Hello friends, welcome back to the channel. Hope you're all doing great in today's video. Yes, we've got some brand new information about the new gimmick in Pokemon scholar and violet to raster lies in of the back of the reviewer sessions that a bunch of content creators and reviewers got to go to have and hands on experience with the new games for like an hour. We've got a bunch more information from those sessions and we've got a lot more confirmation about how to raster lies in works and how it'll be impactful within the new format. So we're going to cover everything in today's video. Don't worry about missing anything. We'll talk about all of these changes, how the new gimmicks are going to work and what the impact and implications will look like for a lot of Pokemon going into these new games because it is a lot different than what we originally thought it was going to be. So the first thing to talk about today is going to be Terra Blast. Now, Terra Blast is that unique move that Pokemon are going to be able to utilize and take advantage of with to raster lies in in the new games. We know it's a very dynamic move. So if your Pokemon has a higher special attack, the move will be special based. If your Pokemon has a higher physical attack, then it's going to be a physical type attack. So like I say, very dynamic move, we didn't really know the base power of Terra Blast. Now that was a big question hanging over this move. What will the base power be? Now it's been confirmed off the back of these review sessions. Content creator has confirmed that it is going to be 80 base power. So it gives us a bit more scope going forward with how impactful this move will be going into these new games. 80 base power we guessed here on the channel from our previous videos between 60 and 80 now it is on the higher end of that. And it makes a lot of sense. I don't think it's too powerful. I think it probably sits nicely in the middle of where it probably should be not to be overpowered and not to be too low as well. So 80 base power is what we've got going forward. Now the next big confirmation that we did get was in regards to how terastalizing actually works. Now we were under the impression that if you've got say a Pokemon like Hydra again and it's going to terastalize into a poison type, that's its terror typing, it would lose its dragon and its dark typing and turn into a pure poison type. Now that is the case, but at the same time, when you go into that new terror type, you gain a new same type attack bonus for that terror type that you're turning into. So you would turn from the dark and dragon type into the poison type and gain just the poison stab. So you'd have a same type attack bonus for terror blast or poison type attacks on Hydra again. Once you transformed while doing that, you would lose the stabs from your dark and your dragon type attacks, which is, you know, made a lot of sense. There are going to be drawbacks with terastalizing, but that is not the case. It's been confirmed since then that when you do terastalize into a new type, then you actually keep the previous same type attack bonuses that you had from your base form. So Hydra again going into a poison terror type would still have this stab bonus from dark type attacks and dragon type attacks as well, essentially giving it three stab attacks. Now, it's safe for the same situation that Hydra goes into a pure dark type. It's going to get a bonus, a two time stab bonus on all dark type attacks. So we'd still only have two stab moves. It would still keep the dragon, but it would get a double boost on the dark type attacks, which is pretty huge. But the fact that Pokemon can now go into a new type and if they are dual typing as their base form and essentially get a third stab boost is just huge, just huge and really changes how we kind of perceived this whole mechanic to work in the format.  Obviously, you've got Game and Bible here, did a big article on it, but you can see here that PLDH confirms here, confirmed terror buffs, same type, terastalization, bump stab from 1.5 to two times. If you change type, you still keep the original stabs and they'll be at 1.5, which is just insane. So we've kind of briefly talked about that just there. Then the article from Game and Bible goes into a bit more detail. Then you've got a tweet from Central Leaks as well to further explain how terastalizing will then work. We originally thought that the original stab was lost when changing to a different terotype, but that's not the case. All stabs are preserved. So we've got this Machio.it site, which is terastal calculator. I don't want to ignore forever because I will buy them a coffee. I will come back to that. There was this great tool here on Machio.it. So you plug in your Pokemon here like Hydragan, let's say, and we're going to have that poison or steel terotype here and then you simulate it and it will show you exactly what Hydragan stabs will be when it is terastalized into that poison type. So it will gain the poison typing and then it will gain a poison stab, but it will keep the dark and the dragon stab that it originally had, although it will just have all the benefits of a poison type. So we'll have Levitate. It will only have one weakness to psychic types, which is pretty good. So and you're going