Angel smoking cigarettes on rooftops and fish nets in the morning with the moon still glow And you come cheese is in a nice trove and rolling down the strip again. He stole Good morning vlog. I am just finishing up my makeup for the day This is one of my favorite new products called pink ice by Nude Sticks It has this like highlighter and blush, and it's just like the perfect pink shade Anyways guys welcome back to another home vlog. I'm literally so excited and happy to be home finally. I had a really great Like it was a month. Was it a month? Yeah, I had a really amazing I guess month in Florida I had the Miami open and just so much work this past month and also with Tommy getting injured He normally is not home for that long unless it's the off season He's normally home for like a week max, and then he is on the tennis store obviously a huge bummer that he Got injured first round at the Miami open, but it was sort of nice I think for the both of us to have a little time at home before the spring and the summer because he's basically not going to be Coming home. He has a whole European clay court stretch and then obviously the French open and then I think he stays in Europe to start Grass court season pretty sure So he really did get like a big chunk of training time at home, and I got to spend it there with him So Florida was great, but very Happy to be here when I'm here. It's really a reset. It really feels like my sort of like sanctuary I've been loving this Kylie Cosmetics setting spray Anyways, I think I'm gonna do like a little weekend at home vlog and maybe like a Spring reset vlog. I have a lot of clothes and makeup and products to go through I really want to donate a lot of stuff. Yeah, I need to unpack I just want to do like a big closet Spring clean out now that I have an apartment in LA an entire closet in Florida in this house I'm just feeling like I don't want to say stressed but like icky about how much like stuff I have like it's sort of nauseating That I can fill up entire closets in three different states It's too much. So I'm gonna be donating a ton of stuff. So when I get back to my travels It's usually like I immediately run to the barn because I just want to see the horses I don't like share all the details of my animals because the older I've gotten the more I felt like I know like this is my real life and these are like my hobbies and the things that I'm interested in and I Never want to feel like on social media and I felt like this for a really long time that I like owed people explanations and The older I've gotten I think the more good with myself that I've gotten I've really Learned I feel like how to protect my peace better and my privacy. I feel like people would be surprised Now in my life. I could not say this before but how much privacy I actually do have in my life while blogging every single week and having a tiktok and having Instagram you just have to have some in your life That's just your life my horses are obviously something that are a part of my social media And I absolutely love sharing that content with you again like if the only content I could post would be like me sitting On a horse in a field That would be my ideal scenario eventually later in life That's like all I want to do my goal in a few years is to buy a house with a lot of land with a Pastor in my backyard and keep all my horses at my house But until then I'm just boarding them but anyways I know that a lot of you guys also I feel like develop Relationship with them through my blog so I do want to give you guys like a little bit of a horse update So some of you might know this and some of you might not but I was away a lot this winter between tennis tournaments and being in Florida and my original plan was to actually trail my horses down to Florida for The winter Florida in the winter is literally like the horse capital of the world There are so many amazing barns and trainers and there's just a lot of people that I know Personally that go down there that could have helped me put me up and like facilitated me Moving my horses to Florida this winter But something's happened right before the winter with both of my horses that that led me to make the decision to leave them here So Louie's limonitis got really bad right before the winter limonitis is a horrible Disease it's very painful for the horse and it's just like really really sad and painful So I'm actually friends with this woman who owns a rehabilitation barn in New York And it's not like super far from here maybe like an hour her and her team are literally definitely one of the best Rehabilitation centers like in this area. She works with honestly mainly horses that are actively in competition Anyways, Louie has been there honestly not even being able to be ridden He's I just want to let you guys know that that's the situation with him And when I've been home and I've gone and seen him It's been very hard for me and then also at the same time I was having some steering issues with Navy in the arena in my close friend Lauren Who is also a horse girl who sort of is always around and helping me and loving on my horses Especially while I'm away Connected me with a new trainer that I'm now working with and I think I did say this in the last vlog But the trainer literally was like this horse is way younger than what they said when they sold it to you And she was like this horse is pretty green which basically means it's like not fully Broken meaning it's just young and just needs like a little bit more work So since Louie wasn't coming with me to Florida and because this trainer was super willing to work with Navy Like three times a week. I just wanted to keep them here. So that is a little horse update I'm gonna go see Navy right now. I'm so excited to ride him. I've been riding in Florida Which has been so fun. That's like a whole other thing that I want to tell you guys about I've gotten like really into polo Recently, but that's a story for another day Okay, this is what I'm gonna wear to the barn today just this waffle long sleeve Pretty sure this is from Brandy. The belt is from Carhartt and And I don't remember where these jeans are from, but I will let you guys know look who's here Yay We're back This is what Lauren decided to wear on a rainy day. Mind your business. They're my rubber We are not barn shoes Okay Okay back at my favorite store, I always have to come and see they're like new Seasonal stuff. Oh my god, these are so cute. There's like dried flowers and glass Yeah, hopefully it smells good. I got a Chicken cutlet sandwich and then I put balsamic glaze on it But these really springy blue candlesticks and then I'm gonna make like a table scape with all of these things also got this blue pair that I thought was really cute This is not something I would normally get and then this blue candle holder and then these really pretty detailed floral candlesticks and then Got these other candlesticks and these dish cloths got this Book for bread because I don't make bread and whenever I've tried I've been really bad at it, so Maybe this will be helpful I Also got a sourdough starter for Christmas that I need to figure out how to use got this quilt Probably gonna put it in my bedroom And then I got this candle that has pressed flowers on it And that's all I like them when they're burnt down a lot So I'm gonna let these burn and I'm gonna get some flowers and I will And I'll show you guys what it looks like Adidas sent a lot of really cute shoes really nice of them Okay, you got this suitcase from Bayes. I'm doing a brand deal with them soon So this has like three luggage in it. I love this color The last ad I did was the pink one and I asked them for the screen one. So really excited about that Shop rumored sent some really cute stuff Revlon I don't know what this brand is Definitely Sarah Bay Yep in beauty love their stuff and then some beauty stuff over here I think this is Kylie's new perfume and Estee Lauder sent a bunch of skincare I love Estee Lauder like obsessed with all their stuff YSL sent this cute product I'm actually going to get my hair done on Tuesday. So I'm gonna bring this to my hairdresser because She loves loves these lip glosses and I do get a lot of them got this makeup Travel case from say Beauty and they sent a restock yet. So you still here, which is a really cute Denim brand and what's in here? Some summer Fridays a hair care. There's a lot of stuff in here. Kosa's Moon juice. I need to go through this. I'm probably gonna end up donating a lot of it. Oh cute dibs Beauty So cute house lab. This stuff is so so good. I'm gonna keep a lot of it But I need to definitely go through it waterloo for three seven sent their new active I think I have to do a campaign with them with this stuff. So Dejanero sent this really cute Little summer PR package. Elwood sent their new collection. That's coming out. It's this pink color I'm gonna wear it probably tonight or tomorrow. So I'll show you guys but it's really really cute So I'm really excited about that. Okay.  I don't know where this came from but I'm obsessed. I'm gonna put this in my new Jeep in Florida. That's so cute Okay, this is my outfit. I'm just wearing this Elwood oversized crew-neck really cute These jeans are from girlfriend and then my shoes are from Adidas I'm so excited to eat this hat that I got at Wimbledon. I got it the first day. I was there is definitely one of my favorite hats that I own It's been a very rainy cozy Saturday. Dad is here. I'm just gonna make him some dinner and Amanda's here I'm gonna make some Spicy rigatoni with sausage and peas. I'm also gonna make some fresh Okay, the bread actually turned out it looks good. I need to try it, but my first go. I'm really Happy cheers. Oh, that's really good Amanda, I ate no prawns You still live at my house in the summer. Yeah and COVID we do we would bake pies Oh, we baked apple pies. I do that a lot.  I do my nails done so bad Giving Grow out girls wait actually Drew said to me yesterday. He goes wait. Why do they put your nail? No, this far up No, I was like dude, I just need to teach you something Let's see I kind of miss her Character eating I look like ice princess. Yeah, you do and I decided To do the same thing as Amanda and just all my hair fell out of my head with you the pictures of my buzz cut Guys I was so down bad during COVID I During COVID caught my boyfriend living at my parents house DMing a Girl well started with one and then it Yeah kept going but traffic time tragic times. It was really bad it led to a lot of Hair appointments since I was going through such a hard time during COVID I feel like I wasn't vlogging at all really it wasn't being really real about what was happening in my life because it was so Devastating so anyways, I wasn't really vlogging, but oh, I mean I don't even have But it wasn't like oh my god like my ends are broken guys I since I was doing bleach and tones it was bleached to my scalp and It was left on for too long and it burnt my scalp and it gave me a buzz cut and Yeah, I feel like I'm like obviously my hair is much healthier now. Yeah the spot. Yeah, that's the But but to be honest like my hair is never fully recovered since COVID, but anyways, here's the tea spill Wait, it looks so bad.  No, but I didn't cry about it. I didn't cry about it. Yeah, you did I think you're just in shock.  