with a particular focus on hand transplantation and facial transplantation. The first speaker in the afternoon is Warren Breitenback. Dr. Breitenback is Professor and Chief of the Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery at the University of Arizona. Warren is a world leader in hand and composite tissue transplants. In January of 1999, Dr. Breitenback led a team of surgeons who performed this country's first hand transplant. It also, if you think about it, those of you who know about it, it was the world's first successful hand transplant. There had been an earlier one done in Lyon. Since then, Dr. Breitenback has performed more hand transplants than any other surgeon in the world. Additionally, based on his leadership and expertise in the area of hand transplant, he's trained many, if not most, of the United States teams that are currently performing hand transplant. In addition to his leadership role as the head of plastic surgery at Arizona, Dr. Breitenback has established, intends to establish an Institute for Composite Tissue Allotransplantation and Regenerative Surgery that would include hands and legs and feet and perhaps face also, which would be the first of its kind in the country. Today, Dr. Breitenback will present a talk entitled Ethics in Composite Tissue Allotransplantation, what it teaches us about introducing complex investigational surgical procedures. Please join me in welcoming Warren Breitenback. Thank you very much, Dr. Siegler, for the introduction. It's really my pleasure, a little bit daunting to me. I don't get the chance really very often to speak to a number of ethicists. I could have used your help when I went to Arizona because after spending many years in Louisville and working with Dr. Siegler on the ethical issues of hand transplant, I arrived in Arizona and they told me it was unethical. So you have to keep reliving things. So ethics in composite tissue transplantation, what hand transplant teaches us about introducing complex surgical procedures. So defining what we're talking about, composite tissue allotransplantation is taking all of the connective tissue and saying it can be transplanted, whether it's skin, bone, muscle, joint. Now this was considered literally impossible to do because skin was such a difficult hurdle to jump over. It actually was the test of how treatment would work in terms of rejection. So the, it was dogma basically that you couldn't go forward with trying to transplant skin. Now what I'll be talking about, and I want to make this clear from the beginning, I'm not going to be talking about the normal thing that takes place when the debate starts on surgical intervention and surgical procedures that are researched. This is an article which kind of addressed that in medical ethics. And what takes place in those types of procedures is, as you know, sometimes a surgeon will change the way he repairs a tendon, for example. He'll add two more strands to the repair. Instead of two, he does four, he does six. And then can he publish it, not publish it? Is that research? Is it innovation? That's not the discussion here. So this is not a discussion about the normal surgical intervention. This is a talk about what is standard of care. That's what I want to get to in terms of hand transplant in a paradigm-changing surgical procedure. This is not a talk about technical surgical advances, but it is going to end up being a talk about medical interaction with a surgical procedure. So as I said, hand transplant was considered not possible to do. And it had been attempted, now a leg had been taken off these different animals and attempted both in mice, rats, pigs, non-human primates, and there had been even attempts to transplant a hand on a human, all that were unsuccessful. So it was pretty well accepted that you couldn't transplant skin. Now, amazingly, and it was maybe by luck, in a very rapid period of time, we went from the position that it was not possible to possible, and the sequence went like this. In 1991, Raymond Lule published an article that everybody missed, saying the time had come to do transplant. In this article he had gotten the consensus conference together. And he was from Spain doing the PhD in immunology in California. And what was interesting about the article is although it articulated where he thought we could go, it didn't really articulate the logic behind it. I don't know if you've read articles like that. I mean, you get the feeling that he's saying something, but you can't make A equals B and equals C. And I missed the article, but in 1995 at the Plastic Surgery Research Council, again he stood up from the audience and said, you know, there's enough data to do a hand transplant. So I invited him as a visiting professor to Louisville and we started talking. In 96 we formed an official group. By 97 we had an international conference of which our keynote speaker was none other than Dr. Siegler. He was instrumental in getting us over the hump of going forward with hand transplant. And in 1998, ahead of time, and I'll explain why we did this, it was also at the direction of Dr. Siegler, we made an announcement that we were going to proceed with hand transplant and we felt we had enough scientific evidence to do it. So we made the pre-announcement and immediately I ended up at Time Magazine as being the first person to put my mouth and gear before my knife. Seriously. And in 1999 we did the first hand transplant. We were beaten by three or four months by the French, but that hand didn't last less than two years. So I like to pimp the French. Now I spend a lot of time in France. I speak French, I was at McGill, I know Dubinard very well, but I love to pimp him by telling him we did the first successful one. The critical biologic insights were the fact that there was a publication in 1995 by Ben Hyman Anthony that for the first time was successfully able to transplant a leg on a rat. Now the way I looked at this was, and this was the argument I used to have with my brother, being somewhat narcissistic as most surgeons, I used to tell my brother I want to be famous or powerful, I don't care if I'm happy. So that shows you my pathology. Now my brother said he wanted to be able to drop a rock and have it fallen to heaven and there would be no reason. So it took me a long time to understand that but what I finally came to understand is to me there always has to be a reason and this was a rock dropping into heaven. And the one thing that they had done that made a difference was they had added mycophenolate moffatil. Now there had been attempts at non-human primates that had not done well, but it did turn out that all tissues in the hand had already been transplanted.  Now we had a lot of pigs in Kentucky and things weren't as sophisticated that many years ago. We didn't have to get our tissue type. It went out to the farm, got a pig. We devised a flap that we're still using that combines all the different elements. We took it off. It started to reject. You can see over there in the corner, a little hard for me. I don't know if it's coming across to you. No. Is there any way to turn down the lights some? You'll go totally dark? Okay, well, but I want to talk in the dark. But here's a flap that's rejecting. I think you can see some of the dark color there.  Now this was the first time that we were able, in a large animal model, to successfully transplant skin. And so I always say the Louisville pig challenged scientific dogma and we were able to do it with kidney-level immunosuppression. And since you can transplant a kidney, it meant you could transplant a hand.  We knew that we could use low levels of immunosuppression by low levels, I mean kidney levels. So at the same time, and this was an important objection, there was severe objection about the ethics. So they said, okay, even if you put all this together, it's not ethical. And it's not ethical because you can't subject someone to give them a drug that will be life-shortening for a transplant that will never prolong life. That was the seminal ethical argument. And I didn't have any idea how to grapple with that really. So I wish I could say I was the one who discovered Dr. Siegler, but it was someone on my team who said he's been working with split liver. That was a big ethical issue. He's developed protocols for us. So the next thing I know, we were in a group of about 14 people in 1997 discussing hand transplant from all the different levels and he made the seminal breakthrough which allowed us to go forward. Now, I'm going to go through the five arguments at present that represent why composite tissue can be done. Then I'm going to come back to Dr. Siegler's contribution. So risk-seeking behavior, mountain climbing, scuba diving. The fatality risk is lower than many voluntary risky jobs. Himalayan mountain climbing is not a great one. Combat in Vietnam, long-term smokers. And then finally the myth that we were somehow that transplant always prolonged life just is not true. So kidney transplant for years did not prolong life. Eventually it was able to get. But for the first 20 years it was actually probably life shortening compared to dialysis. And certainly pancreas transplant today still suffers from not actually prolonging life. So these two issues here were ones that actually after we did transplant it proved the critics wrong. There was not high morbidity and mortality and the function of the hand and the complications was nowhere near as high as anticipated. People said that the patients would die within six months and actually right up to the transplant they went after my medical license and I said before you take it just let's see if it works. So this was the meeting we had when Dr. Siegler came and he really gave validity. I don't think without his contribution we could have gone forward. I think having him on the team and I don't know your world well but I know there were people in your world who were critical of hand transplant at the beginning. So it took courage and insight to move forward and I really owe a lot to Dr. Siegler. This was what I considered to be a classic article in transplantation in our field. Now he also came up with the idea I always get the credit for doing the simplest part of it but he came up with an idea that probably many of you who know him are aware of in terms of split liver. I mean how do you ethically ask someone to give part of the liver to a child increasing their mortality by a very small percent in order to save the child there's coercion involved there's all kinds of issues. So what Dr. Siegler had developed this concept of pre-announcement and I think you should all be aware of it that you basically tells the world of society you know before you clone a human being maybe you should tell the bioethicists of the world in the medical community you're going to do it. Not a revolutionary idea but it was revolutionary in terms of bringing it to the proper level in reality if we're going to do things that can change society markedly we should be having these discussions. So my contribution was only to reduce it to simplicity. I remember Dr. Siegler said to me later what was that that you said what I've done how I made it so simple and so it's this simple you think it, you do it and then you announce it's the old paradigm the new paradigm is you think it you do it and then you announce it. That's the one Dr. Siegler that got me in trouble with Time Magazine but I think it's a proper paradigm for us to be using. We also developed a patient advocacy program and I know there's been patient advocates before but we changed it a little we had no contact with a patient advocate except to treat them like the patient we gave him the same material the same informed consent and he had no ties to the medical community this was to put a barrier between the fact of the surgeon coercing the patient into accepting something if this procedure hadn't worked it wasn't me who was going to die who was going to be the patient this is the first patient he had blown his hand off in an M80 firecracker which is a small stick of dynamite this is not, here's the concept you need to get around there's nothing shocking about this any good micro surgeon well trained with experience in the United States