We were discussing about 2 pipes and working out some examples. Let us continue with another example. Let us say that you have a piping system or a single pipe in this example where a pitot tube is put. The fluid that is being handled in this system is air and the manometric fluid is water. The difference in the height of the 2 limbs of the manometer say is delta H which is given. The diameter of the pipe is 8 centimeter and the pressure upstream is 1 atmosphere approximately 101 kilopascal. Now what you are asked number 1, estimate the center line velocity, estimate the volume flow rate and the wall shear stress assuming smooth wall. Given dimension of delta H is 40 millimeter and a relationship between the center line velocity and the average velocity is given as 1 by 1 plus 1.33 square root of f where f is the friction factor. So this is the description of the problem. Now let us first look into the problem from a very basic consideration of the pitot tube that what you really can write regarding the difference in the properties between say 1 and 2. So the point 2 is supposed to be the so-called stagnation point and between 1 to 2 if one uses a pitot tube uses the well known expression of the pitot tube and that expression if you recall it does not account for any energy loss. It considers that the fluid is undergoing a reversible process without any energy loss and then it is possible to use the Bernoulli's equation along a streamline between points 1 to 2. So without any loss therefore it is like p1 by rho plus v1 square by 2 is equal to p2 by rho. This is ideal right and this is what equation is written for the pitot tube. Now somebody who is a very casual engineer will do a mistake in what? We will do a mistake in having these points 1 and 2 at some distance apart so that head loss between these 2 becomes important. If these 2 points are very close then that head loss may not be important but a very wrong approach of engineering may be to put them at some distance apart. I mean of course they will be at some distance apart but question is how to make that effect minimum because you are using an idealized equation where that effect is not present trying to predict whatever the velocity at the state 1 or at the point 1 using that but that will itself be erroneous if head losses are significant. Now between p1 and p2 of course you can relate that what changes by using the principle of manometry. So let us say that this height is h. So you can write the if you consider the same horizontal level you have the pressure at a is same as pressure at b that is you have p1 plus h rho of air into g plus delta h rho of water into g is equal to p2 plus h rho air g plus delta h rho air g. So from here you can when you write this p1 by rho this is rho of air or rho of water in this equation rho of air right. So to make use of this equation we just divided by rho of air but before that some terms will be cancelled out like h into rho a into g from both sides. So p1 by rho air minus p2 by rho air is equal to delta h into g into 1 minus rho water by rho air that means you have v1 square by 2g is equal to delta h g into rho water by rho air minus 1 sorry that g is okay. So from here you can find out what is v1 all other things are given. So you will be able to find out a value of v1 let me just tell you that what value you are expected to get out of this one. So you will get v1 as 25.5 meter per second. Now this is from an idealized analysis. The other important thing is that how this v1 is related to so this v1 is what this is velocity at a point and velocity at a point on the center line. So this is as good as the velocity at the center line one is a point on the center line. So we need not confuse between a point and the average over a section. So this is at a point we are writing okay. So because this emerge from the Bernoulli's equation between 2 points. Now this u center line and u average they are related by this equation. How this equation comes is a bit of a background information but it is quite simple that is this comes from the logarithmic law application of the logarithmic law for the velocity profile. So it is assumed for this problem that it is a turbulent flow over a smooth wall of a pipe and in the turbulent flow so the velocity profile is taken like this in this form okay.  So in this y is the distance from the wall not any arbitrary coordinate. So in the pipe coordinate system the cylindrical coordinate system this is the distance from the wall. So from this type of velocity profile you can find out the average velocity by integrating this over the section integral of u dA divided by the area. So and you can find out the velocity at the center line by putting small r equal to capital R okay and then I sorry small r equal to 0 that means y equal to capital R. Then you will get 2 expressions remember that these kappa and b are like sort of constants kappa is 0.4 or 0.41 may be to be a bit more accurate and b for a smooth pipe is close to 5. We have mentioned this earlier when we are discussing turbulent flows. Now with that if you find out the ratio you may relate that ratio with the friction factor. How you relate the ratio with the friction factor you know that tau wall is equal to the CF the friction factor is what? Tau wall by half rho u average square and tau wall and u average are related by or you can relate tau wall with u r this u reference and you may relate u reference with u average and how you relate CF with f? So the CF is f by 4 right. So if you use this expression you use this velocity profile and for averaging also use the same thing relate that with the friction factor you will get this expression. This may be exactly derived by putting these numbers. So that is how this is there is not just a very magical thing just from the very basic understanding of the velocity profile and its averaging. Now let us say that you have this as a center line velocity. You are having a relationship between the center line velocity and the average velocity. If you know that then in one way you may straight away write the average velocity volume flow rate like that but only hindrance is you do not know the friction factor okay. So one of the ways again may be by the guess by the trial and error. So let us say that you make a trial say u average by u center line. See trial and error is not always hit and miss. It requires some intelligence and understanding of the problem.  One is 0.1, another is 0.5, another is 0.8. Out of these 3 which one you expect to be a better trial? 0.8 is expected to be a better trial in this case why? Because remember we are talking about a turbulent flow where the velocity profile is almost uniform. So there is not a great difference between the center line velocity and an average velocity. So of course the average velocity will be less than the center line velocity no doubt about it but how much it is less it depends on the skewness in the velocity profile. So for a turbulent flow it is almost uniform and therefore like if you have such choices may be 0.8 or 0.85 or 0.9 these types of gases are reasonable gases and so still if you guess 0.1 or 0.5 still okay but let us say you guess this as 2 then it is absolutely erratic because I mean that it does not matter whether it is laminar flow or turbulent flow whatever the center line velocity is always greater than the average velocity and so these types of basic considerations should be kept in mind anytime whenever you are having a iterated solution or a trial solution and putting a guess for that. So when you substitute this trial you will get a value of f from this equation straight in. Once you get the value of f from this equation then the question is that is this f what comes out from the relationship that you get from the Moody's diagram. Here remember that we are talking about a smooth wall. So hydraulically smooth pipe for that the friction factor should not be dependent on the wall roughness. So for a smooth wall it will depend on only the Reynolds number and for the hydraulically smooth pipe this is like 0.316 by Reynolds number to the power 0.25 otherwise one may directly read from the Moody's diagram the corresponding graphical graphically plotted values without looking into the function. So that means if you know f you will get a Reynolds number right and the Reynolds number is what? The Reynolds number is based on the average velocity right rho u average into d by mu. So once you get this f you will get a Reynolds number and that means you will get the average velocity. Put that average velocity back here and see that you get a new f.  So important consideration is that to have a distinction between the centerline velocity and the average velocity. The whole understanding is when you are applying the sort of Bernoulli's equation between the 2 points and neglecting losses you are talking about only velocities at the points. Whereas whenever the head losses are calculated those are based on Reynolds number which takes reference velocity as the average velocity over the section not velocity at a point that is the key concept that is used for solving this problem. So let me give you the answer I mean once it has converged then the remaining calculations are very straight forward and I need not repeat but let me just give you the answer. So the f is equal to the converged value of f is 0.0175. Then the q is 0.109 meter cube per second and tau wall is 1.23 Pascal. So this kinds of practical examples are important because in practice you have energy losses or head losses. Next what we will see is that we have till now discussed about the head loss but how is the head loss related to the energy of the fluid. That may be interesting to us because in our in the very beginning of our course when we are talking about inviscid flows we were discussing about the Bernoulli's equation and we found out later that the Bernoulli's equation sort of gives a mechanical energy balance for a system for a flowing fluid. Now therefore here we are seeing that even we might be tempted in using the Bernoulli's equation but because of certain losses that may not directly be applicable there might be certain errors. So these losses must have some relationship with the energy consideration in the pipe flow. So let us look into a bit more details of the energy considerations in pipe flow. The objective will be to figure out that how the head losses are related to the total energy balance. Let us say that you have a pipe of whatever section say circular pipe as an example and we are looking for the fluid in the pipe and trying to write an expression for the energy balance. So for any conservation equation we may start with the Reynolds transport theorem. So let us start with the Reynolds transport theorem where E is the total energy of the system. So we can write dE dt for the system where capital E is the total energy and small e is