Is this Melissa, can you hear me? Yep, I can hear you. Let me see if I can get my screen going here. You see it? Okay, I have not made you the presenter quite yet. Oh. Then we'll do that right now. All right, ladies and gentlemen, I'm about to bring on Melissa Armo. She is from the Stock Swoosh. Melissa Armo founded the Stock Swoosh LLC in December of 2012. The Stock Swoosh is an educational firm that empowers traders with a compete in detail system to become profitable traders. Melissa Armo graduates Magnum Coomlaude from Gettysburg College with a BA in psychology and a minor in Latin and political science in 1994. She was employed for several banks and brokers in Pennsylvania, Florida, Arizona, and New York as a mortgage broker for 17 years. She has changed careers from banking to pursue a security trading in 2008. A self-taught day trader with over five years of experience, Melissa Specialty is a trading strategy that focuses on shorting stocks in that gap. In her free time, Melissa likes to work out, read, write, and dance. And she loves New York City and James Bond movies. Sounds like my kind of girl. Fantastic. So without further ado, ladies and gentlemen, Melissa Armo. Thank you. Thank you so much for having me, everyone, today. Hope everyone's enjoying all the presenters. Welcome. My name is Melissa Armo. And I own a company called the Stock Swoosh LLC. Today, I'm going to talk about really trading for a living and how you can trade one strategy, which is a strategy that I trade and trade in the morning in a very quick time period of the day in the first half hour of the day and how you can make up to six figures a year doing that. If you'd like more information after the webinar, you can go to my website at www.thestockswoosh.com. And you can also email me at melissathestockswoosh.com too, or follow me on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, or Skype. So the power of the gap. The gaps are what we're going to talk about today. And in the introduction, he mentioned that that's the only strategy that I trade. There's so many different strategies that you can do in the market, so many different ways to make money. I found that honing in on one thing is really the way to do it if you're going to do it for a living. Why? Because you need to be consistent. So a long time ago, I figured out that there was a lot of money and power in gaps for momentum and for the right and correct setups to get the right risk to reward. And one of the benefits, obviously, of trading, if you're a day trader, is that you can work from home and you can set your own hours. And particularly with the time of the day that gap set up, it happens in the morning. Into the open of the stock market, I trade the US stock market, I trade equities. I'm a day trader. And these setups happen between 9.30 and 10 a.m. So ask yourself if maybe you're here today because your goal is to make a living trading. And this is what we're going to talk about. Making a living trading means that you have to have consistent monetary results. If you're all over the place and many of you, if you're here, if that's you, you have to kind of pull back and say, why is it that I'm not seeing the results that I want to see? Consistency counts if you are expecting to pay your bills with it. You have to act like it's a job because it really is a job. I go and every day I have goals for myself. I have expectations for myself. And I go in looking for a certain thing and I say, if it does this, it does this. And I'm looking for the stocks to go to certain numbers or areas. And I'm also looking for the right pick. But I have expectations of myself to be consistent because it's the only way you can rely on it is something for income. So finding success in the market really is about finding the right path. There are many, many different paths out there. Obviously there's a lot of speakers here today. Something has to resonate with you for you to go down a certain path. And I believe that the people that find me, that come to me, that take my class, that learn my method, something that I said, maybe something that I'll say here today will resonate with you, you in particular. Because you will be going to me as a mentor because I'm a trader myself and I train each day in the market. And it's about really finding the right path. No one has the same path. None of us do, okay? And training is about getting on that right path for yourself where you find the consistency and you find the success. For me, I created a checklist. This is my method to success because it's a 26 point checklist that I use to determine what stock or gap I'm going to trade each day. I take it very seriously.  They go off, they check it, check it, check it. Do we have all the information? Do we have all the pieces of the puzzle? Do we have everything we need for the surgery? And professionals do this. And as a trader, I created this idea for myself because it helps me stay focused. And if I'm staying focused, then I'm focused on the balls and I'm not all over the place. This is important in trading. Why? Because when you trade, you risk money. And any time that money comes into something, okay? This is trading, this is your job. This is family things that come up. Personal relationships, things with your spouse. When money comes into the picture, it can be a whole different ball game. So there's no way you get around that with trading. So we have to focus ourselves so that we're not thinking about the money as much so that we can actually make money. It sounds like it's an oxymoron, but the fact is that if you were too focused on the money when you're trading, then you're not going to see the right results. You have to focus on a specific thing that you're doing to get you where you need to be to make the money. So a checklist is a business plan. It's a business plan for you as a trader. Call it a trading plan, call it whatever you want. For me, it's one specific method or checklist that I focus on. I thought about this just recently, actually. I was talking about this in my trading room and I was trying to explain this to everyone. What do you need to be a success? I call this a trader success wheel. Here we have the wheel, okay? This S stands for the strategy. If you want to be successful, you have to have a good strategy as a trader.   This is the biggest piece of the wheel here, okay? This is like more than 50%. I'd say this is like 60, 65% that you need to have a strategy. When I talk to many people that say to them, what is your strategy? All right, people call me about the class. What they are usually describing to me is actually not a strategy, but this over here, which is an entry. This is the next big piece that you need. Smaller than this, it's how are you entering the stock? Okay, this is the entry that you're getting in. Where you're entering it and whether you're going long or short. Many people describe this as their strategy, but it's not. A strategy is something separate. You need this. This is actually the top thing. And for me, it is called the golden gap. It's the 26 point checklist, which is my strategy where I'm trading. Then I have a system and a method that I teach in the class and I do every day to take the entries, which we'll talk about and I'll show you some examples. This, you need. You will not be successful without a good strategy. You just won't, why? Because it's more than half the piece of the puzzle. It's like more than 50%. Like you have to have it, okay? Now that's not to say if you're good at entries, that you can't make money some of the time, some of the trades will be good, some of the trades will lose, but in the end, you will not be able to make a living just doing entries. You've gotta have this. And you have to have this. And you have to have this. Now what is this? The M stands for money management. Because you're not actually up and booked money in the trade till you take it out. It's never over to the fat lady sings. So it's money management. This is like 15% of the wheel here. So if you have a great strategy and a really good entry in something, even if you screw up the exit, sometimes you can make money. Most of the people though, that have a good strategy and a good entry and good money management will make it. The problem is that many people don't have all these three things. So with a good strategy and a good entry and good money management, you can be a successful trader. It's not impossible. I'm doing it and I'm teaching people to do it. People don't have a good strategy though. And many people don't know how to enter trades properly.  What is this about? This is about discipline. You can call it whatever you want. I found though, that what this really has to do with usually has nothing to do with trading. Many people that fail, that have these two pieces here, which is a huge, this is 85% of what you need to make it, have other things going on in themselves, in their brain, in their life, in their emotions that affect them, just preventing themselves from being successful. And then you've got to seek help or expertise from other people. Not people have anything to do with trading. Because money management should be simple. If you have a proper strategy, you get in the trade and you're up.  I mean, you get in the trade, you have a good strategy, you have the right pick, you get the entry, you're up in it. The money management should, you should know what you're doing, make a decision, and you should be profitable, okay? But this is important because this is how, what's gonna determine how much you make. Meaning, let's say you're gonna have too early. But the trade goes on to work and goes to a fabulous target, and you only make a little. And the next day, the next trade doesn't work, then you lose. And you're like only up a little bit then. Or maybe you're even breaking even. But the one person that had really good money management and knew what they were doing, had conviction in the strategy, had conviction in the gap, knew that the target was XYZ and stayed with the trade. Or got out of a piece of the trade into one spot and held the rest of the target and that person has a really big day. And then with one loss the next day, that person is still up really good money for the week. So even though this is only like 15% here and actually is really, really important because it makes a difference between whether you make a little or a lot. There's very, very few people that don't do this well and have all of this. But there are still, okay? There are still, why? Because some people have some things in their head, all right? But the point I'm trying to make is if you have good strategy and a good entry system, you can learn this. You can work through it. You can get to the point that you will make more. Buy over time being profitable even if it's a small amount. So you can get to the point where you're risking more holding in the trades to take bigger profits. To make the money that you wanna make to earn a living doing this. If in fact that's what you want to do. But this is the wheel here. I mean this is what it is. And many, many people don't even know what a strategy is and I find that, I just find that unbelievable actually but you gotta have this. Like you can't, you will not be successful without this. You won't, you won't make it. And I think more people don't have this than I ever thought actually. So the strategy that I do is called the Golden Gap. The Golden Gap system is a 26 point professional bearish gap rating system. The purpose of this system is to help you evaluate which gap to trade each morning using the checklist. The strategy each day to look for is in Golden Gaps. Now, why train gaps? What, why, what's the purpose? Why am I doing this? Why do they work as a strategy? Because they pay well, okay? Now why, why do they pay well? Because gaps are created with large institutional money like hedge funds, banks, trading desks. That is what makes the gap. The professional gaps that happen and play out in stocks are formed by one thing and one thing only, large institutional money. Therefore you need a way that will help you pick the correct direction to play the gap and confirm that the large money will flow with it because they're the ones that are gonna make the stock move in the day. And by having a formula to rate and qualify the gap you get confirmation and conviction that the large institutional money is behind it, is on your side and then you play it. Gaps are an event and create a sense of urgency. What should we do? Do we buy it here? Do we sell it here? There's a sense of urgency for people that are in the stock already by the long or short. That's an action is being forced by participants at the stock. And this is why gap trading is incredibly powerful. Trading gaps is a powerful and profitable way to trade because you're trading on the side of power. And power money is actually what moves the market. That's what moves the market. It will always move the market. It is always going to move the market. We could not make money as individuals without that type of money. So you need to be able to read it. You have to be able to read it. And the highest, highest, most advanced level that you could possibly read institutional money in the market, in ETFs, in the QQQs, in the spy, in stocks, in anything that trades is gaps. That's how powerful gaps are.  