can put a hand on that's been cut off I'm not saying it's easy it takes years of training but it's what we do you take the hand that's off you get the tendons and nerves you need and you attach it to the other part this is not going to be like what Dr. Semina was going to be telling you about because face transplant went into areas where people had done very little we knew how to do this half asleep sometimes you are half asleep in the middle of the night when someone comes in and the trucks run over them and you're there with two residents trying to get it done and there's the first successful hand transplant on his way this was the picture that was supposed to go on the cover of Time Magazine but it was beat out by Clinton because he was impeached so I just want you to see a little bit I want you to understand that it does work now I will tell you surgeons always show you their best pictures okay and we certainly have worse results than this he's one of the best he has thinner eminence function the nerves have to innervate into the thumb he has almost normal sensation when I say almost normal it's normal on some days and not other days physiologically we can't explain that but it does happen you can see that he can do fine motor motion what you would notice immediately if you met him is that the hands weak he's lost about 70% of his strength the reason for that is because the injury took place here the hand I put on was pretty normal but I had to hook up to blown apart muscles so if you're going to need a hand transplant make it a clean amputation because it gives us a lot more to work with now here's the rub that we need to think about what is hand transplant is it innovation, experimental or research and I think all of you understand is ethicists and I really didn't understand this and I told Dr. Siegler I've actually been preparing for this talk since February it's fortuitous in a way because I've been working on this issue of standard of care but in my reading I realized that you can be innovative and not be research you can be research and not necessarily innovative and you can be experimental which should be research but may not be innovative I would say that hand transplant falls into all of these categories at this particular moment it certainly was experimental it was innovative and it was research but the ethical issues which are facing us now and I'm going to jump from that slide to this slide in the next 20 minutes or 15 minutes are we now standard of care I want to talk about the fact that patients are dying under these protocols there are patients in associated protocols that aren't seeing the intent to treat in other words the results are being hidden that's happening here in Chicago and not at this university but before you throw me out and not reporting complications and results truthfully I don't know if this goes on all the time but I'm going to make a statement which is true in medical school I looked up to doctors and my position where I am now as a professor I can tell you that I'm disgusted with a small segment of and what makes me even more disgusted is it's allowed now this is an ethics conference so you can come up to me afterwards and tell me where I'm wrong it's my contention that hand transplant should be considered standard of care what is the definition of standard of care where you're all aware there's a legal definition of prudent physician but there really is no definition for standard of care when it comes to trying to decide about medical technology there is no now this is my writing here there is no singularly accepted process for how a new and innovative surgery is brought to a standard of care there is no accepted sequence combination of definitive criteria that need to be met before the standard of care threshold is achieved the history of medicine shows that society has required different thresholds at different times for different procedures well that's why I've been working on this since February what I've done is I've broken down my concept of standard of care the majority of the medical community accepts the procedure as medically necessary ethical committees review and scholarly works deem them done so we don't know about society but I think from all the hoop law that's gone on you can see that society accepts it thanks to Dr. Siegler I don't think there's any ethical pushback now that we can't do this and shouldn't go forward a series of institutions have carried out the procedure under IRB review with a record of success there's now four or five I think five that have done it and there's another ten in the wings with IRBs ready to go of which now I'm in that situation because I've left where I did this in Louisville and I'm now in Arizona starting over so I had to go to the IRB and fight off the critics Arizona is kind of like going back to Tombstone that's why Tombstone's right they like hand transplant what's that a majority of the medical community accepts kidney transplant as standard of care that has not taken place I still don't think a majority accept it scholarly work that demonstrates beneficial outcome absolutely no doubt and I'm going to skip forward here to show you this this is the one year survival rate of kidney transplant hand transplants on the far left hand side and this is kidney transplant at different times at the very early stages this was your chance of your kidney surviving look at what we were in our first years far better now of course they caught up to us so now they're roughly about the same as where we are and that makes sense since we learned from their immunosuppression we picked up their immunosuppression what is really surprising is that long term kidney transplant success today has by five years significant majority are gone 40% 50% from chronic rejection where this is not true in hand we're seeing better success than we ever anticipated so to continue with the criteria indications that there is public desire for the surgical procedure I think that's present now what's marked here in red now when I started this project all of that in its criteria literally over the last two weeks preparing for this talk I've changed my mind you know the great saying by Emerson a foolish consistency a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds I'm really questioning whether quals utility as part of this work over the last year I think we've pretty conclusively proven it's almost impossible to get a true utility if you know what I mean by the standard gamble to get utility to do quals to determine whether something should become standard of care you can't do it we may be able to get there but at this point it's really not valid and I'm not sure that we should be involved in the cost containment element of this so that's where I'm headed for the rest of this there's also really what we're going to be talking about here technology assessment versus standard of care and I want to talk about the ethics of what's called crossover therapy has anyone heard of that that's good because I got it from an ethics article so now I feel maybe I'm telling you something you don't know this came out of ethics and I'm going to try to talk about crossover therapy ethics standard of care and technology assessment and how that plays together so what do we mean by standard of care well as I said no definition the legal definition in this article about the meaning of standard of care they said one of the ways that you can do it is put together a consensus group but the trouble with a consensus group is normally there are people who are experts in the field and what do they push for a consensus what they believe in that hasn't always worked out that well the difficulty inherent is that they're based on part of the consensus that is the bias of the experts and may shape the guidelines and either exclude reasonable choices or incorporate personal favorites now I fully believe that now that I've seen what I've seen over the last number of years in medicine here are a few procedures that were standard of care that failed miserably and I'm not going to go through all of them I mean you know apesiotomy I actually just had not me my wife had a baby I have an 18 month old and I was shocked when they didn't do apesiotomy it shows you how far behind I am gastric bubble hormone replacement here's a good one electronic fetal monitoring it doesn't really do any good society holds it as standard of care by saying they want it but it hasn't been shown to be beneficial necessarily in very high risk it might be my mother got this radiation therapy for acne sleeping face down we don't sleep our babies face down anymore which was standard of care that's where sudden death syndrome came from so my point is this conform getting a consensus together is all fine and dandy but it doesn't always lead to good results and if you were to do a positive predictive value of getting consensus I don't think it would be that high so it leaves us with a problem of where we go so here's an interesting article on the introduction of health technology assessment now I want you all to understand have you heard the word technology assessment anybody okay a couple of people basically technology assessment is a category of policy studies intended to make decisions about information impacts consequences of new technology within medicine now this is information that policy makers need and they need it in the right form and these policy makers cannot judge the merits of consequences of technology they have to do it within a strictly technologic context policy makers a policy maker has to consider social economic legal implications in any course of action now I'm not sure if that's in reference at the bottom there to an actual law but I was kind of unaware of this so here I am listening what I think standard of care should be and I'm actually putting policy issues in of utility you know quals and the policy individual are looking at these things which goes everything from ethics to legal to economics so here's where I start to have problems they're going to be looking at the legal the economics and what we tell them we think is standard of care but they're going to be looking at cost and this is going to get involved with both government and insurers technology assessment should not be part of the process of determining standard of care in my opinion I like all of you if we're doing questions later to tell me why if I'm wrong on this but standard of care should be part of the process of technology assessment we tell them what we think standard of care is the criteria for standard versus experimental therapy was summarized by Reiser and this will tie back now this will tie back to this argument about where standard of care intersects with technology assessment what Reiser said is not all new ideas come necessarily out of something that's completely new you could have used a drug that was used somewhere before so how a therapy defined as standard becomes experimental when it was applied to a new area of care so you use something that was already known well if you think about hand transplant that's exactly what happened there's nothing new about hand transplant we put hands on all the time what we did is we took drugs that were already a standard care in transplant and used them now that changes the dynamics of the ethics and also the technologic assessment and failure to see that has prolonged the process towards standard of care in my opinion so what makes something experimental is the fact that it's normally protocol and the outcome is uncertain and yet the outcome of the drugs we're using on hand transplant were already known in terms of kidney transplant heart transplant and everything else so let's look at the total number of hand transplants and I'll try to bring you home on this and let me see there have been 66 hands and 45 patients now the trouble is that some of those were done there's two hands that were done on a patient where they did two legs, he's dead there's been a face done on a patient with two hands he's dead there have been a face and two hands done in Boston two hands are no longer on that patient and the patient almost died, I think you get the picture if you look at just hands, two hands or one hand, all the