I already been had a lot of stick You've been knew about I've been the next slide Oh, I feel so sad for you here Not me trying so since all my hair was falling out But not like again not being dramatic like actually buzz cut and like the whole back chunk of my hair Left the chat. I bought I bought a wig and miss Amanda Good guys. I actually like now we're fessing up. I did a whole brand deal in a wig um On my YouTube actually Did you yeah that princess Polly try on hall was all in a wig Good morning vlog. I just got ready for the day Amanda said I look. What did you say that I looked like? um Amanda and I are gonna Run to the farmer's market and then I think we're gonna run to the market and get some stuff for Toppings for our bagels and then we're gonna make the bagels I actually might make the Joe Before we run out and then it can rise while we're gone. I curled my hair, but I actually think I'm gonna wear like a very casual outfit today I have to say guys redoing my bathroom like renovating it was the best thing that I've ever done Investing if you can in your space and in the place that you're spending time just feels so Good, I'm so happy that I did that and go get dressed and then we're gonna head to the market I was gonna wear an outfit and maybe take a photo, but then I Thought about it and and I really just want to wear what I wore yesterday. I got this pink sweat set from Elwood I think it's dropping it is dropping next Friday And it's really really really cute Yep Okay, we are going to make some bagel dough and we're gonna make we're gonna make a lot of different toppings today I want to make cinnamon crunch Okay, okay. I want to do poppy seed sesame seed everything. Whoa cheddar jalapeno Yeah, we should have a bagel Stand outside my house Sell them should a dollar bagel. Okay, so we're gonna we're gonna get into it Very I don't even remember how I made this dough yesterday. So water water used in flour some active yeast I can't believe that's it That's all it took it's all it took. Okay. Let's get into it I am crediting most of how amazing the bread and my bagel tester bagel was to this flour Or I feel like it's just a matter of getting any sort of good bread flour This is a high protein flour Which I think helps with the rising of your dough dough is very Temperamental it is like a science. It's not like cooking. I got this from ballerina farms What my mom got it for me? She got me like four things I'm gonna do four cups of flour So for Christmas my mom also bought me a sourdough starter that I have not started yet But it came with all these tools and these bread baskets So these have been really helpful because I feel like these are just important and helpful when making bread So I'll leave the link for that stuff, but I'm gonna follow exactly the recipe that I followed yesterday Because it worked Really really well the one thing about this recipe that did make me a little bit Nervous was you don't have to allow the yeast to rise first, but it worked out for me yesterday. So And then I'm gonna do a full teaspoon of active yeast and then one and a half teaspoons of salt I just sort of Eyeball that but you can measure it out if you want and then you're just gonna mix All this together two cups of warm Sort of like bath temp water and I'm just gonna sort of stir this together and then I'm gonna go put it on the Kitchen aid with my dough hook and I'm gonna allow this to need for a bit just until it's pretty Smooth looking. Oh wait. I also wanted to add some maple syrup. I'm also gonna add a heavy dash of maple syrup To this so this is a dough hook It came with my kitchen aid. I got this for Christmas You can order a kitchen aid on Amazon or go to any home store I'm just gonna put it on the slowest setting and let it just do its thing. I'll show you guys I looked out my window and below is Eating rocks. Okay, the dough is smooth. I'm just gonna Get it off the hook and your dough should be pretty sticky So make sure to oil the ball that you're gonna transfer it to okay. I'm just taking this wooden bowl.


Hey everyone. Welcome back to another video. This is a special weekend edition. We have some slightly new news for you. It's still kind of based on a rumor, but it has to do with, I don't want to necessarily say Switch Pro, but it's either like for a Pro or for a Next Gen Switch. I'm not really sure which way I'm leaning on this. It could be specifically for Next Gen, but we're going to talk about this because it comes from a person who isn't your everyday, you know, quote unquote, leaker. Isn't somebody who has any sort of agenda or bias or any reason to put information out there other than just having access and wanting to let people know what's upcoming specifically from NVIDIA. So we're going to get into some very technical details here. I'm going to try to, you know, not make this sound super unrealistic or anything like that because it's going to sound unrealistic at first, but we'll explain why it's not as we go here. And I'm actually a neogaph for this one because there was a few posts in response to some of this news that I want to get into. Before we jump into this though, however, I got to remind you we are giving away two copies of Skyward Sword HD. If you would like to enter to win, head down to the description to find out how. All right, so this again comes from Copight7KIMI. He is a, I mean at this point, is close to a verified NVIDIA leaker as there can be. He's leaked so much from NVIDIA over the years from die shots to exact details about the ampere cards and a whole bunch of NVIDIA stuff over the years. He's not someone who has ever participated in any sort of wars between AMD and NVIDIA. He's never participated in any sort of caring what systems are going to be.  He's never really gotten involved in anything that us gamers tend to argue about. He just factually throws out information and just leaves it at that. And back on June 10th, he did put out a tweet saying that this is a preliminary picture of a T234 on Wikipedia. And he said, you know, this is actually very, very clear if you've taken any sort of research into the T234, which is an Oren chip. So why do we always have to guess? And he said that Nintendo is going to use a customized one, which internally is being known as the T239. And this T234 has 2048 CUDA cores with 16 shader blocks with 128 cores per block plus cache and an interconnect. And then obviously the 12 core ARM Cortex A78 AE Hercules chip. So you got information on the GPU and CPU. And those kind of specs are pretty insane for a switch. They're already pretty insane, even just throwing that out there as comparable to like a PlayStation 5 or a Xbox Series X. I mean, these specs are top tier stuff. But got to remember that Nintendo is using a customized one. So it's not going to have 12 cores. It's not going to have, you know, 2000 plus CUDA cores and all that for the GPU. That's unrealistic. Not really affordable. It's going to be a cutback version of this clearly, because if it was this, we're talking about a $600 to $700 switch. And that doesn't make any sense. Now, Popeye recently responded a couple days ago. And he responded with the code name for the switch variant called Black Knight. Now Black Knight actually falls right in line with all of the previous code names for Switch chips because all of them have been based on superheroes and all of that. As the original poster here, NeoGap notes says Black Knight does fit with Nvidia's naming scheme considering the code name for all of the automated SOCs are named after fictional superheroes in the DC Comics, Xavier and Orin. While the code names of all the mobile SOCs after the Tegra 4 are named after superheroes in the Marvel Comics, Logan, Arista, Mariko, Parker and now Black Knight. So yeah, the naming that he put out there obviously fits right in with the traditional naming conventions used for their mobile versions of their chips. So this looks really legit. And again, this isn't some guy who is a rumor monger author. This isn't some guy that cares about wars or our feelings and how upset you want to be. Oh, the Switch Pro isn't real. Oh, Nintendo's not working on next-gen hardware, which is really stupid to even say that because Nintendo has stated from 2019 on forward, their CEO has repeatedly said they're always working on new hardware. So like they're always working on something. And he just said earlier this year that they're still working on something. So like factually, Nintendo's working on new hardware, whether it's the Switch Pro or next-gen. Doesn't matter what, they're working on something. So yeah, let's just give credit where credit's due here. This could be something Nintendo's using or possibly looking into. And again, Copight has been completely correct in the past. He was the one that gave us the Mariko chip before we even knew it was the Mariko chip. He told us all the details about this back in the OG Switch about the cut-down or I should say the slimmed, it's not really cut-down. When they redesigned it again for the light and the version 2 of Switch, he also gave us all the details on that. And he's given us details obviously in the 3000 series graphics cards. And everyone's like, this can't be possible because this chip sounds like a 3050, which yeah, is a really, really powerful car. There's no way in heck the Switch would have that. Well, of course the Switch isn't going to have a damn 3050. Well, let's talk about the legitimacy of this person just to see you understand why we're talking about him. This isn't like your Samus Hunters or some of this guy's been at it for a hell of a long time. And as someone put out here in this thread, you know, a Voltaic Ark angle here put out on the thread, except for anyone doubting Copight 7 Kimmy's creds just don't. He isn't some, you know, chronicle insider who just posts things up as FUD with an agenda against some console manufacturer because his feelings were hurt. And they felt that the internet was one-sided on social media about a game console or some two-bit hack like Moore's Law is dead pretending to be an insider to get those clickbait views for ad revenue by regurgitating Captain Obvious Info, educated guesses that are on the internet, Reddit, YouTube, Twitter, Linus Tech Tip forums, growing bigger to actually have industry people leak info with these kinds of hacks. He's Copight 7 Kimmy along with a few others like Tom underscore Appysack on Twitter are legit as it can get. They only share credible info unlike the fake clickbaiting Muppets above in my post and their Copight 7 Kimmy and Tom underscore Appysack track records are almost 100% correct. Never had a leak wrong. This is the single reason why like literally all tech YouTube channels and websites, including the only PC gamer and all that quote these two Twitter IDs when it comes to rumors. If I can remember correctly, either Appysack or Copight leaked the PlayStation 5 SOC layout but without the die shot codenamed AMD Gonzalo way before Sony's announcement and even the AMD SmartShift implementation that bumps the clocks higher to reach a theoretical peak of 10.3 teraflops. These guys are the real deal when it comes to hardware leaks from the semiconductor industry. Whether this SOC will be straight up loaded onto the Switch Pro or a cut down variant will be used is debatable and that's for us to wait and see. Going with the ladder, going by Nintendo's antics in the industry and the profit margins on hardware using a low BOM for now until it's announced so I don't really get disappointed in expecting more. So what he's saying is obviously it's just an opinion that you should expect Nintendo to use a cut back version which I think is pretty reasonable. Remember Nintendo right now on the current Switch only uses like four CPU cores and like hardly, I mean the CUDA core count on a 2015 chip is not very high. So I think realistic expectations if they're going to use this chip or use the cut back version which means they're not