to be able to have all three stabs to take advantage of. So if any psychic types hit the field, you're still going to have that really strong dark type attacking move. And it's just it changes the whole dynamic of how terastalizing will work. Like literally, I didn't expect them to keep the original same type attack bonuses for their base forms after they terastalized. But this seems to be how it goes. So it really does create a lot more flexibility and I think really enhances the ability of some of these Pokemon to be that bit more impactful within the former and in these new games than we initially thought them to be. You take something like scissor here and this is something I would like to do. You don't go into a fire type with scissor and then you will simulate it and it will have a physical type fire type attack. It will be a fire type itself and it's still going to have that steel and it's still going to have that bug type stab that it originally had when it goes into that fire, terastalizing the same can be done for if you go into a water type scissor, you know, as well. So to resist those big fire type attacks that you would normally see coming out to hit scissor, you're going to have that water type stab. It will be physical and then you're going to be able to utilize something like Terablast to take advantage of that once you've terastalized and you're going to keep those original stabs. But then say if you want to go into a pure steel type with scissor, what you're going to get is you're going to go into a pure steel type so you've got to bear in mind that your weaknesses will all be based on what your terra type is.  Although you keep your same stabs from your original base form, you'll gain all the weaknesses and benefits from that new terastalized typing. But when you terastalize into a typing that is part of one of your base types. So here we've got scissor going into a pure steel type. Your stab for steel goes from one point five to two times stab, but you still keep that bugs type stab. So there is no drawback here. You're just reducing your weaknesses to fire in this case for scissor, but you're gaining a huge buff to something like your steel type attack, something like bullet punch, which you've got to remember on scissor in particular, already gets a technician boost as well.  And then you can combine that with, you know, something like sword stance that we see commonly playing on scissor and competitive formats, it's going to really open up the door to be able to utilize these Pokemon even further than what we thought we'd be able to initially. The fact is that we know the base power as well of Terra Blast. We can have a look at how impactful it will be against some of the the more threatening Pokemon that they would normally come up against in the format. You know, you've got hydra in here. One of its biggest nemesis that you would say is probably something like a Sylveon. It finds it very difficult to hit Sylveon with or something like a zoom roll. But if you turn into a pure poison type, your Terra type is a poison type and then you can hit it for really good damage here with something like sludge bomb, 80 base power here. It's going to be hitting for 50 percent damage.  And then you change your nature, maybe to something like modest to maximize after your thing and you're getting even closer to picking up a knockout. You could even go full tilt and chuck on a choice specs item here. And you're looking at this is a two five two HP Sylveon. You know, this is no slouch. It's a good defensive Pokemon and you're going to be nearly picking up a one hit chaos to be doing this on level 100. VG is normally level 50. But either way, you're going to be getting very close to being able to pick up a knockout with something like that. You stack on maybe a helping hand boost with that. You could go back down to the life orb and you're always guaranteeing a knockout against just a two five two kind of standard Sylveon that you would go up against. And with that poison type and as well, it means that you're not really going to be taking much damage from Sylveon's attacks and things like that.  And, you know, the other thing to note as well is if Sylveon leaves the field, you get rid of Sylveon and then you see a psychic type at the field. So, let's say we've got something like Girafferig, one of the confirmed psychic types you know will be coming into the game. Girafferig will be able to do a lot of damage with his psychic type attacks because Hydragan is now a poison type, but you're still going to have the dark pulse.   