patients are alive and have done well okay so the first thing to take home is that when I'm talking about standard of care I'm only talking about hands I think people are swinging for the fences your arms and your legs and you realize 40-50% of your total body blood volume and surface area putting them on is no small feet so we now know the complication rates in these patients and we know that these complications are lower than in kidney and heart except for acute rejection and I won't go into all this we can talk about it if you have any for some reason our acute rejection rates are very high it doesn't have any effect it has no major effect avascinocrosis, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia chronic rejection still up for debate now, my point is that our outcomes in terms of complications is less but because of the confusion about transfer, crossover transfer, people are still looking at the complication rates in heart and kidneys which are higher and I think those are ours it's really that simple the question is with these levels is it worth doing a hand and should that be considered standard of care with the numbers that we have so my position is I change from I to we maybe to be safer but we do not advocate that insurance, government and private coverage should be considered part of the criteria standard of care now I have a contract right now with one of the major insurance companies but my position was I'll bring you the data and then you decide the reason being and I think we all understand this is that insurance companies have problems, this is an interesting article that came out in 94 about bone marrow transplant for women with breast cancer in the conclusion the pre-termination process as applied to patients receiving care in clinical research trials of cancer therapy was arbitrary although most of the patients eventually received financial coverage for entry in the clinical trials the process of pre-determination by insurers did not correlate with the protocol based medical decision making and it was a barrier to a training treatment now who was wrong here I think when you mix research into an insurance company there's an issue now I know what happens all the time we live in a pluralistic society and some but I think it's a danger I think we should define it maybe we'll be flawed but we define it as standard of care and then we hand it off to the technology assessment group and then they make the decisions as to whether it goes forward as a covered transplant both government and private insurers have a conflict of interest we all understand that and believe me I'm a capitalist I mean I'm a card carrying Kato Institute you know kind of civil libertarian I'm not against insurance companies actually I've had nothing really but good relationships when I went to do the first hand transplant I can't tell you how helpful the insurance companies were all the hand transplants done in Louisville including the first when it was totally unknown and everyone said it shouldn't be done was basically 80% covered by insurance they were not boogeymen but they got a job to do they're going to take care of the profit motive they're going to die if they don't make a profit and they've got to have shareholders government they have their own issues now they've got to pursue votes I mean you can't govern if you don't get elected and if you're going to be elected you have to offer people things promise what I cannot deliver we're doing that very well and with medicine right now then you catch up by constraining or limiting access those are the two games these doctors don't want to be in those games I don't think as a physician you should have one job you're a patient advocate you are not a cost control advocate allowing insurance or government to participate in the decision of standard of care is to dilute the physician's role as a patient advocate allowing insurance or government actually participate in the decision of standard of care is to open the doors to the rationing of standard of care with the doctors involved so I think I'll leave it there I've kind of run over my time I will tell you that I've been very disillusioned in medicine with the things people in my field they have complications they don't report them swinging for defenses and killing patients there's all kinds of stuff that goes on that's very disconcerting I'll leave it at that and I hope I'll get some interaction because I don't know where I've gone off the reservation or on the reservation I'm not an ethicist but I do read ethics all the time thank you all very much


going on, everyone. Sam here with late in sports cards, ripping 22 at Panini Obsidian football hobby, six-box, half-case break, number three. Pick your team style and read off a list of our names and our teams really quick. We got Albert A. with the Raiders, Armando B. Chargers, Brian F. Ravens, Christian F. Bills, David F. with the Chiefs, Desiree M. with the Bears, Edward P. Cowboys, Asuki M. Rams, Gary W. Browns, James F. Steelers, James H. with the Giants, the same James F. with the Saints. I don't know why that split up, so James F. with the Steelers and Saints, James H. with the Giants. Jeremy H. Dolphins Viking, Jeremy T. with the Patriots, Josh S. Jags Texans, Keelan S. with the Panthers, Kent I. Seahawks, Kevin S. with the Bucks, Titans, Broncos and Colts, thanks for selling us out there, Kevin. Lenny N. with the Jets, Michael R. Lyons, Ryan M. Bengels, Ryan S. Falcons, Ryan F. with the Cardinals. Stephen H. with the Eagles, Stephen W. with the football team, Thomas I. with the Niners, and Timothy F. with the Packers. So good luck here, guys. Let's do it. I would just try to contact Penini, Dane. That'd be my guess. See if they still have it. If not, maybe they can get a replacement of some sort, or give you points on your account, something like that. Traylon Birx, purple to 100, and oh boy. Chigazim Oquan, Oquan Quo, to 25 for the Titans, nice one there, Titans. We've done that. That's a touch. Try it, dude.  Kevon Tibido Rookie, nice KT. God, 45-50. Zach Wilson, two-color patch for the Jets. Nice one there, Jets. Dolphins gone in 11 and 12. We've got 26 of 75 is Trayvon Walker. We also have points, rins all at the end. That out of the way. Nice one there for the Jags. And nice one here, about two of 25. Brian Robinson Jr., three-colored RPI for the Commanders. Grats on that. Washington, very nice. Washington, that Commanders. Two accidentally copy-pasted sail sheet again into the truck. No. Orange Marquise Brown, 275. Donnie did that. Did he? Not as bad. No offense as you. There's Cortland Sutton, that is 7 out of 100. What did he paste? He pasted it in like the results all copied of something. He just pasted it. It had like three separate windows because it was like it was too far. CMC, nice one here. That sounds a lot worse than mine. Going to Armando B. How about a color blast? Justin Herbert. Boom. Let's go, dude. Congrats Armando. Armando took the Chargers in most breaks and that has paid off, my friend. There we go. Very nice. What are you just looking for? Armando picking up the Herbie. Got 117 out of 125. Christian McCaffery. Nice one there for the Niners. Here we go, 188 out of 199. David Achaubo for the Ravens. See, I got you. I got you, Brian. You know it, buddy. Very nice. Again, guys, we've got just four teams to go in the next break to go. Just the Browns, Broncos, Colts, and Texans. Okay, let's keep it moving. We've got 179 out of 199. Desmond Ritter. Rookie Otto for the Falcons. 22 out of 25. David Bell on the one-color, two-colored RPA for the Browns. Nice one there. Cleveland. There you go, Gary. Congrats, Gary. Picking that one up. Very nice. Low number at RPA. Gold. We got a gold flood. Zeke Elliott. Two. 100. Oh, baby. We got London on the track. That is four of 10. Gold Drake London. Let's go. Congrats, Atlanta. Falcons going to Ryan S. I think Ryan S, back-to-back breaks. 101 hits out of 10. Drake London. Let's go, man. Nice one there. That's disgusting. TJ Swat. Got Clyde Edwards-Hallaire. 9 of 25. Nice little three-color patch there for the Chiefs. 9 of 25, excuse me. We've got 15 of 75. Zeke Elliott. Nice one there for the Cowboys. That is a nice card for sure. Kevin taking the Dolphins and 10. Thank you there, Kevin. Yeah, what's up, Jordan? There's 14 out of 25. James Robinson for the Jets. You're Jordan from, yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, I remember you, Jordan. And 29 of 50. Christian Watson on the green rookie jersey auto for the Packers. Packers. Nice one there. Green. Ty Chandler. Tyson Chandler. 250. Nick's legend, Tyson Chandler. Not playing football. Julius Chestnut. That's a pretty funny name. 51 out of 75. Let me start calling you Jake Chestnut. Please, no. Nice rookie is Chad Mooma for the Jags. Shout out, Lexi. Happy birthday. 42 of 75. That is Javante Williams. Nice one there for the Broncos. Little color match, orange there. Jake Chestnut with me here today. Yeah. Got Jake from State Farm over here. Got DK Metcalf on the Equinox material. That is 45 of 75 for the Seahawks. Followed by 29 of 99 for the Falcons. Tyler Algier. Nice one there on the Orange Auto. Quiet 1,000 yard season. BYU Cougar right there. And then we've got 135 out of 175. Garrett Wilson on the rookie jersey auto. Nice one there. Congrats Jets picking up a rookie of the year. Two to go. Again, guys, just four to go in the next one. It's going to be the Browns, the Texans, the Colts, and the Broncos. So some relatively inexpensive teams for sure. Still with good hit potential. AJ Terrell on the green. 250 for the Falcons. Falcons killer. And Jonathan Taylor. 43 of 75. Romeo Dobbs. Another KP citing. 43 of 75. County Pickett. Three color, one color, three color. Nice one there for the Steelers. That's Pittsburgh. Six to 25 is going to be a Kevin Harris rookie auto for the Patriots. This one there. New England. New England. 105 out of 199. Jahan Dotson on the rookie auto as well for the Commanders. Nice one there. Washington. 116 out of 175. Isaiah Spiller. Rookie jersey auto going to the Chargers. Another team doing very well is the LA Chargers. Rats on that. There you go. Jake Chestnut. Jake Chestnut. Let's go. I was like the Yankees. Give you my useful. There's Jared Goff. That is 200. Hey, what's up, Alvin? Oh, but I gotta catch one of your live streams soon. Sam's fault for shipping me so much. Damn Wahoos. Oh man. Yandre Swift. Supernova. 215. Nice one there for the Lions. Rats on that. AJ Brown. It's Malik Willis for citing a payment as well. That is 14 out of 125 for the Titans. 32 of 199 for the Steelers. The Marvin Leal on the rookie auto. The Marvin Leal. Dean picking up the Jags and Bangles. Thank you, buddy.  Got 75 out of 75. Brian Robinson Jr. on the Orange. Nice one there for the Commanders. Commanders did well in this one as well, I have to say. Drop you guys this link again. There we go. We got Trey McBride, 88 of 99 for the Cardinals on the rookie jersey auto. I think he could be very solid, Trey McBride. He's going to be their starter this year with potentially with Erts. Let's do a points random really quick, everybody. Again, 400, this set up. All right, there we go. All right, guys. Just going to roll the dice, whatever team's on top. After 10 times, we'll get the points. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and 10. Going to the Browns. Brown's getting the points. Very nice. I'm a Ravens fan, Jordan. Let's do a quick recap, everybody. Jake putting as far away as possible. No. What are you doing? We're down. Oh, got him. There's Malik Willis, Christian McCaffrey, Traybon Walker, County Pickett, Zeke Elliott, Adiz Javante Willis, D.K. Mecca, Zach Wilson, and Clyde O'Rourth-Hallaire. I just got Jake. Jake blinged like there was a bullet coming at him over there. It's Marvin Leal, Desmond Ritter, David Ajabo, Jahan Dobson, Isaiah Spiller, Garrett Wilson, Tyler Algier, a Trey McBride, Brian Robinson, Christian Watson, Brian Robinson, David Bell, James Robinson, and Kevin Harris. Magged cards. We had a gold Drake London. That is four of 10. Very true. Very true. And a Justin Herbert Colorblast. Nice one there. That will do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the fill. Next up, number four. Let's get it sold on.