going to be using the full capabilities. They're going to be able to get a lot of the die runoffs that end up not meeting spec. I feel like you know anything between you know I'd say six to eight cores instead of the 12 I think is more realistic here and obviously we're talking about better CPU cores already so even if they just went with four cores these are four better faster more efficient cores already than what's in Switch but I would suspect if you have a 12 core capable chip and you're using a cut back version that maybe you'd cut back to you know six maybe maybe eight you can cut back half the cores or maybe go to eight and then obviously in terms of the the GPU I'm expecting at least a 50 percent cut right you know if it's 2048 you know CUDA cores then I expect 1024 max CUDA cores so I do think there's a very very low chance they're going to use the full capabilities of the T239 or now known as Black Knight chip or at least the original too because like well because no matter what what Colpite said you know if you go back to just his own words forget what other people are saying about it you know his own words are pretty clear and and concise the die shot that's our Wikipedia is over T234 Nvidia is using a customized version of that so like this die shot with the 12 cores and the 2000 plus CUDA cores like yeah that is of a chip that Nintendo is basing or at least Nvidia and Nintendo is basing a mobile version off of but it's not going to be that exact one they're going to use a cut back version or he doesn't use cut back he says customize but that's really what customize means is that they're going to take that chip and they're going to they're going to remove aspects of it to make it cheaper for manufacturing and make it more affordable this obviously by the way if this is going in a switch pro which I mean it's hard for me to fathom that this is anything but next gen we're talking about an orange chip guys we're talking about a top of the line chipset like today's technology I can't imagine that's for anything other than a switch too but if this is somehow what the hell is going into a switch pro means which pros at least 400 right it has to be has to be at least $400 if not more and that to me I'm okay with you know I'm okay with them charging five they give me this they'll be 12 cores and 2000 plus she I'll pay 500 600 700 bucks for a switch pro but I don't know that a lot of other people would so I do think they're going to use the cut back version that ends up making it more affordable I just wonder is it going to end up being for a pro or is it going to be for next gen and if they it's going to be for next gen when is next gen coming because obviously if they're using this is today's technology if they're going to use this but then they're not going to release it for say you know three years let's say in the national 2023 2024 well it's going to be the similar situation to today see when we got this in 2017 it was using a chip that was two to three years old right the tag or x1 was two to three years old and if they're going to use this in a future switch in a next gen switch it's exciting but it's also going to be two to three years old again and find itself in a similar situation to this where while it's a nice bump over this it's still not really where current technology is at that time and that's one reason why I also believe that is is for next gen because it would make more sense to use today's technology in a future next gen switch because that's just nintendo's mo they'll use the latest and greatest day one uh although could this be in a pro we can't dismiss it because kobe isn't telling us what this is going to be um you know he doesn't even say that this is specifically you know he says nintendo will use a customized one he's not specifying a customized one for the pro or a customized one for next gen he's not specified he's just saying this is what I know okay I know nintendo is using this chipset in some form somewhere they're using a cutback version or a customized version of it and they're calling that customized version black knight now we'll have to wait and see what happens we'll have to wait and see if it comes up in the firmware in the future we'll have well we'll just have to wait and see we're in wait and see mode right now again I know some of you guys are very very sick of switch pro this switch pro that next gen switch that we know nintendo's working on new hardware irregardless of our personal opinions on if pro is real if those leakers are are legit doesn't matter nintendo themselves told us they're working on new hardware they've told us multiple times over the last two years they're working on new hardware does it mean it's a pro could just be for next gen nintendo's always working on new hardware by the way from the moment this thing was released they were already working on what was next okay nintendo's always working on hardware so this appears to be a chip they're using in something in some form at some point in the future whether that's the pro or whether that is next gen either way it's exciting for now we'll have to see how exciting it is if it's technically for next gen and we have to wait two to three years maybe it won't be as exciting then i have no idea but for right now it's it's exciting to think of the possibilities of the ship especially if it isn't intended for a pro uh that would be really impressive of nintendo i i honestly would be giving nintendo a standing applause at this point if this was for a pro because that is that's impressive um that that means nintendo's not holding back but i i think nintendo's still gonna hold back for a pricing reason so anyways here's what we know you think about this down in the comments below and i just want to end this by saying how about them bucks maybe uh i don't know you can't tell this is just like a a front of a buck sure but um you gotta see this little 21 there's a drew holiday buck shirt shout out to drew holiday hell of a game put the clamps on trey young and then drop 22 himself barely even playing like 30 minutes because the bucks blew them out it was awesome well the wait and see what happens in atlanta of course because hey atlanta got what they wanted they got one win in walkie now the bucks gotta return and at least get one win back so we'll see what happens but thank you guys so much for tuning in i am the thunder of the jats from nintendo prime hopefully you enjoyed this nice little weekend video uh and it will get too mad at me for like bringing up pro and bringing up next gen like we factually know something's happening and this is apparently appears to be very close to what we're getting in some form in the future so let me know your thoughts link to this thread uh down in the description thank you guys for tuning in and i'll catch you in the next video


we end up having some time to discuss something else. So, there are too many acronyms from the title as you can see. TLP stands for Thread Level Parallelism, something we have not talked about. We have talked about ILP and MLP that is Instruction Level Parallelism and Morial Level Parallelism. So, Thread Level Parallelism essentially talks about extracting threads from a program and running them properly. So, that is Thread Level Parallelism and threads or you can think of it as a bunch of instructions or set up sequential instructions or a portion of a sequential program and of course, a thread gets comes inside another construct when it is stacked. So, we will not talk about how to extract threads from a program or how really a processor accepts threads. So, some mechanism which will generate the threads, always talk about is how a processor can handle the threads initially. No, processor does not extract any threads. Threads come from somewhere like it could be embedded by the programmer and then generated by the compiler. It could be automatically extract by some software. So, we will not talk about any hardware that actually extracts threads. We will start with threads. We will assume that threads are already there and we will only talk about how to manage these threads optimally. HD stands for Hyper Threading. I do not know some of you might have heard about Intel HD processor. It is just a stylized main for simultaneous multithreading. So, this particular term was originally coined by certain researchers in India. Later Intel modified that and named it Hyper Threading. So, we will see the difference between what was actually proposed negatively and what was finally implemented in the processor. CFP stands for Chief Multi-Processor. This is another worry of doing multithreading on chip. So, we will look at all these architectures. So, let us start with SMT which stands for simultaneous multithreading. So, here the basic goal is to run multiple threads at the same time. So, I would like to emphasize on the term same time because whatever we have seen in the operating systems is actually a multiplex. So, you run a thread at a time and multiple threads are usually time multiplexed on the machine. Here we are talking about running multiple threads at the same time. So, it is slightly different. Which of course means that the hardware must have support to be able to do that. Otherwise it is impossible. So, why is it helpful or why should we even discuss these things? Because it helps in hiding large memory latency because even if one thread is blocked due to a cache miss, it is still possible to schedule ready instructions from other threads without taking over of context. So, one fundamental property of these type of multithreading is that there is nothing called a context. All the threads are active all the time. All you have to do is that you have to pick up instructions from ready threads and schedule them to our wake-up logic and they will execute their content. So, it improves ultimately memory level parallel because it essentially allows you to send more memory requests. So, while one thread has sent a request, it will bring in one more thread which will probably run for a while. It will send another memory request. And this is exactly what today's graphics processors actually exploit in a much larger scale. You will find that today's GPUs, when stands for graphics processing units, have if you look at the recent most recent GPUs coming out of the industry, they will have more than 1000 such threads simultaneously. About 1000. So, we will not be really talking about that scale of machine. We will be talking about 4 8 threads because the basic concept is more than the same. Of course, scaling the 1000 threads does require a certain amount of innovation because otherwise you will be having many problems like scaling resources, making the power body. So, we will not get there. We will limit ourselves to small number of threads and see what the basic concepts are. So, overall improves resource utilization enormously as compared to super scalar processor because if you think about a super scalar processor, what it is doing is that it has a single thread running at a time. And whenever the threads takes a cache miss, in the last level of the cache hierarchy, the instruction will eventually come to the top. Block everything, processor will stop for a long time. Resources will be mostly underutilized. That is what is happening today in the super scalar processors. Here, what we are really doing is that we are trying to package many such super scalar processors into a single chain in some way. So, it allows you to switch out one thread which is having a cache miss bringing another thread and let it run while the cache miss gets result for the other thread. So, latency of a particular