So the checklist tells you which direction to take the entry in the gap. So you have the checklist of strategy, you find the right pick, and then it tells you what direction to take it for the entry, whether long or short. Now, here's a clip here of Nike. Nike gapped up. This was last week.  This stock closed in here the night before at approximately 79 something, okay? The next day, it opened up here at 88 something. The stock gapped up almost $10 overnight. So it gapped up. From the close in here to the open of the next day, the market stock market closes at four o'clock Eastern time and opens at 930 Eastern time. From four o'clock here, we closed and then we gapped up here at 930 the next day. This is a gap. So you could see this gap and many people don't know what to do with this. They say, is it going to fade? Is it going to fill the gap? Is should we short it? Should we buy it? This was a buy. This was a long. Nike was a long, Nike is still a long, okay? So I have a way to look at this and say yes. I rate it using the checklist and I see that it is a good bullish gap. Therefore, you would look for an entry to buy this. Again, you need the strategy and then you need the entry. The entry is you're taking it at a certain placement and you're looking to go long. You're looking to buy it. And then you have to money manager on the day. Target, you look for all of these things and again, I teach this in the class. But this is what a gap is. So first you find the gap. Rate it using the 26 point checklist. There are many things that gap. Almost every stock gaps every single day and the market gaps every day actually too. So there's plenty of things to pick from. Now, do they all meet the qualification of the rating system? No, that's why you need a way to pinpoint and hone them down. Otherwise you're looking at too many things and the day you don't get the right entry, which you need why? Because the setups happen early in the first half hour of the day. So if you were waiting till 10 o'clock to see everything on the scanner, you might miss 80% of the move. So the philosophy behind the 26 points is to find stocks to trade that have a high probability of directional bias for the entire day. Most of them trade out the entire day in that one direction, even though the big moves happen in the morning, which is really all I care about. You're looking for big moves on the day and you're looking for early confirmation of the bias in the move between 9, 30 and 10. You're also looking for precise entries with follow through and a good risk to reward. A good risk to reward is what? One to three. One to three. One to two. One to two and a half. One to four. One to five. If I'm taking a trade, I don't want to risk one and make a half lot. If I don't want to risk one and make one. I don't want to risk one and make one and a half. I won't even do it then. I'll probably pass. If I think it stops too big, I may not take the trade, but it depends really on the price point of the stock or where the target is for the day. So I'm looking for a good risk to reward, which means for every dollar that I risk in a trade, I'm looking for an expectation of $3. Now does everyone get to $3? No. No, of course it doesn't. Some go to six. Some go to two. You never know, okay? Some trades don't work. And actually we're gonna talk about a trade that didn't work in here. Now specific time of day for setups actually is very important. And this what helps you get in these moves aggressively because you're getting in before the institution really grabs hold of the stock on the day and moves it. So you're getting paid on that institution coming in. So you're taking it. I'm predicting that the institution's gonna buy it or sell it based on my rating system, which I do pre-market before 9.30. I haven't picked before 9.30. Today I did GPS. Was a short work. I knew I was doing that when I rolled out of bed. Okay, rated it, everything. So I am looking for what I'm doing to take it before the institution makes a move, okay? I'm predicting that the institution's going to do it. And I'm taking it then on the setup. Now I'm gonna talk about a day that just happened this week just because it's this week. I'm gonna talk about October 7th, two days ago, and earnings season is now. So there's like a bazillion gaps every day. But two days ago, there was a ton of things that had a beautiful, beautiful setups in it that if you played everyone, I wanna show you here how you can do these things, find them and focus on them to really make money. To make money not just on the day, but on the week or the month for yourself.   But you know, ultimately, trading isn't like that. You have to be good every day that you trade. The good thing is that some days you get a lot and some days you may not have anything to do, but you have to show up every day and you gotta be on point and you gotta be looking every day for the good ones. And you have to make the money when it's there. And the 7th was one of those days where there was opportunity all over the place. And right now in earnings season, the fall earnings season, there's opportunity all over the place to play these things. So you have to take advantage of it when the money is there, okay?  You're looking for opportunity. When is your job as a trader, number one, to find the opportunity? Spot the opportunity. Play when it happens and play it fearlessly and do not trade when there's no opportunity. That's your job as a trader. If you're a trader, that's your job, like me. All right, let's get back to this. Okay, TCS. So you would rate the gap and then you would watch the gap and you have to determine what you're doing with this bind and are shorting it. So you would look to short this here and here's the move. The stock ended up continuing for a bigger move here past the first half an hour. But if you just did the morning move, the stock action move more than above. Risk was 20 cents. You have a predetermined amount of money or risk in each trade should be similar. Therefore, your share size will be different depending on the stop. I use hard stops, okay? This is just one quick trade. Happened immediately. I'll go back and show you. You took 3,000 shares of this. You made 3,300 bucks. This is not even holding the trade to a dream target, which by the way, it went to on the day, but you had to be in it for a couple hours. We're just talking about morning trading here now. Rich day morning is 5.5. It's a very solid trade. You made $3,300 risking 600 bucks in five minutes. You had to take the size. You had to take the risk. What if you didn't want to take 3,000 shares? What if you only went to take 1,000 shares? You would have made 1,200 bucks, okay?  If the stop's 20 cents, 1,000 shares is what? $200 you're risking, okay? You have to be able to figure the stuff out in your head or have a little calculator next to you. Anyways, here it is. That's it. Took it. You're out. That's all you played. This one little move in here. How did you know to get this? How did you know to watch this? How did you know? Because of the strategy. How does something like this move like that, because of the strategy, okay? The rating system, everything it tells you what to watch. Now, as it turns out, like I said, this went farther. But $3,300 in a day, if you get out, you get out of that first born mood, that quick, quick mood that happens in the first half an hour, that's money. That could be your week, actually. You could take the week off. That's money for whether it's in one day or week to make a living, okay?  If you knew how to read the market gap, which I know how to read market gaps, then you would know the market was a short on the seven. You would have had to know that in the morning, though, reading the gap, because the market broke late, late in the afternoon on the seven. But if you knew how to read gaps in the morning pre-market, you would have known the market was gonna break on the day. You didn't know what time, but you knew it was gonna break based on the gap. And you could have thought this through actually all day. It dropped another dollar. If you had a 3,000 share size and didn't get out of any, which you probably would have because that was really a nice move in there. But let's just say you held that all day, had a conviction the market was a short on the day and held it down, you would have made over $6,000. Almost $7,000 because it dropped another buck from 1790. Actually went to 16 something. It went to some crazy number. It just went to some crazy, crazy, crazy number, actually. Okay? I actually wanna make more than that. But you would have had to know that the market was a short on the day. Okay? To do that. I typically train in the morning though. But I'm just showing you ideas I like to get out of my trains in the morning. But I'm showing you ideas here. If you really had the time or felt like holding something all day, there's stuff that does move all day. Can have bigger moves in the afternoon. But my suggestion is you need to know how to read the market to do that. I can do that again. You could rate the market gap to know. Me personally, I like to put money in the morning. This is what me personally what I do. Now let's go over the next one. This was another nice one here on the seventh as well. Cree, okay? Cree is on its way to $30. Still even now today. But Cree had a quick set up here in the morning and dropped, okay? Nice quick set up in Cree. Again, you'd be looking to do what a short in this. Price of the entries 33.18. Risk is almost the same as the other one, 18 cents. Same amount of money though that you're risking 600 bucks and 4,000 shares. This didn't have as big of a move, but still. Precise entry, got the good pick. Had the right direction, know how to short it. Strategy behind you, profit 2,400. Again, out 10 minutes. This one followed down two. Could have continued this one down two. Another one that's a swing trade, a court trade. I'm gonna talk about that more later. But again, I like to do the morning. That's my thing. I always say in the morning I'm alert. I have my coffee. All my brain is thinking I'm not tired. I'm well rested. I like to put money really early. I don't want to sit in trade for eight hours every day. My brain gets tired. My reflexes get tired. I can be perfect for 30 minutes. I can be perfect for 60 minutes. As the day goes on, things wiggle and jiggle. So again, I like the morning, but this Cree is lower too. So this is just this. But this one did continue down on the day as well. So you could have held this one too. But we're just talking about the morning here, all right? Next one here didn't work. Didn't work. You have to account for what? Sometimes some trades do not work. EZPW gapped down. What happened? Rally came in, set up, dropped. You were up a little teeny weeny bit in here. Got stomped out, okay? Again, you have a set risk that you're taking. Price of the entry was 80. Risk was 25 cents. In 2,500 shares, you risked 625. Exit is at the stop. You get stopped out. Stop was 905, you're out. No profit, a loss. Loss is 625. That's what it is, okay? You have to accept that some days things won't work and you take a loss. The good thing about trading gaps as well, besides making money quickly is, guess what? When something doesn't work, it doesn't work quickly too. So you're not sweating a bullet, waiting for something in a train that gets down for hours. It either works or it doesn't.  