A housing solutions provider and real estate developer, God Made Homes Limited, has unveiled Nollywood star Bola Leninulowo as their brand ambassador. Plus TV Africa's correspondent Destiny Momo reports that the brand specializes in creating world-class environments which transcend regional boundaries. This event is in fulfilment of God Made Homes to be one of the foremost players in the housing and real estate sector. The brand is committed to providing class, style, distinctive and high-quality living environment which is tailored to ensure luxury and elegance. So it is not surprising that they are ending the year 2021 by unveiling their brand ambassador. The Executive Managing Director of God Made Homes, Kuyibiya Yolanruwaju expressed satisfaction in the choice of Bola Leninulowo as their ambassador, explaining that the actor is fully entrusted in the vision and growth of the company. I appreciate my very own brand ambassador. I appreciate him a lot. I have a lot of respect for him before now. But the day he came into our office, my respect for him doubled and I'll tell you why. We've met with a couple of brand ambassadors and I know what they are asking us. I share with him the vision of the company. I share with him my personal vision for the company. The group team, the group vision. And he told me, Larry, let's not talk about money. I would do everything to ensure this brand becomes an household name. And writing right there, it matches all the action. Bola Leninulowo described his endorsement deal as a godly intervention. He spoke of what he intends to bring to the table. I cannot wait for the world to see what I know. Especially my friends and people that I know in the diaspora, people that do not believe. People that feel like, oh, everything Nigeria is of standard. We're not going to get our value of this and that. I'm very thankful to God and, like I said, there's more to come. I will do everything in my power, in what God has given me to do to ensure that my part is done and take this company to his pinnacle. Godmade Group is Nigeria's first construction consortium, creating a world of class, elegance and style. Destiny Momo for Plus TV Africa. Hello. Hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Family Theater presents Dona Michi and Jeanette Nolan. Jeanette Nolan and John McIntyre in Sarah Bernhardt. To introduce the drama, your host and narrator... Thank you, Gene Baker. We all wear many masks in our lives, for one reason or another. So the life of Sarah Bernhardt, one of the greatest actresses of all time, should be very close to our hearts. What is acting but a masquerade? And what is life but a deeper masquerade where the hearts and souls of men are etched on their faces? This is the Paris of 1844. The day, October 22nd, the event, a child is born.  A delicate head, misted with a web of red-gold hair. Skin so white, so transparent. The blue veins looked as though they'd been traced by indelible ink. A pretty baby? No. A plain, everyday type of baby. But many things were in store for this child. Titles, gleaming swords, smiles and prayers. This child was to become the woman whose intelligence, genius and zest for living, not only blinded those about her to her plain face, but of that very plainness made a thing of beauty. Sarah Bernhardt, the divine Sarah, who now speaks for herself. Yes, but I was the ugly little one. And not only was I ugly, but I was lonely. You see, my papa passed away when I was still a baby. My mother, she was a famous beauty, traveled a great deal everywhere. So most of my childhood was spent in a convent at Versailles. And at the great age of 15, it was only natural that I decided to become a nun. That brought my mother home fast enough, together with an old friend of the family, the Duke de Moni. Oh, Sarah conceived this mad idea, becoming a nun is more than I can understand. I was born for a life of prayers and meditation. I would join the Order of the Augustine so that I may teach others at the convent, as I was taught. And besides, there is no happiness for me except the convent. Oh, don't dramatize yourself, Sarah. You will marry as soon as possible and receive the marriage dowry your papa left you. Mary, I will starve first. And starve, you shall. I cannot support you from the proceeds of my annuity. My share, it is not a question of money. We must decide what is best for Sarah's future. Since she does not take kindly to marriage, I suggest a career. Career? Monsieur Le Duc, I insist on deciding my own future. I will become a nun. No, no, no, no, no. You are too young to know what you want to become, Sarah. Why? Leave that decision to your elders. Oh, now you seek to decide my future. And what of my past? Sarah. For 15 years, my mother left me to grow alone while she traveled all over Europe. I did not leave you alone. Your uncle and godfather guarded you well. Oh, Sarah, what have they done to you? Sarah, you're breaking your mother's heart.   But please, on my knees, I implore you. Sarah, get up. Allow me to become a nun. It is so beautiful at the convent. The chanting voices of the bells. The white doves. The sweet, sweet lilacs. And I will bless you all my life, mama. At Vespers I will whisper your name in my prayers. And when the candles shine forth their benediction, I will think of my beautiful mama, gallantly living in the sad, mad world. Oh, my child. She is mad. Nonsense. Send her to the conservatoire. Sarah has a born actress. Actress? An actress trained at the conservatoire like an acrobat or a dancing flea. Oh, no, Demone. No. Sarah is far too thin and frail to ever become an actress. You think so? She may be fragile as a lily, but she has the vitality of a horse. A horse? Tonight we shall visit the theater of Francais, and tomorrow you shall be enrolled at the conservatoire. Sarah Bernhardt, an actress. Sarah went to the theater that night, and from the moment the curtain rose, she knew it was not only rising on the play, but on the whole future of Sarah Bernhardt. Thrilled by the performance, she willingly enrolled at the conservatoire, and in 1862 made her first appearance at the Comédie Francais. In the days that followed, Sarah became the toast of Paris. Then Spain fell before her genius. England. Ah, what golden days. And the nights. What beautiful moon-drenched, perfumed nights. Bernhardt became a legend. A warm, living legend. The ugly duckling had grown into a swan. For the flame of her spirit, the burning genius made Sarah beautiful.  The thing she hated most. Longliness. Then in 1880, Sarah fell deeply in love. And then she hoped to find the answer to her problem. Sublime happiness. Companionship. Edward, listen to that music. Music. I'm looking at the most beautiful music I know, Sarah. The bright, burning stars over here. The lights of Paris set our feet. Edward, is there anything more beautiful than a spring night in Paris? I know of one thing. Oh, and what is that? What could possibly be more lovely than this night on my balcony? The music from the café across the street. And spring. A small sort of girl. Slim, red-headed. With eyes? Well, those eyes tell you what she really is. Do they? Sarah, those eyes of yours. They burn, they promise, they dream. Oh, oh, oh. Edward, you are becoming a poet. You, an American. Just what does that mean? Oh, Americans are always so, so busy. But you... What about me? How can I say it? You are so... No. Well, I know you are successful. That is unimportant. But what is important? Because you are successful. You know where you are going. I like that in a man. Sarah. Sarah, you know, it's... When I was a kid, I... I think I knew about you. A princess I'd rescue someday or the girl I'd want to live with all my life.  The first is a little boy's dream. The last, a man's. I... I know you're a great actress, Sarah. A wonderful success. I love you, Sarah. But if you marry me, well... You would not make me give up my career. Well, no, I suppose not. Then we marry. I go on tour with a play. Then we have a baby. Then I go on tour again. Sarah. Oh, I have shocked you. I have already gone too far along in our plot, my darling. Come here, my dear. Sarah. You see, my love, Sarah Bernhard is an actress. Even in my own love story, I get a little ahead of myself, no? It's all right after you get used to it. But right now, you do leave me a little breathless. Plots always fall into certain patterns, Edward. Good or bad. Now ours is good. We marry. We have the baby. She had found the love. But at the very peak of her romance with Edward, a strange thing happens. Days pass without a word from him. And now after a brilliant performance, Sarah pensively enters a dressing room. Oh, Mimi, I could die. Die? But, madame, you were surprised.  Edward? Oh, my heart bleeds. How can a man, even an American, do this to the woman who loves him so much? But your American did something, madame. What? A note, madame. From Monsieur Edward. A note, Mimi! You were teasing me.  Oh, give it to me. My heart is whole again. Edward, my darling, my darling. Sarah. My sweet Sarah, he says. I love you. Perhaps never more than tonight as I write this. Oh, Edward, my love. It is not my wish, sweetheart. Your father has heard about us. He has summoned me home. He is old and ill. Beloved, I must go. I shall return to your arms quickly as I can. Until then, I leave my heart in your keeping. But he said he would return. Oh, no. They never return, Mimi. I know. We? Sarah, and I have with me someone who wishes to meet our Sarah. I wish to meet no one. My heart is broken. Sarah? Get out. You see, Monsieur Sarah, all my life I have managed actresses, but none can equal this Sarah Bernards. As artist. As artist, as devil, as angel, as ice-fire, thunder, lightning. Call it what you will. One word is enough. Genius. Genius. Is having her photograph taken in a coffin a mark of genius? Yes. It's beautiful. Ah, you will outlive all of us, especially me, Parin. Monsieur Parin. Also, Monsieur Sarah, she went up in a balloon. Bernhardt in a balloon. Oh, you do not like it. No, I do not like it. Go. Go, worm. Sarah, put down that veil.   