the energy per unit mass. So now let us make certain assumptions for simplification that let us assume that it is a steady situation. So the unsteady terms go away. So when you have this steady situation the next thing what you do, the next thing what you do is you try to write this expression for the dE dt of the system. So that it is what it gives the total rate of change of energy of the system and so if you have a system like this of whatever arbitrary configuration the total energy change of a system is something of fixed mass and identity and for that the total energy change is given by a particular form of the first law of thermodynamics. So you are having basically some interaction of heat and work. So you have let us say there is a heat transfer to the system say delta Q. There is a work done by the system say delta W. These are positive sign conventions that we will follow. So any heat transfer to the system we consider as positive. Any work done by the system that is energy flowing out of the system because of what we consider as positive. So let us say that some heat is transferred to the system and as an example some part of that is used to do work. The remaining will change the energy of the system. So you have delta Q-delta W is equal to the change in energy of the system. Obviously I am not writing these terms in a very formal way whenever in the next semester when you will be studying thermodynamics you will be studying in details of how to formally write all these terms. But we are just trying to make use of this and I am just trying to be at your level so that we can proceed further. Now when you write this energy keep in mind that this energy is the sum total of kinetic energy, potential energy and anything else other than kinetic and potential energy which is the function of the internal configuration which we call as internal energy. So let us just symbolically write it kinetic energy plus potential energy plus internal energy. In books of thermodynamics internal energy is given symbol of u as you have noticed maybe earlier but here because we already use u for velocity we use just i as a symbol for internal energy to avoid the confusion in the terminologies. Now this equation you can also write as a rate equation. So you can write Q dot-w dot is equal to dE dt of the system. So this we can write Q dot-w dot. Q dot-w dot of what? Q dot-w dot for a system but in the limit as delta t tends to 0 when it is derived this is same as this for the control volume as well. So this is as good as Q dot control volume-w dot control. What is the control volume? Say you have chosen some control volume which is across which some fluid enters in the pipe and it leaves the pipe and the boundary of the control volume is shown by this dotted line. Now let us concentrate on the right hand side. First of all this control volume is stationary so that the relative velocity and the absolute velocity they are the same. So this will be equal to integral of rho E. So integral of v dot n dA for the outflow it will be positive and the inflow it will be negative. So we can say that integral of rho UDA for outflow boundary – integral of rho E UDA for the inflow boundary. Because we have now lost the vector sense so we have put the proper algebraic sign to represent the vector sense. Now next is to split different terms based on like what are the important effects. So heat transfer so heat transfer of course there may be some heat transfer to the system or away from the system say you are heating the wall of the pipe is heated. So there may be a heat transfer from the surrounding to the system. If it is not heated then also there may be a heat transfer because of the temperature difference between the ambient from outside and the fluid that is there in the pipe and how such temperature difference may be created we will try to see. Now if you consider concentrate on the work done. So what is the work done here? By the fluid in the control volume. First of all you have the fluid let us consider the inflow the fluid is entering with the pressure P. So it is putting some energy to the control volume as it displaces some fluid and enters it. So what is the corresponding work done? See we have related this with the flow energy or flow work. So that same work we are referring here. So if you have let us say a small element of area here say dA. So the elemental work done is P in into dA into the displacement. Here we are writing the rate. So the rate of the displacement that is the velocity. So P in dA into u integral of that over the entire area sin plus or minus. You see this consistency of the first law of thermodynamics see any energy in the form of work if it is transferred from the inside of the system to the outside it is positive. Here the energy is being put into the system. So that is negative work in terms of the work. So that means you have q dot- so you have minus integral of P u dA for the in and for the outflow it will be plus. So that is the left hand side expression that we are having. Now the next is we are assuming that rho is a constant for this problem or for this discussion. So when rho is a constant we can take rho out of the integration in place of E what we can write. This is energy per unit mass. So first say if you write first kinetic energy u square by 2 potential energy gz and internal energy per unit mass i okay. So if you collect all the terms what you get at the end so you get q dot cv. Let us say that you take these terms of integral of P u dA to the right hand side. So if you take these terms to the right hand side you will see that it will club up with these ones u square by 2 gz i plus that you will have one P by rho. Because rho is there as a multiplier this is just P alone. To adjust with that you will have one rho multiplier outside. So in the bracket what will enter is P by rho. So you will have this equal to say if you take rho outside then integral of P by rho plus u square by 2 plus gz plus i into u dA same thing for the in flow. The next important thing is the integration of whatever integral appears in the 2 in flow and the out flow boundary terms. So when you write this integration you have to keep one thing in mind that you have to be careful whether the properties are varying over the cross section or not because these are integrals over the cross section. So let us assume that the pressure is not substantially varying over the cross section and that is in a way true that we have seen that the major pressure gradient is along the x direction. Then u will definitely vary with the cross section because you have a velocity profile it is not a uniform flow. The potential energy effect that also you may consider that the pipe diameter is not so large that there will be a great difference in potential energy effect. So certain terms of these you may very confidently take out of the integral assuming that those are constants. So like you can for example write say you divide q dot Cv by rho. So when you have P by rho or let us do one thing we will divide by rho in the next stage. Now see that if you take P by rho out of the integral then what you are left with in the integral is integral of u dA that is the volume flow rate that multiplied by the density is the mass flow rate. So we call it m dot okay. Next is you have rho by 2 integral of u cube dA. So this is remember we are writing for the outflows also let us give some names to this areas one for the inflow area and two for the outflow area. So this is P1 by rho this is integral over the section 1 and then similarly this is m dot gg. If you assume that the temperature is also not varying over the section then the internal energy you may assume to be a constant over the section. So plus say m dot i this is 2 right yes m dot gg this is 2 i2 then minus similar terms for 1.  Now let us say that we neglect this effect we do not neglect this effect of velocity variation outright but we somehow make up for our negligence. See if we do not consider this effect all together and say that the consider that the same velocity velocity same as the average velocity is there then one approximation to this term could be half m dot into u average square because this is what this is like kinetic energy because 1 rho into u into dA is like m dot and that into u square is like this one but this is erroneous why this is erroneous because this is not exactly same as this one because m dot is what rho into u average into A.  So that is an error and that error has to be adjusted with a multiplying factor say alpha which we call as kinetic energy correction factor. So this alpha at the section 2 this may be different at different sections because velocity profiles may be different in general over different sections. So this alpha is known as kinetic energy correction factor. So what is this correction factor all about? This is the correction factor to correct the kinetic energy from a hypothetical consideration that it is based on the average velocity to the real kinetic energy that is there integrated over the cross section. So the kinetic energy correction factor will be what? So you have alpha into m dot is rho u average into A into half u average square. So u average cube is equal to rho by 2 integral of u cube dA. So you can now write an expression for alpha as integral of u cube dA this one. So if it is for a circular pipe, so this is as good as u by u average whole cube dA is 2 pi r dr by pi r square from 0 to i. So you can calculate the kinetic energy correction factor given the velocity profile. Now can you tell whether it will be more for laminar flow or turbulent flow? Laminar flow. Why it should be more for laminar flow? So it depends on the u by u average.  So you will have a more significant value of this one deviated from one. So if u was equal to u average throughout then kinetic energy correction factor would be 1. If it slightly deviates from u average then it will be very close to 1. But if it is largely deviating from u average say consider the fully developed laminar flow through a circular pipe.  