So that's another positive thing too. You're not gonna waste your time waiting and waiting and waiting and waiting and waiting for this thing. It's set up, it should have worked. It didn't, okay? That's it, you're off of it, you know? Just move on. And there are other things to do that day. You look for other gaps that rate. Now, what if you don't have anything else to deal with the day? What if this was it? That's it. Then you take the loss. You get up the next day and look for gaps the following day, all right? That's not the case now though, because it's earnings season, there's tons of things to do. But what if you didn't? What if you only had this guy? Then you'd just stop. Again, this is part of the M of that 15% of the trader success wheel, money management. Now, you could do another gap though if there were other gaps that rated per the system. But I'm saying if there weren't, you would have to stop on that day if there wasn't any other opportunity. You're not gonna all of a sudden do all kinds of other crazy things, okay? Again, the focus on what? The strategy. The strategy that tells you what to do. Now, there was another nice one here, soda. Again, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful. Soda continued down as a swing trade, went to the target of $20 or thereabouts just yesterday, I think. Soda was a nice short. You're looking to short soda. Again, setups happen very quickly. And this is just in the first little drop that happens in here in the morning. This didn't have a big move in it on the day as expected. It was a better swing trade. It's still lower, but guess what? You made money. You risked 50 cents. Bigger stop in this, but you know, it's soda. Price of the entry is 22.18. Exit into the first morning drop in the first half an hour. You gotta get going if things to do. You don't wanna train all day. Goes down 21.70. You risked $600. Unfortunately, you didn't get to 20 bucks or 21 even on that morning here for you. You've gotta have things to do. You get out. You make $5.76. You basically make one hour a little bit less. And you're done. It's still money, okay? Again, money management. You have an expectation for this to get going in a certain period and it didn't break. If you have time, you can stay in the trade all day. This did continue down. It actually went to 21.30-ish on the day. Broke really, really late in the day with the market after three. But if you don't have time to do that, you trade in the morning, you do your thing. By 10, 10, 15, you're looking to get out of all your things and whatever you're up, you're up, okay? And you take it. It's still money. This is still money. And the expectation was obviously to make more than one, but sometimes things don't go the way in the morning. Rare, but you have to account for that sometimes. This is all in the seven. So having a checklist helps you be effective to bank results each day, whether it's one hour, three hours, whatever. The time of the day helps it.  That's gonna help you tell you what to do as well as the numbers. You know and you see where it's setting up and where it's setting up helps you see where to take it, like with the GPS today. I said in this morning, I said in the training room in the morning when I rated the GPS for the day and I looked to short that. I said, if this sets up and breaks 37 in the first half hour of the day, this is gonna continue down and go. If it rallies up higher and hits this number here, it's gonna break late and this is the target. So I know exactly all those things I'm looking for. And I have everything figured out like way before 9.30. So if it does what I want it to do, then I hit it. Then I just hit it like that. And if it doesn't, then I wait or I don't do whether I do something else. Now here's the A-G-O, another nice gap. Stop close the night before you appear 47.12. Gap down the next day here around 44.30 something. Open rally dropped, rally nice setup in here. 9.40, dropped into 10 o'clock. Again, 20 minutes in the train. This one continued as well. But again, morning move, you're in it, you're out. Boop, boop, boop. Price of entry here was 44.31. Risk is 16 cents, this is really actually very good for the price of the stock. On 4,000 shares, risk is there about $640. Again, this is an advanced risk, divvy it up. Divide it by two, three, four. Whatever you can afford with the BP and your cash account size, exits 43.65. Not have that here for morning move with the stop. The stop is what made this so good. Tell the profits 26.40, it's a four-hour trade. Why? Because of the stock. This did end up continuing down though if you stayed in this all day. And you could have made 26.40 in 20 minutes. This is really, really good, okay? This is amazing, all right? This is a really, really nice profit and you did not have to hold it all day. And you didn't have to stay in it longer than a half an hour. And you just really didn't have to be in it that long. And if you equate what you're making per minute, making $1,000, $2,000, $3,000 and a half an hour, that it's outstanding. That's one of the reasons why trading is so exciting and so fun because of the amount of money that you can make. But for me personally, my personality is that I like to trade in the morning because that's when this kind of setups happen. This is when the momentum comes in. And I feel like I'm less at risk. Why? Because I'm not gonna trade that long. The longer in the trade, the more you're at risk in the market. Boom, that's it. You hold over nights, you're more at risk. Why? Because of gaps. Now I do know how to read gaps. So I would know how to do swing and core trading. I do, I know how to do it. I'm not doing it now though. Why? Because I like to be at the least amount of risk. And I'm relying on my day trading for income. So I feel like I have more control when I'm trading on the day and I'm putting in the stops. I feel like I'm more in control of what I'm doing, which I like, because I want that consistency for myself. I want that reliability factor there for me. So how much could you have made if you played every golden gap that day? This is back on the 17 days ago. TCS profit, first drop, all out. This is right around 17.9. You didn't stay in it when it went down to 16 bucks. You didn't stay in it all day. First half an hour, you would have made $3,300. You had to risk an advanced risk of 600. Cree profit, 2,400. Easy P.W. had a loss. Take that in consideration too. Shota profit, 576. AGCO, 2640. Total profit if you traded every golden gap that day. And took the loss on the one that didn't work, 82.91. And guess what? Let's say that you did two things or three things. You still had a great day, even with the one not working. And this is usually how it all averages out. Let's say you have five days a week. Pretend this is all happening in the five days. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday. Pretend this wasn't all in one day.  When it doesn't work, you stop. Again, the M, the money management of it. You don't get creased, you don't get nuts. You can't let yourself get out of control if somebody doesn't work. Sometimes things just don't work. Why didn't that work the day? I have no idea. You know what? I don't even care. I don't even care, okay? You have to have a structure that you follow that works a high percentage of the time. You have to account for things that aren't gonna work some days and you can't let it bother you. That's also why, by the way, you can't actually risk more than you can afford because if you lose this on the day and then you freeze like a jackrabbit and can't get up the next day and take this trade or this trade and you just wanna give up and quit on life, then you're never gonna make the money in the market house that can offer you, okay? So the benefit to golden gaps is that the setups happen and they go fast. They happen and they go really fast. It's a huge benefit to trading gaps. The benefit also is you're at risk for less time as I was discussing because you're not in the trades that long and I'm using hard stops, which means if the trade stops out, I'm losing a set risk. Occasionally, you will have slippage if you're trading with size. You're really not gonna have slippage if you only have a couple hundred shares, but if you have three, 4,000 shares in something, sometimes you might have slippage, but it's a couple of pennies. It's not that much, why? All these stocks have volume, okay? You trade stocks at a volume that accounts for that and you gotta know where to put the stop. Again, I teach this, you know, people don't wanna use stops because they say, well, I don't believe in stops. I use stops. I will take something with 8,000 shares and put a stop. I'm not taking 8,000 shares and something without a stop, okay? You have to learn where to put the stop. That is control. Then I have the control then. Then I know I'm not gonna lose less than a certain amount or more than a certain amount, okay? Now, as I was saying, the benefit is you can swing a day trade. I did not create my system to determine gaps for swing or core trades, but I've been trading this now for six years and I've been tracking it. And someday I'll end up doing this. The risk is different, okay? You can't take 4,000 shares unless you can afford to do this and take the loss of something gaps against you. But you can probably take 400 shares and something like this and follow it through. But you have to really know where something is gonna fail or where it's going for the target. You have to watch this in monitor every day and I suggest to people if you're gonna do overnight and you're gonna day trade that you have two separate accounts. Because otherwise you get in the morning and you're worried about your overnight and then you don't pay attention to the morning which you have to do for the day trades. Anyways, this is CLF. This thing is basically going to zero. Really, really nice move in this. And you could have shorted the gap here that happened here and you could have been in this a swing trade. Target was 10. Target was 10, it got there and you never look back. If you shorted this here for a swing trade got right to the target, you had the dream target now. So again, this is not the reason that I created the system, I don't do this. But it's a benefit. And for people that think about doing swing trading or long-term trading, if you can't be in front of a computer in the morning between 9.30 and 10, you can use my system to do longer-term trades. You're still gonna read the gap. You're still gonna take the entry. But you're going to have different risk parameters for the money management. And you're looking for bigger targets actually. You're still gonna look for three risk units as a target though.  And people always ask me about the options too. You can provide this and use this for the options as far as determining the rating system for the pig and the direction. But you have to know how to do an option because I don't teach people how to do options. And some will make sense and some will not based on the stock, okay? But again, you're looking at directional bias in the 26 point rating system and then you gotta take it in the right direction. The other benefit of day trading for a living is that it's personal freedom. You work a half day in the morning. Every once in a blue moon you have something where you have the market power trending with you and a longer short. You can stay with it and work into the afternoon. But honestly, you're done really very early every single morning, okay? I just don't like to trade in the afternoon typically. I like to do other things. I think things wiggle and jiggle with the market as the day goes on. So again, unless you have the market with you it's tough to stay in things through the clothes and you're more at risk the longer that you're in trades. And I think it's very important if you're trading to book money. There's nothing like profits to give you confidence. There's nothing like profits to give you conviction in what you're doing.  