My darling, why did you go to America? What shall I do? Why don't you go to America? Monsieur Sarah, you're still here. I will give you a guarantee of 5,000 francs for each performance and half the receipts above 15,000 francs. I will also pay all travelling expenses for you and your staff. America. I could see Edward again. I am offering you World Stardom. Sarah Bernhardt. World Stardom. The phrase has a fine, rich flavour. Monsieur Sarah, of course I will go to America. American tour was a succession of ovations for Bernhardt. And in the wealth of public acclaim, Sarah's broken heart and Edward were soon forgotten. She thrilled to the challenge of the new world, laughed at her admirers. Reporters, poets, millionaires were all her slaves, except one. Monsieur Sarah. Yes, Sarah. The man who brought her to America, who tamed her wild, turbulent nature and guided her through a most dangerous period, the height of her fame. Sarah was idolised by millions, but ruled by one. Sarah. Ever at her side, quiet, reassuring faithful friend and adviser. Isn't that life beautiful, Sarah? Was it only this morning you spoke of suicide because a new gown displeased you? This morning, a thousand years ago. But tonight, ah, in this present moment, the night is filled with the music of moonlight and spring blossoms. It reminds me of Paris. I think I shall return to Paris. You will do nothing of the sort. What? I will not allow you to ruin your career, Sarah, simply because a few blossoms are blooming in Paris. Simply because of your ten percent? Yes, you will. Nevertheless, you will continue your American tour. And if I should fall ill... I'd know it was subterfuge and carry you on to the stage. You terrible, Sarah. Have you no heart, no pity for the suffering of others? You gave me your words, Sarah. I... I... Where do I next appear, Sarah? Which American city? Sarah was starving anew the hearts of America with Leglong. And all over the country, young girls were falling in love with a fascinating character she created on the stage as Napoleon's son, the Egret. And then one day the climax came. A mother wrote the actress saying that her daughter was so enchanted with Leglong that she would have nothing to do with any other young men. So Sarah invited the girl and a mother to visit the theatre as her guest and then to come backstage after the performance. And now my oldest dressing gown, Mimi, the green one. That will do terrible things to me. But, madame, to entertain visitors in such a fashion, you have removed all makeup, put on all the harshest lights and now the green dressing gown. I look old, Mimi. Calm, girl, the truth. We have little time. Madame, for the first time, since all the years I've been with you, you appear old. Good. What? The green dressing gown, Mimi. Very well, madame. Now, let me examine myself in the mirror. Our visitors, Mimi, right on cue. Won't you please to come in? Madame is expecting you. Thank you. Welcome. Welcome, Madame Austin. It was so nice of you to write me. Tell me of your enjoyment of my play. You are... You are Sarah Bernhardt. But, yes, and this lovely child must be your daughter Anne, is it? Yes. How beautiful she is and so young. How many hearts have you already broken, Sherry? Well, Anne, Madame Bernhardt is speaking to you. I'm sorry, but you said... I mean, I thought we were going to meet Leglong. Leglong? But you have met him. What? I am Leglong. You? Or rather, I was Leglong out there on the stage.  Look at me well. This is what I am really like. There is no such person as Leglong except on this stage where I create him with makeup, footlights, and words put in my mouth by the author. No. No. Oh, but I have disillusioned you. Take heart, Sherry. You will find a far better young man than ever was Leglong. Go home now and be a sensible girl. Golden years for a great woman. And then the black tragic hours. In 1915 and all leg injury grows worse and Sarah finds herself an audience to her doctor. As usual, she arrives with her. I'm afraid that I have bad news for you, Madame Bernhardt. My leg? Is it that bad? Yes. But you have imprisoners in a cast for weeks. I have not been able to walk to work. Why is it not completely healed? Genovitis is more stubborn than a cast, than sacrifice, even more than patience. Doctor, you said this was bad news. Madame Bernhardt, I have studied your history most carefully. Oh, that should have made good reading. This melody of yours may have come from one of several things, but I am most concerned with the month-wearing you played Joan of Arc. A role that one must pray to play.  Oh, but yes. In full armour. The maid of Orléans war armour. She would pray in it, of course. That is so, Monsieur le docteur. I remember now the pain in my legs had its beginnings then. I gave it no attention. It would go and come until... Until? Until now, Madame. What are you trying to tell me? There is no cure for synovitis at such an advanced stage. What does that mean? Amputation. Mutation. She will take my leg. Sarah. It's all right, Sarah. I will have to accept this mutilation. You are very brave, Madame Bernhardt. It means the end of your career. Oh, no. But, Sarah. No.   Nothing will keep me from working. I will go on. I will act again if I have to crawl on the stage. Joan plays tricks on even the most gallant of hearts. And after the operation and convalescence, Sarah, the golden Sarah, found herself chained to a wheelchair. The crushing weight of reality smothered her bright spirit. She was brave, she was gay, but... Jara always at her side. He was the one who knew the truth. Knew it so well that he made his greatest effort for his beloved client. Sarah. Sarah? Yes, Jara. Are you not tired of sitting here day after day, staring out of that window? Yes. I am very tired. You were going on with your career. Enough time has passed. You're quite recovered from the operation. It's time to speak of business. I am 70. Crippled, bound to this hideous chair, that window day and night, day and night. And self-pity. What did you say? I say that you are indulging in rather large amounts of self-pity. Does that become you, Sarah? I want to go home, Jara. Home to Paris. You're giving up, in spite of those brave words in the doctor's office. What were they? I will act again if I... Yes, if I have to crawl on the stage. Jara. I want to go home. Sarah, there's a world war. What does that to do with an old woman? Very well. I will take you back to Paris. Jara, my friend. But on one condition. And what is that? That you give one performance. No. One last performance to a certain audience I have in mind.  For years I have suspected you had no heart. But I loved you in spite of it. Now I know. And I despise you. But I will do whatever you ask. To return to Paris. Kill you for this. But why? You have humiliated me. What? Those brave ones out there, those soldiers. Most of them have seen the actress that was Bernhardt. And now, in perhaps the hour of their greatest need, you show them an old crippled woman. What shall I give them, Camille? Give them your understanding, Sarah. Give them your heart. Look them. Look well. What? Crutches. Stretches. But these are the wounds. Yes. These are the disabled with the heart, the blind. Now you know how your performance depends on your heart, Sarah. And the sound of your voice. Oh, Jara. My dear. Wheel me on to the stage. Friends. I feel very humble before you tonight. It is a rare privilege. And I cannot tell you how much it means to me. Because, you see, I do am in a wheelchair. But I have a knowledge of you in my heart. And a love. You are my greatest audience. You gallant, wounded. You enduring heroes for such an audience. I am young again. I am whole again. I pray again. You have inspired me. You have given me life. I shall never be old again. And more important, I shall never be lonely again. This presentation of the life of a great actress. Sarah Bernhardt's talent swayed audiences. It was a powerful force. Seldom equaled on the stage. I would like to speak of another powerful force. The most powerful force in the world. Prayer. Prayer is the reason this program is broadcast throughout the world. For the purpose of family theater is to help restore to homes everywhere the joy, the peace and strength that come from daily family prayer. It is yours for the taking. So make it a part of your life.  Whatever be your creed, use prayer to strengthen your family's circle. Talk to the God who made us all and loves us all. Experience what we mean when we say the family that prays together stays together.  From Hollywood Family Theater has brought you Jeanette Nolan and John McIntyre in Sarah Bernhardt with Don Amici as host and narrator. Others in our cast are Virginia Gregg, Edgar Berrier, Lareen Tuttle, Elliott Reed and Jane Webb. This adaptation from The Life of the Great Bernhardt was written by Virginia Cook with music composed and conducted by Harry Zimmerman, was directed for Family Theater by Jaime Del Valle. This is Jean Baker expressing the wish of Family Theater that the blessing of God may be upon you and your home. And inviting you to be with us next week at this time when Family Theater will present McDonald's Carry in the Bed by Anton Chekov. Join us, won't you? Family Theater is heard throughout the world and originates in the Hollywood studios of the world's largest network, the Mutual Broadcasting System.


