of the Texas Rangers, starring Joel McRae as Ranger Jase Pearson. Another authentic re-enactment of a case transcribed from the files of the Texas Rangers. Places in the following story are fictitious for obvious reasons. The events themselves are a matter of record. Friends, every day, Monday through Friday, there's top entertainment all day long when you set your radio dial to NBC. Listen for double or nothing and you'll hear one of radio's funniest quiz shows. Walter O'Keefe consistently comes up with great comedy entertainment Monday through Friday on Double or Nothing. Listen and you'll agree. And then there's the program with a heart, Strike It Rich. The grand entertainment that Warren Hull brings you every day on Strike It Rich is just what the doctor ordered if you suffer from the housework blues. And from Chicago, Tommy Bartlett brings you Welcome Travelers, interviews with the many interesting guests who each day pass through the windy city. And for more fun, listen for Bob and Ray, those two zany comics. Then of course there's Music and Charm with Dave Garroway. So remember, every day, Monday through Friday, chase your blues away with the wonderful daytime programs on this station of the NBC Radio Network. Now here's today's Tales of the Texas Rangers. Now from the files of the Texas Rangers, the case called Illegal Entry. It is 10.30 on a night late in August 1940. In the southwest Texas town of El Corso near the border, the streets of the Mexican section are dark and quiet. A man stands smoking a cigarette in a doorway on one of the darker streets. When he hears steps approaching, he throws his cigarette away. Hey, senor. I want to ask you something. What is it? You know some people named Gomez live on this street? Senor, on this street are maybe 10 Gomez families. Which one you mean? They're supposed to live at number 624. I couldn't find the house. This is no surprise. The house numbers, they go only to 500. This can't be. Here, look, it's written on this piece of paper, 624. Yeah, it's too dark. I cannot see the paper. Can you see this knife? You make one move, you never move again. What do you want? Your money. Give it to me, Oliver. I got no money. Give it to me. I say I got no money. If I got money, you're not going to get it for you. Give me the knife. Yeah, I'll give it to you. My arm. Can you help? Come back here.   What?  Let you throw it. It's easy. You all alone here? It's easy, sir. What do you want? Where's that door lead to? Out the back. Come on, we go out. It's not, senor. You'll need to use this knife on you. It's not, senor. Come on, I say. Wait a minute. There's a pocketbook on the table. You got money in there? Senor, please. It's my paper to hold. Please. Cagetti. See? See? This is better. Now we go down. Come here. Go on. Go down. And remember the knife and knee will right behind you. What did you do? Come on. Hurry. Get good. Come here. Now look. We're going out to the street. Anybody stop us. We're just out for a walk. You hear that? No. Now, put your arms through mine. That's the knife? See? And if you tip off anybody, I push that knife right through you. Now come on. Walk. This way to the right. Where are you taking me?  Come on faster. The people searching for the fugitive became suspicious when they saw a light on the Maria Santos front door and failed to receive an answer to their knocking. The sheriff was summoned. When he gained entrance to the room and saw the back door open, he phoned for assistance from the Texas Rangers. Rangers Jase Pearson and Clay Morgan were assigned. Ranger Morgan arrived first, and after preliminary investigation, went out to his car to send a radio call. Can KDXA give Lab Crews approximate time of arrival? Lab Crew will be at El Corso within two hours. 10-4, unit 22 clear. Over here, Jase. Been here long, Clay? Oh, maybe half an hour left the sheriff in charge upstairs. Port Igot said a whole lot of men stabbed somebody. Yeah, and then took off, happened about two hours ago. A fellow hurt bad. Just his arm. He helped chase the thief. People around here think the man went into this building. What do you think? I know he's not here now. There's a room upstairs with a back door open. Man could have gotten in and taken the girl that lived there along with him for protection. Sure, she wasn't in on the deal. Well, I thought of that. But the fellow who was stabbed said there was only one person. Stuff from the girl's purse has dumped all over the place. She could have been robbed too. Anybody get a good look at the thief? A victim said the man was Mexican. Couldn't see his face, though, too dark. Any possibility of prints up in the girl's room? Well, they found a few on her purse. Pretty blurred. They could be the girls I call the lab anyhow. Uh-huh. Well, looks like our best bet's to find that girl. You have a description of her? Better than that. Found a picture in a room. Yeah, one on the left is her. I'm going to take it over to the sheriff's office now and put it on the wire. Anybody doing a house to house? Yeah, the deputies are taking care of that. Well, I better get moving. You coming along? No, I reckon I'll get upstairs and have a quick look around. And I'll give those deputies a hand looking for the girl. Okay, Jay. See you as soon as I get there. Clay! Clay! Oh, hello, Sheriff. Oh, howdy, Jayce. It's just in time. Hi, what's up? My deputy called. They've located Maria Santos. She all right? I don't know. My men found her in a boxcar down at the freight yards. When we arrived at the freight depot, we saw tenants carrying Maria Santos on a stretcher toward an ambulance. She'd been badly beaten, but she was still conscious. We decided that since she was the only person who had seen the man we were after, it was necessary to get a statement from her immediately. I got the doctor's permission to question Maria on the way to the hospital. As soon as she was settled in the ambulance, I climbed in. He could still be around the yard somewhere, Clay. Yes, Sheriff, and I'll go over the place with a fine-toothed comb. See you later, Jayce. I'm Ranger Pearson, Miss Santos. Oh, did you find him yet? No, that's why I'd like to ask you a few questions. Will it hurt you too much to talk? I can talk, Senor. It's only the... Oh, my God. Did he stab you? When we walked away at freight yards, he held a knife at my side, and he kept sticking me. You get a good look at his face. Oh, yes, Senor. The face I will never forget. Have you ever seen him before? No, Senor. I don't think he's from El Corzo. Maybe... Maybe he's from Mexico. Can you give me an idea of what he looked like? Something that will help us identify him. Well, he had two scars. What kind of scars? One under his eye, a little one, and a bigger scar at the corner of his mouth. Make him look like he's always smiling. But this man, he's not the kind who smiles. Did he take you directly from your room to the freight yards? He made me walk through the streets with him. Sometimes we pass people out. I want to yell, but he held a knife at my side. He kept sticking. What happened when you got the freight yards? Well, we walked and he kept on walking. I was tired, but he wouldn't let me stop. Then I hear the jeep cry. The sheep? You see, on the freight train, the train began to move and he... All of a sudden these men, he gets excited. He makes me run over to a boxcar that stands by itself. Was that when he hit you? I think so. It's hard to remember now. Did you see where he ran after he hit you? No, Senor. The last thing I remember, I see his face. His mother looked like he was smiling. Then you don't have any idea if he ran toward that moving train. No. Senor, this man, you think maybe he'd get away on the train? That's hard to say, Miss Santos. We're going to do our best to find out. As soon as we reached the hospital, I got a ride back to the freight yards. Our man had not been found. I figured it was more than an even chance that the freight train Maria described. I checked with a train master. He informed me that a train carrying sheep had left several hours before. It was a slow freight doing Lubbock at noon the next day. I picked up Clay and we headed north on the highway, which paralleled the railroad tracks. I ought to be catching up with the train pretty soon, Jayce. What do you figure I'm doing when we come alongside? How much we can do till it's light. I was thinking about that. If we try to stop the train now, it won't be light for over an hour. I know. Hey, that's it up ahead. Aren't those caboose lights? Looks like them. It's not moving very fast. It gives you a funny feeling knowing our man might be riding that, baby. Wish we could be sure, though. I got a hunch he had a train getaway in mind when he took the girl down at the freight yards in El Corso. What are we going to do? Drive alongside the train till daylight? That's too risky. If he is aboard and happens to spot us, he'll get suspicious and skip. It'd be better if we stop someplace up ahead and wait for him. You got any ideas? Not yet. Get the map out of the glove compartment, will you, Clay? Yeah. What do you want? No. See if you can locate the next station the train's due to pass through. All right. Let's see. Yeah, nearest town from here it'd be Hamlet, about 12 miles up ahead. 12 miles. That won't give us too much time. Anything north of that? Not for 40 miles. Then it'll have to be Hamlet. What do you have in mind? We need some advice about the best place to have the train stopped. You got to get word of the engineer and warn him what's going to happen. Unit 10 to KTXA. This unit now alongside northbound freight train number 24, positioned 12 miles south of Hamlet. Believe man who committed El Corso hold up aboard train. Can KTXA relay message immediately to Railroad Operations Chief? In order to make search of train as early as possible after daylight, this unit requests that engineer stop train at some suitable point north of Hamlet, Texas. Suggest unpopulated open area to be selected to reduce chance of fugitives escape. 10-4. This unit will check with Hamlet Station Master to learn if message was received in time for him to deliver it to train. 10-4. Unit 10 clear. 88 sails. Now there's the engine, Jason. Sure is a strain in up that hill. Yeah, let's hope it keeps on moving slow. A lot of things have to happen before that train passes through Hamlet. Door must be around the other side. Yeah. Sounds like the station master's doing some typing. Could be the message for that freight. If he doesn't type any faster than that, the train will be in Lubbock before he finishes. Howdy, gents. Hey, you must be them rangers. One and a half 24 stop. That's right. Just got the message in on the ticker here. Typing it up now. And don't let us disturb you.  