Let's get rid of the life orb. Let's get rid of the helping hand boost. And you're still going to be able to pick up the knockout on something like Girafferig here. I wouldn't have thought with an Eviolite and maybe it's next... It's evolution might have different stat spreads as well, you know, probably stronger stats. But you get the picture. You're still going to have access to this stab attack doing big damage to it, as well as this new terror type and some other options like your Dracon meteor that you're going to be able to drop as well, which is pretty huge, making something that we thought was a good mechanic. New gimmick into an absolutely incredible new gimmick. So these are the changes. These are the confirmation that we've had about terastalizing. It's now going to be so much more different than what we originally thought it to be. Terrablast is going to be base 80 power, which is pretty big. It's a good move. It's going to be really beneficial for in particular normal types because they're going to be able to utilize it before terastalizing. And then you think when a normal type if it terastalizes into a normal type, it's going to get a double star boost on an 80 base power attack, which is pretty big and normal types don't have the biggest kind of pool of kind of normal type attack options anyway. You've got tri attack, you've got body slam, return and frustration of gone. So you don't have those as options anymore. You're going to have double edge, but they have drawbacks with recall. So you've got this really solid kind of terror blast attack that normal types can utilize. And obviously, when you utilize it on any Pokemon, the terastalizes is going to change into that type in as well, which we already knew about, but knowing the base power of it does give us a lot more insight to how impactful it will be in the format and what we're going to be able to do with it going forward. So I'd love to hear your opinions on this new mechanic. It is very different from what we kind of initially thought it to be. Keeping all the stabs when you do terastalize is huge. Obviously, getting that double terastalize star boost as well. If you go into a new terror type that was one of your base types is big as well. There's not really any drawbacks with that, just the power increase with that. It's going to be a very good mechanic. I fully get behind it. I think it's going to be one of the best mechanics and gimmicks that we've had in any of the Pokemon series. I think terastalizing will be the one and it should be balanced. I think it will be very balanced. It's going to be very impactful, but there are a lot of ways to play. We've covered a bunch of those on the channel already. So if you want to check out any of those videos, check out. I'll link them over here and you can go and watch those get a bit more information on how we can potentially change the format, how it will work. But in today's video, we've covered all the updated information. I'd love to hear your thoughts down below on how you think this is going to be impactful. Any ideas that you've got on these Pokemon as well. And I look forward to catching up with you in another video very soon. So until then, friends, take care of yourselves and bye bye.


Live from Washington DC, it's Cube Conversations with John Furrier. Hello everyone, welcome to Special On The Ground. This is theCUBE in Washington DC, checking out all the innovation of PeaceTech Labs here and the PeaceTech Accelerator here with Tonya Pinto, CAB Energy, one of the startups here with the United States Institute of Peace. Accelerator's in the basement, you're one of the startups. What do you guys do? Yes, exactly. Hi, John, thanks for interviewing me. I'm from CAB Energy and we came up with Waste to Power in a Box, essentially appliances that are made to tackle climate change, extract the water content, the value of water out of the waste and I don't remember. And turn it into energy? And actually, no, the other thing that I was gonna say exactly, it's down that road. So, providing a source of energy where the infrastructure, can't say this word, infrastructure can't reach. So the PeaceTech Accelerator you're part of, what's that like here? I mean, as a startup, you've got to get your idea off the ground, it's a venture for good and some applications for society with it. Yes. What's it like at the Accelerator? Definitely, at the Accelerator is amazing, lots of great people with great ideas to help us kick off. Essentially, we are actually about to launch a Kickstarter to get into India and fund two of our systems going to a smart village there and I'm pretty sure all the team that is at the PeaceTech Accelerator is gonna help us in that direction. As a startup here in venture for good with the PeaceTech Accelerator, what are some of your challenges that you guys have that you're overcoming with the Accelerator and how you guys are going to take your venture to the marketplace? Well, we are a UK-based company and the US market is actually our biggest and most important market, so it's super relevant in the sense that we being immersed in the market itself in the US gives us a different perspective on how we can expand to the US, so that's very important. What is some of the technology involved, so it seems like a lot of cloud there. What are you guys using for technology and how is that helping? Yeah, so we did all the research and development. We have our systems fitted into shipping containers and we can remote monitor them and we collect all the data, so we can ultimately, actually, we are working with the AWS to come up with a user interface that is more attractive so that customers can actually optimize their energy production by playing around with how they're handling their own waste. So turning waste into energy is kind of a, taking something that you can turn into good, but also energy. What, this sounds like a great idea. Where did it come from? How did this all start? It's actually a fun story. The CEO and CTO of the company