All right, Bola Buddies, this is another vintage clothing haul. Wait until you see these incredible clothing items and let's get started. All right, Bola Buddies, here's what I'm thinking for tonight's show. Hey, Bola Buddies, thanks for watching. Amazing, right? All right, let's get started. Okay, before I finish showing you all these beautiful items, make sure that you go down and you follow me on what not. There's a link in the description. If you are new to what not and you are just joining, you're gonna get $15 free to shop, which is incredible. That is my referral link. So that $15 will be yours if you use that link to join. Let me know if you have any questions. This is just a preview, but I felt like my regular viewers, even if they don't come to the what not show, would enjoy seeing these vintage clothing because they are absolutely incredible. The show will be tonight, looking at nine at 15 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. So make sure that you go down below and you bookmark that. So I hope to see you all there. Again, feel free to put any questions down in the chat. The next show after this will be Vintage Clothing. I'm gonna work on a preview video for that. And I'm gonna try to have that video scheduled for probably Tuesday night. And then you guys can go ahead and bookmark that show as well if you're interested in vintage clothing. So that's kind of what I'm thinking as of now. Thank you so much for being here. Thank you for watching and let's get started. All right, so I was about to put everything away and I found another bag that I remembered that I had in the basement. Jack be quick, look at these owls you guys. It's a size medium. It doesn't fit me. I am gonna sell it. It is just embellished. Look how cute that is. These are not vintage, but I am gonna bring these. These are leather, genuine leather pants, size two. Okay, so bring in the leather pants even though they're not vintage. I mean, they might be older, but they are made in China. So I don't think they're like current style, but cause they've got the pleats in them. I also found these that I had picked up. Don't remember where I picked these up. Design options by Philip and Jane Gordon and they are just embellished like crazy. They may need a little bit of like TLC, but dragonflies here and butterflies on this one. They are absolutely incredible. And I've had these for a while. I can't remember where I picked them up. I was going to list them, but I just don't wanna do clothing. And I'm like, these will go perfectly in my vintage show. They are made in China, but I do still believe they are vintage. So those are coming as well. I also found this bag of I think scarves and stuff like that. So let's check out what's in those other bags. All right, so we got two bags here. This bag here, should we start with it? A pair of Pendleton right off the bat. It is a skirt. That's this. This one is, oh, here it is. Country Harvest Cloth by Corbin.  Looks like men's pants. We have a, the village, or a villager. Is that a skirt? Oh, we got a strawberry shirt. Ah! Strawberry shirt. That's another, the Eagles Eye. Seems like the Eagles Eye has some really cool vintage sweaters. We have a Kenloch Anderson. Never heard of most of these brands. I've heard of Pendleton, of course, who hasn't, right? This looks like a vintage L.L. Bean shirt dress, corduroy shirt dress. That is adorable. So we got that come in. We got Asher. Asher, those look men's, quite possibly. Wool pants. We've got another Pendleton. That looks like a pair of pants. And I know one bag over here had some summer stuff. Look, summer looking stuff in it. Ooh, look at this, this looks handmade. This is a quilted, is that quilted? Right, they quilted this. Oh, look how pretty it is, it's a vest. Wow. Man, that is made really well. Oh wow, let's look at the back. I know these things are trending right now. Like the sweaters, and I don't know if they'd call them a sweater, but tops. But this one's a vest. Look how beautifully made it is. Wow, that's incredible. Okay, I think it's reversible too, probably. Let's see, yeah, definitely could be worn either way. We have another incredible something. This is so exciting. This one is made by, maybe I'll get you guys the tag. Oh, Tony, I can't read it. Tony Lynn, and it is Union made right there. So, if you guys are wondering, this means that the item is Union made and it is vintage. If you ever have one of these tags, make sure to include it in your listing and your title. Oh wow, what is this? Oh wow, it's a dress. And it's got this cute little button. Oh, it's got two buttons. Look how cute that is, and this ruffle on the top. That's cute. All right, let's see. We have a belt. Solid brass made in the USA, just a vintage belt. We have a baby blanket. Handmade, I'm assuming. All right, this feels like some sort of pajamas. Pajama, pajama. This one is Vanity Fair, size medium. It's red. I think it's one of those house coat type deals. Yes it is. And, oh, there's still stuff in here. There's still stuff in here. Oh, what's this? This is a lucky winner, made in the USA shirt. And then we have a Orvis made in the USA. That's a fishing company, right? Let's see, this one does have some yellowing and stuff on the arms, but it's another shirt dress. All right, let's grab another bag. All right, I did find some vintage fabric. I may bring that tonight, I might not. It just looks like, I think this is a handmade dress, so I threw that in with the fabric and then these are just two pieces of fabric. I found some vintage pantyhose. So I'll bring those. Let's look through this bag here. This is a Schrader Sport New York Talbots. It looks like some sort of long dress. We have strawberry shortcake, life is delicious. It does have some staining on it. I'm guessing that's probably forever and not coming out. So FYI, but still too cute not to sell. Somebody could even make something with this or I don't know if you can like, can you like touch stuff with bleach and just do certain areas with that work? Cause it is white. We have this beauty, another dress. This one is by Sea Waves. Look at those colors, it's beautiful. This one here is a Lans Originals dress. So these are more summary items. This one right here is really cool. I think it has some yellowing. It's the Lily by Lily Pulsar. But somebody may be interested in this as a pattern because it is so cool. I feel like I remember there was something wrong with it but maybe not. I think I washed this bag. Oh yeah. Yeah, I think I ran it through the wash. I didn't do any stain treatments on it but you can see right here. But I am gonna still bring it and see if anybody is interested but it does have issues.  It's got some yellowing up here but still a really interesting piece for sure. This is another Polkadot in green dress. And this one is by, I have no idea, Jenny. And this is some sort of, it's like a Hawaiian dress. Royal Hawaiian, made and styled in Hawaii. If I remember correctly, there is something on the front of this one as well. It was hard right here. It's hard to see because it kind of blends in with the coloring but I did try to wash that one. This is back before I was like, I'm like, I'm gonna list some of this stuff and then I decided I don't wanna list any of this. Here is a Princeton ringer. Huh, look how cool that is. It's champion size 1012. So it is a kid's vintage tee. I don't know if kids vintage tees have a market but Princeton, isn't that a pretty fancy college? That's fun, right? Looks like it's got a little stain right there. And I'll look through this stuff as we go. We got a little, oh wow, a Swiss dot, I think is what they call it, or dotted Swiss dress, baby dress. That should really go into my, I think I'm gonna put that one in my kids show. So I'm gonna put that one to the side because I'm gonna be having a kids show soon. So we'll pull that over to the side. This is a vintage YMCA. Oh my goodness, single stitch YMCA T-shirt. It is screen shares or screen something. I can't remember, screen stars maybe. Look at it. You guys, I went to the YMCA when I was a kid. Holy cow, that's so cool. This looks like another kid's item that will be in the kids show. I will do a, I'm gonna do a video on the kid's clothing also, because I think that also helps you guys learn about vintage clothing. I'm not an expert, but people can leave comments and that's gonna help everybody learn. So again, all the adult clothing is coming to what not tonight. I should have enough for another long show tonight. I have a hard time getting off there once I get started. I don't see a tag on this one. This is some sort of black polka dot. I don't know if it's polyester or what, but it's really, really snazzy. Don't see a tag. Here's another one that's kind of that same material. It's really cool. Let me see here. I know you guys like tags. Miss Klaus. So that's really cool. And that's it in the bag. So let's grab another bag. All right, so this right here, I'm not sure if these are vintage or not. They say Ralph Lauren made in Indonesia.  