So you can see there is a large difference and that 2 factor will be there if you consider this kinetic energy correction factor. So it will be a large value. So I will leave it on you as an exercise that you calculate the kinetic energy correction factor for fully developed laminar flow through a circular pipe. Just substitute the velocity profile that u by u average equal to 2 into 1- small r square by capital R square and then just do the integration. Now you see that this kinetic energy correction factor if you put let us see that what equation you will get at the end. So now let us divide all the terms by m dot okay. So if you divide all the terms by m dot you have q dot by m dot is equal to phi 2 by rho plus say alpha into u2 square by 2 because you have already divided by m dot which is rho into u bar. Then plus g is e2 internal energy term we will just write separately minus p1 by rho plus alpha u1 square by 2 plus g is e1 plus internal energy 2- internal energy 1 right. So we may just rearrange it a little bit to write that you have p1 by rho plus alpha u1 square by 2 plus g is e1 is equal to p2 by rho plus alpha u2 square by 2 plus g is e2 plus internal energy 2- internal energy 1- this one right okay. So many times when you say alpha maybe it is better to write alpha 1 and alpha 2. Now if you consider these alphas as 1 this will look like a modified Bernoulli's equation that here you have the total mechanical energy at 1, here you have the mechanical energy at 2 and you have a term here the correction term. This correction term if it is 0 then it is just like the Bernoulli's equation that you have studied earlier. So sometimes this is known as modified Bernoulli's equation. Again that is a very wrong concept. This has nothing to do with the Bernoulli's equation except the form because Bernoulli's equation you are writing between 2 points. Here you are writing the equation between 2 sections 1 and 2. So be very very careful and this is a very important misconception that people have. Many times you see that in some of the industrial applications even the kinetic energy correction factor is omitted and then still it works. It works beautifully because many of the engineering flows are so turbulent that kinetic energy correction factor is very close to 1. That means considering that or not considering that does not matter but it is a matter of negligence or understanding. So if you understand that it has to be there but for a highly turbulent flow you neglect it that is one thing. But a very bad thing is you do not know or do not understand that this has to be there. So that misconception has to be avoided. So do not take it as a modified Bernoulli's equation. Better we just call it as an energy equation which looks like a modified form of Bernoulli's equation with the terms in the Bernoulli's equation adjusted with something. So what is this now? We will now concentrate on the physical meaning of this. So internal energy 2-internal energy 1. What is this? So you have basically let us say that you have so at the section 2 say at the section 1 the fluid has entered. At the section 2 let us say that heat transfer is 0. Let us say that you have insulated the wall of the pipe so that there is no heat transfer across the control volume. So then what do you expect? That term to be positive or negative. This is pure physical understanding. Do not try to go for any mathematics to describe it. Think about this. You have because of viscous effects the relative motion between various fluid layers.  So you have the frictional resistance because of relative motion between various fluid layers and because of that frictional to overcome that frictional resistance what will happen? There will be some work that is necessary but that work is not a useful work. So the entire work is dissipated and where it is dissipated? It is dissipated in the form of intermolecular form of energy. So the fluid gets overheated. So it increases the temperature of the fluid. So because of viscous action whatever work is necessary to overcome that that is eventually manifested in the form of an increased temperature. This is known as viscous dissipation. So whenever you will be studying maybe heat transfer later on you will go through the greater details of what is viscous dissipation but it is very important to have a qualitative understanding of it. That you have velocity gradients between fluid layers and there is a relative motion between the fluid layers to overcome that resistance. Some energy has to be spent or some work needs to be done but that work is not manifested in the form of useful work. So that what it only does is it increase the temperature of the system through the internal energy rise. So we can conclude that this term is always positive. Now you may say that I will have a heat transfer which is more than this one. But see spontaneously that effect is not going to be there. In a limiting case what may happen? See when the system is overheated you have a higher temperature than the surrounding. So you will have a heat transfer. So this spontaneous heat transfer is what? This spontaneous heat transfer itself is negative. So here you have to remember that this was put with the sign convention that heat transfer to the system is positive. Here the system is getting overheated. So there will be heat transfer from that to the surroundings. So that itself will become negative. So the sum total of that will be positive. That means what you can say that this represents the total mechanical energy at section 1. This represents the total mechanical energy at section 2. This is a positive term. That means the total mechanical energy at section 2 is less than total mechanical energy at section 1. So there is some loss of energy and that is manifested in the form of the head loss that we have seen. So this expressed in the form of head that is if you divide all the term by g then it is expressed in the form of unit of length or head. That is nothing but the head loss that we have calculated for the pipe flow problems. Now consider one important thing. If we ask you that what is the work done by the fluid to overcome the wall shear stress. The shear stress at the wall. What will be that? Yes. What should be the work done to overcome that? Keep in mind one thing. How do you calculate the work? Some force or here the rate of work. So some force multiplied with some velocity. So what where we are concentrating at the wall? At the wall there is some shear force. What is the velocity of the fluid relative to the wall? 0. That means there is no work done to overcome wall shear stress at the wall. Again this is a very very important thing because these are loose wrong concepts that because there is wall shear stress there is some work done to overcome wall shear stress and that is why fluid is losing energy and all those blah blah things people give as explanations. But you have to be very very particular in this. Where is the work if the velocity is 0? So there is no work done to overcome the shear stress at the wall. That work is 0. Only whatever is the work internally that is manifested in the form of this internal energy change. But not a sort of a useful work by the displacement at the wall obviously because it is a no slip boundary condition. So from this analysis what we understand is that we can cast the energy consideration between 2 sections 1 and 2 as p1 by rho g plus alpha into e1 square by 2g plus z1 is equal to p2 by rho g plus alpha 2 into u2 square by 2g.  This is sometimes known as modified Bernoulli's equation or better to say this is an energy equation modified mechanical energy equation which still represents the conservation but considering a loss. Now what could be these losses? What could be the sources of these losses? One of the sources of the losses is because of the viscous effects that we have already discussed that is the head loss hf. We could characterize it that how it is different for laminar flows, turbulent flows and so on. But there also could be other types of losses and other types of losses are possible because of other changes present in a piping system. For example you have a small pipe. Now that small pipe is getting changed to a larger diameter. Now this is something where there is a loss. Why there is a loss? See of course the diameter change is there but why diameter change induces a loss. So if you consider the streamlines like this the streamlines because of the sudden change in cross section will be having their curvature in this way. So locally what will happen? There will be eddies formed in this way. These eddies do not participate in contributing to the energy of the main flow. So whatever energy is there associated with the rotation of these eddies that is a loss so far as the main flow transmitter is concerned. So this is also a loss. This loss was not taken into account for calculating the Hf. Similar things may be there for like if you have valves in a piping system because those are creating some resistances. If you have a valve. So if the valve is totally closed the fluid cannot flow. If the valve is partially closed and partially open the fluid may flow. So obviously there may be other forms of resistances and those losses because of the other forms of resistances are known as minor losses in a piping system. So we will now look into minor losses in a piping system. Again this minor loss is a misnomer because sometimes so when there is something minor there is something major. So what is this major? Major is this head loss due to the friction this we call as major loss. But in many practical considerations minor loss becomes much much greater than the major loss. So it is the name major and minor should not be confused in a literal sense. So just because originally the loss considerations were there from the pipe friction considerations and in one way it is major because in a pipeline if there is nothing else at least the physical resistance because of fluid friction is there over a length. You may not have a valve you may not have a sudden change in cross section but the length of the pipe itself is present. So the reason of naming the major losses this loss will be there. Other losses minor losses are losses they may be there or may not be there depending on what fittings are there in a piping system. But if they are there sometimes they are much much more important than the major loss. So the relative importance need not be misunderstood. So we will look into some examples for which give rise to the minor losses. So the first example is flow through sudden expansion. So here what is important is we are able to see that there is some loss and let us say that the diameters of the smaller and the larger pipes are d1 and d2. We are interested to find out the loss because of this flow through sudden expansion. And when we find the loss due to sudden expansion we isolate the effect of the loss due to the length of the pipe. So we only consider the loss due to this sudden expansion effect not the length effect. So what we do we just take a control volume and try to apply the Reynolds transport theorem momentum conservation. So let us say that we take this section as section A and take this section as section B. So for this control volume if we want to write the Reynolds transport theorem. So the resultant force along the x direction if it is x. I am just writing the final simplified form because we have discussed about such problems many times. So we assume it is a steady flow and VB-VS. What are the forces acting on the control volume? So you have a pressure force on the 2 ends. So when you have the pressure force on the 2 ends see also there is a shear force here at the wall. But we are