You need to be focused and disciplined. The other benefit is financial freedom which is that you work for yourself.  Working for yourself is nothing better. I will work for myself for the rest of my life now. So I think you gotta get to the point where you have to decide if this is really something you wanna do but you know there's stress in corporate America there's stress in the corporate environment no matter where you live and it really can take a toll on you. It can drive you down. It can take a toll on you in your life and you gotta figure out gosh how can I figure something else out? You have more time for yourself and your family and having a happy life if you work for yourself. The other benefit is risk to reward as I discussed you're looking for more than one to one in the trades. One to two to three to four you're looking for good risk to reward every day when you take the gaps. And I wanna point out here that you can use the system for the bullish gaps too. I used all short examples today but Nike was a nice long that I called in here too. This was last week. Nike is definitely higher and you can just flip the points for the bullish ones. So you gotta look at the bigger picture. If you invest your time in learning the trading strategy that works imagine how that can change your life. You would only work for a few hours a day you would work from home you'd have more time for yourself and your family and you'd not have corporate stress like I said. So ultimately you have to look at the investment if you wanna train investing meaning take a class like mine opening up the trading account there's an investment to that it's an investment of your time and money. But the future holds a lot of potential for you to make more money over time if you risk more and you have to learn the strategy before you risk more. But like I said you could have just risked $100 in those trades and still been profitable. And once you learn the rating system and strategy and how to trade gaps just the sky's the limit.  Ultimately I feel that trainers who are on the right path as time goes on we'll get better. They will get better. Most people are like this they start out with high expectations they really wanna do it they have a huge level of confidence in the market themselves everything that's what the C stands for confidence and also conviction. But then they start to lose then they make a little then they lose more then they make a little back but they're on a spiral staircase down where you wanna be is over here very few people actually are over here to the right but this is really what it's supposed to be. I mean like this makes sense this does not make sense however this is how most traders live and breathe. This makes sense though because this will make sense in anything else that you did. If you went to school to learn something if you went to school for another profession if you worked at a job for 25 years you'd be an expert over time you'd get better over time you'd get raises over time you'd get bigger bonuses over time you would make more. This is where you need to be. So this is the goal, okay. My trading is better now that I was a year ago. My trading is better now that I was six months ago. My trading is better now that I was six years ago I'm over here. If you're here you can turn it around you can always turn it around but I found that for some reason people stay stuck over here in this point because their confidence is down and their conviction is down why because of the traveling money if they've been losing in the market or spending money in classes and they haven't figured out a way to make it but know that you can, okay. Everyone goes through this period where they have to make the transition I didn't start making money right in the ways when I traded I lost but I actually I'm a very confident person and it was like bizarre old world that I couldn't figure this out. So like I just wasn't gonna accept that and I kept trading and I figured out the stuff that I know now that I teach people and one of the reasons my class is good is because I figured it out for myself. I never never figured this stuff out for anyone else but me and then my friends encouraged me to start a business and now I teach a class in what I know but it didn't make sense to me that I was over here. I was here and I'm like this doesn't make sense except for my competency was never down, okay. I always believed in myself and I think if you believe in yourself and you know that you're a successful person you will find a way you will something I say will resonate to you you will find your way to a good strategy of good program, a good mentor you will find your way, okay. But you have to be confident in what you're doing and if you're doing something now that isn't working and you don't have confidence anymore you have to take a step back because you're just gonna keep losing until you figure out what's going on is there something lacking is it the money management is it the strategies of the entry what because it's something and if you don't have a strategy then you're never gonna make it we just will never, never make it if you don't have a strategy because you have to have that it's like be all end all you could have great money managing be a disciplined person and you'll lose if you don't have a good strategy. So the golden gaps are sound methodology and strategy it makes sense it's common sense it makes sense think about it use your brain and it's about relying on yourself and no one else if you really, really wanna work for yourself you can do it you can do it in the market it's about learning something that can consistently sustain you over time to continually make money okay if you wanna have longevity you need to produce consistent results and the golden gap course which I teach teaches you how to get consistent results in your trading so ask yourself how badly do you want it you can empower yourself today by learning a good method follow is a great time to train the golden gap course that I teach is the complete system to use to train it teaches the 26 points the entries, the exits it teaches the targets all of this that you need to know the class is a two-day class a full two-day course on how to strategically find pick and play stocks at a professional bearish gaps retakes are free the class is online the class is this weekend I know it's in two days but it's this weekend if you wanna sign up it's Saturday and Sunday, October 11th and 12th from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern time it's online class of the class is $29.99 if you're interested email me at melissaatthestockswish.com remember your path to success is the golden gap class and I also teach another class it's called the Trends Course this is in late October this is about longer term trends this is really more for swinging overnight traders it's October 28th and 29th from 12 to 4 class of this class is $9.99 I allow free retakes on all my classes you can do this class or the other one and retake another time for free in the future and I'm doing a special for this month because it's fall it's a combo special if you wanna do both classes you can save almost $500 it's $34.99 for the golden gap class and the Trends class the golden gap class is what you really need to day trade okay that is what teaches you everything in there the rating system, the entries what you need to day trade and if you wanna sign up for this you can email me at melissaatthestockswish.com as well thank you everyone I don't know if anyone has any questions or anything at all I feel like I was rushing there at the end but sometimes I get excited about talking about trading if you have any questions you can email me at melissaatthestockswish.com and it was so good I wanna say one last thing thank you for coming everyone and it was so great to see some females here in the mix so great job ladies it was good to see some other women here today this is such a big big world full of men but watch out guys us women traders are coming all right thank you they are coming they're coming thank you so much Melissa as usual great presentation a lot of great content guys she's Melissa Armo from the Sockswish please check her out she put her email up there giving questions these contacts are directly so please allow me one second here to bring on our next presenter guys


Great to have you back on the breakfast here on Plus TV Africa. Just before our next major conversation, we have of course a quick report on the incident in Iqoyi where of course a building did collapse, a 21-story building, and of course right after that we'll be giving you updates on the research and rescue efforts that have been ongoing for the last 24 hours. Enjoy this. Digging continued on Tuesday morning as rescue workers searched for persons trapped under the rubble of the 21-story building that collapsed the day before. This was the moment two more people were rescued. An ambulance quickly drives them away to the hospital. The general manager of the Lagos State Emergency Management Agency, Femi Oke Osointolu assures that no one would be left behind. I need to assure all of you that we're on top of the challenges. The operation is still ongoing, it's like all the top echelons in Lagos State are on the ground. Nobody is sure about the number of people still trapped and this is why. Like I said, it's a construction site. People come in. We understand also that some people came in just to inspect. Maybe they wanted to buy or something like that. So we don't know the number because people are just coming in. So we are not sure the number. The collapse building is one of three towers being developed on the site. The deputy governor discloses that an integrity test will be carried out on the others. He also debunks reports that the collapse building had approval for only 15 floors. This particular one was approved for 21 floors, it's not 15. The second building will also be audited in terms of integrity test and of course if we find anything then the appropriate action will be taken. It's important to also announce that we have an agency that's supposed to do this job and that's why they came in around July to check and when they saw the anomalies they shut the site down. The rescue effort is continuing into the night and made last days. Hillary Noroka for PLOS TV Africa. A really sad story there. Of course you got to see the La Sema Head, Femi Oké or Sainto Luhu. Of course we did speak with yesterday to of course ask as many questions as possible. Find out exactly what delayed the rescue efforts and how successful they will be. And also the deputy governor of Lagos, Femi Hamzad who was also there, speaking with journalists and getting to also give his own live reporting as to what exactly happened on Monday in Lagos. Really really sad. And of course updates that we have say about 22 people have been confirmed dead with nine rescued and of course hospitalized currently. We hope that there's more people who were found alive and well and of course you know get the best medical treatment going forward. Hopefully we also would say yes we commend the efforts of the Lagos state government and everyone who's trying to ensure that those who are trapped under that rubble rescued. We also would say that there's a lot of work that needs to be done as much as we can. Let's come together join hands and ensure that people are rescued because you know time is of the essence. Say a prayer if you can. All right we'll go on a short break when we come back our first major conversation for today. We're going to be speaking about technology and transportation here in Lagos and of course the whole Nigeria and the continent. There is some very very interesting innovation that we're going to be speaking about next after this break. Good morning.