This polo jeans company, a little high waist button, button fly, Ralph Lauren jeans, yellow shorts. Those are cool, right? I did find this pattern. So I'm gonna bring it. Why not, right? Simplicity VIP. So we got that. I did show this the other night. There were no takers on it, but it is incredible. It's like a little, this was my first show and I didn't have a huge turnout. So I think some of you that came to my second show may be interested in some of these items. English village. All right, the kids stuff, I am gonna pull out here real quick and put them to the side. So I am gonna be having a kids show and these are some of the items I showed the other night, but I really had more of a adult audience. So those are coming back. This over here is all kids stuff. I'm gonna do another preview video, but back to the adult stuff. We have this shirt that says Ryder. It is a Artex. This is a single stitch, but it's a very small size. That's a kid's dress. We have this beauty, which is by Maddie and Lynn. Penivore or something? I don't know what's that say? Penelovoy. Penelovoy. Dress. It's a longer dress. We have this right here, which is a single stitch t-shirt. That's gonna go with baby stuff. We have this really cool, I think it's handmade, some sort of like dress. Here is another dress. This one is made by the American shirt dress, made in the USA. This is Anthony Richards. Looks like another type of red dress. We have this vintage cats Broadway musical fruit of the loom made in the USA sweatshirt. I have this hard rock cafe sweatshirt. This is definitely for a crafter. It's got stains on it, but the actual patch looks really good and the colors are great. So I am gonna bring that, see if anyone's interested. Here is a Clemson vintage t-shirt. I think maybe it's a college single stitch. It does have some fading on it, which is pretty typical of vintage stuff. We have this Alaska sweatshirt, Hanes vintage. This is kids. We're gonna put that to the side. We have this incredible sledding, wool rich shirt. I think it had a defect right here. It would need stitched up. It's got a hole, but that is an easy fix for somebody who does stuff like that. So that is amazing. I have these owl shirts that nobody was interested in the other night. So I'll bring them just in case. They'd be a nice like sleep shirt. They are single stitch. But they do have different tags. Another red polka dot dress. And I'll show you guys these way better during the show. I'm just doing a quick preview. This one is by Bug Off. It's a little cute skirt. Look at this. That is going into the kids show. Here is a blouse. And here is another shirt dress, I think. This one is by something sports. That's another shrouder or something sports. We have just amazingness right here. Nan Tuckett, two piece outfit. Looks like a skirt and a shirt. We have another, oh, this is a Houston three skirt. That is a kids item. A clout, chowse, blouse, chowse, blouse. That is kids. This is kids. Those will be going to the kids show. You guys, the kids show is gonna be incredible. I just gotta tell ya. That's going to the kids show. This is Sears Bazaar. And it is a long flannel or what do you call that? Wool skirt. It's incredible. We have this Pendleton right here. There is a little clip in the tag horse shirt. As I had a horse, I think it's a horse. I'm gonna call it a horse. Another plaid kilted skirt right there. We got some vintage lingerie. We have a jerseys made in the USA. Oh, well. Single stitch. Evan Piccone skirt. This is another just blouse. Ooh, look at the neckline. Phase closet, it goes up the side of the shoulder. Here's another blouse, Laura and Jane. Here is a vintage Woolrich men's or men's maybe? Maybe it's women's polo. I'm gonna bring this. This also has issues, but I just think it's really cool. The graphic, it says Nova Scotia. And it does have staining on it, but it's something freestyle sportswear, I think. But it's got some staining and stuff. So we'll talk about that more later. And that's, let's see. Bonjour, I think this says. This was at my first show and it is a crop top. Do we wanna get into this bag? That is not vintage. That's something I threw on the top. Okay, so this is a bag of scarves. This is that cashmere top. I was getting ready to ship it and I found some holes in it. So I've been trying to reach out to the person that bought it. So check your messages if you bought this. I found some little holes in it right here on the side that I did not see when I was showing it. So I am gonna put this to the side in case you still want it. And hopefully you get my message on whatnot. These are those scarves that we never had a chance to go through. This pink, this was that single tee that somebody bought. The payment never went through. So I'm bringing that back. We have a Evan Pocone Union made skirt. This is kids. Some of these things are repeat but I think there was some other stuff down in the bottom here that was not. Cheekaberry dress, another black skirt. Let's see, a Talbot's vintage skirt. This was kids. I'm gonna put that to the side. So I think there was some, most of these are repeats. The baby stuff is gonna go with the baby show. I feel like there was some stuff down here I didn't get to. Did I get to this dress or did we stop? We'll just show it to you guys. It is a Kono size 12 plaid dress. Another scarf. This is a kids. Yeah, there were more scarves in here that we never got to. So I will be bringing those tonight as well. So I will see you guys at the show, make sure you bookmark it and there is a coupon code down in the description. I'm sorry, it's a link. Thanks so much for hanging out with me. Let me know what you think about the items that you saw in this video. Pretty cool stuff, right? Again, there's that link down below that is gonna take you to my show. It's also a referral link. So if you join with it, you're gonna get $15 to shop. And I'm gonna go work on the children's clothing video and hope to do that show Tuesday night. So if it is scheduled, go ahead and bookmark that one as well. Let me know in the comments if you like this type of video. Thanks for watching.


So we said that an input xn is bounded if now I introduce not a notation we will use this notation to write there exists. So there exists an mx which is greater than or equal to 0 such that mod xn is less than or equal to mx for all n for all n integer of course and of course mx is independent of n that is obvious. So it should be noted that we are talking about the boundedness of the samples here we are not asking that the input be absolutely summable to know we are just saying the input needs to be bounded right but what we said is that given that the input is bounded the output is also bounded in that case if mod hn summed over all n summed over all integer n is equal to let us call it mh and of course mh is less than plus infinity of course mh must be non-negative if the summation is mh then the output is bounded not only is the output bounded we know a bound on the output the output is bounded by mx times mh that is very interesting. So we said we have a constructive conclusion here not just an existential conclusion the constructive conclusion is that if I know the bound on the input and I know the absolute sum of the impulse response the bound the bound on the output is equal to the bound on the input multiplied by the absolute sum of the impulse response. What we were asking yesterday is whether this condition is necessary for this to happen and that is what we will now need to answer but with a little bit of hard work before we embark upon that question I would like to allow a couple of questions yes there is a question from here. So the question is why should mx be non-negative but you see mx is a bound on mod xn mod xn can never be negative. So the least value of mod xn is 0 of course mod xn must be non-negative. So we are saying it must be non the catch is not non-negative is trivial the catch is that it is finite is that right. Any other questions before we work towards the necessary part any other questions so far because so far we have drawn some important conclusions none at all none no questions at all. So then we now embark on the very important question of whether this condition is necessary. So let us pose the question first the question is is it necessary for the impulse response to be absolutely sumable if every bounded input if every bounded input produces a bounded output is that right. So you see now we are asking the converse we are saying let the system produce a bounded output for every bounded input. So if every bounded input results in a bounded out in other words the system is what is called bounded input bounded output stable. Now we spend before we start answering this question we would like to understand some of the terms that we are using we call a system bi, bo or bbo stable if every bounded input results in a bounded output. Now remember we are saying every bounded input results in a bounded output in a stable system every bounded input results in a bounded output. So it is not adequate to consider a specific example of a bounded input and look at the output and see that is bounded and conclude the system is stable. Now I always like to explain the idea of stability of systems by drawing a parallel to sanity of human behavior. So you may take a parallel between stable systems and sane humans right when would you say a human behaves sanely when in every instance where he has a sane behavior from another human being he responds sanely right. So you know if you behave sanely if you behave properly with a sane human being he or she responds with sane behavior that is what a stable system does give it a bounded input it responds with a bounded output.  So even if a system is stable and you give it an unbounded input it is not necessary the output needs to be bounded if you give it an unbounded input a stable bi, bo stable system when given an unbounded input could produce either a bounded output or an unbounded output right. So what are sane what are stable systems those that produce bounded outputs when they are given bounded inputs like sane human beings. Now what about unstable systems they are also like insane human beings insane human beings at times can behave very sanely even if you behave insanely with them.  