neglecting that effect because that effect is already considered in the major loss. So that does not mean that that effect is not there. We are isolating that effect from the minor loss effect. So the pressure force so what is the pressure distribution at 1? Let us at A. So we have a section 1 which is say for here upstream and the section say 2 which is at a downstream. Let us consider that the velocity profiles are approximately uniform at 1 and 2. When is it possible? It is possible when it is a very highly turbulent flow. So let us assume that the flow is highly turbulent so that the velocity profiles are almost uniform that is the kinetic energy correction factor is not important. Now when you have say you want to write the force due to pressure here. See it is important to note that the pressure is acting here in this way and this is let us assume that this pressure and this pressure is not greatly different and that will not be greatly different because these kinetic energies are not greatly different and this length we are not considering so large that there will be a huge loss of head because of the friction. So here you have the pressure at this one roughly same as P1 if P is not located far away from the section A. If it is quite close then that is possible. So what we are considering is that in addition to the pressure acting over this part the same pressure also acts over the upper and the lower parts. This is an assumption. So and that assumption is well justified because the change in pressure from this one is not felt so easily by this one because this is just a small recirculating region. So the change in pressure is felt only when the proper bounding streamlines are making it feel. So here it is just a local recirculation this does not understand so easily that what would be the change in pressure from this to the subsequent section. So you have P1 so the entire pressure here is like P1 and the area is like A2 so that you have to understand this. It is not the area of one but the total area over which as if this P1 is acting so it is basically P1 into area of the section A area of the section A and B are the same. So this minus P2 into A2 is equal to rho Q now VB and VA so VB is like V2 that is fine. What about VA? See the velocities here are not contributing to the energy so VA is VA average is like roughly it is like taken as V1 average again it is an approximation. So what it considers is that the average velocity is like this is the part of the section where the velocity effects are important and this part of the section just has a velocity which is the same as the average velocity as this one and this is totally distributed uniformly. So that is what is so there are lots of approximations involved but many of these approximations are not so bad if the flow is highly turbulent. Now that is number 1. Number 2 is you can write the difference so practically you are considering this as like section 1 and this as like section 2. Section 1 is this part this small part. So if you now write the energy equation like you can write P1 by rho plus V1 average square by 2 is equal to P2 by rho. So kinetic energy collection factor we are not considering because we are assuming it close to 1 plus V2 square by 2 plus head loss. Also the points are so located we are neglecting the change in potential energy. So the head loss we can calculate. So divide by g to call it a unit of head. Head loss is P1 minus P2 by rho g plus V1 square minus V2 square by 2 g. Now P1 minus P2 you can write in place of Q you can write a2 V2. So that a2 gets cancelled from the 2 sides so you get this as V2 into V2 minus V1. So this is since Q equal to a2 V2 which is same as a1 V1. So that is from this equation. So then you can substitute that hl equal to in place of P1 minus P2 you will have V2 into V2 minus V1 by so there is a rho here that there is a rho here right rho into this one. So rho gets cancelled out then plus V1 square minus V2 square by 2 g. So if you simplify this it will be V1 minus V2 whole square by 2 g you can clearly see that just one step. So what we can get from this one is a very interesting thing that I mean this shows that it has to be always a positive thing. So the head loss is positive and it is a function of the difference in the average velocities over the 2 sections. One special case is that let us say this is a small pipe entering into a very large reservoir. So you have a small pipe like this it is entering into a large reservoir. So what is happening is fluid is exiting from the pipe to a reservoir and then that is a special case of this one with D2 by D1 very large and then what does it become? This becomes approximately V1 square by 2 g this is known as exit loss. So exit loss is very important in engineering because it signifies the exit of the fluid from a pipeline to a reservoir. So it is a special case where the ratios of these 2 sizes are grossly different otherwise this is the formula straight away you can use. So this is one example of a minor loss in the next class we will look into some other examples of a minor loss. Let us stop here. Thank you.


Hello! My name is Anna and I'm from Ukraine. I feel really excited and happy that I have completed I did the 120 hours course. I really like it because it gives me a lot of opportunities as a teacher. As I can at least feel my dream I want to become an international teacher. Actually, I'm teaching here in Ukraine and I'm going to work as an international teacher and to work abroad and travel and lots and lots of possibilities. And now about the course. It consists of 12 units. After each there is a test. Why I find this course useful and interesting? It provides lots of additional information and links so you can learn even after completing the course. And for me as a teacher I found a lot of activities which I can use already with my students and it gives me a really new modern knowledge of new approaches and methods of learning as well as teaching English. So I recommend it to everyone who would like to work abroad or even earn more and have a more interesting life and enjoy it even more. So thank you and bye!


What you are about to see is the very first time I saw my amputated limb the day they took the cast off. So I never seen my leg missing before warning. It is just like a little bit graphic. So click away in three, two, one, let's do this. So I had this big purple cast on for two weeks after my amputation, meaning I hadn't actually seen what was left of my leg. And so this is the moment that they actually removed it. The most bizarre thing I remember from that moment was not even being like grossed out or weird out, but being mind blown by how light my leg was because they cut off like what, five to 10 pounds? So when I lifted my leg out of that cast, I felt like my knee was gonna like fly up and hit me in the face.


We want to know. Are you a surrogate? Who are you? What are you doing? What are you doing to this country? We know very well that powerful women fight for the country to be well. You should have started fighting for human rights that are lacking in this country. According to your words, they have tables in his home. He won the case. Why should he touch their tables? We are asking him. He is interested. How to be dead? Do it. Share your things. Why do you want to change me? How could they hide it? How to hear him? But he has come out. He moved us with anybody and away from him. So some are here. That's not a thing to laugh at. That's a very serious issue. To be consumed by our people and about the latest developments here and everywhere by the patriotic front. The former minister of finance shouldn't be concerned. What is happening? People who are carrying out such illegal and despicable actions should be concerned that we have got a national debt that has come to 104% of our GDP. Unaccidented. And the former minister of finance is quiet on such things. Instead, he goes to support this country into such a national debt. Madam Nawakuni, I would like to say that your agenda is seemingly so personal and becoming unacceptable. As women, we should practice respectable politics like our predecessors did. We have women who have been in politics in Zambia such as Mama Kankasa, Mrs. Krishwini Murudika, Dr. Imongi Sitalewanika, Mama Betichidouva, etc. As UPND women and the Zambian women at lunch, we are saying to Mr. Nawakuni as the first woman minister of finance, it is very disappointing to see you lower yourself to a surrogate of male politicians who are using you. We object to politics of personal attacks. As mothers, we want to see an improvement in the welfare of our children.  What is it is a market if you have a time for the people? What is it is a market if you have a man in Nawakuni tender maniazi, mongatini maniseche, tender maniazi. Nawakuni come back. Your church is an uncaled leader. Mania you as a good leader. Why do you think it depends on which country you are? It is a blanche.   It is more respected than what we are seen in school I learn at H.H. From H.H. acre  bins


Cool, so welcome back guys. This is, I've brought Giz Edwards on the channel. You may know him from YouTube. He is an experienced lucid dreamer. He's been making videos for a very long time, much longer than me. And yeah, I'm very happy to have you on Giz. So, welcome. Thank you very much. I appreciate that humble intro. So, yeah, just go ahead and introduce yourself. Tell us who you are, your history, everything people might want to know. Cool. So, as you said, my name is Giz Edwards. I was named after Gizmo the Gremlin and I started making content back in 2007, maybe on YouTube. I was a really early adopter. I want to say 2008 now, never mind. Really early adopter of the platform. And I found my niche by creating lucid dreaming content. So, if you don't recognize the name, you'll probably recognize my face at some point. If you've ever googled how to lucid dream, I suppose, back in the early 2010s. I got very fortunate. I had quite a lot of subscribers at first and I managed to sustain a living from making content on YouTube, which was really, really good, especially given the ad apocalypse era during that time. And what else can I say? I own a company called Future Think Media, which creates media for other companies. And I'm currently in a tech incubation program creating a nifty little tool for content creators, which I can't talk too much about at the moment, but it's going to be awesome. Very cool. Very cool. Yeah, the ad apocalypse. That was the one. So, maybe you could, can you tell me what you mainly use or use the lucid dreams for? And maybe what's your favorite thing to do in lucid dreaming? So, the reason, the reason I started lucid dreaming was a little bit different to how other people start. So, well, maybe not actually. So, I started doing lucid dreaming as a way to explore cool things to do, like most people like flying and stuff. But that quickly got quite boring, I suppose for me. Not to the extent that I just didn't want to do it, but to the extent in which I wanted to explore how powerful the mind was. This was back in, gosh, I don't know when this was, this was like 2009, maybe, when I started experimenting with lucid dreaming and what it was doing. And I was into like the expansion consciousness bit at the time. And then I wasn't, and then I was, and then I wasn't, and then I was, and now I'm not waiting to get back into it. So, I would start, I started doing experiments, like trying to invoke different tastes in a dream, trying to have different feelings in a dream as like physical sensations, electrocution, like, I could try and shoot myself at one point because I wanted to feel pain. And there was lots of different things that I wanted to do, but essentially it was just an experiment to see how realistic I could make a dream feel and try and understand how powerful that process can be. And what else did you ask me then? I've forgotten, I got lost. Just what you mainly used it for and what your favorite thing to do was? My favorite thing to do, well, aside from the obvious, which is like flying and things like that, I once had a dream where I actually had a predetermined list of things that I wanted to do in a dream, when I become lucid. And I was in this particular dream, and I became lucid, and I thought, cool, I'll get to do whatever was at the top of my list.  