It's great to be here. This is actually my first talk for a group of non-astronomers So I'm very excited to be here and tell you a bit about what I've been working on and also technology and astronomy So in the course of writing this talk, I realized that technology and science are intimately intertwined So anytime you have a great advance in technology It often leads to a great advance in scientific discovery as well and vice-versa is true so When this happens it results in profound changes in the world So let's just start with a couple of examples from your life today So everybody knows that the invention of the microscope Led to the development of cell theory before there was a microscope Nobody could see anything small enough to know that you and I and Bacteria and everything in the world is made up of cells This led to the development of modern medicine and eventually to the effective treatment of disease I'm willing to bet at least half of you would not be here without the invention of the microscope So another example is semiconductors. So this originally was a discovery in physics a device that conducts electricity sometimes but not always and This led to the development of the transistor in the 1950s This moved on to be integrated circuits modern electronics and finally computers and the internet This entire camp here and all the infrastructure we have would not exist without the original discovery of the semiconductor so One person a long time ago Actually realized how important technology is to science and vice versa. This is an excerpt from Alfred Nobel's will Discussing how he wants his money left and the thing to point out here is that He said that his money should be left for the most important discoveries or inventions or discoveries or improvements Not necessarily the most profound science So I want to ask all of you. This is a picture of the ICMP village a few nights ago right here at camp How many Nobel Prizes are in this picture?  How many you think five? Anyone else ten? Okay So in this picture, I counted that there's seven Nobel Prizes Including the 2014 physics prize for the blue LED I've seen probably hundreds of these around camp so this kind of shows you that These kinds of discoveries things that are awarded Nobel Prizes actually infiltrate our entire lives To the point where anyone sitting here at the fab lab cutting out a new case for the radio with the laser cutter Wouldn't even think that that laser earned a Nobel Prize in 1964 So this is just something to keep in mind as we go forward And I want to tell you a little bit about how technology has revolutionized the field of astronomy, which is where I work So first of all humans have been doing astronomy for thousands of years the earliest known Astronomical records are from about 8,000 years ago So these typically took the form of drawings of phases of the moon stars planets, etc But naked eye observations are really limited to where things are and how they move One thing that technology allowed was a shift to thinking about what things are not necessarily just where they are So this started with the invention of the telescope in 1609. So this is a picture from Wikipedia It's a painting of Galileo showing someone how to use a telescope Now at the time this was a huge advancement The increased magnification and resolution allowed previously impossible measurements. So for example the Milky Way When people first looked at the Milky Way, they thought it was made up of some sort of nebulous gas Something glowing but with the telescope Galileo was actually able to resolve it into individual stars So this was a huge deal at the time everyone Thought it was gas and did not realize that our galaxy is made up of billions of stars So that was something that was able to be measured in the 1600s with the simple invention of the telescope Additionally Galileo measured the phases of Venus So he was able to magnify the surface of Venus enough to see that it was lit up in phases just like our moon as Venus goes around the Sun you get Starting with a crescent to half to full and then back around the other direction Now at the time this was completely revolutionary because everybody thought the earth was the center of the universe and Of course the church imprisoned Galileo for challenging their doctrine But none of this would have been possible without the invention of the telescope So I promise I'm not gonna have too many equations in here, but this is kind of an important one So when you're building a telescope bigger is better As telescopes get larger you're able to resolve smaller and smaller features The other thing is that more light will enter a bigger telescope So that lets you see fainter objects and things that are farther away So this is just an example from an amateur astronomy website. The question is what can I expect to see with my telescope? And this is an image of Saturn through one of these amateur Telescopes with a normal camera attached and you can see as you get larger and larger apertures the amount of detail and the size of the features Increases as you go to larger apertures. So a big thing with telescopes was being able to increase the size of them This is a picture of the largest optical refractive telescope ever built So this is a telescope made with traditionally ground lenses Such as in the eyeglasses a lot of you are in the audience are wearing this is in the Yorkies observatory and The diameter is point one meters now for that diameter of telescope The length is over 20 meters long So this had to go in a huge building on a mount that is several times the size of me a Huge shift in the technology of telescopes was the ability to build large mirrors so This is the largest optical telescope ever built and the dish is 10 meters in diameter for reference That's probably half the size of the width of this tent, although I didn't build the tent I don't know exactly how large it is But the height is roughly the same as the telescope in the previous picture You can see there's a couple people in the image at the bottom here and in the previous picture There's some people standing there as well and it's not an order of magnitude larger But you've gained two orders of magnitude in diameter. So this was a really huge deal being able to build bigger mirrors the next advance in Telescope technology was photography. So The original telescope observations were just done with the naked eye You looked at what you saw you drew in your notebook and then the next night you would do the same thing You could track changes this way, but it wasn't extremely precise So photography offered two things one longer exposure times your eye only sees what it sees in that instant But you can expose a photographic plate for seconds to minutes The next thing it offered was quantitative measurements you could expose an image of the same star every single night and Expect to get something that was relatively similar So this allowed precise measurements of things that varied over time So this is just an example here of what the human eye can do versus what early photographs could do So on the right we have a to carne, which is a supernova remnant And You can see that there's kind of some gaseous things drawn a couple of dots, but it's kind of hard to see the structure in the first photograph you could actually see that there was gaseous structures and That there were many more stars than originally thought so that photograph is from 1891 the next big advance in Astronomy was modern detectors. So photographs are great, but there's a problem with them Which is that they're fundamentally analog you take a picture you have a physical copy and then what do you do with it? so The data from a CCD is natively digital Every single one of your smartphones has a CCD chip in it for the camera and at this point you probably don't think much about it, but at the time it was a huge advance and In addition to the natively digital format They have very high quantum efficiency and what quantum efficiency is is essentially how much of the light that hits the detector is Actually detected as signal So typical photographic film maybe five percent of the light is recorded as signal But the highest quality CCDs at this point have up to 90 percent quantum efficiency So this is one of the few plots I have in here This laser pointer sucks, but you can see at the bottom We have what the eye is able to see so the x-axis is the wavelength of radiation So the eye can only see a very narrow range of visible light The next curve up is what a traditional photograph can see and you can see that it It's the quantum efficiency on this log scale is around 1% not great, and then the other curves are increasingly Advanced CCDs and you can see not only do they have much better efficiency But they cover a much wider wavelength range So you can see things that aren't only in the very narrow visible spectrum that the human eye can see Finally the last thing that's really important is that they're incredibly repeatable linear devices If you take a picture and then take another one immediately afterwards you should see something that is almost identical So film in principle is a repeatable medium, but it is not nearly as repeatable as a CCD device Okay, so every telescope Observatory in the world now uses CCDs At least the professional ones. There's a few left that still do photography for historical reasons, but Scientific observatories now all use CCDs and that was a change that occurred as late as the 1980s to 1990s So it's really actually kind of recent and The reason we were able to do this is because CCDs are silicon-based devices so all of the electronics and the computers the laptops that you're sitting here with are fabricated on silicon wafers and the Technology to do this was actually really pushed forward by the electronics industry So our ability to produce high-quality CCDs has benefited from this enormous progress in the micro fabrication facility to build electronics Okay, so what exactly is the CCD? It's essentially an array of moss capacitors So again laser pointers terrible. Sorry On the right you can see a bunch of electrodes on the top and in the top row There's a bunch of wells where some happy electrons are sitting They've been released from the median and they're hanging out in this potential well Because you know light has hit them and freed them How do you actually get the signal out of your detector? So the electrodes on the surface of the chip Are have voltage applied in a clocked pattern? And what this does is it shifts the electrons to the right off of the edge of the chip? And then they're read out in a bus on the side. So on the left of this image. I have a much more Camp-like photo here and what it is is buckets full of rainwater. So it's buckets full of rainwater on a Treadmill essentially so they go to the right They dump their water into the buckets on the left here And then the buckets on the left dump their water into the drain pipe on the end And that's essentially how you read out a CCD and the interesting thing is that not only is The detection of the electrons important, but the readout is incredibly important You couldn't actually use these silicon-based detectors if you had no way of moving the electrons to the side and reading them out So that's a it's an important development that has completely changed astronomy So this is my example of CCD versus photography. I don't know if it's easy to see on the screen On the right we have that same photographic plate. I showed earlier from 1891 But on the left is a CCD image taken of the same region Using one of the ESO telescopes and you can see that not only do you have multicolored detection so in a photograph you would have to use band-pass filters and Take multiple images and combine them There are multicolored CCD's so you could just take this photo. Let's say with a DSLR attached to an amateur telescope There's many examples of this online Or in professional observatories They still do band-pass filters in a single color at a time and combine them But now that it's a completely digital process it can be done with the click of a button instead of scanning many photographs and combining them so There's that aspect and then also You can see that many other features in here and that's because the CCD is sensitive out to Longer wavelengths so you can see things that are visible in the near-infrared as well. I Have one more example of this and That's a galaxy cluster. So this is a slide from the 2009 Nobel Prize lecture given by Smith And this was for the invention of the CCD It was such an important development that a