thread may not include. In fact, it may worsen only. We will discuss that why. But the overall throughput of the system increases because what you are doing is that every unit of time, you will be completing more instructions. That is all you are doing. That is average number of written instructions per cycle increases. So, there are three design choices for a single core hardware multithreading. So, we are talking about just one processor. That is what the single core term stands for. And we want to do hardware multithreading inside. So, that means I want to support multiple threads inside. So, here are the three options. One is core screen multithreading, which means you execute one thread at a time. When the running thread is blocked on a long latency event like cache miss, swap in a new thread. This swap can take place in hardware. So, that means you need extra support and extra cycles for crushing the pipe and saving register values unless renamed registers remain pinned. So, what it means is that if you are running a thread. So, it takes a cache miss. So, currently if you look at the register maps snapshot, it has started registers currently mapped. So, the logical registers currently are having maps for critical access. So, now what do you want to do is that you want to put this thread to see for some time until the cache miss results and bring in a new thread and run it. So, what are the things you need to do? Well of course, you have to change the program counter because that is where the new thread will start running now. The program counter of that thread whichever new thread you want to bring in and you want to make sure that the registers which were used by the old thread are saved properly. So, that when that thread comes back, they can be restored. Now, this can be done in two ways. One is that you can naively just copy the registers into memory and then when you bring in the thread, it will copy the memory content back to the registers. So, that is all operating system does. The other option is that you already have certain registers renamed to the logical register of the thread or renamed to certain physical registers. You say that well these physical registers will remain allocated. They cannot be used by any other thread. So, that is actually obvious on saving mechanism. You do not have to do anything because you know that these register contents will not be touched by anybody, they will remain as they are. And that is again exactly what today's GPU is exploited. They do not save any register on a content search which is why you find that the GPUs have tens of thousands of registers inside and this is the reason. They need it because they want to support thousands of registers. We need to store the logical register. Yes, you have to save the map. Unless we will actually look at that unless we also support multiple map tables. So, we will see actually this kind of processors would actually have multiple map tables. Yeah, but anyway saving a map table is a small thing. There are any way to check pointing of map table. So, here so why is it called course grade multi-threading? Because what we are doing is that we are really not mixing thread instructions very finely. We are letting one thread run at a time. The only thing is that in the operating system we are still doing a thread switch at a much coarser grade. That is we are saying when a system call happens, you would switch a thread. Here we are actually going further and saying that well even on a cache we are still going to switch a thread. So, it is a very fine-grained thread switching, but we are still very close to what the operating system does. We are letting one thread run at a time. The next improvement is fine-grained multi-threading. That is you fetch, decode, rename, issue, execute instructions from threads in a round robin fashion. So, what it means is that this cycle I will fetch, decode, rename, issue, execute instructions from thread one. Next cycle I will fetch, decode, rename, issue, execute instructions from thread two and so on and so forth. And then I will cycle to the right thread. So, notice that here I am not introducing any new resources. I just have a single pipeline here also. I am just allowing, I am just switching the program counters to make sure what instruction gets injected in the pipeline. So, maybe thread one's instruction gets injected this cycle, the next cycle thread two's instruction gets injected. So, every cycle I will be switching the program counter. So, here what is the problem? So, it improves utilization across cycles. No doubt about this. So, compared to this, right? So, here what may happen is that because of certain resource shortage, you may not be able to exploit the entire resources given to you. Okay, here we will solve some of the problems. Because across threads, I am sorry, across cycles, the utilization of resources will improve. But the problem remains within cycle. So, within a single cycle, what may happen is that in a certain cycle, let's say that the current cycle is given to thread one. And you find that in this cycle thread one has only two instructions to issue, that can be issued, the two instructions are ready. But suppose the hardware has provided you with four issue slots. Fifty percent issue slots will actually go waste. Also, if a thread gets blocked in a long latency event, its slots will go wasted for many cycles. Because this is a static schedule you are taking. You are saying that if I have two threads, odd cycles will be given to thread one. Even cycles will be given to thread two. So, if thread one is currently in your cache list, all your odd cycles will go idle. Which is not a good solution. So, the third solution is called simultaneous multi-threading. Here what you do is you mix instructions from all threads every cycle. So, what you do is that you first fetch from thread one. You find that well I can fetch only two instructions this cycle because the third instruction of thread one is a branch instruction. So, I don't know where to go. But suppose I have actually four instructions to fetch. So, I will probably fetch one instruction from thread two is the second one of thread two is a branch. And one more from thread three fill up the fetch, you know, packet. So, every cycle in every stage I will be doing that actually. I will try to fill up my resources as much as possible by mixing instructions from all the threads. So, that gives you maximum resolution of resources. And notice that in all these cases I have no point in fetch. So, what are the problems? So, it offers a processor that can deliver reasonably good multi-threading performance with fine grained last communication through caches. Because now what is happening is that I can run a thread. Subsequently, another thread can share data with this thread through the caches. So, communication becomes extremely fast. Although it is possible to design an SMT processor with small area increase. For example, we talk about Pentium 4 HD which had only 5 percent extra area compared to Pentium 4. For good performance it becomes necessary to rethink about resource allocation policies at various stages of the pipeline. So, we talk about some of the policies. Also verifying an SMT processor is much harder than the basic underlines of what is called a design. Because essentially what we are doing is that as soon as you bring in two threads, you have to look at the prospect of the state space. So, it is an exponential blow-up in the state space of the entire design. And that blows up very fast as we introduce threads. So, you must think about various deadlock, livelock possibilities since the threads interact with each other through shared resources of our cycle basis. For example, you have to think about so these are the problems that the operating system designers actually think about. Now, the hardware designer will have to think about how to do this. Because what may happen is that a thread may hold a resource and some other thread may wait for a resource holding another resource. And then there will be a cycle of resources. You have seen all these things. So, these things now will have to resolve the hardware. So, the other option that people started thinking about in addition to this was that why not explore the transistors available today to just replicate existing superscalar cores and design a single chip multiprocessor. So, why do you want to do all these things and bring headache? You have already designed a nice processor. Just replicate some of these on a single chip and you have a multiprocessor. So, and you have so many transistors. So, that made to the concept of chip multiprocessor and that is what you find in today's all processors. So, it is essentially the name for multiprocessor. That is what they are called actually. So, in mid 90s when the first paper on this thing came out from Stanford, they named it chip multiprocessor. So, that is really the other person. So, here are some here is a list of things that happened in industry. It is no way exhaustive. It is just examples. So, Intel's dual core Pentium 4 where each core was hyper threaded actually. So, you have a multi threaded cores and it uses just the existing cores. Intel's recent Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge they have more cores on chip. For the server market Intel has announced dual core Italianium 2 which was code name Montecito. Again each core is two way threaded. AMD has released dual core updated in 2005. Recent AMD processors have more cores. IBM released their first dual core processors processor power 4 in 2001. We will talk about power 4 in a minute. Next generation power 5 also uses two cores but each core is two way threaded. So, we will also talk about power 5. Sun's ultra spark 4 released in 2004 is a dual core processor, integrates two ultra spark 3 cores. So, pretty much you know you look at any chip manufacturer they have gone this way. So, let's see what are the design problems here. So, first of all why do you need this? So, one thing I have already hinted at that is you have transistors. So, the question was that how do you play this? So, today microprocessor designers can afford to have a lot of transistors on the time. For example, if you look at the recent GQ's they have more than a million transistors. So, there are a lot of transistors to use. And ever shrinking future size or the transistor size is going down leads to a very good strategy. You can actually pack a lot of transistors. So, what do we do with so many transistors? So, one obvious solution that industry used for some time was that they invested a lot of transistors to caches. Which of those transistors? You can increase your cache size on chip. But beyond the point what happens is that you really don't get the return for what you invested. Natural choice was to think about a greater level of implication. Few chip designers decided to bring a memory and coherence controllers along with the router of the time. So, one example was compact for example there are alpha 2 on 3 6 foot processor had everything on a single chip memory controller and the router. So, what do we do is that you could just put the chip and the DRM cards on a motherboard and you are done. You don't need any peripherals. The next obvious choice was to replicate the entire core. It's very simple. What you've been doing is just use the existing cores and connect them through a coherent integrator. So, the cornerstone for all these things was most long. How many of you have heard of this? So, what it says is that the number of transistors on a die doubles every 80 to 24 months. So, that means an exponential