If you have an unstable system give it a bounded input you know nothing it may produce a bounded output it may not produce a bounded output give it an unbounded input it may produce a bounded output it may not produce an unbounded may not produce a bounded output. So it should be clear that one should not conclude that if a system is stable then giving it an unbounded input will necessarily produce an unbounded output or giving it an unbounded input will necessarily produce a bounded output all that we can say is the output is unpredictable that is for stable systems for unstable system nothing can be said at all. All that can be said in fact all that can be said for insane people is that there is at least one instance when somebody behaves sanely with that person and he responded insanely that is why you call him insane if in every instance of behavior a sane response elicited a sane input or sane behavior elicited a sane response you would not call a person insane you call a person insane because sane behavior elicited insane responses and the same is true of unstable systems and specifying this because sometimes these finer if but then are not properly obeyed. Now coming back then to the question of stability and instability we have shown that a stable system you know it is sufficient for the impulse response to be absolute to summable in order that an LSI system be BIBO stable but we have now to ask if a system is BIBO stable can we immediately conclude the impulse response is absolutely summable and again to answer this question we are again going to take the help of a famous story which occurs in many legends in many countries in various forms and the story goes that there was this gentleman who knew many many languages and only one of them of course was his mother tongue. Now you know one the king posed the challenge before a very witty and intelligent minister to find out in fact that man had posed the challenge anybody who can find out my mother tongue will of course have me as his servant for a certain period of time and of course this person was other than a polyglot very knowledgeable in many ways the king did not want to have him in his council of ministers if possible at least for a while but for that of course the condition was his mother tongue needed to be deciphered. So what this other wily minister did was to let that person rest very peacefully on a particular pleasant night right and then in the middle of the night this wily minister sent a couple of soldiers and through absolutely cold and unpleasant water on this gentleman rudely awakening him and of course you can quite guess the language in which he uttered the vindictive you know the vendetta and the unpleasant things that he wanted to do his mother tongue was very quickly known right. This teaches a very interesting lesson if one really wants to drive a system to the brink and a human system is no exception use a situation which is extremely troublesome and we will do the same for a stable system. If we wish to prove the impulse response must be absolutely summable drive that stable you know try and drive that stable system almost to the brink of instability like you drive a sane human being almost to the brink of insanity to reveal or to test the person sanity. Now here you drive the stable system almost the brink of instability by forcing upon it an input which is bounded in principle but which forces these absolute some of the impulse response to emerge that is about the worst that can come out is that right. So let us then see which input to a stable system would force the impulse response to emerge. So the proof of necessity proof that it is hinges on the principle of a troublesome input and the troublesome input is the following you know that for an LSI system with impulse response h n and input x n the output y n is summation over all k h k x n minus k power x k h n minus k as we please and consider in particular n equal to 0. Now we are going to give a particular troublesome input x n and we want the output of course if x n is bounded troublesome but bounded. You see even in that story remember you know I mean if the legend goes that after this gentleman was rudely awakened from his sleep he asked who had thrown the water and of course the minister very politely told him that it was raining and there was a little gap in the roof. Now what I am trying to say is that you know here we are going to drive the system to the brink of instability but we are going to do it with a sane input a stable bounded input. So we will keep to the principles of boundedness but we will still twist and turn our input to bring out the worst and you see if you when you say the if assume that you are able to give this troublesome bounded input to the system. If the system is stable the output needs to be bounded and if the output is bounded every sample is finite in magnitude and therefore in particular when you put n equal to 0 y of 0 must also be finite right. So we shall choose we shall strategically choose a bounded input x n the output must then be bounded if the system is stable and the output is bounded then of course mod y of 0 must be finite in particular and what is mod y of 0 mod y of 0 is summation k going from minus to plus infinity hk x of minus k modulus of this and now let us very wickedly choose x of minus k choose x of minus k in the following way x of minus k is equal to the complex conjugate of hk divided by the modulus of hk if hk is not equal to 0 and it is equal to 0 if hk is equal to 0. So whatever look at so what you are saying is look at the impulse response at every point of the impulse response if the impulse response sample there is non-zero take its complex conjugate now we are allowing for a complex impulse response in general. So take its complex conjugate and divide by its magnitude and put that in the location minus k of the input and if that impulse response sample happens to be 0 then simply put a 0 in the same negative location on the input. Now if you do this how much is the output y 0 clearly y of 0 is obviously summation all k such that hk is not 0 hk now x of minus k is hk bar divided by mod hk and this is simply summation all hk not equal to 0 of mod hk so of course you do not have to worry about its non-negativity and of course it is trivial that this is the same obviously I mean you know this condition that mod hk or hk is not equal to 0 is not serious at all because wherever hk is 0 anyway it contributes nothing to the summation is that right so this is the same thing so it is quite correct to write y of 0 is indeed the absolute sum k over all the integers mod hk because wherever it is not wherever it is equal to 0 of course it contributes nothing to the summation and we want y of 0 to be finite and therefore this absolute sum must be finite there we have the cold water thrown on the system is that right although I certainly recommend such approaches to identifying properties of systems I do not recommend that you take this as a lesson in dealing with people is that right so people need to be dealt with differently from systems one does not always have to drive them to the brink of insanity now coming back then to the question of stability and instability we have seen now that you know it is very clear that the necessary is for theorem let us state the theorem the necessary and sufficient condition for Bebo stability and unless otherwise stated in future we shall use the word stable to denote Bebo stable so for Bebo stability of an LSI system is that it is impulse response be absolutely sum up here again I must bring a word of caution for an LSI system we have drawn this conclusion for a system which is not LSI this conclusion is incorrect anything can happen it is quite possible that the impulse response be absolutely summable but the system be unstable and we do not have to go very far to draw a conclusion that this is not adequate take for example the system counter example take for example the system y of n is n times x of n now I ask all of you is the system be both stable please remember Bebo stability is independent of the other three properties now we brought in a fourth property of systems we had additivity we had homogeneity we had shift invariance and now we have Bebo stability Bebo stability is not dependent on the other three properties it is independent to the fourth independent property in its own right so we can ask for any system whether it is or is not be both stable and we can ask for this system as well is the system be both stable it is very easy to see it is not in fact all that you need to do is to give it an impulse at different places if you give it an impulse which is located a unit impulse sequence located at 0 the output is identically 0 give it and give it a unit impulse located at the location n equal to 10 to the power of 6 and you get 10 to the power of 6 at the point n equal to 10 to the power of 6 and 0 everywhere else and therefore any no bound simple bounded input like the unit impulse does not result in a bounded output in this system is Bebo unstable however it is impulse response however h n is equal to 0 for all n and of course it is absolutely summable if I give it a unit impulse sequence at the location n equal to 0 as the input the output is 0 for all n and that is obviously absolutely summable so absolute summability is not enough when the system is not LSI.


Now, some members of Zebo Quarters in Oredo Leku Government Council at Dulstade are seeking government intervention to end the lingering field among its kinsmen. With two factions laying claims to be the authentic groups, this has since created growing anxiety leading to counterclaims on the part of the two groups. Let the public know that the problem we are facing this coming today is called by one Mr. Shokumai Ruyonogu-Lez and his court, Franco Fundezi. Actually, it was only a problem. It was when he came to our community and turned against us. That's when the problem started. Until now, when two court, I think I was expecting the man of Shokumai Ruyo to go for court judgment. So, everything has been used in different ways to commit this community. The same man that you are talking about is of the street heirs. He doesn't have that legal right, even the traditional right. This is our authentic archival. We are solidly behind him. I'm the PRO of Uzebu Community. But the grace of God, this is not a patrilineal monarchical system of government. It's not from father to son. These people that are accusing him, they have been the old brigades. And we don't need old brigades. Thank you. Rami Babatunde actually is not from this Uzebu. But I know he grew up here. We all know that he's from Edbeta. Your authentic archival is chosen by Sunday, by the man of Maeku, your Matthew Ghee, is the Fidelis Owewe. I am the substantive Owewe of Owewe. Owewe was in Uzebu now. And this Fidelis Owewe has been removed. That's of Uzebu Community. It's no longer the archival.  I was the past chairman of the Uzebu Community. During the era of CDA, during the birth of CDA, I resigned my position as the chairman of the community. Ever since I've been watching my brothers running it as Ocagele and I would not. But recently the headers came up and said the attitude of this young man is totally bad and what is doing that they are saying is bad.