Nobel Prize was given for it in the left image You can see there's kind of a cluster of four dots Those are some very massive galaxies and you can see a couple other dots in there that are also galaxies, but it's not Really clear that this is a galaxy cluster In the right image, which is a CCD image not only can you tell that these are really galaxies? But the blue arcs you see around the outside are actually gravitationally lensed galaxies that are behind the galaxy cluster and this is something that Was really only made possible with CCDs was the ability to see these kinds of lens galaxies Okay, so again, I keep saying the CCD is a natively digital format and this is important for a couple of reasons so one the Sloan digital sky survey is a large project to map all of the galaxies within our region in the galaxy So in the universe sorry so the image on the right the earth is at the center of that image and As we go outwards the density of those dots shows you how many galaxies That this instrument has detected in that region and this is just a small slice of their 3d data set But what it shows you is that the universe has a clumpy structure and this is something that is revolutionary So the camera they use is made up of 30 CCD chips Which totals 120 megapixels and the telescope produces 200 gigabytes of data at night if you were doing that with photographic plates, it would literally take hundreds of years to Process all of it upload it analyze it But they're able to upload this and release data publicly on the internet and if you're interested in looking at any of it You can go to their sky server website and check it out okay, so Far, I've really just talked about optical astronomy But the electromagnetic spectrum is much wider than that so Here is a plot of the atmospheric transmission. This is essentially how much light in different wavelengths gets down to earth on the far left you have very short wavelengths x-rays as You move towards the right the rainbow region is the visible spectrum. We all know and love Those are all the photos I just showed you That's all of the astronomy that you probably think of when you think of what astronomers look at But as we continue towards the right we get to longer and longer wavelengths and you can see that there's gaps in the atmosphere where some light does make it down to earth and we can observe it and Then there's a long gap where the radio waves come in so The plot on the bottom just shows you What types of instruments are typically used for observing in those wavelengths so x-rays as I said are observed Absorbed by strongly bearer atmosphere, so they're only observable by satellite We have the visible light region and the near infrared region where there's gaps where we can observe here on earth There's far infrared where again Most of the light is absorbed by the atmosphere So we have to use satellites and then finally we have the radio wavelengths again where we can observe on earth So I could give an entire talk on how the technology in each of these wavelengths has completely changed the field of astronomy But since I don't have all day, I'm just going to pick one of them Right there so that's The red arrow is pointing to seven point three five centimeters And there is a reason for this So back in 1965 two guys Penzius and Wilson were working at Bell Labs and They were able to use a very very sensitive 20-foot horn antenna Cooled to four degrees Kelvin now this at the time was shiny new technology nobody had ever played with anything like this before and Their goal was to lower the noise and their electronics and make the most sensitive measurements at seven point three five centimeters That anyone ever had in the entire world Now when they pointed their telescope at the sky They found this weird buzzing And it didn't matter what direction they pointed their telescope It came from everywhere at the same amplitude and These two guys being the good physicists. They were said okay Well, you know clearly there's something wrong with our electronics So they spent a lot of time debugging their electronics trying to find the source of this extra noise and It completely eluded them at one point they even thought hey, you know The birds have been pooping on our telescope Maybe that's the problem and they spent an entire day scrubbing bird poop off of their telescope in the end they published a paper called a measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4,080 mega cycles per second in 1965 This turned out to be a really important paper and I'll tell you why So in the 1920s Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe was expanding now He was using one of these fancy telescopes with the big mirrors and Photography plates so at the time advanced technology and Essentially what he found was that Galaxies moved away from us faster the farther they were and he interpreted this as the universe being smaller in the past and Expanding now so on the screen here. We just have an example the arrow is time on The left you have early time galaxies are close together as time moves on they expand farther apart fairly simple concept in Principle you could see it if you could look back in time The reason this is interesting from Hensius and Wilson is because things cool off as they Expand so on the left we have the same earlier and later time arrow But underneath of that we also have a temperature arrow and as time goes on and the universe expands it cools down so you can see on the top we have kind of Particles in a box and the red wavelength would be indicative of hot photons as It expands we go to yellow a little cooler and finally at the end we have Much farther apart particles and much cooler radiation So an interesting thing is if the universe is expanding it must have been infinitely hot and dense at some point in the past and The point where it goes from being a hot plasma So you have free electrons and protons bouncing around completely coupled to the radiation to the point where The protons and electrons recombined to form a hydrogen helium everything else in the universe and Allow the radiation to free stream is what we call recombination So this is a natural effect of an expanding universe as it cools off eventually you'll form atoms and this radiation It can now free stream through the universe So we know this is the cosmic microwave background and it's radiation left over from the recombination of the universe And it has cooled as the universe expands So at this point in our history we would expect to see this remnant radiation Sitting around in the microwave region of the spectrum so again universe was hotter before now it's cooler and These guys for their discovery of this radiation that came from every direction in the universe at all times were awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in physics for discovering this leftover radiation Which essentially gives proof of the Big Bang if the universe was infinitely hot and dense at some point and is now Expanded and cooled it is one of the proofs that the Big Bang actually happened. So this was a Nobel Prize-winning scientific discovery that was made possible because these two gentlemen were given an incredibly sensitive horn receiver That nobody had ever used before So I'm sure you've all seen this comic so from xkcd. It's been immortalized on t-shirts everywhere And what it is is its measurements of the cosmic microwave background so this is a black body curve and a black body curve is Defined by a specific temperature So if you're able to measure What temperature the CMB has you can know how old the universe is how much it's expanded and the time-sensitive recombination So that's a nice comic. This is the actual data On the plot the blue line is a to Kelvin black body the green line is a for Kelvin black body and All of the dots in between are the measurements the various experiments over the years have made of the cosmic microwave background It fits perfectly to a temperature of 2.7255 Kelvin with a very small error bar. This is the most perfect black body ever measured in the entire universe Okay, so we're done right we've proved that the Big Bang happens and this cosmic microwave background is everywhere in the universe Unfortunately, no we're not done so this is a brief history of the universe on the far left we have what is known as the Big Bang and Essentially what this is is it's a point in time where physicists say the universe is infinitely hot and dense There were some quantum fluctuations and Then a period of rapid expansion known as inflation So the curious thing is if you have a completely homogeneous universe You would never end up with stars and galaxies today Because if everything is exactly the same you have no way for anything to gravitationally collapse into stars or galaxies or clusters of galaxies So there must have been something at the beginning that resulted in all of the structure we see today, so that's what we say are the quantum fluctuations at the beginning and In principle you should see the pattern of these fluctuations on the cosmic microwave background when you measure it You should see small deviations from this perfect black body that we've spent so much effort measuring here Okay, so We've already gotten this incredibly sensitive horn antenna from Bell Labs in 1965 and Measured this perfect black body and we've had many experiment experiments afterwards to continue to do so So how do we actually measure these incredibly small fluctuations that started as quantum fluctuations at the beginning of time? We need better detectors So again any time you have an advance in science. It's usually driven by an advance in technology The CMB is very cold. I told you in a previous slide that the temperature was 2.7 Kelvin That means that if I'm standing in the way, you can't see the CMB behind me. I'm much too bright So Not only can you not see it, but the fluctuations are very small We measured this incredibly perfect black body if the fluctuations were big the measurement would have would not have been so perfect And in fact these fluctuations are so small that they're only one part in ten to the five Additionally, this is a super hard regime to work in so if you remember our atmospheric transmission plot earlier there's a lot of stuff in the atmosphere that absorbs or absorbs light and In the peak of the cosmic microwave background spectrum you have a lot of water vapor absorption in the atmosphere This makes it super hard to measure So you either need to use a satellite which is completely above the atmosphere or you need to go to a super dry observing site on earth There's two places in the world where cosmic microwave background experiments are conducted today One is the Atacama Desert in Chile, which is the second driest desert on earth The other is the South Pole, which is the first driest desert on earth Additionally, you need a detector that has extremely low noise. So Okay, we can build satellites. We can go to the South Pole But really what you need to do is you need to have the most sensitive detectors in the world to make this measurement Okay, this is a schematic of a thermometer It's a type of radiation detector where a small amount of energy deposited on the detector is seen as a signal The energy you want to look at is photons radiation. So the squiggly lines coming in from the top. Those are our photons They'll hit the detector. There's some absorber which acts like a Essentially a capacitor. So I've labeled it C You have some kind of thermometer sitting on your detector that measures How much the temperature of your absorber changes when energy hits it? And then you have a thermal link labeled G that dissipates the power to a thermal bath and This is a really nice way to detect power. Now the problem is of course if you think about this you're measuring changes in temperature But of course not just light will cause the temperature to change here Any kind of thermal changes will cause excess noise in your system so One way to get around this is to make your thermometer cryogenic So on the left I have an equation for the noise equivalent power of a volometer and really the thing to notice there Is that it's proportional to the temperature that you operate at? So the goal then is to make your detectors as cold as possible And in fact the temperature the temperature that we operate our detectors at and cosmic microwave background research Is typically around a quarter of a degree above absolute zero. So it's very cold By the way, that is the subject of an entirely another talk. How do you actually get things that cold? But again, I don't have all day. So