growth in available transistor count. If transistor utilization is constant this would lead to exponential performance growth but life is slightly more complicated. So, some of you might have seen this as the Moore's law. Performance doubles every 80 to 84 months. That's not Moore's law. That assumes this thing actually the transistor utilization is constant which is actually not true. The problem is that wires don't scale with transistor technology. So, wire delay becomes a bottleneck. So, wire delay actually remains more or less constant while transistors get faster. So, communication becomes more costly. So, short wires are good which dictates a localized logic design. You don't want long wires with distributed logic and all these things. But, superscalar processors exercise a centralized control requiring long wires because pretty much if you look at the issue queue that controls everything. So, your issue queue is the control with the central part which decides what instruction will issue and what instruction will write to the register file how will update the ROV and everything. So, or in a pipeline you might require long wires because of bypass and all those how ever to utilize a transistor as well we need to overcome a memory wall problem. So, this problem we talked about this essentially talks about the problem that your processors most of the time start waiting for data to talk from memory wall. To hide memory latency we need to extract more independent instructions that is more instruction level parallelism. That is the only way to hide memory latency because we say that what you can do is that if you have a cache we spending for a for the instruction of ROV if you want to hide this entire latency all you have to do is that during this entire time you have to keep facing useful instructions and exactly useful instructions. We essentially boils down to extracting more independent instructions. So, but that requires costly hardware you need more in flight instructions because if you do not have more in flight instructions the probability of getting independent instructions is low. So, but for that we need a ROV which in turn requires a bigger register file also we need to have bigger issue queues to be able to find my parallelism none of these structures scale well and main problem is well so they require all long wires. So, the best solution utilize this transistors effectively with a low cost must not require long wires and must be able to leverage existing technology. So, CMP satisfies these calls exactly which uses existing processors and we best transistors to have more of this on chip instead of trying to scale the existing processor so multi core was actually a natural choice it did not happen by accident it was actually forced to move in this direction because of certain technology constants. So, here is a chart that shows slightly dated actually we are of course, 20 30 today this one only shows up I think you have to these are chart of Intel processors. So, what the point is that the y axis is in log scale x axis in linear scale x axis is linear. So, that actually substantiates most of the it is not totally linear but more or less. So, now assuming that you have done this they put multiple processors on a single chip but then did not I just make my power consumption of the n fold by putting n cores on the line as a case if you do not scale down the voltage of frequency. So, usually chip multi processors are clocked at a lower frequency you must have noticed this that as a number of cores increases normally the processor is clocked at a slower frequency the reason is actually this. Voltage scaling happens due to smaller process technology because physics tells you that if I make a transistor smaller I have to reduce the supply voltage otherwise the transistor may break down the basic physics tells us. So, you have to scale down voltage it cannot help now the physics tells us one more thing that is if you start reducing the voltage of a transistor the electrodes will move at a slower speed the electric field goes up the acceleration will be small. So, which means if you keep on clocking this transistor at a higher speed there will be a fundamental problem what is that? So, I have a pipeline so I have a pipeline these are my pipeline registers and here I have not a logic so this is the input this is the output so what I am doing is that I have scaled down the voltages of these transistors that implement the logic but I continue clocking the transistors at a higher speed which was happening previously is there a problem? So, my clock goes here this is combinational logic there is no clock there this is the clock supply voltage has gone down I have not brought down the clock frequency and I said that if you bring down supply voltage your electric field will go down your transistor will naturally operate at a slower rate so even before this computation completes I will sample this latch and I will get the wrong value from the latch so that is the problem so you have to bring down frequency for other reasons but nonetheless to keep your power consumption ok you also have to know the frequency so what happens is that you know that energy is CV squared from your basic physics and power consumption is energy power anytime so what you do is CV squared F so what you get is so voltage and frequency are more or less linearly related over a certain range of operation so what you get is roughly a cubic dependence of power on voltage or frequency that is what we will have to get so which is good because as your transistor is shrink you bring down the supply voltage automatically you get a cubic saving in power production ok so that actually helps here this means that if you have end cores you don't have to run them at a one length clock because you are gaining something here but still you will not be able to run it actually at the same clock rate that can be proved so anyway so the point here is that when you are designing these multi-code processors you cannot just look at performance you have to look at power also so what you do is that you change your metric you talk about performance per watt that's one thing that often people use which is actually same as reciprocal of energy why because your performance is one over time because we say that if the time goes down performance increases so performance is one over time so this is actually time per watt which is reciprocal of energy so this one actually tells you that if you have less energy it's good so it's somewhat somewhat bad because all you need to do is to optimize energy which probably can be done by sacrificing performance so a more general metric is performance to the power of k plus one over watt or k greater than that so instead of energy you can now talk about energy times time that's often called energy delay product for example if you set k equal to one that's what you say energy multiplied by execution time if you set k equal to two you get energy times execution time squared so that will put different facets of energy and you need smarter techniques to further improve these metrics for example today all processors will dynamically monitor your processors performance and decide whether you need to write a full voltage or I can actually scale it down and still have the same level of performance and when you scale down voltage you scale down frequency as well so we will not really discuss any of the algorithms that are used by dynamic voltage frequency scale if you are interested I can use our references but the rough idea is that you can monitor your processors performance try to establish a correlation between voltage frequency and performance larger group pollution over time and actually apply it and then continue the feedback so in all the processors we will actually discuss one implementation on this but not much of the algorithm okay so some of the basics about chip money processor the fundamental question is where to put the interconnect that connect the processors you have multiple processors some connection between the processors so you do not want to access the interconnect too frequently because these wires are slow that was the fundamental reason why you want a shift from the long wire designs okay so it probably does not make sense to have the L1 cache shared among the cores so what I am saying is that so I have these cores here let's say we have 4 cores and what is the core it contains the pipeline okay so first option talks about putting the interconnect here connect the cores and then put the cache hierarchy we have L1 there may be a 2 there may be a 3 etc etc okay right so essentially what I am saying is that I have a shared L1 because every load store instruction from every core we will have to process it and that clearly defeats this whole purpose we did not want to access the interconnect too often so it requires very high bandwidth and may necessitate de-design of the L1 cache and surrounding load store unit which we do not want to do because what you require is heavier number of cores of L1 cache so that you can grant access to all of them concurrently so what people do is that they settle for private L1 and L2 cache what means is that I need a private hierarchy here that can absorb most of the load store operations so what usually today people do is that they put L1 and L2 here so they distribute this so each core gets private L1 and L2 cache and then you share the L3 cache on the other side of the interconnect and you need a coherence protocol at L3 interface to keep the private L2 caches coherent so what may happen is that there will be a variable x which is residing in all the L2 caches here so if one of the cores right to that value of x you kill the others so that the value has changed so that is called a coherence protocol so one may use high speed custom designed smoothie bus so let me explain this what it means so imagine that you have a variable x in the program which is shared by all the processors so share the so let's suppose currently x is residing here and here and the value is 2 of the variable x so now your program says that c2 wants to write to the variable x so it will access L1 it will miss the cache it will access L2 it will miss the cache it will access L3 so let's assume that x is actually here also so x will be here if you have an inclusive cache hierarchy otherwise x may not be here so c2 gets x and it caches here and here let's assume that it is inclusive hierarchy and generates a new value for x which is 3 so now what may happen is that so this guy may want to write to x so generates a store which misses in L1 hits in L2 copies x here generates a new value which is 5 and I can keep on doing like this eventually I can show you that all processors will have the variable x in different values so now your entire system is out of bounds if you have a variable x everybody sees a new value of x and your program is going to do something very wrong so you need harder support to make sure that when this right happens so forget about this one when this right happens you have to tell these two guys that there is a new value being generated for x you should be aware of it and there are two ways of doing that one is called the Snoopy protocol so what it does is that whenever x tries to access something from the shared L3 cache it will launch the address of the variable on the bus everybody else will snoop the bus pick up the address and make a comparison of the address with all the addresses here so essentially not all the addresses will pick up the address index into the L2 cache and see if that particular cache block is present and if it is