, we take initial concentration. Lesser will be the value of half life. Okay. Because obviously the rate is, if you compare this with, you know, the first order reaction, the date is directly proportional to the concentration. Here rate is directly proportional to the square of the concentration. So obviously the reaction is proceeding with a faster rate. Correct. So half life should be less than that of first order. That's why you see inversely proportional. More value of AU to get lesser will be the half life. Okay. So T half here for second order reaction is inversely proportional to the initial concentration. Look at this graph here. Okay. So the first graph we are looking at rate and concentration. Rate and concentration. We know the relation. The graph goes like this. Because we know R is equals to K times a square. This is the graph we have. Rate and concentration is squared. The graph will be a straight line passing through origin. Relation is this only we have this graph. This graph is for rate and concentration is squared. So we have this. This one will take Y axis as 1 by concentration of reactant. Okay. AT. And this side we have time. So this graph would be if you draw it will also be a straight line like this. This L value would be 1 by A naught. What is the graph of T half and 1 by initial concentration? Y axis is T half. And this is 1 by A naught initial concentration. This would be again a straight line passing through origin. And the slope of this line is what? 1 by K. 1 by K. Okay. So these are the graphs we have for this. All these three order. Okay. We have discussed zero first and second. Now we'll see that expression for any Nth order reaction. Okay. The last graph T half. T half is same, you know the relation of T half and concentration you see. We have done this relation last slide you check. T half is equals to 1 by K into A naught. Correct. T half and 1 by A naught is what? Y is equals to MX. Slope is 1 by K. Next slide down. Kinetics of Nth order reaction. Nth order reaction. Again the same reaction I'm assuming. A gives product. A gives product. Nth order reaction we have. So rate is equals to. Rate is equals to minus D concentration of A by DT. K times concentration of A to the power N. Similarly we can solve this. And when you solve this the expression would be I'll write down the expression here. The expression would be 1 by. 1 minus N. Concentration of A. T to the power 1 minus N. Minus concentration of A. Not to the power. 1 minus N is equals to. Minus of KT. So which further we can write. A at any time T. The power 1 minus N. Minus A naught. To the power 1 minus N. Is equals to. N minus 1. K into T. Because of this expression you see this expression. This one itself. Is not valid. For N is equals to 1. Just for this expression I'm writing it on this step. Okay. Because. This side will have infinity. This is not valid for N is equals to 1. Okay. Even here it's also not valid for N is equals to 1. It's not like the entire expression is not correct for first order. Like you see if you find out T half here. T half for Nth order. First you copy down this. A naught. T half. Is equals to. We can substitute 80 is equals to a naught by two. So T half could be a light on one by N minus one. Into K. 80 is. A naught. By two to the power. One minus N. Minus. A naught to the power one minus N. Okay. Take care of the science. Okay. Plus minus sign. So when you solve this, you will get T half. Is equals to. A naught. To the power one minus N divided by. N minus one into K. Open bracket one by. Two to the power one minus N. Minus one. This is the expression we have. So the point I'm trying to make is for any Nth order reaction. T half. Is directly proportional to. A naught to the power. One minus N. A naught to the power one minus N. Okay. So you'll get very basic simple questions on these expressions that we are getting.  When we do others, you know, concepts based questions, like temperature and all, then we'll cover all these concepts. They're only right. So here are the basic questions based on the relation of K concentration and time. We are not doing here now. Later on, after discussing few more concepts, we'll cover up those kinds of questions also. Okay. So this is the expression we get and you see T half is this. It is valid for all the value of N here. You see when N is zero, T half is directly proportional to initial concentration. Fine. N is equals to one. It is independent. N is equals to two. It is inversely proportional. Okay. It is valid for all the. I know this thing of value of N. There are few reactions, which we call it as pseudo first order because the entire chapter, the most and the most important order is N is equals to one first order. So first order is the most important. And then we have zero order. Second order. You won't get much, much question, but second order at this expression. There are some reactions. Which, you know, appears to