we'll skip over that. We can talk about it later if you're interested Okay, so this is what a volometer looked like in 1992 now remember this is a mirror 30 years ago They were handmade by a small research group at Berkeley essentially graduate students sat there with tweezers and lovingly assembled these things They're made up of nylon threads that suspend a very small membrane that has a thermistor in the middle So this is using a germanium semiconductor thermistor and essentially what it is is It's a thermometer where when it changes temperature the resistance changes and you can measure that change in resistance And figure out how much power is hit your detector Okay, so that's great But it was not exactly background limited it was very close But it wasn't perfect. There was still some extra thermal noise So the next step is to make a superconducting cryogenic detector again only possible because Somebody discovered superconductors many years earlier and won a Nobel Prize for that too and Essentially the idea here is you want to make your thermometer as sensitive as possible So we've now taken our little germanium thermistor and we've replaced it with a superconducting film And the really cool property of superconductors is that they have absolutely zero resistance until there is some very specific transition temperature, so the plot on the right shows the resistance of a superconductor as a function of temperature and As you move higher in temperature you suddenly have this huge jump in resistance and then you end up with a fairly constant resistance that only changes slowly with temperature So the idea here is that you bias your thermistor So you're sitting exactly in that very very steep region of change in resistance with temperature Then a very small amount of power that lands on your detector would result in a huge change in resistance This is much easier to read out than if you have only a small change in resistance So with the use of these superconductors as thermometers, we were able to build detectors that get to a noise floor of 50 at a watts per root Hertz For those of you who have never had to use the at a watt as a noise unit. That's 10 to the minus 18 watts so these are incredibly low noise detectors and still today these are the The forefront in technology for detectors in the millimeter wavelengths Okay, so here's a picture of what these first superconducting cryogenic millimeters looked like in 1998 So you can notice we've now moved from graduate students sitting there with tweezers hand assembling these things to a graduate student trapped in the fab lab Using modern silicon micromachining techniques to build these things, but there's still single chips so you build your absorber which is in the center of this spider web here and Then you have to hand assemble it into a focal plane at the end so you still end up with cameras that are order tens of pixels and The thing is when you reach the background limit So really the limiting noise factor is the number of photons hitting your detector The only thing you can do is make more of them to make your camera more sensitive so another 10 years go by and Scientists have been able to fully harness the silicon micromachining techniques used by the semiconductor industry so essentially We take the standard silicon wafer processing techniques used by IBM Intel all of these companies and apply them to making these very sensitive detectors. I should point out that if it wasn't for the Availability of this silicon micromachining technology these detectors never would have been possible you would have been stuck in the regime of sitting there with tweezers and Nylon thread and hand assembling every detector one by one so this kind of movement forward in technology enabled cameras of tens To move up to cameras of hundreds to thousands of pixels. So at the bottom We just have a couple of images from I believe these are either South Pole telescope or apex detectors from 2007 Okay, great. So now we have the most sensitive detectors ever built. What can we do with them? So I mentioned earlier that these quantum fluctuations at the beginning of the universe should leave an imprint on the cosmic microwave background and in fact by launching these detectors into space and by observing using them on The ground at the South Pole and in the Atacama desert We were able to uncover this fluctuation pattern in the cosmic microwave background. So moving from left to right Are more and more sensitive measurements of the fluctuations Starting with the Kobe mission in 1992 Nobel Prize was awarded for that measurement as well To the WMAP mission which That's an image from 2003 They just completed their last data release a few years ago and finally to the Planck data release Which was just released a few years ago in 2013 and as you can see over time as the detectors got better The sensitivity got better and we were able to see more and more detail In the cosmic microwave background Okay, that's great. We see these bumps What do they mean? So Essentially, you can take a Fourier transform of this pattern you have a map of the sky You can see where it's hotter You can see where it's dimmer and you Fourier transform that and what you get is a power spectrum And you can see here. There's some really nice bumps and wiggles and The bumps and wiggles in this power spectrum are very nicely predicted by theory So essentially the height and spacing of these peaks can tell you things about what the universe is made of Okay, I skipped a slide sorry on the right we have Omega matter so or kind of right top. That's how much matter is in the universe and on the far left we have The optical depth to recombination So essentially how much stuff is between us and the time that the universe recombined and Down at the end and kind of the damping tail of this power spectrum. You can actually measure the mass of the neutrino At this point we only have limits, but in principle with precise enough measurements. You could do so So one thing I really need to point out here is the role of big computers It's really great that you can measure a map of the microwave sky But you need to be able to process terabytes of data into these maps when you scan a Belometer over a source all you see is an increase of power for a small amount of time You somehow have to turn that information into a map so What you need is one good algorithms and two big computers Additionally, you need to simulate many different models of the universe to find out the one you have and Finally you need to be able to run Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations to find the parameters of your model and fit them to the data that you have so in order to do this you need millions of hours of CPU time and This is something that's really only been possible with the advent of big computing. So, you know, even if you had these amazing background limited detectors in the 1950s You never would have gotten the results about what the universe is made of because there's no way you would have been able to do the computations to find out So from these super sensitive measurements our calculations are simulations We've found that the universe is 4% baryons, that's what you and I are made of the earth the stars everything you can see 26% dark matter 70% dark energy which we have no idea what it is and The universe is 13.8 billion years old So that's pretty cool. That's something that you can find out simply by measuring the fluctuations of a very uniform signal from 13.8 billion years ago kind of cool Okay, so we're done, right? No, we're not done We'll go back to our brief history of the universe for a second here so We've looked at the fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background So those are all those bumps and wiggles in the power spectrum. It's the hot and cold spots on the maps But you can see that there's this period of inflation on this chart here between the quantum fluctuations and recombination and It's a time in the history of the universe that we as physicists don't know a whole lot about but we have a lot of theories that We would love to test So the CMB in addition to having fluctuations in amplitude is also polarized and many theories of inflation so this period of very rapid of expansion Predict that in addition to these amplitude fluctuations you should also see Some polarization and this is left over from gravitational waves So there's two types of polarization that you would see in the CMB One is known as emode and it's what's shown on the left in this slide So that appears the blue spots would be Cold spots in the CMB and the red the red ones would be hot spots and The emode polarization you would see looks either as diverging lines or as a circle going around the spot Gravity waves produce something different called b-modes and that is a type of polarization that has a curl to it So around hot and cold spots you would see this kind of pinwheel pattern And if you can measure how big the amplitude of this polarization is you can figure out what the energy scale of inflation is and This lets you know essentially which theories of inflation are actually viable and You can learn something about a period of the universe. We don't know much about it right now Okay, so this was actually the Cover slide of this talk and what this is is this is a CMB polarization map from the Planck satellite Now the Planck satellite used these spider web Belometers that I showed the ones that were made in single chips and they put polarizers in front of them in order to make them polarized Now this even though this satellite launched very recently It was designed many years ago when that was state-of-the-art. So their camera was only tens of pixels large So this map shows mostly emodes which are much much brighter than the b-bone polarization So the color scheme are the hot and cold spots Which you've already seen in the temperature map and the lines that you see the pattern around it are the polarization of the light So this is really cool. We have measured polarization But we haven't seen any of this b-mode signal that we would expect from gravitational waves in the era of inflation Okay, so again, we are just going to have to make some better detectors So this is an image of a cryogenic Belometer array made at JPL in 2010 and What they have is a phased array of antennas which allows them to send inherently polarized signals so the The image on the left shows the antennas and the up and down antennas detect one polarization and the right and left antennas detect The other and then they have two of these nice Belometers one for each polarization sitting on every pixel. So they have made inherently polarization-sensitive Detectors and on top of that they've been able to make large arrays of it So on the right is a focal plane from this experiment that contained hundreds of pixels instead of tens of pixels This is the map they made of the b-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background You can see the characteristic curling pattern around the spots in the CMB and This was a huge result that just came out last year The thing I really like about it is this is a plot of all of the experiments that have tried to measure b-mode polarization So the colored points at the top are an array of about ten experiments that have been trying to measure this with their cryogenic-bilometer detectors, but in single pixel form so very small numbers of detectors in their camera and The black points are the bicep-2 experiment with hundreds of detectors that are inherently polarized And you can see the order of magnitude increase in sensitivity that allowed them to measure this signal So this never would have been possible without this advance in technology Okay, so we're done right? No, we're still not done So we have one more problem and that is that the galaxy is polarized as well It would be super awesome if you could just go out Measure the cosmic microwave background and only see that with no contamination But as many of you probably know there's always contamination of some sort in any signal you're trying to measure So this is another map from Planck and it just shows the polarization induced by dust grains in our galaxy So there's a magnetic field that our galaxy has and it aligns dust grains in a preferred direction resulting in polarization Unfortunately, since we live in the galaxy we have to look through this stuff in order to see the CMB So this can contaminate the CMB polarization measurements and in fact this called into question the results that the bicep team published So the next step would be to make Detectors