are a couple. They love horses and one day they were going to move a pony called Ladybird and it was England, it was miserable, rainy, dark and there was a pile of manure on the ground and Sandra, the CEO, Tolnik, the CTO, the inventor, how can, I need to come up, you need to come up with a way of taking this manure and make a light so that I can see what I'm doing and I'm not stepping on the manure and that's how the idea came up, actually, turning poop to energy. And this is great now on a scale, it became very interesting because now the challenge around a greener planet becomes interesting if you can focus the energy of the technology. How does the technology apply to this? Can you take us through real quick on how it works? Essentially, it's a biological process that is behind. It's an aerobic digestion and it's a thing that has millions of years and it's just giving them the right feedstock and they will make the work for us. How about the Kickstarter you mentioned? What's the plans for funding? You guys have an accelerator.  Explain how the Kickstarter will work and what are some of your plans? Okay, so there's an idea that came out of UC Berkeley that's called Smart Villages in India and we are one of the partners. We are doing the Kickstarter to fund the first two systems that we would like to deploy there and after we're in the first two villages, our goal is to find local manufacturing and actually expand to all of these remote places that have no access to energy and actually also supply the water. So seed the market with a little Kickstarter, get in place, prototype it, get up and running, then find partners to scale it up. That's exactly it. Wow, interesting. You explain much better. Well, you're in it. What have you learned in the accelerator? What has been any interesting observations that have come out of the work here? Yes, it's very interesting to be continuing, practicing the way we deliver to the customer. I think our technology is a bit complicated to explain and we tend to get too technical because it's a technology and being with a group from all different backgrounds actually helps us clarify and deliver a better, cleaner message. Awesome, Tanya, thanks for spending some time with me. We are here on the ground in Washington DC as the CUBE's coverage, seeing all the innovation, disruption, obviously, there's a subtle entrepreneurship action happening in DC like we've never seen before. Normally in Silicon Valley you see it here in DC. Non-profits, ventures for good that are not only for good but also for profit economies that are all checking it out here, all powered by the cloud and data, AI, IoT. This is exclusive CUBE coverage. Thanks for watching.


Okay, cool. Yeah, I really appreciate the organizers for this workshop wonderful place for all the non equilibrium and stochastic thermodynamic people get gathering together. And today I'm trying to pack actually lots of different interesting toys that my research group has been playing in the past a few years, and mostly toward the design principles of interesting non equilibrium kind of machines or molecules. So without further delay, let me show you. Okay, you see my mouse, hopefully. Yes. Yeah, thank you. Um, so before we start I want to really say that well thermodynamic laws are really beautiful and general. But if you're only looking at the thermodynamic laws, no matter how general they are, how pretty they are. Actually, there is a gap before you can really design real life machines. So that was actually resolved by lots of engineers they're using laws of thermodynamics. They're collecting more and more specific data for certain kind of substances and then the, the, the, the basically converted those very universal and dry principles into design principles that is kind of more practical. So I don't allow that line. I want to basically kind of lead us to a set of questions here that is in stochastic thermodynamics it has been really successful in the past few decades, explaining systems that are at the nano scale system that are arbitrarily far from equilibrium. In fact, their first law, second law are all kind of brought into non equilibrium and nano scale by the advancement in the stochastic thermodynamics. Furthermore, there are so many interesting directions emerging in the field of stochastic thermodynamics it has information thermodynamics that talk about what is the thermodynamic cost of information processing, talking about sensing talking about computation, and also there are nice, nice results of uncertainty relation, which relates entropy production rate and the fluctuation of current. And also there are there are studies of strongly interacting systems, and also a study of geometry in thermodynamics, and those are all nice and beautiful theories. And I apologize that this is such a small space I cannot really pack all the, all the interesting references here, but I want to give us a pause and ask one question. Before we declare victory in understanding how we can design things out of stochastic thermodynamics, we have to mind the gap. There is a gap between the general and universal thermodynamic, thermodynamic laws and theories, and the practical design principle of living matter. Let me show you what do I mean here on the left I'm showing you well we can