And in my dream, when I became lucid, I realized that my dog was there. And in waking life, my dog had actually died by this point. So I scrapped the list, and I just cracked on and just spent some time with my pet. So I'm less now about trying to do things that are external, for example, the flying, the superpowers, I'm less about that, and I'm more about trying to do things that satisfy me mentally, I suppose, like the cathartic things, like walking your dog. Okay, okay. It's weird. It's weird, but I like it. Do you think that's interesting, actually? Yeah, because I feel fairly similar, although instead of, I guess, things like walking, I've never had a dog, so I wouldn't know how that would feel. But instead of things like flying now, I typically do more exploration of my consciousness and just asking really profound questions to my subconscious and seeing what happens. And I think, to be honest, I think that's kind of a journey that most people go on. They start off how most of us do, where we just hear about this incredible thing, we realise we can fly around in a lucid dream and stuff like that. We do that for a while. But then that does kind of get a bit samey after a while, and you sort of crave something deeper and more interesting and more, I guess, more profound. Yeah, I would 100% agree with you. And it gets really, really interesting depending on your belief to the response you get. So for example, with me, I don't believe in a higher power, so to speak. I believe that when we dream, we dream and it exists entirely in the mind. I know other people have, they believe that dreams are a gateway to higher consciousness or whatever. But I prefer the way that I think, because it makes my brain or everyone's brains individually seem more fantastic. So when you do things in the dream, for example, I once had a dream in which I wanted to know what my greatest fear was. So I asked a version of myself weirdly enough, a reflection of myself, what my greatest fear was. And it told me an answer that I didn't expect because I'm terrified of spiders, for example. But it said your greatest fear is to die alone. Yeah, not physically alone, but just like you've got no friends, you've got no family and stuff like that. But when you wake up, you're like, my God, that was quite profound. But when you think about it, and especially when you think about it from a belief system that I have, which is that was my brain telling me that, it makes you think, well, my brain knows that. And I didn't. And I've had a couple of those experiences where I've talked to the dream, knowing that it's my brain, and it says something quite profound and out of the blue.  Yeah, I think the subconscious mind is far more powerful than we know, basically. Yeah. So I'm interested. I'm curious, actually, what your opinion is on. So you say that you find it fascinating that the brain can do all of that and create the lucid dreaming world and you know, all of the physics and stuff around that. But don't you think it will be equally as impressive if the human brain could also act as a gateway to something much more profound and, you know, other dimensions and things like that? I'm curious. Yeah. Yeah, absolutely. I quite often have this opinion about God as well, when I think about God. Because I don't know if you can tell from my videos, but I think a lot more than I let on in my videos or than I did. So I think about things like time travel and God and extra dimensions and what the concept of hell would be and loads and loads of different things, like quite weird subjects. But I often think that, like take the God thing, for example, I don't know. And there's no way of knowing. Yeah.  No, sorry, you cannot have any evidence for or against a belief, which is as intangible, untangible as God or higher powers or things like that, because I don't think there is any empirical data. So I have to go on my gut. Yeah. And my gut, my gut tells me that lucid dreams exist just in the mind. But similarly to my belief with God, that's what I believe in. But I have to accept the fact that it might not be true. So even though I believe in that one thing, and we do have evidence to suggest that one thing, I have to assume that there could be evidence of the opposite. So when I when I think about lucid dreaming as a gateway to a higher dimension or expanding your consciousness via different things like that, I go with my gut and tell me that the brain is more powerful than I think. But I have to assume that I don't know everything. And yeah, I would be well open for the idea that that is the truth. But for me, that is time that I've yet to see it. Okay, that's a really good answer, actually. Thank you. Yeah. Cool. So what would be your just bringing it back to basics now for everyone that's just had their minds sort of blown apart? Yeah, sorry, in advance. So what would you say your biggest tip or, I guess, best collection of tips or ideas for beginners mainly who want to lucid dream better or more easily or just more often? Okay. Well, I think I think a big part of why people don't lucid dream is to do with expectation and stress.  And quite often, I get the same kind of things spat back at me, which is, I can't wait for my first lucid dream and doing this, this, this and this and this. But by adding that stress, even though it's not a bad stress, it's a good stress. Adding that stress impacts your sleep. And I think stress and anxiety and all the things that are closely linked to those types of things, it off, it offsets your, your hormones, serotonin levels and things like that. And it affects your sleep. So my biggest advice for people is just to relax and lower those expectations. Because it will happen. If you do the necessary steps in order to ensure that you're doing the most you can, it will happen naturally. Aside from that, I think there's a lot of value to be shown with people who sleep a bit more, think a bit more, and write down or record your dreams. Because to be able to lucid dream, you need a longer period of REM, or longer periods of REM, which only happened during the later sleep cycles that you have. By having those later sleep cycles, you need to sleep more. And being able to record your dreams is vital. Because if you don't even remember your dreams, how are you meant to be aware during them, if you just can't even remember them? So three factors, stress, even though it's good, it can be bad, a length of sleep, because that impacts a lot, also stress, and dream journaling. I think those three things, once you get that, ignore the different techniques and the methods and things, just focus on those. That's actually really, really good advice. And I'll say why. So the first two, so recently I bought an Apple watch, because for the first time I thought, why am I not tracking my sleep? That's the one thing I should be tracking. So I got this Apple watch, and I started tracking my sleep. And my sleep quality very quickly declined because I was paying attention to it, and I was tossing and turning, and I'd be thinking, oh, what time is it now? Why am I not asleep yet? And I'd be worried about how bad my sleep score was going to be in the morning. And it took me, it must have taken me at least a week now, to actually have a decent night's sleep since I got this thing. And since I started tracking my sleep, because I was just worried about it, and I just wanted it to happen. I wanted it to be good quality sleep faster. And yeah, obviously that made me stressed. That stopped me sleeping. And yeah, so that's just like, I can sort of confirm that that is true, because yeah. There's actually, my friend at university, he suffers with insomnia quite a lot. And he told me he's got a tracker that his is a different brand or whatever it is, I don't know. And he said, there's two things that come out of doing that. One of them is that sleep trackers can actually make your insomnia worse, because there's a name, which is a name for it, unhealthy obsession with trying to achieve perfect sleep. And it's called orthosomnia. Oh, is that an actual condition? Actual condition. So by using trackers and devices like that, it can actually cause you to have less sleep, because you're worrying about it. It's unhealthy. And the other one, which I can't remember the name is unhealthy obsession with tracking data of your personal life. And having orthosomnia is just one element of that. So it will make an interesting video, that's for sure. Yeah. Yeah, I'm thinking of making a video about the Apple Watch and sleep tracking. But I'm going to give people these warnings, you know, like, it can cause you to actually sleep worse if you're not careful. Yeah, exactly. Orthosomnia. O-R-T-H-O. Somnia. You committed to a big word, dad. Yeah. Well, orthosomnia. Okay. So, um, oh, well, my next question was going to be what do you find holds most people back? But I guess it would be those two things, right? Or those three things? Um, I don't believe so. I think holds people back from doing lucid dreaming. One of the things that it could essentially be, oh, well, apart from your expectations, which I don't think I've named as one of the big three, the expectations of what you could achieve needs to drastically lower. Um, but aside from those three, I think, yeah, expectations is a, is a big one because people think, and I don't help this at all because I'm the outlier of data because my first lucid dream happened on the first night that I tried. So my success rate was instantly, well, it was 100%. Yeah. And that's bad data. And I think a lot of people see bad data and assume that it's the truth. But realistically, it can take a long time. It can take like two months for you to have your first lucid dream. Oh, it can take longer sometimes. Yeah. Exactly. So I think expectation is how you're going to, or when you're going to lose the dream is, is one thing that holds people back because they're like, Oh, it's not working. And you probably had the same thing, like comments saying, it's not, I'm not, I can't lose a dream. I was like, give it time. It will happen. Stop stressing. Yeah. So, um, expectations, learning those expectations, just the tad is, is really vital. And that probably holds people back because they often quit before they've had their first lucid dream, because maybe they don't think it's real. Yeah. And I think it's another thing that if you've never had a lucid dream, you don't really know what to expect.  