that can see multiple colors now the CCD camera in your phone is inherently multicolor That's why you get those beautiful RGB images But until now Detector is used in millimeter wavelengths for single color. So the next advance will be to make Polarization sensitive detectors that can see many colors at once so these are photos from an experiment that's being built right now and The cameras will be thousands to tens of thousands of pixels and each pixel will be able to see in three colors This allows you to separate components so you can separate here Which is a higher frequency dust emission from the lower frequency cosmic microwave background signal that you're trying to see So again actually confirming this result and saying yes, we really know what happened during inflation will depend on new technology Okay, so technology completely revolutionized the field of CMB. I really want to Hit home here that without advanced detector technology We would not know anything about the CMB other than it's an excess antenna temperature at four gigahertz Another thing that's really important is signal processing and reading out many detectors I didn't have time to talk about readout of detectors, but it's a really hard problem And in fact most experiments utilize tens to hundreds of FPGAs to do their on-board signal processing And finally the use of big computers Personally for my PhD thesis I used over a million hours of CPU time on the NERSC supercomputer and That was a tiny step in a much larger field. So without big computers To simulate the universe none of this would have been possible Okay, so now we get to the interesting part which is the future of technology and astronomy Everything we know about astronomy in the last 400 years is because of advances in telescopes detectors and computers but There's while there's still many traditional hardware advances Which I really didn't have time to talk about but would have loved to for example adaptive optics We shoot giant lasers into space to correct the atmosphere. That's really cool Modern interferometers so combining many telescopes all over the world together to do a single measurement Particle detectors measuring things like neutrinos from space There are also a bunch of new technologies that would not have been possible without Computers in the internet as we know it today so we're entering an era of big data and many of our new challenges are going to involve computing statistics and Essentially looking at just vast amounts of data the new experiment SKA will be producing an exabyte of data per day okay, so We have these traditional advancements in Technology for astronomy, but one thing that's really interesting is as we've moved to the era of the internet where we're able to openly collaborate We've kind of broken down some of these traditional advancements and been able to look elsewhere so one problem that we have with traditional astronomy is that every single thing you built is a is a Custom enterprise. It's really it's expensive. It's hard. It's time-consuming and Reproducing it elsewhere is very difficult So one thing that people are looking into is finding another way to do things and very recently There was a paper published called hacking for astronomy Can 3d printers and open hardware enable low-cost submillimeter instrumentation and this was written by a guy at the Max Planck Institute for astronomy in Heidelberg and What is paper focused on was one 3d printing custom optics for telescopes, which you can then place the designs for this on The internet and any one of you could print your own millimeter wavelength optics and also read out and control for your instrument that's a very tough problem and The development has been based entirely on the open hardware association guidelines Which means that it's open for all research groups in the entire world to use and modify Incidentally, I'd like to point out that this was inspired by the hardware hacking community and in fact Everyone is acknowledged in the paper for inspiring this work. So thanks everyone. You were actually a part of this Another thing is open software so for many years astronomers have worked on their data analysis on their computers using their favorite Code so I use a tool called IDL. Have any of you heard of it? That's what I thought one two maybe But astronomers have realized that that's really not a great way to move forward So one project that has been going on is called Astro Pi And it's a group of astronomers who are trying to build an open source Python package for all astronomical data analysis you could ever want to do another paper was published called bring out your codes and Essentially, it was lamenting the fact that people spend all this time writing code They publish a paper with results, but nobody ever gets to see that code and check it to make sure it's right so a new journal has been Created called the astronomy and computing journal where you can actually publish your source code And have it be not only reused by other groups, but checked to make sure that it's right And that goes along with you astrophysics source code library So if you're interested in that I have the link to the paper here in the presentation Finally Distributed computing has become a big thing So I mentioned I used a million hours of super computer time for my thesis. That's great But it's actually limited there aren't that many supercomputers in the world And it's hard to get the time you have to propose for it and you have to wait so there's something called BO INC written at UC Berkeley and Essentially it allows everyone in the world to volunteer their idle computer time for a science project that they find interesting The most famous one that many of you probably know of is called SETI at home That was a screensaver that came out in the early 2000s and it allowed the SETI project to process their radio data Another more recent one is cosmology at home. I have links to both of these projects here if you're interested The cosmology at home project actually uses your computer to simulate different models of the universe So that's kind of cool Another aspect of distributed computing is involving the public of non-experts So many of you may be interested in simulating models of the universe on your computer But maybe your average person would not be So a great example of involving the broader public is something called galaxy zoo I mentioned earlier that the SDSS survey creates 200 gigabytes of data at night They've looked at millions and millions of galaxies But if you have a poor graduate student there looking at 50 million images of galaxies Not only are they going to get bored really quick, but they'll never finish so these guys have written a web server where volunteers can sign up and actually go through look at images of galaxies and classify them So not only a 50 million galaxies been classified in the first year of this being used But it's become incredibly popular and actually new scientific discoveries came out of it So that's a pretty nifty thing Finally there's crayfish which it stands for cosmic rays found in smartphones. How many of you have a smartphone in your pocket? Great all of you could be part of a worldwide network of cosmic ray detectors So essentially what this is is every single one of your smartphones contains one of these amazing ccd chips. I talked about earlier Those ccd chips are sensitive to the light that cosmic rays create when they hit them We have 1.5 billion smartphones on this planet if we connected all of them to the internet You would have the largest cosmic ray detector ever built That's pretty cool. So if you're interested in being a part of this science project sign up at the link below So I hope I was able to convey to you today that Hardware technology has really made a huge impact on the advancement of astronomy in many different fields in the last 400 years But big computations have only come onto the scene relatively recently in this history of 400 years of technology It's only really the last 20 to 30 years that this has become super important and Finally open source hardware and software are starting to be embraced by the field and we're hoping that this kind of new Technology that's available for example 1.5 billion smartphones over the planet Will allow us to make new scientific discoveries that never would have been possible before So thank you for listening to me today Okay, we do have about five minutes for some questions So please line up at the mics to the right and that to the left if you have any questions or maybe some clarifications Anybody go ahead stage left, please Thank you for your talk very interesting just one question Why did the people built this big horn antenna in 1965? That's a very good question. I actually don't know the answer to that. Okay, so I just Wondered why they would undertake something that big and special so Was it for for background? I mean they didn't know about the background noise before I guess right So originally it was built for another purpose, which I actually can't remember It's on Wikipedia. So you can look it up But actually the most interesting result was the unexpected one. Yeah, which was just made possible by this technology I think maybe the original purpose was something to do with looking at Signals made on earth by other people and other technology at the time, but I would have to look it up. Okay. Thank you Any more questions? We do have some more minutes left. So, okay, just go ahead stage left I think that was the best talk for me for the whole event. Thank you What kind of work are you doing? Okay, so I did my PhD on the cosmic microwave background So that is what I did for about six years in graduate school now I've switched fields to infrared astronomy. So now I'm actually more focused on shooting giant lasers into space What purpose okay Because we can shoot giant lasers into space no So the research group I work in which is the Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial physics in garsheng We're looking at two things in particular with the instrumentation. I'm working on one is we look at the galactic center So there's a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy and there's stars in orbit around this black hole If you can very precisely measure the orbits of these stars, you can test whether general relativity is correct in the strong field limit the other thing we look at is the formation and evolution of galaxies at high redshift so very old galaxies and These kinds of measurements are best done in the infrared So I now work in a completely different wavelength range than I talked about today and that's the near infrared Thanks, that's amazing Anybody else we do have time for maybe one more question Okay, go ahead. Hello. You mentioned that rather a lot of the CCDs are Silicon-based is there? Would there be any benefit to using gallium arsenide? Is the only reason maybe that it isn't just of cost and the size of the detectors So we actually do use gallium arsenide in the infrared which is a wavelength range. I didn't talk about today And the benefit is that you have a different bandgap so you can detect lower energy photons. So yeah, that that's another entire field It's harder because essentially the entire electronic industry is built on silicon So all of the technology to build these detectors is readily available when you move to more exotic things like gallium arsenide Or mercury cadmium telluride The devices one are much harder to build and two you just don't have the kind of experience and infrastructure available for silicon If I'm someone I do remember there was a some sort of documentary about a race across Australia in solar powered cars and there was a lot of Rg bargie about one of the more corporate sponsored ones who could just afford to plaster their their vehicle with gallium arsenide photovoltaics and we want to let's It's not playing the game. Yeah Okay, thank you for the question and please so once again thankless for her amazing talk


So here you have all-winner A80 and this is a TV box. You have this available. Yes, this is an engineer sample for ODM service and it's running Android 4.4 right there and you can connect a USB like a mouse for example yes this is octa-core on Cortex A15, A7. It can be for Android 5.0 and for Chrome OS right? Yes. And for game playing and all kinds of stuff and you also have a keyboard you can connect. Yeah, for game console. Alright, so people can use this, including the mouse pad. So this is available right now and if people want to develop this they can just contact you and you can work with them on doing this.