Not a bit. As long as I've been here, I learned how to type pretty good. And talk same time. Uh-huh. Gonna have the engineer stop 24 up at Twin Forks Junction. If that's all right with you, fellas. How far is that from here? 18 and a half miles. Or it'd be good in light time she gets there. Pretty flat country. No, flat and far in your hand. You can see two, three miles both sides of the track. That's fine. Isn't that the train? Yep, yep, that's her. Right on time, too. Well, are you sure you're gonna finish that message before it gets here? Why, sure. No, she's got a good quarter mile yet. There we are. Now, just get me a cup of water hoops. Am I landed? I'll be ready. Can we help you? Nope. I got them right over here. Yep. They understand there's some kind of criminal on that train. We think so. I don't want to rush you, but that train sounds pretty close. Ah, now don't too worry, Ranger. She's only down by the first switch. Got plenty of time. Old Steve Dillon and his conductor will have their arms through those hoops just when they're supposed to. Say, you rangers want to come out on the platform with me? Yeah, we'll come along, but we'll have to stay out of sight in case our man happens to be watching. Yeah, sure. You can stand right behind these posts here. Thanks. Can't nobody see from the train behind these here posts. Be back in a minute or two, Rangers. By the way, he was moving. I was sure he wouldn't make it. I reckon when you've been at this as long as he has, you get pretty good at time. Got the one hoop? Yeah. Keep your eyes open, Clay. Maybe we'll spot somebody aboard. Not if he'll poke his nose out now. Probably sleeping. Maybe so. Mostly sheep cars. Not likely he's the one of those. Yeah, it's hard to say. There's enough others to hide in. Grabber, John! Well, Kelly got the message, Rangers. Breaking the rest is up to you. Thanks. Come on, Clay. Let's go meet a train. In just a moment, we will continue with tales of the Texas Rangers starring Joel McCray as Ranger Jase Pearson. Have you ever seen lightning strike? Then you know how cerebral palsy strikes swiftly, crazily without warning. And it could happen to you or to your child. If you should be stricken as a result of an accident or shock or illness, you'd need costly and highly specialized care. But would that care be available? It's shocking but true that right now, 92 out of every 100 who suffer from cerebral palsy must go without that necessary care because there just aren't enough facilities. Think of it, hundreds of thousands of people suffering needlessly when they could be helped. But in spite of this tragedy, there's still hope. Real hope that stems from present-day research and treatments. You can help the more than 550,000 sufferers of cerebral palsy get these vitally needed benefits and become self-sufficient citizens. Send your contributions to United Cerebral Palsy, care of your local postmaster. Forget them not. And now the second act of tales of the Texas Rangers. We continue now with tales of the Texas Rangers and our authentic story, Illegal Entry. We drove toward Twin Forks Junction where the train was due to stop. On the way, we radioed headquarters and asked for some officers from the nearest town before them were waiting when we arrived just past daybreak at the junction. As I gave them in last-minute instructions, the train was visible in the distance. We don't have much time, men, so we better get moving. Constable, you take a man and head down the track. Work from the caboose forward as soon as the train stops. You have the two men cross the track when the train stops, split up, and work from the middle toward both ends. If you spot them, sing out. In fact, we better get the rifles, James, just in case you make some break across that flatland. I sure hope he hasn't jumped off somewhere along the line. If he got on, I don't think he jumped. He doesn't know we're on this trail. I guess you're right, it said. He'd be anxious to get as far as he could from El Curso. Hey, she comes. We better get over in the signal engineer exactly where we're wanting to stop. It's like he's going pretty fast. Reckon that old station master got the message mixed up? Don't think so. She's starting to slow down now. Let's go. Not in here. The next one's a cheap car. Probably won't find him in there. We'll just check to make sure he's quite, huh? A gondola car down there. Really? Somebody poke his head over the side just for a second. Come on, we know you're in there. Come on out. You sure you saw him? Hold this rifle. I'm going up and getting right. I'll keep it covered, James. I'll watch yourself. Okay, you.  I said come on. I guess you. I can drop that knife. Let me go. I said drop that knife. That's better. Now I'll take it. My shoulder.  What you want from me? I didn't do nothing. It looks like the boy we want, Jason. Those two scars on his face. Check with the description. Tell the engineer to go ahead and play. Sure. Okay, we've got him. What's your name? I didn't do nothing. What do you want me for? What's your name? Jose Lagura. You're under arrest, Jose. For what? Robbery, assault, and kidnapping. Come on. I don't go, no. Grab him, James. You don't get me. You got the wrong pants, and I didn't do nothing. Maybe not. A couple of people saw you last night. Could be you changed your tune when they see you again. Come on. We took our prisoner back to El Corso and delivered him to the sheriff. For two hours, Jose denied all charges against him. At noon, the sheriff had him taken back to his cell. We phoned the hospital and learned that Maria Santos and Felipe Rivera, the man who had been stabbed, were both well enough to come down and make an identification. I picked up the two witnesses, and at one o'clock, we walked along the courthouse corridor. Senor, you're sure when I see this man, he will not hurt me? Not much chance of that, miss. He scares me. Just to remember, he's enough to make my back bone cold. I'd like to have him alone for five minutes. Only five minutes. He is a bad one, this man. Yeah? Just go right in. That's what we wanted to know. Second to the girl's name. Yeah, I'll hold on. Getting some interest in dope on our boy, Jayce. Good. You remember Miss Santos and Mr. Rivera? Sure. Both of you feeling better today? Sheriff in the next room? I'm doing some paperwork. You folks make yourselves comfortable. I'll be right back. I got the witnesses outside, Sheriff. All right, Jayce. I'll phone upstairs, have my deputy bring Jose down. I'll be in there as soon as I finish this report. Take your time. Hey, Jayce. Uh-huh. Seems Jose is quite a record. He ran in Mexico. What's he been up for here? Petty theft. People were on a labor contract about 15 months ago. About a 60-day sentence after he'd been here a month. He was deported as soon as he was released from jail. How about in Mexico? He wanted there for armed robbery.  There might be another reason. What's that? A girl by the name of Lupi Alvarez. At his trial, he told the judge he stole the money so he could marry her. Howdy, folks.  I know Simeon, but if I hear his voice... I will know his face. It's hard to forget. I should have been down here by now. I better go see what's holding up the works. Remember now, when he comes in, you don't have to say anything till he's out of the room again. Just take a good look at him. You will ask him to talk, Simeon? Sure, we'll have him talk. I'm still afraid, Simeon. What's that? Sounds like the sheriff's calling us. Come on. Where are you, Sheriff? Holy, it's the deputy. What happened, Sheriff? He's been slugged and his gun's gone. Jose's gotten away. We sent out an all-points bulletin on Jose, and we started combing the town for him. He had disappeared without leaving a trace. We decided that Lupi Alvarez, the girl whose name appeared on Jose's record, might possibly give us a lead. An aunt told us that Lupi and her family were in North Texas picking cotton. Could be found on a farm outside Middle River. On the afternoon of the next day, we arrived at the farm. Lupi was out in the fields, but the foreman pointed out her mother lugging a sack of cotton toward the scales. Yes. Yes, I am, Rosa Alvarez. Excuse me. I'm so out of breath, but it's hard work to carry the cotton. We'd like to talk to you about your daughter, Mrs. Alvarez. Oh, Lupi? Lupi's done nothing, senority. We know that. We're trying to find a friend of hers, Jose Lagura. Oh, this one. He's no friend of Lupi. Didn't she used to go with him? No, senor. Oh, once Lupi, she go out with Jose. Oh, but she don't unlike him. Jose, he's crazy for her. He run after her. He make Lupi afraid. He's a bad one, this Jose. No, senor. Lupi, she doesn't even know he's back from Mexico. How'd you know he was back? Why should I not know, senor? He was here only a few hours ago. What?  He look like crazy, man. He see me, he ask me where Lupi is. You tell him. Me tell Jose where Lupi is? No, senor. I lie to him. Do you know where Jose went? See, first he try to borrow money from me. When I say no, he go to Juan. The boy who drive one of the trucks to the cotton gin. He ask Juan for a ride into town. Does he take him? See, Juan he does not like Jose.  He take Jose with him. Juan come back yet? No, senor. Many trucks come to the cotton gin. Sometimes Juan have to wait 6-8 hours. Maybe he's still there. Please, senor. If you find Jose, you will not tell him where Lupi is. He will make trouble for her. Don't worry, senor. If we find Jose, we're going to see he doesn't make trouble for anybody. Not for a long while. We went to the cotton gin and found Juan, the boy who driven Jose into town. His truck was in the middle of a line of trucks which move slowly toward the gin. Juan told us Jose had borrowed $3 from him and gone on into town to get something to eat. He had asked Juan to wait at the gin saying he wanted to ride with him back to the farm. We decided our best chance for picking up Jose was to watch Juan's truck. We stood behind an empty wagon near the gin and waited. I don't know, Jayce. It's been over an hour. Maybe we had done better to cover the town instead of waiting for him here. Maybe, and I think he'll head back here. He want to get out to the farm, make another try to see Lupi. He could have walked. He's got a sure-ride here with Juan. All the same, I'd feel better if I knew exactly where he was. Don't forget he's got that deputy's gun. Lay. Walking toward the truck. Yeah, look at the way he's staggering. Since he didn't use that $3 for food. Let's go. What time do you work all the time, Juan? Forget about Juan. You can talk to us now. No, no. Get the gun fight. I got it. Are you fine? Come on, Jose.  We want to get you there fast. No, I don't go. Let's get moving. Don't go to El Corso. You'll only be for a little while, Jose. And I think the state will give you a more permanent home. In just a moment, we will tell you the results of the case you have just heard. Later today, friends, you're invited to hear the sparkling premiere performance of a new radio series, Best Plays. Best Plays will present a series of one-hour adaptations of many of the nation's great stage shows. Today you will hear Maxwell Anderson's Winter Set, co-starring Burgess Meredith and Maureen Stapleton. Then later be sure to hear Meredith Wilson's Music Room. Meredith will bring you the finest in recorded music as well as interviews with some of the music world's greatest artists. Meredith Wilson's Music Room is another new addition to your Sunday lineup of great radio listening on the NBC Radio Network. And tomorrow you'll hear more top musical entertainment on NBC. Monday's musical offerings this week include Eleanor Stieber on The Voice of Firestone, Dorothy Warren-Schold and Gordon MacRae on The Railroad Hour, and Michael Rubin on The Telephone Hour. So make your Monday evening listening a relaxing pleasure by tuning to all these wonderful musical shows. Now here is the conclusion of tonight's Tales of the Texas Rangers. And now here are the results of the case you have just heard. Jose Locura was tried and convicted on counts of armed robbery, felonious assault and kidnapping. He was sentenced to 23 years in the state prison at Richmond, Texas. The Mexican government requested that upon his release he be sent to Mexico to serve sentence for crimes committed in that country. Bill McCrae in another authentic re-enactment of a case from the files of the Texas Rangers. Joel McCrae is currently seen starring in San Francisco's story a Warner Brothers release. In the cast you heard Herb Ellis as Ranger Clay Morgan. The role of Jose Locura was portrayed by Tony Barrett and Lillian Bayef was Maria Santos. Jeanette Nolan was heard as Rosa Alvarez. Hal March played the role of the sheriff and the station master was Jan Arvin. The organizer was Captain M.T. Lone Wolf Gonzalez of the Texas Rangers. This story was transcribed and adapted by Charles E. Israel and the program was produced and directed by Stacey Keith. Hal, give me speaking. Tonight, The Chase brings you more adventure on NBC.