But in many cases, it's your first lucid dream will be, you know, like a few seconds. And then your next one might be just like you're walking down a road or something.  Yeah. Even though my first lucid dream happened on the first night, it was exactly as you just described it was, I realized I was dreaming and then I woke up. Yeah. I mean, that's as short as you can have a lucid dream. Is that? Yeah. Exactly. Cool. Okay. So changing subject slightly, I noticed that you did a sleep deprivation challenge. It was, I believe it was 100 hours. Did you actually make it to 100 hours? I didn't. I made it to 92. 92. So yeah, can you just tell us about that? How was it, you know, what was the experience like? Did you hallucinate, for example? Tell me about that. Well, the experience was hell. As you can probably imagine. Yeah. 92 hours is just under four days. The reason I did it was actually a mind over matter thing. I just wanted to see if I could do it. Yeah. And so I aimed for three and a half days, which was 84 hours. And I just kept on adding a little bit more and more on top. I kept on adding like a little bit. But then I made the gray there of lying in bed, which, stupid, I know, like hindsight is 2020 at the time, that felt like a great idea. But yeah, I've always been interested to see if I could stay awake. And it also played a part in my undergraduate degree in university. My dissertation was actually based on sleep deprivation. So I had previously stayed awake for this 92 hour period of time and thought, well, that's great. I'll write a paper on that and we'll be fine. And then I had to stay awake for 88 hours writing that paper, which was just fantastic. But there's a period of time where you don't know what's going on. Like I remember a few days in, it was like two and a half days.  But then you've got this other side which is hidden where you're completely aware of what's going on and what's happening. It's almost like, I don't know if you've ever heard of this, but it's a syndrome called locked in syndrome where you're completely unable to move, but you're conscious inside. Well, no, I've not. Well, often people think they're dead because they don't look to be alive. And it's kind of like that. It's like you're in a locked in syndrome where you just don't know what's going on. And in terms of hallucinations, I did hallucinate. I can't remember what day it was when I started to hallucinate, but normally people hallucinate like things or shapes or demons or really weird stuff like that. But mine was actually kind of pleasant-ish because I think the first hallucination I had was either a rainbow or gas. Okay. I can't remember which one it was. I think it was a rainbow. In my apartment, I just saw a rainbow in my living room and it was a surreal experience, but the one that actually got me up and walking around was when the gas appeared. I thought there was a gas leak in my living room, in my kitchen, rather. And then I realized that the whole apartment block was not gas. It was electric, all electric. So then when I realized that, I was able to walk around in this apartment block and there was gas just filling the air. It was really odd, really odd. But in terms of scariness, it could have been a lot worse, that's pretty real. Yeah. I can't imagine doing that. I mean, maybe one day I'll do it, but I think the longest I've stayed awake is literally just one, you know, missing one night of sleep. So staying awake all night. Oh, I can do that just on the flip of a dime, I really can. I've had issues with sleep deprivation in the past, like tons and tons of nights I've been awake in my life. And staying awake for the whole night is something I can really do quite easily. Staying awake for two nights is actually quite a bit of a push. But I would advise completely against doing it because it can trigger, it triggered something. The first night I stayed awake, it kind of flipped a switch in my brain, I suppose. And I've just never been the same. It's the point actually where my brain at the moment, I'm forgetting quite a lot of stuff. This is probably a more serious note. I'm forgetting quite a lot of things. And I'm unsure if it's because I've got maybe some genetic predisposition for Alzheimer's, maybe there's shrinkage of the gray matter because of sleep deprivation, maybe it's because I'm getting older. I don't know, but it could be one of those three things. So I had to, I didn't have to. Today I bought one of those DNA kit things that you see, just to confirm that it's not Alzheimer's. So my advice, go to sleep. It's not worth it. Yeah, I had no idea. Yeah. Okay. So I guess what we can take from this is maybe don't try a sleep deprivation challenge guys. 100% don't. Yeah. Okay. So moving about the lucid dreaming, what real world benefits would you say lucid dreaming has? Or maybe what are you most excited about in terms of what you can get from lucid dreaming? Like for example improving confidence or maybe, you know, practicing a skill or just having fun? Well, two of those things I think is really beneficial. I used to practice guitar. So I've played guitar for a very long time. And I used to practice playing guitar in the dream. And I used to think it gave me the edge against other people of my age because I hadn't been practicing that long. And I thought, well, maybe it's because I do it in the dream. But realistically, I don't think that really has much of an impact when you're practicing a skill. Obviously, the data, I don't know what the data is, but my gut tells me it's not that significant. But there are occasions where you can practice doing a talk. So public speaking is one of them, or trying to try to solve a phobia or confront a phobia, they're big, big ones. For example, I've had quite a lot of dreams in which I'm trying to get away from spiders, or I've had quite a few dreams where I'm doing public speaking or singing on stage. I don't have phobias about public speaking or singing, but I can see why practicing those kind of things in a lucid dream would have a bigger impact in how you perform things. 100% can see that. Because it's less about learning something external, and it's more about how you feel internally that it's affected. And it's basically a form of therapy, I can't remember what the name is now, there's a form of therapy in which you just get absolutely soaked in the phobia that you're in. I know exactly what you mean, but I also forgot the name of it. Oh my god. The basis of it is like, if you're scared of one, let's say spiders for example, to remove that fear, you would intentionally lucid dream about being surrounded by spiders. Exactly, yeah. That's going to really annoy me, I cannot think of it. Yeah, I can't remember either. But yeah, cool, cool, okay. So coming to the end of this episode now, but what I'd like to end on is I'd like to ask, what do you think a future of lucid dreaming is in terms of how many people might be interested in it, what they might be doing with it, maybe what the technology scene will look like? Firstly, it's called exposure therapy. But to answer your question, I think we've still got a way to go when it comes to hardware technology. I've been given numerous products to review in my life of certain kickstarter programs or whatever it may be in which they claim to be able to make you lucid. For example, there's one that just comes to the top of my mind, I can't remember the name of it, so it's a bit irrelevant.  And yeah, that wasn't good. That was a nightmare. So there's quite a lot of these products that I wish worked, but I don't think work. However, technology improves in leaps, it doesn't just improve in like tiny steps. So my hope is that there will be a technology that improves the way that you become lucid, and everybody can try it. And I think that having a place where you can do things whilst you're lucid and can maintain that level of lucidity, because it won't be long in terms of the grand scheme of humanity in which we've identified every aspect of what makes somebody lucid in the brain, and we'll be able to just click our fingers and it will happen. In terms of the lifespan of humanity, I think that will come quite quick. So when that happens, I think it will expand the process of trying to discover things that we can visualize outside because of resources. So what do I mean by that? So for example, a lot of big discoveries were found because of dreams, not specifically lucid dreams, but because of dreams. So for example, the structure of an atom was discovered because of somebody dreaming about something like that. Einstein's theory of relativity occurred to him in a dream. The Eye of a Needle happened in a dream. The book, Frankenstein's Monster, that occurred to Mary Shelley in a dream. The list goes on and on and on. But things like that, where you have the time to be able to consciously affect stuff that happens in your dreams. When that happens, I think that will be a big leap and we'll be able to expand people and society in a way that we just can't imagine. Yeah, being able to tap into the power of the brain in that way, especially for creativity and just inspiration for new ideas, I think that's going to be huge. Absolutely.  I mean, as you said, those dreams have changed the world in terms of what those discoveries have then become. So yeah, very interesting. I'm always optimistic about the future of these things. Me too. Yeah. Cool. Well, Giz, thank you very much for coming on. It's been an absolute pleasure. Do you have any final words or parting gifts for people or advice where they can find you online? Nothing like that. Well, I would say go to my YouTube channel at youtube.com forward slash Giz Edwards, but that's just not happening at the moment. So you can find me there. I'll eventually post some content on YouTube, but I don't think it's going to be around the field of lucid dreaming because I've stepped back and I've kind of, I think I've done my part in trying to bring lucid dreaming to the forefront of people's minds. You're doing your part. People like Matt, Daniel Love, James and all those good people, they're doing their parts. And I think my time has come to step back from lucid dreaming. But content, yeah, eventually I'll make some. So you can go to youtube.com forward slash Giz Edwards and Twitter. I'm basically Giz Edwards everywhere. Cool. Cool. Cool. Well, thank you very much. And yeah, hopefully we'll see you soon. Thank you very much for having me on and thank you everyone for listening.