be. Second order or any other other reactions, any higher order reactions, but actually it's not. It's not. It's not. It's not. It's not. It's not. It's not. It's not. It's, it's not. Any higher order reactions, but actually it is first order reaction. These reactions we call it as pseudo first order reaction. Okay. Right now the heading next. Sudo first order reaction. Just need to know a few examples for this. And that is it. Okay. This is due to excess amount of one of the reactant excess amount of one of the reactant, the second order, or higher order mainly second order. Second order reaction confirms to be, confirms to be to be the first order reaction or it is behaving as a first order reaction. This is due to the presence of excess amount first order reaction. Okay. This type of reaction is called pseudo order reaction. Hence called pseudo first order reaction. Here are those few examples you need to know in this. The first one is hydrolysis of ester acidic hydrolysis. Suppose we have CH3 COO C2 H5 present in water and excess of water we have in presence of an acid, it converts into acid and alcohol acid and alcohol. So for this reaction, if you write down the rate expression, the rate expression would be R is equals to K times concentration of ester into concentration of water. But since it is present in excess, so we have seen that we observe that it's a practical thing. We observe that the concentration of this water which is present in excess, it won't affect the rate of the reaction much. Okay, and hence be neglected. So K into this concentration we assume to be constant K into this will give a new rate constant that is K dash into ester. This is the expression of this reaction. And this K dash is called pseudo rate constant pseudo rate constant. You need to know the concentration of water. Yeah, we are just doing the example. Okay, data will be given if they ask you to compare pseudo rate constant, then accordingly the data will be given concentration of water will be given. You can find out rate constant K and then K into H2O is K dash and then you can find out H2O. Simple thing. Just you need to know what is K dash. K dash is K into H2O, concentration of H2O. Second example we have here is inversion of cane sugar, C12H22O11 plus H2O axis converts into C6H12O6, C6H12O6. Just a second guys, I think someone's there. Yeah, C12H22O11 plus H2O axis it gives this. So for this the rate expression would be same thing I'll write on the rate final value directly the rate expression would be R is equals to K dash the pseudo rate constant into the concentration of C12H22O11. Okay, esterification of anhydride is also another example. Examples you have to keep in mind because sometimes they ask theoretical question, which one of these is this thing, pseudo first order reaction like this also there's mostly need. So the reaction here is CH3COCO CS3 plus C2H5OH alcohol we are taking in excess. So this gives two molecules of ester CS3COO C2H5. So the rate expression like we had in the previous one, rate also is K dash into the concentration of anhydride. This is the expression we have. Apart from this the fourth one we have metabolism of hormones in human bodies that is also pseudo first order. Metabolism of hormones sir. Yes. Okay sir. Metabolism of hormones in human bodies. Okay so till now guys we had discussed about the reaction and concentration we were talking about correct. All these first order reaction will have in case of titration also when volumes are involved. We'll have in case of growth of, no, the growth of bacteria the population growth of bacteria we can have that. Like I said in volumetric analysis we can have it, or when the gaseous phase reaction is given. So when the growth of growth of bacteria is there then what we need to do, we call it as first order growth kinetics just a term. So first question how do we get will see that in volumetric analysis at different different point, the volume is given and how do we get the expression of K, like we had in first order in, in terms of volume that we are going to see. And when the gaseous phase reaction is there, and how we can relate pressure with the rate constant K till now we did with concentration. Okay. So now the first order growth kinetics, growth kinetics, it's very simple will have the general expression of first order only, but only one change is there since the population growth we have. So at point with when the time you know goes, then the population increases in the denominator will have more value means the value will increase in the denominator. Like you see, we're talking about the growth of bacteria here. Suppose that time t is equals to zero.  