Family Theater presents Jeffrey Hunter, Barbara Rush, and Mel Blank. From Hollywood, the mutual broadcasting system presents Spunky, starring Jeffrey Hunter, Barbara Rush, and Mel Blank. Family Theater's only purpose is to bring to everyone's attention a practice that must become an important part of our lives. If we are to win peace for ourselves, peace for our families, and peace for the world. Family Theater urges you to pray. Pray together as a family. And now to our drama, Spunky, starring Jeffrey Hunter as dad, Barbara Rush as mom, and Mel Blank as Pete. This is the story of a boy and his dog. A very unusual story about Spunky, the boy, and Pete, the dog. Spunky and his father and mother live in Pleasant Valley, population 4,998. Spunky's dad is in the real estate business. Spunky's in the second grade and he has the most wonderful mother in all the world. Nothing unusual about this? Oh, but there is. For you see, Pete, the dog, can talk. Why were you waiting for me after school, Pete? You don't usually do that. Well, there's a reason, kid. See, I picked up some hot dirt this afternoon. What do you mean? Well, I might be able to help your father pick up a fast couple of bucks. Now, maybe then you could have that new two-wheel bike you've been wanting. Gee, tell me all about it. Well, it's easy, kid, but I ain't no amateur, you know. I work for a fee. You rustle me up a good thick bone and I'll spill the whole thing. It'll do. Hey, this must have been your father's. He never leaves any meat. Are you through, fella? Oh, don't call me fella. Sounds condescending. No, I'm not through. I'm supposed to bury it, you know. Oh, that's right. Why, Pete? Don, if I know, matter of keeping up with the rovers in sports, I guess. Oh, excuse me, Spunky. I'll be right back. Spunky, come in and change your clothes. Right away. Well, in a minute, Mom. Pete says he has something important to tell me. Oh, Spunky, you're not going to start that again, are you? About Pete talking? But it's true, Mom. And maybe I can get my bike. Oh, I'm afraid that's a long way off, son.  Then you can go out and play again. Okay, Mom. Did you bury it good, Pete? Yeah, but I'll never find it again, though. My scent ain't so hot. It must be my sinuses. What was it you were going to tell me? Oh, yeah, I was going... Whoops. Pardon me. Lamb does that to me. Now, where was I? Oh, yes, yes, your father. I was roaming around the other side of town this morning, and I ran into that collie friend of yours. You mean Nicky? Yeah, yeah, that's him. Well, he's owned by the wealthy Van Owens. Well, he overheard his master saying that they were interested in buying that old farmhouse down by the river. Gee, nobody would live there. Well, they want to fix it up and make a summer theater out of it. That doesn't mean anything to Dad. The barn's owned by Mr. Titus, the other real estate man. Look, kid, you're growing up. Where's your brains? Don't you get it? No, Pete. I'm afraid not. I'll be poignant. Get your father to buy it under someone else's name from old man Titus. Then he can name his own price. Spunky, I'm not going to call you again. Okay, Mom. Gee, Pete, is that honest? Sight me. Well, I have to scram. The newspaper boy's coming. I'm supposed to go out and bark at him. What's for dinner? Now that's a fine greeting. Hello, what's for dinner? Well, how's this? Much better. My great big Spunky, how are you, son? Swill, Dad. Good boy. See, Dad, I know how you can make some money, and then maybe I could get my two-wheeler. Well, that's very interesting, Spunky. How soon will dinner be ready, dear? Oh, about 20 minutes. Oh, good. I'm absolutely starved. Now then, what were you saying about your two-wheeler, Spunk? Pete was telling me how this afternoon. Pete was what? Oh, pay no attention, dear. He's off on one of those wild flights of fancy again. Oh, Pete was talking to you again, huh? Yes, Dad, and he heard something very interesting. Uh-oh. Oh, what's the matter, dear? Oh, the butter. Mr. Grubholzer forgot to put the butter in. Well, we can fix that, Spunky. You run up to Grubholzer like a good boy and tell him he forgot the butter. Can I talk to you for a minute, Dad? Sure, Spunky. What is it? Well, you know the Van Owens on the other side of town. Mm-hmm. Well, Pete was over that way this afternoon talking to their colleague. And their colleague told Pete that maybe the Van Owens were going to buy that old barn down the river and turn it into a summer theater. Oh, I see. But Pete says you should get someone else to buy it first because it's owned by Mr. Titus. That's right. Then you could sell it to the Van Owens and make some money. Then I could get my two-wheeler. Mm-hmm.  Okay, but think it over, huh, Dad? I most certainly will. Helen, where does that boy get these ideas? Darling, let's face the facts. We have a boy who has an incredible imagination. He'll either turn into a famous author or the biggest teller of stories since Baron Munchausen. It's up to us how we channel this. Yes, I suppose so, but knowing about Titus owning the place, it's weird. Dad believes me. Well, keep punching, kid. Humans is hard to convince. Uh-oh. What's the matter, Pete? Here comes Hoiman, that St. Bernard. What's wrong with that? You know, he got drummed out of the Swiss canine core. They caught him drinking that medicine he carried around his neck. Gee, I think he's a nice dog. Well, I don't. I got a hunch he's sub-voisive. He's trying to organize all the dogs here in Pleasant Valley. Well, hello, Sponky and good old Pete. Hoiman, how's Trix? Oh, please, Sponky, I do not learn Trix. That's beneath my dignity. Oh, I only meant it. And how are you, Peter? Positively flushed with the joy of living. That's good. Sponky, pardon, I would like a word with Peter. Sure, go ahead. Pete, when are you going to join our group? You are the last dog in town to join. Sub-voisive, that's what it is. No, no, we are not sub-versive. We dogs all over the United States are organizing. Organizing? For what, Herman? We don't know yet.  The members feel that you would make a good president. Yeah. Gee, Pete, imagine you, a president. Hey, how about that, huh? Well, I'll think it over, Hoiman. Uh-oh, come on. Let's make like dogs. Why? What's the matter? Oh, we got a romp or something. Here comes Mr. Grubholzer. Oh, yeah, well, but comes to revolution. Yeah. Hello there, Sponky, where have you been?  Oh, jeepers, I forgot. The butter. That's right. Here you are. Now, you better get along home with that right away. I'm afraid your mother's a bit put out. Yes, sir. Oh, the dog's having a bit of a romp, eh? Oh, no, Mr. Grubholzer. They're only putting on an act for you. An act for me? Yes, they don't really want to run around like that. Tire's a moat, but they didn't want to let you down. Oh, yes, of course. They didn't want to let me down. Oh, you've got a great sense of humor, son. Oh, they didn't want to let me down. Here, Pete.   It ain't dignified. Who knows? I might be president someday. Come on, let's hurry home. I'm in trouble, Pete. Do you think I could use your doghouse tonight? Well, sure, but you won't like it. It ain't been cleaned in over a week. And God bless mommy and daddy and help to make Spunky a very good boy. Amen. Amen. Now, perhaps you can tell us what happened on the way to Mr. Grubholzer's. Uh-huh. It was Herman, the Saint Bernard. What about Herman, son? He wants Pete to join his club. What? Herman's organizing all the dogs. They want Pete to be president. Pete isn't sure, though. He thinks Herman's subversive. Penny, for your thoughts, dear.   He's rather frightening, isn't it? Oh, he probably heard us using it and it stuck in his mind. Oh, I guess so, but it sounded so funny.  Hmm. I wonder. Wonder what? If it's just possible that Spunky heard something about that property down by the river. Oh, darling, how fantastic can you get? No, no, no, I mean it. I'm discovering that little guy has pretty big ears. Well, you can rest assured that if he said Pete told him, it's one of those bomby daydreams of his. Yes, but on the other hand, it's... No, by George, just for the heck of it, I'm going to do a little snooping the first thing in the morning. That couldn't be better, Dan. How's with you? Oh, muddling along. Come over and sit down. Oh, thanks. Well, what brings you by our modest font of education? Well, I have a bit of a problem. Okay, let's hear it. Well, you being head of the drama department here, I was wondering if you heard any rumors floating about that we're going to have a summer theater in Pleasant Valley. Well, yeah, it was supposed to be very hush-hush until the plans were more concrete. Where'd you hear about this? Well, skip it, Dan. You wouldn't believe me if I told you. Don't tell me you want to pursue the muse. Me an actor? No, no, no. But seriously, though, Dan, can you tell me any more about this deal? Well, I know you'll keep it under your hat, Roger. It goes like this. The Van Owens, you know, don't know what to do with all their money, so they've decided to found a little theater to improve the cultural aspects of Pleasant Valley and the surrounding communities. Were they thinking of that old barn down by the river? Oh, yeah. But who told you? My little boy, Spunky. Who told him? His dog, Pete. His dog. Well, I told you you wouldn't believe me. Well, so long, Dan. I've got to see a man about a barn. His dog. Helen, honey, where are you? Goodness, you gave me a start. Well, Roger, what are you doing home? Well, look, I haven't got time to explain that. Do me a favor, will you? Call your sister over in Newport to hear fast. What on earth are you talking about? What do you want Phyllis for? Don't you see, Old Man Titus doesn't know her. And she's going to be my secret agent. Secret agent? For what? We're buying the old barn down by the river. Everything, Spunky says, is true. Well, that's the story.  