probably call that a living matter it's definitely alive. There is an immune cell that is a hold at this location, and on the left, an experimentalist a whole the pathogen that the immune cell would like to eat. And you will see that this little bag of molecules are able to detect the environment and sense that there is something you want to eat and generate motion and deform itself trying to go to the to the thing that they want to eat. It's kind of amazing that this tiny bag of chemicals and molecules can kind of work together to recognize temporal patterns of external stimuli, and also they can respond to this stimuli and carry out certain functions. And also very interestingly that they are able to autonomously extract ambient non equilibrium energy. So please notice that I'm trying. I'm putting a non equilibrium here, because if someone says we're able to extract energy from a equilibrium without other, without other costs and then we know we should, we should not trust that person. But here, if in realistic environment, when the environment itself is all of the equilibrium, maybe some smartly designed or nicely evolved things, living matter or artificial they can, they can probably extract the non equilibrium energy from the already out of equilibrium environment. But really, can we design all of this using one set of universal theory, I guess the, the answer is no. But theories can still take the challenges. We can take the challenges stochastic thermodynamics we have tools to study thermal fluctuations. In thermodynamics we have also the ability to describe non equilibrium systems, but there are still lots of challenges that I want to highlight here that if you want to design a living matter that is so smart, able to extract, extract information from a time changing environment, recognize the patterns and respond accordingly. You have to admit that we need a theoretical tool that can deal with things that are not just at non equilibrium steady state, but kind of driven by a time dependent protocol. And also, depending on what kind of task you want your little living matter can achieve the system might have a different kind of complexity. And also, at the end I want to emphasize that while we're kind of getting our hand dirty, going into the specific applications or specific performances of interest, it is very likely that we cannot find so universal laws, like, like the laws of thermodynamics as our design principles. But still, we seek to this, we seek, we want to seek the design principle of non equilibrium kind of from non equilibrium thermodynamics and stochastic thermodynamics and apply that or convert that into a language that is kind of getting a little bit closer to the practical design of certain certain certain systems. If I were to just put a little bit tiny advertisement of what we have been doing in the past a few years in my research group, we have been studying kind of different little lovely design principles of different interesting behaviors. The first one that we'll talk about is how can we design the energy landscape of catalyst or enzymes that can really harness energy from oscillating environment. And also there are things when we are interested in driving system out of equilibrium. We also would like to ask are there shortcuts that can allow us to drive a system from one state to another state without delaying in any of the slow dynamics. And also in our group we have worked on a bunch of interesting information theory and biological sensing kind of works. And one that is we actually designed a toy model approval principle demonstration that a single molecule can perform information computation just like a finite determinist automaton or it can be used to recognize temporal patterns of signal and store it in its transient metastable configuration. And there are also other information kind of sensing and information kind of works we worked on. But today we will focus on the first one. That is how can we design or how can we come up with a design principle of good catalysts or good enzymes that can harness energy from a oscillatory environment. So imagine your environment is changing in time. The fact that it is changing in time itself is actually can be considered as a thermodynamic driving force. Can we use that to drive a catalytic network to achieve something that equilibrium or stationary state thermodynamics that can never allow us to do so that is the that is the public that I want to discuss today. And there are other other finds on thermodynamics I will just skip through this slide. So first of all, I want to say that, in fact, it is not new a concept that enzyme or catalyst or molecular machine can harness energy from a periodically changing environment. In fact, in the most interesting, I guess, paradox, in that sense is the flashing ratchet by Perondo, and of course later studied by many, many more. And also, there are stochastic pumps studied by many people I also see people from our, our workshop here. And also there are studies from chemistry, from the field of chemistry people have studied a catalyst that pumped by oscillation. The oscillation can be a temperature oscillation in the environment that pumps your catalyst, or it could be a oscillation of electrical field. There are many, many references here