This is the difference we have in the other reactions correct. In the previous reactions you'll see with time the concentration is decreasing, correct. That's why we had a minus X, 80 is a minus X, but since this growth population of bacteria. Correct. So it is a plus X because the population is increasing with time. So it's the same thing exactly same thing you can derive the expression, you know, for first order but since we have done the derivation already, I'm not going to do the entire thing again. So here the K value would be, if you recall the expression for first order, it is one by T ln A by 80 correct, A naught by 80. So if I write down in terms of law, nothing much you need to do just this 2.303 by time t log off initial concentration is a and concentration or population at time T is a plus X. So this is the expression we have any doubt in this. So this will be negative. Yes, one negative sign. The next one is in this the second type in this is the volumetric analysis. Okay, we can say volumetric analysis or like in any reaction if some gaseous product is there on the product side only, then we can take the volume of gas also. Okay, for example, you see next write down volume related method volume analysis any or volumetric analysis correct. So in this, you can do it in two different way. One is, you can directly memorize one formula that I'm giving you. For example, you see the expression of K here is 2.303 by T log off V infinity minus V naught divided by V infinity minus VT all that sign and term will be taken care of. There's no negative sign outside. Okay, where V naught is what V naught is the volume given at time t equals to zero. What is the volume at t equals to zero VT is the volume at T is equals to any time t and V infinity is the volume in finite time. Now what you need to do when you go when we are going to use this expression, whatever volume term is not given, you have to take it as zero. I'm giving you this to solve the question, how do we get this will do that I'll just give you one more example, how to write down the volume related term. So here what you have to just keep in mind if you remember this formula, suppose V naught is not given. Okay, then what you will do. The initial volume V naught is not given, not given, then you substitute simply V naught equals to zero in this expression, the expression of K you will get. Suppose if V infinity is not given, V infinity is not given. You substitute V infinity is equals to zero the expression you get with that expression you can find out the, you know, correct. No, because any reactions, it is given at a certain temperature and pressure, right. So volume in that case is directly proportional to number of modes, so volume and number of modes we can directly correlate. Okay, first of all, you know, let me tell you this thing that this expression if you remember, right, directly you can use this and all these value can substitute according to the data given you will get the answer. Okay, but suppose if you are not able to, suppose if you feel like, okay, how do you memorize this expression. So in that case what you need to do. It's a simple one you can easily derive it. See I'll tell you how. We know for a reaction, a reaction takes place, takes place at a given temperature and pressure, given P and T. So any reaction what we can write the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles, because the number of moles and volume we can coordinate. Okay, for example, you see, if I have this reaction. And I'm taking only one gaseous product N205 with gifts NO2 plus O2. Suppose we have only oxygen in the gaseous state here it is given. Okay. Then, how do we write down the volume expression for this reaction. Okay. So simply here you see, we have initial concentration T0 I am assuming. A0 here. And this is zero. This is zero initially, at time T is equals to T. This becomes A0 minus 2x. This becomes 4x and this becomes x by, sorry, x here. This becomes x. Correct. Now when T is equals to T infinity. This becomes zero because all these N205 convert into O2 and N infinity. This becomes zero. This will be 2A0 and this would be A0 by 2. Okay. So if I write down the expression of K in terms of the concentration, it is 2.303 by T log of A0 by A0 minus 2x. Once again. This is in terms of concentration. Now if you know this A0, how this A0 is related to the volume and this how it is related to the volume, we can write down the expression in terms of volume. Correct. So at any time T, at any time T, the amount that is converted into of N205 converted into O2 is this because we have only gaseous product is O2. So x is the amount of A we have at time T. So I'm assuming corresponding to x, we have certain volume. Okay. That is VT. So what I'm writing down here for oxygen gas only at time T is equals to T, the amount of oxygen gas x, this corresponds to some volume and that I am assuming as VT because number of moles and volumes are directly proportional. At time T is equals to T infinity. What is the volume of what is the value of O2? T is equals to infinity. Value of O2 is A0 by 2 in the reaction is written. This equals to or corresponds to V infinity because T