I want you to pose as a prospective buyer for the property. The old man hasn't had a nibble on it in years, and I'm sure we can get it for a song. Get him down as low as you can, and then flash this on him. Here, $2,500, tell him that's as high as you'll go, and when he sees this lovely green stuff, he'll jump through hoops. Are you ready, Phyllis? You mean I go to work right now? Well, you have to. If Titus gets wind of this little theater deal, I'll be out at least $7,000 or $8,000. Okay. I hope I can play the part. Talking dogs. No, Mrs. Baker. Miss Baker? Miss Baker, you arouse my curiosity. Now, why are you so interested in this barn? You see, it's been the family a long time. Frankly, there's a great sentiment attached to it. Hmm. I'll bet. Well, I'll be honest with you, Titus. I'm thinking of the place in terms of an art school. A haven for aspiring young painters. Oh, yes. Oh, yes. We'll look out for that board. Oh, you'd have a charming atmosphere for that sort of thing here. After an awful expensive amount of fixing up. I don't know. The timbers are solid, you see. Well, you have a full acre fronting the river there. No, sir. You cannot beat it for charm and atmosphere. Well, what are you asking for as it, you should pardon the expression, stands. And don't get fancy. I know property values. Well, as I say, there's a lot of sentiment attached to this. But for such a worthy cause as you have in mind, I could, at a great personal sacrifice to myself, let it go at the ridiculous figure of 6,000. Why? Titus, you couldn't get $6,000 for this rat trap. If you discovered oil on it, I'll give you $1,600, and even that proves I've got a hole in my head. Yeah, $1,600. You're joking, Miss Baker. $5,000, and I'm losing money. Look, Titus, I don't need your bucolic bungalow that bad. Here's my final offer, $2,500 in cash. Do you say cash? Is it all there, Miss Baker? To the last foolish dollar. Is it a deal, Titus? Maybe it's a deal. Come, my dear Miss Baker, let's get back to my office. And we'll draw up the papers. All right, kid. Everybody's seen me chase the ball and return it. We've established a point. Can we not go off for a while? Oh, sure, Pete. Hey, why did you meet me at school again today? Oh, yeah, I almost forgot. Did you mention anything to your old man about the summer theater in that old barn by the river? Yes, I did, Pete. Oh, that's too bad. What'd he say? He didn't say anything. Well, maybe it's all right then. You see, I was overplaying with the Van Owens' collie again, and the collie says that the Van Owens changed their minds last night. Instead of the barn, they're going to buy that old abandoned schoolhouse out on Buttercup Road. Hey, you better tell your old man before he does something foolish. Gee, that means I won't get my two-wheeler. Oh, not necessarily, kid. Keep punching. Maybe your old man can get his finger in on the schoolhouse deal. Yeah, maybe he could. I really want you to get that two-wheeler, kid. You do, Pete? Chasing balls. Uh-uh. But cars? Bikes? That's like putting cream on the shortcake. I really get my jollies chasing after them beautiful spinning wheels. Uh-oh. Here come one now. See you later, kid. And away we go. Oh, Phyllis, how did it go? Tell me, Phyllis. Did you swing it? There you are, brother-in-law. No trouble at all. If you're sure, that's what you want.   You know, there are times when I honestly think I married the wrong woman. If this deal falls through, you'll have an opportunity to say that again. And Phyllis! Well, just look how this boy's grown. Hello, spunky deer. Hi, Mom. Dad, I was talking to Pete again this afternoon. Well, you go right ahead, son. You talk to good old Pete all you want. Gee, thanks, Dad. Well, Pete says to forget about the old barn. The Van Owens have changed their minds. What? They're going to buy that old schoolhouse on Buttercup Road instead. What's the matter, kid? Dad's pretty upset about them taking the schoolhouse instead of the barn. Oh, did old man Van Owens say that they was buying the schoolhouse? Uh-huh. Much cleaner and neater. Much cleaner and neater? Hmm. Well, I'll be seeing you, kid. I gotta go. Where, Pete? I've been thinking over that proposition of hermons at St. Bernard. You know about joining his group? I think today's as good a day as any to join. Yeah. Well, be seeing you, kid. Well, go on. Let me have it with both barrels. A real high point in the astute business career of Roger Dope. Oh, don't feel like that, Roger. We all have to gamble on business deals now and then. Certainly. It's not the end of the world. Oh, that's right. You know what? I bet we could work here in our spare time and fix it up. Well, I'd love to live here by the river. We could even sell the other house and still come out ahead. Hey, bud, George, I think... Spunky! Spunky, where are you? It's on here, Dad. I'm all right. Oh, are you sure you're all right, darling? Uh-huh. I fell through the board. But I landed on something. Wait a minute.  I'm not hurt, Dad. What's in the box? Oh, I don't know. Let's take a look. Let me see that. Oh, no. No, no, no. Oh, Phyllis, what is it? Talk to us. Don't worry about getting your investment back, Roger. Do you know what you've got here? Letters, valuable letters from the very hand and pen of Abraham Lincoln. What are you going to do with these letters, Roger? Well, I'll contact all the big national magazines. They'll go to the highest bidder. Well, that should be worth a small fortune. Oh, Roger, darling, isn't it exciting? Yes, this is Dalton. Who? Mr. Van Owens. You've what? Ch-Changed your mind. Well, what do you know about that? Well, that's fantastic. You what? Not a cent over 15,000. Oh, no indeed, Mr. Van Owens. Yes, I'm sure we can get together. Well, what is it, dear? Well, get your checkbook, honey. We're going shopping. Shopping? For what? A year's supply of ground-round for Pete and a new two-wheel bike for Spunky. Look at it. Isn't it just keen? Oh, I can't wait to see them wheels going around. Oh, I love them spinning wheels. You know, Pete, I think you know something about how that schoolhouse got turned to pieces. I, uh, I ain't saying no way. Did you have anything to do with it, Pete? I am standing on my constitutional rights. Did you join that St. Bernard's group, Herman's outfit? Uh, yes. And like he said, they made me president. And did you and all the other dogs have your meeting at the schoolhouse last night before Mr. Owens got there? I ain't saying no way. Do you still think Herman's group is sub-voasive? Uh, no. But just between you and me, kid, we can sure be destructive. And now, here are our stars, Jeffrey Hunter and Barbara Rush. Thank you, Larry Chatterton. It's always a pleasure for Barbara and me to appear on family theater. You know, many family theater listeners have written to tell us that they have begun the practice of daily family prayer in their own homes. But it's certainly heartwarming to know that our message is being heard and followed by people all over the country. But occasionally, someone writes to tell us that prayer is not as easy as it sounds, that it's difficult to pray. Well, I'd like to have Barbara read a little poem that may be of help to you if you feel that way too. It was written by James J. Metcalf and it's called Time to Pray. Barbara? It's not difficult to pray when we are faced with fears or when the shadows climb the walls and tragedy appears. Our voices rise above the roar of every raging sea and words of sudden eloquence present our tearful plea. But when there is no storm and when we have a perfect day we seldom turn our thoughts to God or take the time to pray. And if it is a duty then, it also is a task to thank him or to let him know the miracles we ask. And yet a daily prayer to God is such a little thing compared to all the comfort and the blessing it can bring. Thank you for being with us. And remember, the family that prays together stays together.  From Hollywood Family Theater has brought to you Spunky starring Jeffrey Hunter, Barbara Rush and Mel Blank. Others in our cast were Peter Voltrian, Charlotte Lawrence, Jack Krushan and Howard McNeer. The script was written by Monty Masters with music composed and conducted by Harry Zimmerman and was directed for Family Theater by Joseph F. Mansfield. This is Larry Chatterton expressing the wish of Family Theater that the blessing of God may be upon you and your home. I didn't bother you to be with us again next week when Family Theater will present Home for Thanksgiving starring Stephen McNally and Joan Leslie. Join us, won't you? Family Theater is broadcast throughout the world and originates in the Hollywood studios of the world's largest network, the Mutual Broadcasting System.