present and if the launched command was actually a right command it would invalidate the blocks from here so in this case these two guys will actually match and it invalidates from the cache so that there will be always a unique modified value of x so that guarantees this part and this is now gone but that doesn't really solve the whole problem subsequently c0 may want to access x if it goes and access x from here it is still 2 because we are assuming that it is a right back cache and this value will go to here only when c2 evicts the block from its hierarchy so you also have to make sure that whenever somebody tries to access a variable it gets directed to the current owner of the particular variable so in this case what will happen is that if you access x you will launch the address in the bus everybody snoops this guy will get a match and actually will generate the new value of the bus which will be picked up by so that's what a snooping protocol is make sure that the values are always right now here the problem is that if you have a large number of processors you will have to whenever a right is generated you have to tell everybody that somebody will have a variable so that requires a broadcast that will flood your data it will generate a lot of messages but here what we really want to do is we just want to tell these two guys because others don't care because others don't have this variable in their cache so what you could do is that you could maintain a directory somewhere in the system which this guy will go and look up and figure out that only C0 and C3 are the processors that are currently caching this data and it sends two point to point messages to these two guys saying that evaluate the cache that's called a directory protocol so I am not going to much more detail about these protocols there are many things that you can do to optimize these protocols but this is the basic thing that you require and this is called a coiled protocol and entirely this different design choice is not to share the cache hierarchy at all so what you could do is that you could pull L3 up also here so nothing stops you from designing one such architecture where each processor also has L3 and then the definite is here so there is nothing shared so early dual core AMD and Intel actually did this it reads you of the on chip coiled protocol because you really don't need anything but no gain in the communication previously what you could do is that you could share certain variables through L3 cache very fast C0 could write something and write it back to L3 C3 could consume that through L3 and now you have to go over the interconnect go all the way up to get the back so anyway today you will probably not find any such architecture that has a complete target hierarchy the last level of the cache is always shared yes it is not on chip it is not on chip exactly because normally this particular interconnect will be outside the chip and this protocol will keep the L3 coiled so if you do have a shared last level cache it has to be banned the cache is because otherwise it increases latency so then you have to talk about how many coherence engines per bank because each bank can receive a large number of coherence requests so having more engines may actually speed up your coherence processing now the question is that if you have a banned architecture let me have the L3 shared again let's suppose that this is actually a banned L3 cache so now when you put an address on the bus it may happen that nobody responds because nobody has the cache lock so then maybe one of the L3 banks actually has the cache lock it will have to respond so the particular bank that holds the cache lock is called the home bank of the cache lock and that is normally a static mapping so it's a simple hash function which takes the address and figures out the home bank writing so it's just a partitioning of your addresses across the banks and a miss in the home bank means that the block is not inside the chain you have to go to the memory to build a lock because of inclusion so this one we have talked about so we go directly the trade-offs and odds for the L3 person it's a storage to remember who has the lock now is there any incentive of changing the home bank at long time I just said that it's longer than a static map is there any reason why I might want to change the home bank of the cache lock yes so the hash blocks which are special in that bank we have a user as a processor and the latency of access in that bank for that particular processor is very nice so you can interconnect which is such that so let me show you one example let's suppose that you have a ring and so I'm just showing you know this is a logical diagram of course these drops will be distributed over the ring so on the other side also things will be there so let's assume that each ring stop has a bank of L3 so you have a 4 bank L3 and banks are distributed like this now C0 finds that it needs a particular cache block whose home is here let's suppose that C0 is unable to cache this block very efficiently it misses L1 and L2 very frequently on this particular block so then it makes sense actually to change the home bank from here to here but this can only be done dynamically after monitoring the access diagram so there are proposals which actually does this you can do dynamic migration at the grain of a cache block if you can figure out that a particular page is actually going to the same access pattern which often happens you can move the entire page you can change all the the home of all the cache blocks in that page from here to here so you are not going to be real obvious again now SMT and CMP add couple more levels in hierarchical multiprocessor design so what may happen now is that you can take this particular architecture and say that well each code now has several threads running so I have these are all SMT codes so if you just have an SMT processor that is suppose you have only this much or maybe this, this and this within 1 and 2 among the threads you can do shared memory multiprocessing with possibly the fastest communication why? because this thread writes something to L1 the other thread may consume directly from L1 so it is a very fast communication between threads you can connect the SMT processors to build an SMT over a smoothie bus so like this for example I have connected 4 SMT codes over a smoothie bus here it is a ring it could be a bus also and you can connect these SMT nodes so nothing stops me from taking this whole thing and connecting you know few of these over a day to one so I get a pretty large amount of us for example if I so one single load gives me 16 threads if I connect just 4 of these I get 60 full threads you could do the same thing with CMP only difference is that you need to design the on-chip coherence logic which is not automatically enforced as in SMT so notice that in SMT I don't need any coherence protocol because this level itself is shared the first level itself if you have a CMP with each code being an SMT like this then you really have a tall hierarchy of shared memory the communication becomes costlier as you go up the hierarchy so as you go up it becomes more and more costlier because it takes time also communication becomes very much more more so here your compiler can do a very good job in actually producing good locality so this is where your compiler can play a big role in optimizing the program to figure out in what phases, what you need and so on to actively generate prefaced instructions to premiums so most designs support SMT course on a multi-core diet like that we will talk about these 5 I have listed these 3 also we will talk about 2 SMT shared studies that is Intel 20 and 4 hyper-study and compact V8 so this one is actually 21464 we talked about 21264 this particular processor got cancelled anyway because that's exactly when compact got bought by HP and Intel and we will discuss this 4 I have IAM Power 4 also so I am going to stop here today


Hi everyone and greetings from a very sunny and warm main today. My name is Erica. I am one of the librarians at Janks and I was supposed to visit your class in person, your COM 356 class this past week, but instead we're going to do this online. So I'm actually coming to you from one of my offices right now. Behind me is my extensive DVD collection. So I thought what better room to do this in than in a place that houses one of my favorite medias. And some of you actually might be choosing to focus on films or videos or something like that for your particular project. So today this introduction video is meant to just give you some context about how I'm going to set you up and how I want you to start to think about research for your particular topic. And then you'll primarily use the course guide that I've shared with you all and hopefully your professor has sent you a link to that to connect with some other information. You'll watch a few more videos if they're helpful for you, but really it's kind of a self-paced through this research process. But this introduction is meant to help you think about the ways in which I usually guide students through research for this particular paper that you guys are going to be writing. So one of the things that I want to say right off the bat is that there isn't necessarily one database that fits all for the type of research that you guys are doing. And that's because of the nature of the topics that you're exploring in this particular class and the large questions that you're asking about the artifacts that you're analyzing. Some of you are looking at films, others of you might be studying music, some of you might be looking at historical documents or speeches. These are very different topics and will require a different approach to research. So my hope and my goal through the course guide and through some of these videos is to show you the steps that you can transfer no matter what topic you're looking at and the ways in which I start to try to get students to think a little bit differently about how you might approach research for this particular assignment. So this is exciting because there's a lot of flexibility with the types of information that you could be potentially looking at and hopefully I'll help you narrow it down a little bit. So the first thing I want to say is an introduction for our research approach for this class is there are several different ways in which you'll need to work through and explore resources as you work on analyzing that artifact of yours. And I think of research in this class as really fitting into four main categories. The first category is of course the artifact itself. What are you actually analyzing? What's your media? That's easy and you have probably already done that. But some of you this might look a little bit different. You might have one source for this. Maybe it's one TV show or a couple of episodes of a TV show. Others of you might be looking at an entire newspaper or something like that and looking at multiple runs of that. So artifact is number one. The second category of research is research about your chosen methodology of criticism. So what actual lens, critical lens are you applying to that artifact? Most of the time this comes from the textbooks that you've been assigned for this class. But there are other resources that we might find within the library and you can look at the NOVA catalog tab for that information on your course guide. And then the third category of research is research about the artifact itself and what maybe other scholars have been saying about that artifact. So other media critics potentially have been talking about. And we can turn