that I cannot fit in here. And also, there are interesting general theories of how does periodic oscillation can give you non equilibrium studies, give you states that mimic non equilibrium steady state that was done in this in this reference. But just to move on, I want to kind of bring bring to your attention for audience in our workshop. I'm pretty sure everyone knows the flashing ratchet, but just for the students in the audience. I would like to just show you that the flashing ratchet is actually quite a simple idea. That is the following. If you have a system on a one dimensional degree of freedom that is under diffusion. You flash between two kind of energy landscapes one is a sawtooth shaped that is asymmetric, and another is flat. If you keep flashing back and forth. At the end of the day, the probability distribution of your your particle or the system will actually have a net drift to one side of the energy landscape. And imagine if you introduce a tiny tout that is a that is upheld to the right, then this kind of this kind of drifted motion is actually harnessing energy from the non equilibrium work that you have performed by switching the energy landscape and store that energy into the potential energy of the particle. But with that many theories and examples and toy model system and more realistic systems, still missing is a kind of a general design principle that is, can we have something to say about what is a good shape energy landscape to actually facilitate this kind of ability of extracting energy from an oscillatory environment, and that is the task that we're going to address today. So, on the left, I'm showing you a very simple model but the theory itself is general it can be applied to arbitrary number of states of catalysts. And also be applied to catalyst of multiple cycles on the graph, but here I'm just showing you a three state graph of catalyst that catalyst can be in the state one, two or three, but by completing a cycle, it will convert one high free energy reactant into a low free energy reaction. And we know that, according to thermodynamics, the affinity of the affinity or the free energy change of the reaction is basically set here and that tells us the reaction, the reaction should always go in the clockwise direction on average. But the question is the following. Now imagine if I am oscillating the environmental condition, maybe that will cause a change of shape of energy landscape between two shapes, or maybe I can fix the energy landscape and just also leave the temperature. Can I achieve, can I achieve one performance, that is, even though at each stationary condition A and stationary condition B, we always want to go from R to P, but after the oscillation, can we have this reaction inverted. So you can see this two energy landscape on the left are just the stationary energy landscape and they are tilted to the right. I just want to find out that you're into the question time. Yeah, I'll be very quick here. So, at the end of the day we basically want to ask how can we design this. And now let me just tell you something really simple that is for a Markov model of catalyst, we can write down the master equation and master equation is basically giving you a rate matrix that is controlled by external control parameter. Here it can be inverse temperature beta. And at steady state you can always offer the steady state probability distribution, and you can basically predict the steady state performance of a catalyst. However, if we want to go to the oscillation limit, let us consider one catalyst defined by one energy landscape but controlled by different temperature in the rate space. Here we define the rate space that is a Cartesian space where each axis is just the one of the reactions reaction rate. And for in step reaction you have a two in dimensional space, and the catalyst energy landscape will basically give you one curve that on each point of the curve. That is basically one temperature and maybe this is another temperature. But if you start to oscillate very quickly between the two conditions. The system will actually achieve an effective non equilibrium steady state that is dictated by a rate vector that is here. So you're basically achieving a new rate matrix. Now imagine if this new green dot is achieved and giving you a different thermodynamic direction here on the left in the art space. I have an ISO surface of affinity or so called free energy and everything above you have positive affinity and everything below you have negative affinity. So imagine if I have this black curve that is on this shape. But if I start oscillating, I will basically achieve an effective rate matrix, or the catalyst will behave as if it is below the surface, that means the reaction direction is is changed. So we have this design principle here using the geometry of basically skip through the details but basically we want to ask how, what is the direction of the banded curve, and it can be described by the second order derivative. And what is the direction of the increasing of the thermodynamic affinity by making a dot product, you can find the general design principle that is only related to activation energy. I will skip through the more general case but basically you can design, use the same design rule for arbitrary