A very good evening aspirants welcome to daily hindi newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankar IAS Academy for the date 18th of May 2023. Displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. Now without any delay let's straight away get into the article discussion. Now look at this article here. This article gives us some information about the global temperature. Yesterday a new update about global temperature was issued by World Meteorological Organization. In that update WMO has warned that 2023 to 2027 will be the warmest fire period ever recorded. This is because of the combined factors of greenhouse gases and El Nino. And this is the background of the article given here. Now when this discussion will learn the other data provided in the WMO's update. See the WMO in its update said that there is a 66% chance that annual global surface temperature will exceed 1.5 degree Celsius above the pre-industrial levels for at least one of the years between 2023 to 2027. This is shocking right? As we all know the main goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement is to limit the global warming to well below 2 degree Celsius above average levels measured between 1850s and 1900s. Further the Paris Agreement aims to limit the global warming to below 1.5 degree Celsius if possible. But if we look at the WMO's update the WMO expects that global mean temperature will be at a range of 1.1 degree Celsius to 1.8 degree Celsius for each of the five years between 2023 to 2027. And in any of these years there is a 66% chance that annual global surface temperature will exceed 1.5 degree Celsius above the pre-industrial level. This ultimately defeats the Paris Agreement goal right? And this is one information. Apart from this the WMO says that there is a 98% chance that at least one of the next five years and the fire period as a whole will be the warmest on record. See these are worrying factors. Now here we should think what are all the reasons for this temperature rise? For that also WMO said that El Nino and the greenhouse gas emissions are the two main factors for the rise in the global temperature. See El Nino is a climatic pattern that describes the unusual large scale warming of surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. The weather phenomenon normally occurs every 2 to 7 years. The El Nino impacts the weather systems around the globe by causing disruptions in temperature, rainfall and winds. Basically El Nino event increases the global temperature in that particular year after it develops. See it is expected that the year 2024 is going to witness El Nino. So a warming El Nino is expected to develop in the coming months. Therefore El Nino together with the human induced climate change is going to push the global temperatures in the upcoming years. And this will have impacts on health, food security, water management and the environment. Apart from this the rising greenhouse gas emissions also contribute to the increase in the global temperature. So these are all the information given in the WMO's update. See in conclusion El Nino is a natural phenomenon. We don't have any say in that but each country must adhere to the principles of the 2015 Paris Agreement and they should reduce their greenhouse gas emission significantly. If they do this it will somewhat help us to prevent the increase of the global temperature. That's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw some points regarding the recent WMO's update and the reasons that led to the increase in global temperature. Now with these points let us move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this editorial article here. In this article the writer compares two recent judgments of the Supreme Court and how they are contradictory in nature. In this regard we'll see about what are those two judgments and how they are in contradiction with one another. And finally we'll see about the need to recline the accountability of government to the voters. But before that the syllabus relevant to the article is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. See the two judgments mentioned in this article are about the control over civil services in New Delhi and the case regarding the split in the Shiva Sena party. Now let us look into them one by one briefly. First of all we'll see the Delhi case. See even though New Delhi is a union territory it has a legislative assembly. The demarcation of power between the elected government of New Delhi and the central government is mentioned in the article 239AA of the Indian constitution. As we all know there is a constant tussle going on between the elected government of Aam Admi Party and the Luttern and Governor. In this regard a question has been raised. See civil services in New Delhi would be accountable to whom? To the Delhi cabinet or to the union government. This matter went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court opined that civil services will have to report to the Delhi cabinet only. See Supreme Court came to this conclusion because in parliamentary democracy government is accountable to people. It also said that there should be triple chain of command. Now what is this triple chain of command? In this command the civil service officers they are accountable to the ministers. And the ministers they are accountable to the legislature. And the legislature is ultimately accountable to the electorate that is the otters. So Supreme Court said that any disruption in this chain of command will be against the principle of parliamentary democracy. And because of this reason only Supreme Court gave such a verdict. And this is about the Delhi case. Moving on now we'll see about the Maharashtra judgment. See first of all you should know some background information about the issue in Maharashtra. See the Shiva Sena party has been split into two factions. Uddhav Thakure group and the Ekna Chinde group. The party called for a meeting of legislatures on 25th June 2022. During this meeting Ekna Chinde and 11 other MLAs were absent. So the deputy speaker of Maharashtra issued notice to remove these MLAs from the assembly. See the MLAs against whom the charges were initiated they approached the court. The court granted time for MLAs to respond to the noters. The deputy speaker also appointed Ajay Choudhury as leader of Shiva Sena legislature party. And this was challenged by Shinde group by calling it unconstitutional and taken with bias. See the plea also challenged the noters served on Shinde and his supporters for not attending the 25th June meeting. Meanwhile the governor of Maharashtra asked Uddhav Thakure to prove his majority in a floor test on June 2022. For this Uddhav Thakure approached the Supreme Court to set aside the floor test. But this plea was rejected by the Supreme Court. Supreme Court asked Uddhav Thakure to prove his majority. After this verdict by Supreme Court Uddhav Thakure resigned. Ekna Chinde became the chief minister with the support of BJP. See the Shinde group also issued its own resolution to remove Sunil Prabhu who was the whip of the Shiva Sena party and they appointed Bharat Gogwale in his place. The speaker of the house also recognized this appointment and this is the background of the issue. See this matter was taken to Supreme Court again. The Supreme Court in its verdict said that speaker's decision of recognizing Gogwale as a whip of the party is illegal. The reason behind such verdict was that the speaker has not verified if this appointment was the decision of the political party or not. The Supreme Court also stated that 10th schedule of India makes a clear distinction between legislature party and the political party. See here in these terms we are familiar with the political party. But what is a legislative party? See legislative party includes all MPs and MLAs of a particular political party. So Supreme Court said that the power to issue directions lies with the political party only and not with the legislative party. This means that the legislatures have to obey the instructions given by the political party or else they will be disqualified under the anti-defection law and this is all about the Maharashtra case. Since we have discussed enough about these two cases now we will see how they are contradictory in nature. See the Supreme Court on Delhi case gave priority to the principle of parliamentary democracy. It said that legislatures are ultimately accountable to the people who elected them. But on the Maharashtra case it said that the legislatures are accountable to the political party. The Supreme Court said that defying the directions of a political party will amount to disqualification under the anti-defection law. See this particular judgment increases the hold of leader of a political party over the legislatures. See the anti-defection law undermines the scope of legislators accountability to the people who elected them. In that way these both judgments are contradictory to each other. Now you may have a question here. Why Supreme Court gave such contradictory judgments? See it is because in Delhi case the Supreme Court had the scope to interrupt the constitution. But in the case of Maharashtra it went by the clear language of the 10th schedule. The 10th schedule focuses more on the political stability rather than the accountability of the legislatures to the people who elected them. And this is not in line with the representative form of democracy that is followed in our country. That is why the author wrote about these two issues and the need to recline the accountability of the legislatures to the people. Now we'll see what is the need to recline the accountability of the legislatures. See in a parliamentary democracy the ultimate authority lies with people. Here the constitution envisages a chain of accountability. The government is responsible to the legislature and the legislators are responsible to their orders in every election. But the anti-defection law affects this accountability in a negative way. The anti-defection law makes the legislatures to work and vote as per the directions of their political parties even if it affects the people who elected them. The anti-defection law is framed on the perception that people vote for the political party rather than the candidates themselves. But this perception is wrong. That is exactly why the author is saying that there should be an accountability to the people who elects the legislatures to the legislature. So from this discussion we can say that anti-defection law clearly violates the principle of parliamentary democracy which is a part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution. So the author is asking the Supreme Court to examine whether the anti-defection law violates the basic structure to recline the accountability of government to the people or not. That's all about the discussion. In this discussion we saw two judgments given by the Supreme Court and how it is contradictory with one another and the need for accountability of legislatures to the people. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now we are going to take up this discussion based on an advertisement that is published in the newspaper today. See this ad is basically a shout out to Jammu and Kashmir as it will be hosting the G20 tourism working group meeting this year. This ad also talks about the digital governance initiative of the government of Jammu and Kashmir. In this context we should use this opportunity to learn about the important digital governance initiatives of the government of India and the benefits of each of these schemes. But before that the syllabus relevant to the article is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. Now first of all we'll talk about the digital India mission because it is an umbrella program that covers multiple projects of central government as well as the state government. See the digital India campaign was launched by Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. Its vision is to transform India into a digitally empowered society and a knowledge based economy. Therefore the main goals are digital access, digital inclusion, digital empowerment and bridging the digital divide. This means making sure that every citizen has access to digital technologies and can benefit from them. In order to accomplish this many initiatives were brought under this program. We'll see what they are. First is the CSC which is expanded as Common Service Center scheme. See CSC's actors access points in villages. They provide electronic services to create a digitally and financially inclusive society. Basically these centers offer a wide range of services at the affordable prices. They provide video, voice and data content. They cover areas like e-governance, education, health, telemedicine and entertainment. Know that they also assist with private services. One important aspect of CSC's is their web enabled e-governance services in rural areas. They help with application forms, certificates and utility payments such as electricity, telephone and water bills. Moreover CSC's provide various services like agriculture, education, health, rural banking, insurance and even commercial services like printing, internet