to our library databases for that. For some of you, this is going to be harder than others depending on the topic that you're looking at. So I'll give you some strategies for thinking about that. And then lastly it is research about your big picture question. And this for me is one of the most important aspects of this research that you're entering into and conducting. And this is what I tell almost every student who comes to me asking for help in this particular class. Never forget the big question that you're asking and what your artifact is helping to answer about that big question. This is going to be your best friend when you turn to the library databases for searching because most of you are probably not gonna be able to plug in the name of your artifact or something like that and find information about it. Some of these are just too specific for searching within our databases. But you will be able to find information about your big question that you're asking and maybe the genre or type of media to which your artifact falls. And we'll see an example of that in just a moment. So that's the directions, the lens that we are going to take as we move through some of our resources. So I've gone back and forth a lot with the best way that I think to help you guys set you up for some of this information. And I decided that the best way is to actually think about some different examples from students who have come to ask me for help in the past and we've been successful in finding research. So think of this as a case study if you will as we explore some of these. And I'm gonna use them as examples in other videos and throughout your course guide. So I wanna set up those case studies that we're gonna be taking a look at. So these are real life examples from this class that I've helped with in the past. So student number one who came to me a few years ago, the artifact that she was exploring was the TV show Shameless. And she was looking at a few different episodes within that TV show. And the big picture question that she ultimately decided on was how does mainstream culture portray sexuality? So it took us a little bit. We could not plug in Shameless into the databases. Instead we needed to go to that big picture question. So what I try to get her to think about is instead of focusing in specifically on the TV show Shameless, instead what kind of a TV show is Shameless? Well, it's obviously TV, it's episodic, and it's a comedy. So instead when we go to our databases to actually find critical research about this, we're actually going to use that bigger genre to which the TV show Shameless falls into, TV comedies and sexuality. Those are the two keywords that we use within our databases to go ahead and search. So that's one example. And we were successful in finding research in that area. Student number two who came to me last year for help, she actually wanted to do a research study about Donald Trump's inauguration address. And so her problem was a little bit different because it was very, very soon after the inauguration address that actually happened, she knew that there wasn't gonna be that much research about Trump's inauguration address specifically. So instead we had to get creative. She ended up asking questions about rhetoric in times of division and how that often comes out in presidential speeches. That was a pretty interesting question. So how I advised her was to think broadly about the rhetorical strategies used in presidential speeches, not just President Trump's speech but presidential speeches in general. And then her job was to apply that back to Trump's speech. So how did this translate for actual database searching? We used keywords such as rhetorical strategy and division and president so that we could actually find some critical analysis of these kinds of things. And it's that student to example that we're actually gonna carry with us throughout a couple of these videos that you guys are gonna be searching. So as a kind of a step one in your research, I would encourage you to actually identify your artifact which you should have already done, identify your big research question, your big topic that you're working with and then start to make a list of yourself about all of the different subgroups or subcategories that your question falls into such as what genre or type of media does my object, my artifact fall into. What other types of scholars or disciplines might be researching my topic? Do I need to look at what historians are saying or do I need to look at what maybe even like psychologists are saying about my topic and start to jot that down? So do you have a better idea of what direction you actually need to take for your research? All right, so with all that kind of preamble in mind about the ways in which we can start to think about our topic, we are going to jump in next to some specific ways of searching our library databases and some best tools, best databases to use for searching for information for this project that you guys are gonna be using. So follow me throughout your course guide and then don't forget, I'm always just an email away erica.street.gordon.edu and I'd be happy to help you out. Thanks everyone.


Want to learn about stocks, cryptocurrencies, NFTs and the metaverse? Join RichTV.io. Hi, how's everybody doing today? I'm your host Rich here on behalf of RichTV Live with our very special guest, Danny He. How are you doing today, Danny? I'm very good. How are you, Richard? I'm doing fantastic. Danny is the Corporate Development Manager of Neo Battery Materials. And my first question for you, Danny, is could you give us a quick introduction to Neo Battery Materials and highlights of your business developments for those new to the company? Yes. So Neo Battery Materials is a low-cost technology developer of Silicon Anomaterials. And what Silicon Anomaterials does in the lithium-ion batteries is that it solves the slow charging problem of electric vehicles today by enabling ultrafast charging. And it can also solve the limited runtime of the battery by extending how long the battery runs. And we can also decrease the cost of EV batteries today. So Neo is sort of the lowest cost developer of Silicon Anomaterials as we utilize the most cost-effective production process as well as the most inexpensive inputs compared to current competitors. So we have over 45 NDAs signed with global battery manufacturers and EV automakers as well. And recently we signed NDAs with North American battery manufacturers as well. So we're ongoing testing, optimization, and due diligence with these parties. Now what we're doing is we're sending optimized samples to them and they are giving us feedback to create this effective feedback loop in which we take those feedback and we optimize them on the spot in real time. So these global players have highly commented on the performance as well as the economics compared to the current Silicon Anomaterials competitors. And we can expect collaboration, joint development, and or off-take agreements once specific requirements and optimization levels are met for these parties. And in terms of commercialization, we can expect to build the commercial plant in South Korea by the first half of 2024. And we're currently in the best position in terms of fundamentals, capabilities, and the expertise to move on to the next stages of progress. That's fantastic. And Danny, earlier this week, Neo signed a collaboration agreement with a high-performance carbon nanotube developer. Could you tell the audience more about this? Yes. So we did indeed sign a collaboration agreement with NanoReel, a high technology company that focuses on developing fully dispersed carbon nanotubes or known as CNT for short. So the purpose of this collaboration is to use NanoReel's CNT as an effective nanocoding material on our Silicon Anodes to improve the stability and performance of our products. So in other words, we're trying to improve the runtime along the battery runs as well as the fast charging characteristics of the battery itself. So NanoReel is also engaged with global multinational firms testing their CNT products to improve battery characteristics. So we will also collaborate to share our network and expand the mutual business opportunities through our working relationship. So once Neo reed domiciles into Ontario after our annual general meeting, we will start to jointly apply to governmental programs for non-dilutive funding. So this includes direct funding from the Ontario Provisional Government, next generation manufacturing through super cluster projects, as well as the larger programs offered at the federal level through the Department of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development. So this is one of the many collaboration agreements that we expect to accomplish, and we're in well position to go underway to become a global tier one supplier of Silicon Anode materials. That is very exciting. And in more exciting news, one of the biggest pieces of the news we've been waiting for for a long time. We've heard that the construction permit has been approved for the South Korean commercial plant. Congratulations. That's huge news. Now, where is the company in terms of construction progress? And what are the next steps? Yes, this indeed is long awaited significant news for us. And the city that in which we're going to construct our commercial plant has given us the commercial construction permit approval for the commercial plant last month in January. So both optimization from the R&D team and the commercialization team are on track and we are well underway to start production after completing the facility in the first half of 2024, as I mentioned. So the initial capacity would be about 240 tons per year that supplies to about 160,000 electric vehicles. And when we scale up this facility, it will be a minimum 2000 to 5000 tons per year. And from a top to bottom of calculation, we're expecting to capture a minimum of 3% of the 2028 market share just through the South Korean facility itself. So the next stages of construction would be basic civil engineering where we get the waterworks and how we're going to get the energy delivered solved as well as the site clearance as this is the Greenfield project. And we're also going to be selecting an ideal contractor through a bid process as well. And many might be wondering about financing and I sort of touched this on the last interview, but just to reiterate, we're actively engaged to secure long term reliable investors that will help NIO with our commercialization efforts. So we're prioritizing institutional investors and corporations in the EV battery or chemical manufacturing supply chain to provide strategic investments for construction and equipment as well. So we deem that progress in terms of business is important, but we also understand minimizing equity dilution and also achieving the optimal capital structure is key for value maximization for our company itself. So additionally, we're also in talks with multiple South Korean financial institutions to lock in strategic debt financing, a low interest rate terms for NBM Korea, which is our South Korean subsidiary. So we're trying to balance this mixed portion of equity and debt to move on to commercialization. And also with this, we're also targeting non-deleted funding through provincial and federal government programs in South Korea. And the foreign complex that we're constructing our bank in is already giving us subsidies provided by the provincial government for equipment purchases, employment as well as training. And on a federal level, the South Korean government is actively trying to channel