infinity we have. So what is A0 from this you see? A0 is directly proportional to 2V infinity. This if you substitute in the previous expression, that would be k is equals to 2.303 by T log of A0 is 2V infinity divided by A0 is again 2V infinity minus 2x is 2VT. So when you solve this you see 2 and 2 will get cancelled. So expression of k is 2.303 by T log of V infinity by V infinity minus VT. This expression you get in terms of quantity. Now you see if you compare the first method that I told you V0 minus V infinity minus V0 by V infinity minus VT and I told you whatever is not given just substituted as 0. So for this data you see, for this data this given data, what is the value of V0 initial volume? It is not given. So V0 should be what? V0 should be 0. If you substitute this V0 0 in this expression that I've given you here, V0 you substitute 0. You see you'll get the same expression. This is 0 V0 by V0 minus T. So either you memorize this if volume things are, it's very clear like what formula you have to use when volume is given then you have to use this volume formula. Okay and this kind of formula we only use when there is only one gaseous product. Okay, use write down use when only one gaseous product is there. Or we can also say in this way that gaseous molecule is present only on the product size. Write down the volume expression we use when the gases are present only on the product side. We assume that also to use this expression. Okay, so bacteria and this volume it's not much important. Okay, but not that difficult also you can understand it easily. Similarly, we can have one more expression here. That is when the compound is optically active. Okay, so for optically active compounds, what things you have to keep it exactly similar to the expression of volume that we have got. Okay, you see this next is to determine the rate constant rate constant of an optically active compound. So here also all data will be given just you need to use the formula and what is the formula formula exactly same like we had in case of volume 2.303 by T log of instead of the infinity. We have r infinity minus r not divided by r infinity minus RT the least important one but he has to formalize this. Same thing are not is the angle of rotation at zero time I'll write down this are not is the angle of rotation at T is equals to zero. RT is the angle of rotation at time T at T is equals to T and r infinity is again the angle of rotation T is equals to infinity. Okay, again the same thing if any value is not given substituted zero will get the same expression then. Okay, the last one in this type is the most important one and that is to determine the write down to remind the rate constant of gaseous reaction gaseous phase reaction pressure will be given PT will be given okay when pressure is given total pressure will be given. This is the point I'm trying to make is you just need to know that how to write down the cake expression. You don't have to worry about the terms like what terms are given and not you can easily find out with the data given in that question that's not a concern you just try to understand and focus your focus should be that how do we write down the expression of cake. Okay, so suppose I'm taking one very simplest example here, the example I'm taking is a reaction we have in which a gas converts into be gas and see gas. All are gaseous reacting gases product it is also possible that only gaseous only one gaseous product will have that is also possible so based on the reaction you can do all these things. So, I am assuming here are initial pressure as P naught. And after sometime the pressure of able decrease because a converts into B and C that is zero that is zero. This is P1 and this is P1. No doubt. So, here you see if I ask you what is the total pressure at time T what is the total pressure at time T tell me the total pressure T is PT and PT is equals to whatever gaseous molecules are there. Okay, try to understand this carefully. Okay, pressure is because of only gaseous molecule. So whatever gaseous molecules are there we have to add the pressure of all gaseous molecules. Okay, means we have to add the pressure of a because a is a gas, we have to add the pressure of B, we have to add the pressure of C, where P a, P b, P c are the partial pressure of a, b and C. Correct.  