browsing and village level BPO. And this is about the CSC's. Next in line we have the Umang app. See Umang app stands for Unified Mobile Application for New Age Governance. It is actually a mobile app that brings many government services on a single mobile app. The larger goal here is to make the government services accessible on the mobile phones. The services include Aadhar, Digilocker and Bharat Bill Payment System among the others. It also provides access to over 1200 services of various government organizations in state under the center as well as utility payments. See using the app, citizens can even access employees provident fund organization services. They can apply for a new PAN card and so on. Know that the app supports 13 Indian languages. Its user friendly interface ensures easy navigation and seamless access to government services. And these are the services offered by Umang. You just go through it okay. Next in line we have the Digilocker initiative. See basically Digilocker is an electronic storage space. So it allows individuals to keep their documents in a digital format. This makes them easily accessible and verifiable also. Uses can store documents such as insurance, medical reports, school certificates and more. The locker is accessible through a mobile number. And the Digilocker can also store a URI link of e-documents issued by various departments. This makes it a secure and convenient way to manage important documents. And then we have the UPI. See UPI stands for Unified Payments Interface. We all know it is a mobile based payment system in India. So it allows the customers to make instant payments anytime using a virtual payment address they create. See VPA is something that serves as a unique identifier. It basically replaces the need to share sensitive bank account details when making payments. This eliminates the risk of exposing bank account information to other people. And this is about the UPI. And next we have Coven app. See Coven is a cloud based IT platform designed for India's COVID-19 immunization program. It handles various important tasks such as registering beneficiaries, allocating vaccination centers, sending text messages to beneficiaries and live monitoring of vaccine vials in the cold storage. Know that Ministry of Health and Family Welfare owns the Coven platform. One of the key features of Coven is its ability to monitor and track the vaccination drive in real time. This ensures that beneficiaries are accurately identified and proxy vaccinations are prevented. Apart from what we saw till now, we also have My Government Initiative. This is a platform designed to promote the participation of citizen in the governance process. It also aims at crowdsourcing the governance ideas from citizens. And then we have My Scheme. This is another platform launched in July 2022 to help citizens access eligibility-based services. And then we have Direct Benefit Transfer Platform. This enables other enabled direct benefit transfer for 315 schemes across the 53 ministries. Apart from these, there is this Deeksha platform which is a national level educational platform for students and teachers with over 7,633 courses. These are some of the e-governance initiatives taken by the government. Now we'll specifically see the digital initiatives taken by government for welfare of farmers. First we have E-NUM. See it is an electronic trading platform for agricultural products. It connects the agricultural produce market committees across the states in India. The platform enables contactless, remote bidding and mobile-based anytime payment. See this means that traders hereafter no need to visit the Mondes or banks to complete the transactions. This is about the E-NUM. And then we have the Soil Health Card Scheme. See it was introduced by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. It provides farmers with a printed report. This report contains information on the nutrient status of their soil and recommendations for improving its fertility and health. See the card includes details such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, zinc, boron, iron, manganese and copper. See farmers receive the card every three years. This allows them to apply the recommended nutrient doses based on the soil test values for better soil health. See the card is available in 21 languages and can be printed from the Soil Health Card Portal. And this is about the Soil Health Card Scheme. And finally we'll see about the M4 Agree which stands for Mobile-Based Advisory System for Agriculture and Horticulture. As the name suggests it is a mobile-based advisory system for the agriculture and horticulture. It has been implemented in the northeast states namely Tripura, Mizzorum, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. See these are some of the important digital governance initiatives of the Government of India. Take note of all the points that we saw in this discussion. It will be very useful in your mains exam. Now with these points let us move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this article here. See the Union Cabinet has approved an updated protection linked incentive scheme for IT hardware manufacturing in India. The total budget of the scheme has been more than doubled to 17,000 crore and this shows that the Government is trying to boost electronics manufacturing in the country. So using this context let us learn about the PLI scheme that is the Protection Linked Incentive Scheme. See the PLI scheme was introduced by Government of India and it is aimed at promoting domestic production and reducing the imports. It provides performance linked incentives to the businesses. For what reason they are giving incentives? For increasing the sales of goods manufactured in India. See the scheme aligns with Make in India initiative and it encourages both foreign and domestic companies to expand their production and exports. For example let's consider the automobile industry. Under the PLI scheme automobile manufacturers are offered incentives based on incremental sales. This means that if a company increases its sales compared to the previous year it becomes eligible for the incentives. This encourages companies to produce more vehicles domestically. So this will not only boost the employment opportunities but also reduce the country's reliance on imported automobiles. See the eligibility criteria for availing the PLI scheme differs across sectors. To be eligible companies must have a registered manufacturing unit in India. The minimum investment requirements also vary depending on the sector. Such as Rs 10 crore for micro, small and medium enterprises and Rs 100 crore for others and approximately Rs 1000 crore for investment oriented companies. See so far the government has announced PLI schemes for 14 sectors. The 14 sectors are mobile manufacturing, manufacturing of medical devices, automobiles and auto components, pharmaceuticals, drugs, specialty steel, telecom and networking products, electronic products, white goods such as ACs and LEDs, food products, textile products, solar PV modules, advanced chemistry cell battery and drones and drone components. See the scheme shall extend an incentive of 4% to 6% on incremental sales of goods manufactured in India and this incentive will be given for a period of 5 years. Now let me explain this with an example. Imagine there is a company called XY and it manufactures electronic devices like smartphones in India. Under the PLI scheme XY would be eligible for incentives based on their incremental sales which means that there should be an increase in sales compared to a base year. Let us say in the base year XY sold 1 lakh smartphones. Now in the following year XY manages to sell 1 lakh 20,000 smartphones then they would be eligible for the incentives on those incremental units sold that is 20,000 smartphones. The incentives provided would be in the range of 4% to 6% of the value of those 20,000 additional smartphones and this is about the PLI scheme. Now before concluding our discussion we will see what is the significance of the scheme. Firstly PLI scheme serves as a boost to domestic manufacturing. See PLI scheme encourages companies to increase their production capacity. This contributes to reducing the country's reliance on imports and it strengthens the Make in India initiative. Secondly it helps in creating employment opportunities. See PLI scheme incentivizes companies to expand their manufacturing facilities. So the scheme generates more job opportunities across various sectors. Thirdly it will help in reducing import dependency. As I already said the scheme encourages domestic companies to increase their production and compete globally. Therefore it helps to decrease the need for importing goods from other countries. Fourthly it will also encourage technological advancements. See to qualify for incentives companies need to enhance their production capabilities right. So this often involves adopting advanced technologies and practices. And finally it will also help in attracting the foreign investment and these are all the significances of PLI scheme. See in this discussion we saw about PLI scheme how incentives are given to various sectors and the sectors for which the government has announced the incentives. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing the significance of PLI scheme. Now with these points let us move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this article from the text and context page. This article is about the benchmark rates used by the banks. On May 12 RBI has issued an advisory to banks and other RBI regulated entities. The advisory is to take steps to ensure complete transition away from LIBOR from July 1, 2023. See RBI advised banks and other financial institutions not to do any financial deals using LIBOR. So what is this LIBOR? And why RBI has advised to move away from LIBOR? This is what we are going to learn in this discussion. Now first let us take LIBOR. LIBOR has expanded us London Interbank Offered Rate. It is a global benchmark interest rate that is generally submitted by leading UK banks. It is used by major global banks to lend to one another in international interbank market for short term. So it is basically an interest rate used by international banks for lending one another for short term loans. Apart from this LIBOR is also used as a benchmark rate to settle trades and futures, options, swaps and other derivative financial instruments in over the counter market and on stock exchanges globally. Here over the counter market is nothing but a decentralized market in which market participants trade the stocks, commodities, currencies or other instruments. Here the trade happens directly between each other and they do not rely on a central exchange or broker. And this is what is called as over the counter market. Now coming back to LIBOR, see apart from lending and trade settlements, consumer lending products including credit cards and student loans they also use the LIBOR as a benchmark rate. Now what is the problem with this LIBOR? In 2012 it came to light that many global banks had plotted to manipulate the LIBOR as I said earlier LIBOR is submitted by leading UK banks. See what they did was the banks took the request of the traders and submitted artificially low LIBOR rates. The intention behind the mall practice was to increase the profits of the traders who were holding positions in the LIBOR based financial securities. And because of this the confidence about LIBOR among the market participants has faded. Apart from this LIBOR also played a considerable role in escalating the 2008 financial crisis. So because of these problems many central banks and regulatory authorities decided to move away from LIBOR. Now coming to India specific information. In July 2021 RBI advised banks to stop entering into LIBOR linked contracts by December 31, 2021. Major banks like SBI, ICICI bank soon announced a transition to new benchmark rates. However many of the remaining banks did not take ample steps to move away from LIBOR. And this is why on May 12 RBI has asked the banks and other regulated entities to ensure a complete transition away from LIBOR from July 1, 2023. See if we want to move away from LIBOR we should have an alternative right? So what is that alternative? See RBI has offered some options like SOFR, Secured Overnight Financing Rate and MMIFOR which is expanded as Modified Mumbai Interbank Forward Outright Rate. See this SOFR is linked to US Treasury market transactions. It is considered to be a more accurate and more secure pricing benchmark. This SOFR is based on the actual market activity and it does not depend on a few leading banks to set the rates. See RBI has advised SOFR because the possibilities for manipulation are very less when compared with LIBOR. This is because LIBOR is dependent on the leading global banks but SOFR is dependent on the actual market activity. Now that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about LIBOR, what is it and what is the problem with LIBOR, the alternatives for LIBOR and the RBI's advice. Now with these points let us move on to the next article discussion. Now this news article here talks about the recent