funds into the EV supply chain players, and we're going to be actively looking to capture one of these funding channels as well in South Korea. That's fantastic. And Danny, with your plans to expand into the USA, NIO Battery Materials has also recently appointed a chief science officer to help with this development. Could you give us a high level overview of the company's expansion strategy? Yes. So you recently appointed Dr. Vasudev Swain as the chief science officer to govern scientific discoveries as well as research efforts. And he's an expert in green materials, sciences, engineering, as well as lithium-ion battery recycling. So this is a significant development for our company because we're trying to fortify our knowledge base and the leadership team to pull commercialization progress to a faster pace. So he has more than 20 years of experience in battery materials, process development, and he has started vital roles in commercialization of mass production systems as well as multimillion-dollar projects related to batteries and recycling as well. So he'll boost our expansion efforts into the US, especially with the new value-added project of silicon waste recycling, which I'll touch upon later. And we're also planning to add a chief technology officer who'll govern commercialization efforts and a PhD senior research engineer. So a bigger talent pool in technological expertise is going to mean swift progress, and we're going to have to prepare more for collaborative opportunities with global energy partners. So this can be sort of viewed at the general expansion strategy to increase our capacity in terms of both capabilities and human capital as well. And just to touch on the expansion into the US, we're under process to establish NBM America in Ohio as our subsidiary. And many might wonder why Ohio, but there are two gigafactories that one is built and one is planned by LG Energy Solutions, which is the second largest battery manufacturer in the world. And currently, Ohio is recognized as the key epicenter for the US battery supply chain moving forward. And to give you a general overview of our expansion plan, the first pillar will be to expanding our core silicon animal business in North America. Because we recognize that North America is an integral growing market in the EV battery supply chain, and especially in the US, there are several gigafactories that are going to be involved. And foreign firms are pouring out their FDIs to build these factories as well. And as the pillar two strategy, we're searching for new value added projects that can add to NEO's business portfolio. And as I've mentioned, we're prioritizing silicon waste recycling because we found a new opportunity to potentially decrease our input costs by an additional 40%. And this silicon waste recycling comes from a semiconductor companies as well as a solar cell companies. And there are numerous US based semiconductor firms that we can be working with, which includes Intel, AMD as well as NVIDIA. So with NBM America, we'll be targeting state and federal level funding, especially with the Inflation Reduction Act. And many venture capitalists that focus on sustainability and clean tech will be able to channel their funds into the private company as well. And we'll provide more business developments through further updates and with interviews with Rich TV Live as well. Super excited. Thank you so much for your time. The Corporate Development Manager, Danny Ha, of NEO Battery Materials. The symbol in Canada is NBM. The symbol in America is NBMFF. Put it on your radar, put it on your watch list. If you're not winning, you're probably not watching. Bring in the winners, bring in the news, see our interviews, chart analysis, and we bring it to you first. I also want to let you know that Rich TV Live is strictly for information and education purposes.  However, we believe that NEO Battery Materials is very undervalued, underappreciated and underexposed. And we believe it's one that everyone should put on their radar and on their watch list because we think the upside is absolutely exponential. Danny, thank you for joining us once again today. Alright, thank you so much for your time. Always a pleasure. Thank you for watching. If you're not winning, you're probably not watching. Thank you for watching everybody. This is Rich from Rich TV Live with Danny Ha from NEO Battery Materials saying have a nice day. We'll see you soon.


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Thanks for checking in. Last week I made a video called When Things Just Don't Go Right. And my original intention was to take out the 80% Arms GST9, put an optic on there, and do a revisit video. And I was looking forward to getting out to the range and shooting this gun because it's been a while. Now when I first got this gun a couple years ago, it performed flawlessly. I loved it. But I figured, hey, I've got this Hullson Fro-7C. Let's put this on there, sight it in, do some good work with it. But the title remained true, When Things Just Don't Go Right. I was experiencing issues with chambering, extraction, and ejection. And they were pretty substantial. I tried two separate types of ammo, each of which never gave me a problem with any other handgun that I used. But for some reason, the GST9 was not working. And the only change I made in the past couple years was mounting and optic. And so I made the video and I wanted to get the feedback as to what the issue could possibly be. Now I've mounted many optics on handguns. Never once had a problem. Didn't think anything of it. But then, but then I made that video and I got a lot of suggestions from people. Some said that I had an extractor issue or an ejector issue. Other things needed to be looked at. The recoil spring needed to be lighter. But there was one comment specifically that was direct on with the issue. And that was from a man, Voyager. He stated, the right side of the optics which is on the same side as the extractor might be too long with the end of the screw entering the extractor, depressor, plunger, EDP channel and pinching the EDP.  If it doesn't, then the screw is too long. You can run the tip of the screw across the file to shorten it until it no longer blocks the EDP from going back into the slide. And I thought to myself, that makes perfect sense because this is a direct optic mount. There are no mounting plates. And when I installed the optic on the handgun, I wrenched in both sides of the optic screws very tightly. And it had a little bit of a wobble to it. And so I took Voyager's advice and with the use of a file and an Allen wrench, I filed those screws down.  And once I did, I took it to the range and I experienced a whole different outcome with the GST9. It was like night and day. And the optic was a little bit off. And to this time, I still have not lock-tighted it because I wanted to make sure that the GST9 fed fire and eject it. And it did. It worked fine. So that was certainly the issue with my experience at the range. And that's why it's all my fault. I had no idea that an optic mount can affect the function of the pistol. And it did and it did in a big way.  You did a great job explaining that as well as many other people. I tell you, I learn more from this channel than I do with any other type of form or anything else. I get the best advice in the world and I learned something. So what is it that I learned? Well, most screws that come in the case with an optic are fairly long. And many of which are longer because there is an optic plate that needs to be attached to the optic, which is attached to the top strap of the slide. And so it allows for that additional space with the length of the screws. However, if it's a direct mount, the way this is where you don't have an optic plate, you may have to file off the bottom of the screws. So you're not wrenching down on that screw onto that EDP and affect the function of the extractor. And that's one thing I'm going to look at in the future. If you find yourself hammering down the screws continually doing that, you may experience the same thing I did. So this is a learning experience for everybody out there. It could happen. It did happen to me. And once I fixed it, which was pretty easy fix, I have to tell you, though, I was sweating a lot. Filing. I really filed down the bottoms of those screws so that I didn't experience the same issue. And I saw a much better functioning pistol with the GST-9 and the hollow sun 407C. Now I need to site this in. Well, I need to lock tight the screws, site it in and come back into another, revisit with the GST-9 because it is fixed. It's all my fault. And now I learned something. And hopefully through this video, you learned something too. If you like videos like this, please subscribe and share. I always appreciate thumbs up button. Thanks for watching and you guys be safe.


So, first up on top secret is, so we got these clear bricks and we put these, you know, they're called wireless LEDs. Wireless LEDs. But this is what it looks like and I got some close-up photos and I want to be super clear. It says nothing to do with Lego and I have a little video, I have a little video and that makes it clear too, but I wanted to show how these work. These are in no way associated with Lego. These are in no way associated with Lego. These are in no way associated with Lego. Super cool. And then you have this. Yeah, I'm getting into designing some hardware. I got a regual, my C-cell stuff in the AT Tiny 807 or 816 or 817 family and so I made a little breakout that actually came in, so I'm going to put it together tonight. Yeah. So that is the top secret for the week.


Work out you and her you must fight Take me to the gym she have forced me to work Work work work work work work work Work on her booty and she work on her leg Work work work till she break my back She a work hard she a work so hard She a work in the gym she don't need a 9 to 5 This girl booty just bigger than her space But she come


From VOA Learning English, this is the Agriculture Report in Special English. Tall or short, fat or thin, natural, plastic or metal, whatever the choice, the National Christmas Tree Association says Americans bought over 40 million Christmas trees last year. Christmas trees are grown and harvested in all 50 states. Christmas time in the city usually means buying trees already cut and waiting to be sold. But some people like to drive to tree farms. Others wait for their tree to come to them or they order one from the pages of a catalog or even on the internet. Some say the easiest thing of all is to buy an artificial tree with Christmas lights already on it. The National Christmas Tree Association represents growers and sellers of most of the farm-raised Christmas trees in the United States. The group estimates that 9.5 million artificial trees were sold in 2011 compared to almost 31 million natural ones. So people still enjoy the appearance and smell of natural trees more. The group says people paid an average of around $35 for a natural Christmas tree and twice as much for an artificial one. But artificial trees, which mostly come from China, can be reused for years. Most natural trees are cut up and recycled, but some people buy trees that can be planted. The Association says 16% of people who bought natural trees last year chose them at a farm and cut the tree themselves. 84% bought them already cut. Most Christmas trees are now grown on farms instead of in forests. The trees take 6 to 10 years to grow. In some states, less than half the planted trees survive the weather conditions to become someone's Christmas tree. For VOA Learning English, I'm Alex Villareal.