So, total pressure PT is equals to P naught plus P. Okay, this PT will be given in the question. Okay, PT will be given and suppose the partial pressure you need to find out, dc pressure basically you need to find out or they may also ask that what is the pressure of a at time T. So, you need to find out that what part of a has been converted into P so that the pressure of a would be where it is to P1, P1 and P1 will get cancelled. No, this one you see P1 and P1, alethe manjunath. Correct. Is this correct guys, total pressure? So, the thing is if the question is you need to find out the pressure of a at time T, it means you need to find out P naught minus P1. Pressure of B at time T, you need to find out P1, you need to find out C is also P1. So, because all these are first order we are assuming. So, if I write down the expression for the first order that would be what? That would be K is equals to 2.303 by T log initial pressure divided by the final pressure at time T. This is what we need to do. Could you please go back? Just a second. Pressure of a at time T. So, I'll write down the pressure of a here like this. This P means pressure of a at time T. Just a second I'll go back. Pressure of a at time T. Okay, done. Okay done guys. Can I go to the next slide? Yes. So, this is the expression we have pressure of a at time T. So, P is we know it is P naught minus P1, correct? A is equals to P naught minus P1. Okay. So, K is equals to 2.303 by T log of P naught by P naught minus P1. Because P1 is a partial pressure like of B and C. So, your expression should not be in terms of the partial pressure because P1 is not given in the question. Pt is given total pressure and Pt relation we have already Pt is equals to what we have just now we have calculated Pt is equals to P naught minus P1. P1 is equals to what? P naught minus Pt. This is correct. Sir Pt is P naught plus P1 we have, correct? P1 is Pt minus P naught, yeah. P1 is Pt minus P naught and this is plus we have here. So, this P1 will substitute here. So, K expression would be 2.303 by T log of P naught divided by P1 is this. So, we'll get 2 P naught minus Pt, correct? So, this is the expression we have. So, you need to understand to write down this expression for data you don't have to worry about. Okay. The data will be given whatever point that data is given for that point will apply this condition that point pressure of A at that point B at that point and all. This is the expression of K in terms of pressure. Any doubt on this? We can also do this in one different way because we know pressure and concentration are also directly proportional. Can I go to the next slide? All of you are done. We can also do it in this phase. Suppose the reaction is this, we have A gas converts into B gas and C gas. So, what happens at different, different time they'll give you the concentration A naught 0 0 at time T it is A T 0 0 and they'll ask you to find out the expression in terms of pressure. Simply we know because it is a concentration given or suppose if moles also it is given here then obviously the volume it is understood and you have to consider the volume one liter. If moles is given then assume volume as one liter otherwise concentration is given is fine. So, we know this fact that pressure is directly proportional to concentration. Like volume we were relating your pressure and concentration also we can relate. So, we can say A naught the pressure at time T is equals to 0 concentration is this. This is directly proportional to the initial pressure that is P naught. Okay and one more thing I just this will have certain concentration of B and C that we do not know suppose X X will have here. Okay. And A T concentration of A at any time P that would be equals to what pressure at this point P. So, concentration and pressure you can also relate like this. What is given take volume as one liter sir. That you can assume if concentration is given then that's fine. Yes sir. Okay and then you can write down the again key expression in terms of pressure because it is directly proportional we can do that. Understood? Yes sir. Sometime what happens they'll give you expression like this. I'll give you go to the next page and show you this. Suppose the reaction is again this A gives B plus C all our gaseous product and gaseous reactant and what they'll do they'll give you at time T is equals to 0 its concentration is A naught this is 0 this is 0. At time T is equals to T this becomes A naught minus X this is X and this is X and at time T is equals to infinity this is 0 this is A naught and this is A naught and the total pressure will be given correct. So, at two points suppose the total pressure is like suppose at this point the total pressure is given it is P1 and here the total pressure is given P2. Then you have to because this P1 and P2 is given then you must write the expression of k in terms of P1 and P2 so that we can find out the other things. Correct. So, what we can do here you see P1 we know this P1 is directly proportional to the concentration at this time so we can write A minus X plus X plus X. Which is P1 is directly proportional to A plus X that's the one relation we have. Similarly, P2 is highly proportional to could you tell me P2 is highly proportional to. Way or not. Way or not. Way or not. Correct. This is the second relation. Now what we need to do that you see we know k is equals to what 2.303 by T log of A naught by A naught minus X this is the expression we have. So, A naught is nothing but P2 by 2. So, A naught there is no