violent clashes between the different ethnic groups in Manipur. See there are totally 16 districts in Manipur and the state is divided into valley and hill districts. The Impal valley lies at the center of the state and it is surrounded by hills. The valley accounts for 10% of the Manipur's land mass and this valley is dominated by non-tribal Meiti community. The people belonging to this community account for over 64% of the state's population and they yield 40 out of 60 MLAs of the state. Meanwhile the hills that account for 90% of the geographical area of the state are inhabited by about 35% of recognized tribes but they are represented by only 20 MLAs in the state legislative assembly. See the majority of the Meitis are Hindus followed by Muslims but the 33 recognized tribes who are broadly categorized as Naga tribes and Kuki tribes they are mainly Christians. Know that more than 30 communities have been listed as schedule tribes in Manipur and they all broadly belong to either Kuki community or Naga ethnic groups. No such recognition has been granted to Meiti community who live in the plains. Now this is the point of contention between these groups. See despite adequate representation since the year 2012 there has been constant demand led by schedule tribes demand committee of Manipur for granting schedule tribe status to the Meiti community. In pursuit of this the Meiti tribe union recently filed a petition before the Manipur High Court to extend the ST status to the Meiti community also. The petition argued that Meiti community was once recognized as a tribe before the merger of princely state of Manipur with the union of India in 1949. So the petition said that Meiti community lost its identity as a tribe after the merger. The petition further argued that the community has been victimized without any constitutional protection and they have been gradually marginalized in their own ancestral land. The petition also states that their population has reduced from 59 percentage of the total population of Manipur in 1951 to 44 percentage as per the 2011 census data. So the petitioners demanded to extend the ST status to Meiti community also. This is to preserve the community and save their ancestral land, tradition, culture and language. In response to this petition Manipur High Court on April 19, 2023 asked the Manipur government to submit a 10 year old recommendation to the union tribal affairs ministry for the inclusion of Meiti community in the ST list. In other words the court has directed the government to consider the inclusion of Meiti community in the tribe list of Manipur. On the other hand the demand for ST status for the Meiti community has been opposed by the other tribal groups of the state. See other tribal groups they argue that Meiti community already is more advanced than other tribal groups academically and in other aspects also. They already have a demographic as well as a political advantage. They believe that if ST status is granted Meiti's will be allowed to acquire land in the hills also and this would ultimately result in the loss of employment opportunities and it would push the tribal people out of the hills. So following the April 19th directives of Manipur High Court the all tribal students union of Manipur called for a tribal solidarity march. The march was organized in protest against the demand for inclusion of Meiti community in the ST category. However violent clashes broke out at various places during the march. The situation in Manipur turned extreme so Indian army and other central police forces were deployed. The Manipur government also authorized all district magistrates to issue shoulder site orders in extreme cases in order to control the situation. See Supreme Court has regarded the Manipur crisis as a humanitarian problem and it noted that it is the president who has the power to designate a community as a schedule cast or schedule tribe and not the High Court. Currently the center is working to restore peace in Manipur and the union home minister also said that the order passed by the Manipur High Court will be studied and discussed with all stakeholders and appropriate decisions will be taken after consultation and this is regarding the article given here. See in this discussion we saw why violent clashes broke out in Manipur and what are all the reasons behind it. Take note of all of the points as a UPSC aspirant you should be knowing about the recent events happening in India right and that's why I took this article for discussion today. Now with these points let us move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this article. This news article speaks about the partnership between IIT Madras and Israeli government to ensure water security in India. See India Israel Water Center will be established within the campus of IIT Madras and this new center will aid in the Amruth mission of Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Now in this regard we'll see about Amruth mission and Amruth 2.0. First of all let us see about the Amruth mission. See Amruth mission was launched on 25th June 2015. Amruth stands for Atal Mission for Regeneration and Urban Transformation. See the main objective of this mission is to provide basic services to households and basic amenities in cities. Now you may have a question here. Does this scheme covers all cities in India? The answer is a big no. This scheme covers 500 cities and it has set in conditions for the selection too. See the categories of cities selected under Amruth includes cities and towns with population over 1 lakh and notified as municipalities as per the 2011 census and it includes all capital cities, towns of states and union territories not covered in the first criteria. It also includes cities and towns classified as heritage cities under Hriday scheme. It also includes 13 cities and towns on the bank of important rivers with population above 75,000 and less than 1 lakh. Finally it also includes 10 cities from hill states, islands and tourist destinations. See the components of Amruth includes capacity building, reform implementation, water supply, sewerage, septage management, storm water drainage, non-motorized urban transport and development of green spaces and parks. This is about the basics of Amruth mission. Next we'll see about the outcomes of the Amruth mission. Under the scheme 4932 projects worth of 37926 crore have been completed. Know that 134 lakh water tap connections and 102 lakh sewer connections have been provided under the scheme. See this Amruth mission was subsumed under Amruth 2.0. Now we'll see what is Amruth 2.0. Amruth 2.0 was launched on 1st October 2021. The duration of this scheme is 5 years and the total outlay for Amruth 2.0 is 2,99,000 crore. The main aim of the Amruth 2.0 is to provide universal water connection through functional water taps to all households in 500 cities covered under the Amruth mission. See it will also promote circular economy of water. See circular economy is nothing but the concept of recycling or reusing the available resources to minimize the wastage. Now coming to the important components of Amruth 2.0. First of all there is this Pejjal Sarvekshan. See Pejjal Sarvekshan will promote competitiveness among cities for benchmarking the urban water services. Next the Amruth 2.0 emphasizes on community participation. It emphasizes on community participation with special focus on women self-help groups and this is the second component. Thirdly when it comes to funding Amruth 2.0 provides outcome-based funding and finally the scheme relies on evidence-based evaluation of the outcomes using online monitoring platform and these are all the important components of Amruth 2.0. First one is Pejjal Sarvekshan. Second one is community participation with special focus on self-help groups. Third one is outcome-based funding and the final one is evidence-based evaluation. Now that's all about this discussion. In this discussion we saw about Amruth mission, its components, outcomes, Amruth 2.0 and its components. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next part of the discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. Today we have five prelims questions. I will solve four of them and one of them is a quiz question for you. Now let us take this first question. With reference to El Nino consider the following statements. Statement one. It is a climatic phenomenon that describes the unusual large-scale warming of surface waters in the east and Indian Ocean. See this statement is incorrect. We all know that El Nino is a climatic pattern but the unusual large-scale warming of surface temperature is in central and east and equatorial Pacific Ocean. So it is not associated with the Indian Ocean. The second statement says that El Nino event is associated with good rainfall during the monsoon season in India. See this statement is also incorrect. Due to El Nino the warming in the Pacific Ocean causes changes in the atmospheric patterns. This leads to weakening of the monsoon circulation over the Indian subcontinent. As a result the Indian monsoon tends to be weaker and less reliable during the El Nino years. Now the third statement says that it does not have a role in the global temperature rise. This statement is also incorrect. El Nino is one of the main factors of the global temperature rise. In our discussion about the WMO's update also we saw the same factor only. Now the question here asks us to find the incorrect statements. So the correct answer is option D 1 2 and 3. Now moving on to the second question which are the following are the sectars under the protection linked incentive scheme. Mobile manufacturing, drone technology, white goods, textiles, telecom. See from our discussion itself we know that all of these sectars comes under PLI scheme. So the correct answer is option D 1 2 3 4 and 5. Now moving on to the third question. The question says that the term secured overnight financing rate sometimes in news is related to which of the following. Option A says that it is the rate at which the RBI lends to the scheduled commercial banks to meet their overnight financial requirements. Option B says that it is a benchmark interest rate submitted by the leading banks of the United Kingdom and it is used to settle trades on stock exchanges globally. Option C it says that it is a secured interest rate that is related to US Treasury market transactions and it was established as an alternative to London Interbank Offered Rate. And option D it says that it is the rate at which the International Monetary Fund provides short-term loan for its members to address the immediate financial stress. See from our discussion itself we know that SOFR is used as an alternative to LIBOR. From this information itself we know that the correct answer is option C. Now moving on to the fourth question. Consider the following statements. Statement 1. The Metis community follows the Sanamahism religion which is indigenous to the region. Statement 2. Lai Haroba is celebrated to please the traditional deities of Sanamahism. See before attempting the question we will understand about the community first. See Metis are a group of people who speak Manipuri in the Manipur state. Manipuri is listed as an official language under schedule 8 of the constitution. Know about this okay. See the Metis people are divided into two clans and the members of the same clan do not intermarry. An interesting aspect of the village's socio-economic organization in Metis society is the Marup system. It literally means friendship association. It is a type of cooperative, saving and credit institution. Rise cultivation on irrigated fields is the basis for their economy. Inafi and Fanaik are the Manipuri traditional dress for women in Manipur. Manipur men wear their traditional costume Doti with a jacket. See these are all some basic information about the Metis community. They do not intermarry between their clans. There is an interesting socio-economic organization called Marup system and it is a type of cooperative, saving and credit institution and the basis of their economy is the rise cultivation. Now about their religious affairs. See they are predominantly Vaishnavite Hindus but even before the advent of Hinduism they practiced their own religion known as Sanamahism religion. Lai Haroba is a festival celebrated to please Sanamahism. It is celebrated to honor the Sylvan deities known as Umanglai. Here Umanglai are the group of sacred grooves preserved for the local forest deities. So regarding the question both the statements are correct. So the correct answer is option C both 1 and 2. Now moving on to the final question. See aspirants this is only the quest question for you. Read the question carefully think about it and post your answer in the comment section. See aspirants I have given here main questions for your practice. So if you are interested write it and post your answer in the comment section. If you have any queries related to the articles that we discussed today post that also in the comment section. With this we have come to the end. If you find the video useful like share and comment and do subscribe to Shankar IA's Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.