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. I am Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay and you are watching Present Past in the Future. Very recently the Supreme Court appointed a three-member committee to mediate on the Ayodhya dispute. Now this raised very important questions. The first question is obviously whether mediation is possible at all or not on a dispute which has gone on for so many decades. The second is that should the Supreme Court try to settle a matter which is essentially a civil dispute related to whose land is it? Should they relate or try to mediate and come out with a settlement by some other means? The third question permits, you know, it pertains to the presence of a member on the mediation committee that is Sri Sri Ravi Shankar who has in the past said that the Muslims should hand over the disputed piece of land to build a temple. There is also this very important question which we cannot avoid at this stage that we cannot ignore the fact that there is a political dimension to this because this is happening right in the middle of elections. The responses of various people have been on fairly expected lines, especially from the Hindu groups and leaders. They have said that there is actually no scope for mediation because Mandir to where he may go. So there is no scope for any mediation. Now very interestingly, most of the Muslim or in fact all the Muslim groups have responded very positively to this attempt to mediate. Obviously, the mediation is going to be held in camera. The process has already started. We will not know till fairly late into the elections as to what is the outcome of it. Now to discuss something which is of such an importance which is actually dogged Indian politics for the last four decades, you know I am joined by two extremely credible and independent voices who also happen to be Muslims. Now I am saying you know I am laying emphasis on credible and independent voices who also happen to be Muslims. Neither of these two are Muslims who have a credible and independent voice. My emphasis is that their identity as credible and independent voice precedes that of something similar to the entire debate that whether you are Muslim Indians or Indian Muslims. I have Zafarul Islam Khan who has been the founding editor of Milligazit and also currently the chairman of the Delhi Minority Commission and Rizwan Kesar, professor of history at the Jamia Milia Islamia. Zafarul Islam Khan Sahib, I will begin with you that this is not the first time that there has been an attempt to mediate between various warring groups as far as Ayodhya is concerned. But this is the first time that it has been done under judicial you know supervised is being supervised by the judiciary. The first question that comes to my mind that something which has been in dispute for so long, what are the prospects of mediation in this? Well, mediation has been tried earlier many times before the demolition, after the demolition and very recently by Justice Palok. Various persons, organizations have tried but it has always been scuttled by this group or that. The first attempt that was made by Maulana Abul-Hassan and Nadevi was scuttled by Muslim groups and other later attempts were scuttled by RSS and VHP people. They don't want any such mediation because it means that they will give something which they do not want to give. The current development that is the Supreme Court's decision to go into mediation, I think it is not the best of choices but it is a possible choice because both sides are adamant that the land in question is theirs. So although it's not the best of choices, I think I personally when this was decided I said that it is a good decision in any way because we want to get rid of this problem. Rizwan Kesar, I will take you back 25 years. It's just a sheer fortune of mine that 25 years ago very close to almost by the date my book The Demolition in the Crossroads came out and you were there at the release of it. At that point I remember very distinctly that we talked about at length after the book was released. Most of us felt that for a large number of Muslims who were just like me in the sense that came from a liberal past in a small town, grew up with a certain amount of personal religiosity but maybe not going beyond the personal domain. The demolition of the Babri Masjid made them feel what it means being a Muslim in India for a large number of my Muslim friends. I am not talking about you personally. 25 years later much has happened. Ayodhya has been milked if I can actually use the word and we now have had for the last five years we have had a BJP government in power with a majority of its own. A very simple question. What does Ayodhya mean for the Muslim today? Very quickly recalling something which is personal and also coming down what is political. I was still a research scholar in JNU and a couple of RSA-minded students shouting and shrieking and saying it in Hindi that we cannot build temples in our own country.  When Babri Masjid was demolished I mean they didn't break the Masjid. I think they broke the heart of people who had grown in good faith that India's constitution protects them and that is where you realize that the constitution was severely dented. But then given the kind of enormity of hate, conflict, climate that was generated it was possibly the most inevitable consequence that it did. The problem begins from there. Problem does not begin till Babri Masjid was demolished. Problem begins after the demolition of it There is a record promise that Narsimha Rao had assured that Babri Masjid shall be liberated. So the Indian state intervened but then in due course of time the Indian state retrieved the ground and allowed the RSA's kind to occupy the center as regards construction of Ram Tebuli's concern. Now construction of Ram Tebuli must never be in any dispute. Question is that where are you building it? There must be a grand Ram Tebuli but where are you building it? Then everything, it all happened. Finally is a question of ownership of land. Therefore seeing in the long term an immediate perspective I would say, I mean in my opinion I hope I don't indulge in any contempt of court because I hold the court in highest possible esteem. I as a citizen of India would have expected Supreme Court to have delivered its judicial pronouncement on the ownership it whichever way it went. In fact that this brings to let me just ask Mr. Zafrul Islam Khan on this that various chief justices have had various viewpoints. He at one point had a certain position that trying to do it thereafter there was a position with change. So you have had various chief justices one saying that we should stick to matters of law the other one saying that we should look at matters beyond law also because this has become a very sensitive issue which pertains to sentiment. Now when we raise the issue sentiment the word called faith comes in. It was coined very famously right in the 1980s saying that we do not have to prove it was the RSS in the VHP in fact it was Mr. Elki Adwani who coined this phrase that Ram is a matter of faith. We do not have to scientifically establish that Ram was born there. So it is a matter of faith. So if for one community of people it is a matter of faith that their believed God was born to have was born in a certain place then it is a matter of faith for the other community that the tenets of this state of this country which actually considered to be the holy book of this land faith in that. So where does one actually lead to? How does one actually say that there is a mediation possible? Well as I said earlier mediation is not the best course to be pursued but since the problem has been so much the passions have been aroused so much and the issue is now so complicated that even if the Supreme Court and this is my belief and I have said it earlier even if the Supreme Court gives this land to the Muslims they will not be able to build a mosque there. So in this situation what do you do?  So it is best to arrive at some conclusion some way and if the Supreme Court does it I think it will have some judicial stamp or some kind of judicial power to impose it whether it is by bifurcation whether it is giving to Hindus whether it is going to be given to Muslims whatever decision is made I think the state and also a large part of Hindu organization of course Muslims are committed all the way that they will accept any decision that is made by the Supreme Court so let something come out of it and let us put this behind us. Let me ask you a question which is actually something pertaining to theology and also related to the issue of Islam. There are a lot of Muslim voices that one hears also which says that under Islam a mosque should not be built on any land which is disputed. It follows from that because this is a disputed land we should actually build a mosque somewhere else let a land be given and let us hand over this particular piece of disputed 10,000, 13,000 square feet odd land to the Hindus that let them build a temple. Following from this first is that whether this is permissible or not there is a certain grey idea. The second issue is actually which I will go to Rizwan to talk about that because this is a political dimension that suppose that yes you feel that yes it can be given and the Hindus do build a temple then will we be able to pull a full stock to that or would this then be raised to every mosque in the country saying that this land is also disputed. We already have that that is still pending disputes over the temple mosque complexes in Mathura and in Varanasi. Varanasi we have also seen very recently some kind of a massive development. But to begin with this entire issue of the interpretation of Islam that whether it can be shifted or not what is your view on it. Well what our Maulanas have been saying is not correct. Mosques can be relocated and this has happened in many countries even in Saudi Arabia they have relocated many mosques because town planning and some other needs demanded that mosques should be shifted and it has happened. So I don't agree with this and I myself Maulana I would tell you I have to study in Alaska. Yes that's why I asked you. I know that this is not correct but these people have been