problem we can substitute P2 by 2 in terms for A naught over here. And A naught minus X we need to find out. So, to find out A naught minus X what we can do. We can subtract these two this minus this so left hand side what we have P2 minus P1 is directly proportional to A naught minus X is this right understood any doubt please respond guys quickly. Correct. Now just we need to substitute it here. So, k is equals to k is equals to 2.303 by T log of A naught is P2 by 2 divided by it is P2 minus P1. Is this right? Let me check the previous expression. Yeah. A naught minus X is this A naught is P2 by 2. Yeah, that's correct. So, this is the expression we get. So, the expression of k in terms of pressure the given pressure is 2.303 by T log of P2 by 2 times P2 minus P1 this is the expression we get. Yeah. So, it's all depends that what is the condition given why I have taken here because we know these at these two condition only the pressure was given P1 and P2. So, I have taken these two condition. If these two condition is given then we can talk about these two condition. Okay, so it's all depends upon what condition is given the question you can relate directly concentration with pressure and then we can write down the expression of k in terms of pressure. Understood. It's completely depends upon that what reaction is given first of all plus what condition is given like if I give you one more you know reaction here just for your practice you just see if the reaction is this. We have a gas gives to be gas see gas here. Okay, and the pressure is given at any time T at any time T the pressure is is PT. Total pressure is PT initial pressure of P is given that is P not at any time to the pressure is given PT you have to find out the expression of K and at T is equals to infinity. All right, I don't just wait. At time T the pressure is P1. This one, this is one question done. Okay, another question is, which I will do this one only find out the expression of K, assume this is PT only so that can avoid total pressure is this at any time T. You need to find out the expression of K, obviously since P naught and PT is given you need to find out this in terms of P naught and PT. Yeah, it's done to P naught by three P naught and PT. Okay. Yeah, right. So what we'll do here, we'll write down this is P naught and initially the pressure of B and C is zero and zero. So if it becomes P naught minus P one, this becomes two P one, and this becomes P one. So total pressure PT here at this point would be P naught minus two P one P naught plus two P one correct. This plus this plus this P naught plus two P one. So P one from this if you find out because the P one is not given. So it is PT minus P naught divided by two. So the expression of a K for this reaction is 2.303 by T log of A naught. Sorry, P naught by PT, P naught by PT that is P naught minus P one, P one if you substitute this, you'll get the answer as K is equals to 2.303 by T. log of two P naught by three P naught minus PT. This is the expression of K for this reaction.  Even in the question when you solve this chapter, right, the numericals, you will have this kind of options also like the reaction is given ABCD like this for options will be given. So this is how we'll do it. So whatever we have done growth of bacteria volume and optical activity rotation and all this particular thing the pressure related question is the most important one in this. Okay. See this question. Yeah, done. See I'll do this week. A simple one the reaction is given a to gas gives be gas and half of C to half of C. Okay. Increasing pressure from 100 mm to 120 mm in five minute. Okay. So, we are assuming the initial pressure is 100 mm, right, and it becomes 120 in five minute of this change. Okay. So, at time T is equals to zero. I'm assuming there's only a so P naught, zero and zero if it is not mentioned that B and C also present initially, you don't have to consider that. Right. In general, the assumption is this only that we have only reacted at time T is equals to zero. It becomes P naught minus P one. This is P one and this is P one. Now according to the given data. We have P naught is equals to 100. And the sum of all these that is P naught plus P one is equals to 120. Right. P one P naught we know what is P one P one is 20 mm. So if you see isn't it half P one. Much a half P two correct. We have this. Oh, then everything's in. Oh, I made a mistake. So half P one we have and when we add all these then we'll get P naught plus half of P one is equals to 120. So P naught is hundreds of P naught P one is 40 correct. We need to find out what we need to find out the rate of disappearance of a the rate of disappearance of a is what. That is minus rate of a is minus D by DT of a pressure that we can write on pressure also here. So it would be P naught minus P one by this time required is five minute. Change is P naught minus P one one negatives and we already have