Hello friends, so in the last session we saw Heron's formula and we learned that Heron's formula is a formula to find out the area of a triangle whose three sides ABC and R given and we learned that that formula is area of triangle ABC is equal to under root SS minus A, S minus B and S minus C. Now it is one thing to know the formula but other thing to actually ask how this formula is arrived at and we will address this inquisitiveness today and see how we can prove this Heron's formula. Now there are multiple proofs already given for it. There are trigonometry based proofs, geometry based proofs and in this case we are going to prove it algebraically and we will be using one theorem which is pretty popular and you know it quite well and that formula is or that concept is Pythagoras theorem. So let's see how do we prove it. So what I have done is I have shown you a triangle here which is ABC. I have dropped up a perpendicular CD which is whose height is H and I have called AD as small d so you can see it here this is small d and the remaining part DB is C minus D. So with this let's start the proof. So what do we know about you know there are two triangles. What do we see? We see two triangles, two right-angled triangles ADC and CBD both right-angled at D. So I am writing in triangle let's say first let's take ADC. So what can I say? We can say B square is equal to H square plus D square isn't it? Let us say this is 1. Then in triangle CDB you can say A square is equal to H square plus C minus D whole square. This is 2 and both of this are by Pythagoras theorem Pythagoras theorem isn't it? So now what? We will do 2 minus or 1 minus 2. Subtract the second equation from the first one so you will get B square minus A square on the left hand side you will get H square plus D square and then minus H square minus C minus D whole square isn't it? Look carefully you will be getting this and then let's expand the right hand side you will get H square plus D square minus H square minus within bracket C square plus D square minus 2CD. Now this H square this H square will go so you will get D square minus C square minus D square plus 2CD. So this D square this D square will go so what do we see? We see that B square minus A square is equal to C square or rather 2CD minus C square that means D will be equal to B square minus A square plus C square divided by 2C isn't it? Or after rearranging I can call it or I can say minus A square plus B square plus C square upon twice of C. This is a good looking result. So the small D is minus A square plus B square plus C square divided by 2C. Now in the same triangle ADC what do we see? Let us now try to use the first equation this one. So from first equation what is H square my friend? So H square is clearly B square minus D square. Let me just show you the figure once again so that you are not confused. So I am saying here H square is equal to B square minus D square by Pythagoras theorem again I can say that and I have just found out the value of D. This is D so let us do the calculation looks like a tedious one but never mind we will do it. So minus D square will be minus A square plus B square plus C square divided by 2C whole square isn't it? This is what is H square. Now if you see this is A square minus B square from there are two squares difference of two squares we can see clearly there is A square and there is minus B square. So what is the expansion like?  This is the first term and the second term is B minus minus A square plus B square plus C square divided by this divided by 2C. A plus B A minus B form. Now let us simplify it further so what will you get if you see this is 2BC 2BC minus A square minus B square minus C square divided by 2C and this term is 2BC plus A square minus B square minus C square by 2C isn't it? Now what? So if you see 2BC term is there so hence can I again write this as this will be so this is 2BC term here and wait a minute so this will be minus A square oh so this should be plus and plus I'm sorry this is wrong so plus A plus B square plus C square and this looks fine fair enough. Now what? So if you see there is a there is some pattern coming out so 2BC and B square plus C square if you club together you know what it is. Similarly here 2BC and minus B square minus C square I can club together and see what will happen. So let's do this so this is nothing but B square plus C square plus 2BC which is nothing but B plus C whole square minus A square upon 2C divided by and oh sorry next term is A square again and you take minus common and you write B square plus C square minus 2BC upon 2C I hope you understood the calculations I just rearranged the previous expression. Now what is it? It is nothing but B plus C whole squared minus A squared divided by 2C and this is A squared minus B minus C whole squared upon 2C is it it? So again we are getting a difference of square thing before that what we'll do is let's club this 2C and this 2C together and we can write this as 1 upon 4C square and if you see my friend we can write the first term in the above statement as B plus C minus or plus A first and B plus C let me just take away some brackets or let me rewrite it again so that you know you're not confused once again I'm writing please look at it carefully so I'm writing B plus C plus A and B plus C minus A why am I writing this as because if you notice again this is square of or difference of two squares again A square minus B square form so A plus B A minus B will be applied so I can write this term as this and for this we can write this as A plus B minus C and next term next term is A minus B plus C isn't it? So A plus B A minus B form once again fair enough I hope if you have if you have any trouble in understanding I would suggest pause it for a minute and then you know look at the calculations carefully you'll get it so primarily what I'm using is A square minus B square is A minus B A plus B okay now again this will be 1 by 4C square okay so what is now if you see the terms are B plus C plus A or let me just rewrite it in a arranged manner so I can write it as A plus B plus C then this can be written as minus A plus B plus C isn't it then this can be written as A minus B plus C and A plus B minus C so hence what I'm doing is this is this term this one comes here just to bring an order so and then rearranging it here and this is here I hope it's clear to all of you right so this you get another you know the value of let's say the H what was H guys we are all calculating here we are calculating H square so this is H squared isn't it so what was H square the square of this altitude and I'll tell you why we are doing this because we have to find altitude and then I'm going to apply half into base into height to find the area correct now how do I convert into convert it into the given form so if you see it what is it A plus B plus C so hence I am saying S is equal to A plus B plus C by 2 right this implies A plus B plus C is equal to 2S right similarly A plus B plus C is equal to S 2S sorry so A plus B or rather minus A plus B plus C okay plus 2A is equal to 2S so have I written minus A and added plus 2A so that again becomes A plus B plus C look carefully if you don't understand pause it and understand it once again so can I not say it as minus A plus B plus C is 2S minus 2A which is 2S minus A right similarly again A plus B plus C is 2S so hence can I not say A minus B plus C plus 2B is equal to 2S so adding minus B and or sorry subtracting B and adding 2B so you'll get again the same thing so check these two are same and now from here I can get A minus B plus C is equal to 2S minus 2B which is equal to 2 times S minus B and similarly guys A plus B minus C will be equal to 2S minus C so just remember these three terms and then entire expression what can I say about it let me write it here then so that we get a clear vision clear picture now so what do we say we are saying H square was this now A plus B plus C can be written as 2S so let me write it as 2S minus A plus B plus C can be written as 2S minus A so let me write it as 2S and S minus A sorry this is 2S minus A so 2S minus A then the third term A minus B plus C is here which is equal to 2S minus B right so again I write 2S minus B and finally it will be S minus C 2 2 times S minus C 2 times S minus C and in the denominator we had 4C square if you see yep yeah so what is this finally then so if you see I can just strike off these two and this four so this term becomes H square is equal to S four times because this two and this two will get multiplied to get 4S four and this S and then S minus A S minus B S minus C and divided by C squared so what is H my friend H is 2 by C under root S S minus A S minus B S minus C now the same expression can be written as half into H into C so I take this two here denominator and take this C in here numerator so it becomes half into H into C is equal to under root S S minus A S minus B and S minus C now let's pay attention to what is this half into H into C and you will be happy to see that this is nothing but area of the triangle ABC so area of triangle triangle ABC area of triangle ABC is equal to half into C into H half into base into height so half H C and here we got an expression for half H C what is that this one half H C is equal to under root S S minus A S minus B S minus C so this is how we can prove here on formula so we arrived at the triangles area is either half into H into C that is half into base into height or if you know the three sides it will be under root semi perimeter times semi perimeter minus first side into semi perimeter minus second side into semi perimeter minus third side this is what is the case let's take a quick example and understand let's say there is a triangle whose sides are 3 4 and 5 you would be knowing that this is the right angle triangle anyways because it this is the R it is Pythagorean triplet so let's say A B and C so what is S guys S is A plus B plus C by 2 which is equal to 3 plus 4 plus 5 upon 2 which is equal to 6 right now let's find out what is S minus A S minus A is 6 minus 3 which is 3 what is S minus B is 6 minus 4 which is 2 and S minus C is 6 minus 5 which is 1 so this area triangle so we are I'm denoting it by symbol delta is equal to under root S which is 6 S minus A which is 3 S minus V which is 2 S minus C which is 1 and hence the answer is 6 square units okay let's check whether we have got it right so if you know this was a right angle triangle isn't it so 3 4 5 happens to be a Pythagorean triplet so this angle is right let's say this is 3 this is 5 and this is 4 so clearly the area of this triangle was nothing but half into 4 into 3 base into height which is equal to 6 and hence it matches with our formula here as well so please note and I'm writing Heron's formula Heron's formula is applicable to to all types of triangles okay there is no restriction as to this is only for right angle triangle or an equilateral triangle or something like that it is true for it holds for all types of triangles okay so I hope you got the proof of this formula and in the next sessions we will be taking up application of this Heron's formula