saying and when they are confronted with this that is happening in other countries this is we are not concerned with other countries we are concerned only with India. India is not some other planet in the world in the universe. It is very much in this world and if it's happening in other countries it can happen here. But the matter was complicated by the demolition and people now think that if we agree to any such solution which gives the land to Hindus it means that they are going to demand many other things many other mosques 300 mosques, 3000 mosques, 3 lakh mosques endless. Including Mathura about which there was an agreement signed by Mr. Vishnuq Dalmia I have got a text which it was signed in a court of law after this agreement was signed they were given at least half of the mosque space to build a mosque. So if they can go back on such undertakings which are done in a court of law people don't trust. This is the main psychological problem that the Muslim community thinks that if we concede on this then there will be more and more and more demands. Rizwan Kesar So it means that under Islam shifting of a mosque is possible. It is possible it has happened in the past for town planning. What is the situation in Ayodhya is not related to town planning or modernization it is because of a sustained campaign over decades to push out a community to the periphery it is less of a religious dispute more of a political strategy. The question then which arises is that should one accept it if one accepts it it opens a Pandora's box if one does not accept it then it gives further opportunity to consolidate saying that look at them they are preventing a construction of a Ram temple even though their scholars people like Mr. Islam Khan have said that shifting of a mosque is permissible. So we are actually left with choosing between the devil and the deep sea. Three very quick things number one there is no mosque to be shifted from place A to place B. There is no mosque anywhere. There is no mosque. So where is the question of shifting? Number two the entire Ayodhya issue pertains to three things sentiments, history and legality. The legality involves that let there be adjudication and therefore judicial pronouncement about the ownership of that particular piece of land which the honorable High Court had divided in three dimensional ways. 2010. 2010 and since then the matter has been pending before the honorable Supreme Court at the cost of repeating let the honorable Supreme Court take a final call even though this you know confabulation that is happening is in camera it will be monitored by the honorable Supreme Court and other things. That's another. Whichever party wins that party will have the final call as to what you are going to do with this. Say for instance if that unsolvable gentleman wins the case if somebody wants to buy it from Ansari it will be his personal property it will not be any community's property therefore Ansari will be within his right to sell it off to anybody who wants to construct whatever because then it's not a place sanctified as mosque is just a property dispute about the piece of land. Number three the question that you raise can a mosque be built on disputed land? Now the currently the kind of dispute that you have is not about the existence of a mosque on a disputed land. It was made disputed made to look disputed only in the context of it and it is true a mosque cannot be built on a land improperly acquired or which is disputed therefore there is some litigation etc. So that definitely is an ideological situation. How important is it important for the average Muslim that a mosque must come up at the same spot? Let me tell you for an ordinary Muslim's point of view Babri Masjid is dead and gone right? They all know that despite the promise made by Shri Narasimharov then is not going to come back to life is not going to come back to life in a geographical situation in a physical situation where it is impossible to construct even lay one brick in the name of Masjid. On a larger question honoring the sentiments of Hindu brethren I think that has always been given. One has argued endlessly that Lord Shri Ram was considered Imam by no less a person than Allah How did it help anybody to understand the Muslim psyche about Ramji? No, they have been saying it again and again. Now the problem is that it is only judicial. This judicial thing is being projected as political therefore my request with Honorable Supreme Court with folded hands as a citizen of India for heaven's sake take a call sir give us a judgment whichever one if you if you think that the negotiation that has gone on is not honorable for heaven's sake please intervene give your judgment be done with that let the country march on. So that's my point. Mr. Islam Khan at the time when the presidential reference was made in the 90s by the Narsimara government at that point many people had argued including I had argued that this is essentially a politician's call that you have to decide this is a political dispute this has to be tackled at the political level if you cannot tackle it at the level of a basic civil case. The judiciary obviously did not then expresses you know it did not want to take a decision on which the politician or the political class did not have the courage to take. More than 25 years later how this is still a festering sore on this republic and it is going to continue for years if it is not resolved it is only going to further divide society. If there is an agreement would it be acceptable to the entire community on either side or are we actually doomed to continue living with this problem? No I think if something comes from the supreme court it will be acceptable to the Muslim community but obviously I cannot say about the other side or at least BHP and RSS what they say because they think that it is something which will give them you know victory after victory elections and always you see before six months before the elections the issue becomes really activated and all over the place you will hear slogans about it but after that they will forget it so for them it will be a difficult thing but at least for the Muslim community there is a consensus that whatever comes from the supreme court whether they give it to Hindus give it to Muslims or give it to the state whatever that will be acceptable and I think it is a very civilized choice that they have made. There is one cancer as we come to the concluding part of this discussion you know for the major part of our lives you know so far we have actually seen this dispute continuing to erupt continually in the remaining years that people like you and me have would this also continue the same manner or do you see any signs of hope? Well very quickly very quickly in Nellanjan this time the community is not involved in the dispute is a very much dispute about ownership of land is not the community though Sunni Bach board is involved in the litigation process but then either Sunni Bach board is involved but the kind of heat that was generated in 80s and if you recall I am talking 80s there were community involvement was so apparent right now community involvement from the side of Muslim is not apparent however they are waiting with better breath let the Honorable Supreme Court take a call and give us and the judgment whichever way and I am sure judges will take a call on the legality of the matter whomever it hands over the authority of that particular piece of land will be accepted by all as Dr. Zafarullah Khan is saying and let that be let the matter end and let the country move on because you see so long I mean there is a kind of dispute every other day you can have a dispute how can you hold the march I know that for the last many decades we have actually lived in hope we have never seized to make an effort to try to find a permanent and lasting settlement on Ayodhya this effort is again being made this time Supreme Court which feels that mediation may work there has been so far fairly positive responses especially from the side of the Muslim community and its representatives the Hindu parties have not been as open to the process of mediation despite this in the political class there is hope all I can say is as I wind up this discussion and thank the two of you for coming and joining me on something which is really torn up India apart the last is that let us hope for the best this has actually been an issue which continues to be a mind boggling dispute we really do not know as to how to get out of this crisis you can just hope that politicians stop looking at it as a vote catching device especially because we are in the middle of an elections thank you for watching this program


a lot of things happening with this business. So we decided we were stretching really thin. So we decided we have to save our other business and stay focused on that one. So we basically push our SATE bar to next year but we found all these calls and all we do with you so helpful for our business. Because we had to, in a nutshell, we lost the distributorship and we had to reinvent ourselves with new products after almost 30 years. And so everything we, that's why we haven't missed a call because all the social media staff and Instagram and all these and it's so helpful for us and something totally different. Wow. It's been great. And we just wanna continue listening to what you do. It's gonna help us in our business for the food when we catch up again. But it's been very helpful for us in our other business because basically we had no idea about all that social media stuff. We had to redo our website. We had to create a Facebook. We had to create an Instagram. So everything that you're doing for the food is super helpful for us on a totally different level of business. Thank you. That means a lot. It means a lot truly because sometimes when I do these, it's like, it's not, I don't see the results. I don't see whether you guys appreciate this. I don't see if it's useful. I don't see it, right? It's just through a lens. And when you share that with me, it validates what I do, right? Like it validates our whole team. It validates the fact that what we do is actually useful for people out there that's willing to learn and willing to actually make a difference in other people's lives. Like it means a lot. So thank you. Thank you. Yeah, everything we listen to in our head, we apply it to our business. That's not food right now, but we apply it. And we think, hey, how can we do that? How can we use this? And like I said, it's a totally different business. But it works. And we love those calls are very helpful. Thank you. Thank you, Martin. Appreciate that. Yeah, wow. I'm super touched. So I really appreciate that. So thank you. Thank you. I'm gonna tell my wife when I get home. Like, yes. I'm like, that's why I'm sometimes late, okay? Cut me some slack. I got some fans over there.