minus P naught divided by the time is okay. Better if you write the average rate that is delta of pressure of a divided by delta of T. So you'll get this. So it would be 40 divided by five. So we'll add eight mm per unit is minutes. This is the answer we get. So they're not asking for the rate at five minutes. They're asking for average rate. So they're asking for average rate not the rate at five minutes. Yeah, obviously because rate at five if you need to find out then what we need to do the pressure of a at this time that divided by this. At that point they cannot they cannot other it does not make any sense rate means what over a period of time how the concentration of pressure is changing that is the rate no ratio. So obviously here it is understood that the change that happens from 100 to 120 what is the rate of that change. That's what the rate of disappearance of it. Okay. If they ask you like this rate at P is equals to five minute then and that would be P naught minus P one divided by five. Yes. Any doubt in this one second. This question you see how do we do this first order reaction you need to prove it. This kind of question usually they ask in board is okay. That's why I've taken one. See what you need to do here. If it is first order reaction, then for this data, you'll have the value of rate constant K. So for this data rate constant K, and for the second time again find out for this data rate constant K, this must be equal. If it is first order. If it is coming out to be equal, the reaction is of first order, otherwise it is not. Okay, you don't have to, you know, I mean what point I'm trying to make is this kind of question they won't ask you in a comparative exam because they won't ask you to prove it. They can ask you for the given data they can ask you what is the order of the reaction like this. So it, it, it would be a bit of, you know, a calculator you need to do some calculation into it method is this only for two set of data, if the value of K is coming out to be same, then whatever assumption you have taken that is correct. So this question would be like this, exactly the data is given and accept this line, it is written over here what is the order of the reaction. In that case, you have to assume first, okay, assume the order is zero. Okay, find out K for this data, K for this data if it is equal, means our assumption is correct, not equal then assume order and is equals to one. Okay, find out this same thing, correct. So it will take some time but the method is this only. So you won't get this kind of question in comparative exam but yes in board exam, you may get this. So one question for that. Did you find out what is the value of K you are getting. See I'll do this. Check. See we have this reaction. See how do you do this to try to understand this pressure the total pressure given. Keep that in mind. But mistake you can make. I'll tell you. SO2Cl2 gives SO2 gas plus Cl2 gas. So initially I am assuming it has obviously it is given so 180 is the initial pressure. And since it is not mentioned so I'm assuming only SO2Cl2 is present pressure is this there is no SO2 there is no Cl2. So when the reaction proceeds this SO2Cl2 dissociates X, X and X. This time here the time which is required this time is given. This is a T is equals to zero. And this is a T is equals to 240 second 240 second. And at this time the total pressure is given Pt is equals to and here since all our gases species take care of this. If this is not gas we won't take the contribution of this into total pressure. Okay, small small things but important. Total pressure will be pressure of this plus pressure of this plus pressure of this that would be 180 plus X. What is the value of X could you tell me Pt is given 244 so value of X would be 64 any doubt in this. Why we need this X that's a question right why we need this X because when you write down the expression for K expression for K it would be 2.303 by T is 240 log of initial is 180 minus X we have this X must be required right so this you need to subtract here 64 now from this data you will find out K. And the same thing you have to repeat for the second set of data means again you can start with from here to here means assume 600 second. Again set of data I'll write down the value of X so to CL to gas. So, this is again 180 zero zero, this becomes 180 minus X, X, X, but this time here I'm choosing the time here is 600 and this time is zero. X value would be 180 plus X so 302 minus 180 that would be 122. Okay, so X for this data we are getting 122. So K is 2.303 divided by T log of 180 by 180 minus 122 from this you'll get the value of K. So if the K value is same for the both set of data it means our assumption that is first order of reaction that's correct. The value of K you will get here is 0.0018 second. Is this the right answer you're getting this second inverse. Yes, this is the answer you get any doubt in this. Thank you.