thermodynamic performances and arbitrary environmental parameters and their applications we have shown but I probably have no time to discuss and I would like to just end here and if there's any question. Thank you. Thank you I think we have time for one question. So if anyone want to ask a question. Okay, Peter. Yeah well you mentioned thanks for the talk. Right I like this idea very much and you started by motivating that you want to extract sort of generic principles. Can you give an example of a generic principle you now have uncovered here. For example here we basically have introduced well maybe start from the simple one. It turns out if you want to design a catalyst or catalytic energy landscape of the reaction, such that it can harness energy from a temperature oscillation environment. The principle is in a very clean form that is independent of the temperature that you choose independent of the temperature protocol you choose, and it's only having this very simple dependence on activation energies of each reaction and its inverse. So until the day the design principle is the following if you want to have the reaction, invert a spontaneous thermodynamic direction after temperature oscillation, you might want to have the square sum of all the positive reactions activation energy to be very small, but the sum of the other negative reactions activation energy to be very large. And this actually is a pretty counterintuitive thing because you want to want the reaction to go backward but you're making the backward activation energy, more kind of rough. So, I don't know if answers the question. I'm glad that the last thing is not so clear but but but but but but yeah yeah I think you you address it. Well, you know, yeah, I hope to. Well, I'll be able to share this if you want to send me an email but thank you for the question. This derivation is actually just three lines so it's actually quite simple. Okay, if you have a time let's stop it thanks. Yeah. Okay. So I think we're kind of running late so we'll have to move on.


Good afternoon, everyone. I'm Dr. Marisela Carvalho, junior resident, Department of Radial Diagnosis Coher Medical College. Today, I will be presenting a case report of a multifocal primary glioblastoma in a young patient. Introduction Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiform, is the most common and aggressive primary germa that affects 15% of adults, usually seen in older age groups and they mostly present as solitary legions. Following is a case report of a multifocal glioblastoma in a young patient with a misleading clinical presentation that resembled an infected process rather than neuroplasia. Case report A 28-year-old female patient was referred to the emergency department with multiple episodes of seizures and loss of consciousness since one day. Patient also had history of headache and few episodes of fever over the past 15 days. There were no other constitutional symptoms and patient had no other past medical history. On examination, patient had a low GCS with intermittent decorticate posturing. Patient also had a left-sided facial palsy. Under this examination revealed bilateral disc edema. Blood examinations showed a mildly-waste leukocyte count with moderate anemia. Non-contrast CT scan of the brain revealed few hypotense legions in the right temporal and basic temporal region. There was associated white-matter edema and mass effect on the adjacent structures. On subsequently performed MRI, multiple thick walled, well-defined legions were noted in the right temporal parietal region. These legions showed central hypo-intense signal on T1-weighted images with hyper-intensive. Hyper-intensive signal on T2-weighted images with a hypo-intensive rim and hyper-intense on flare with a hyper-intensive rim. Some of these legions showed peripheral areas of restricted diffusivity on diffusion-weighted images appearing low on ADC. Fokai of blooming was seen on susceptibility-weighted images. On injection of gadolinium contrast, thick irregular peripheral rim enhancement is seen of these legions on T1-weighted images. Extensive vasogenic edema is noted in the right parietal temporal-oxidial region. White-matter edema is also seen to involve the entire spleenium as well as the distal body of the corpus chelosum across the midline. Mass effect was noted on the adjacent lateral ventricle with a midline shift and subphalcyne herniation. Descending trans-tintorial herniation with herniation of the right anchors in parahepocampal gyrus was seen with effacement of the ambient system and mass effect on the midbrain. Cerebral edema and early onset hydrocephalus was noted. Multi-vauxil, a mass spectroscopy of the ring enhancing legions was done. Following image shows a choline peak and reduced NAA in the white matter adjacent to the ring enhancing legion, suggestive of a infiltration. The differential diagnosis of the ring enhancing legions in this case included neoplastic etiology and infective etiology. However, the extensive white-matter edema extending across the corpus chelosum as well as the MR spectroscopy findings favored a diagnosis of GBM. Patient was taken to the emergency OT. On-table findings were suggestive of cerebritis with multiple abscesses. Pus culture sensitivity was sent and biopsy samples were taken. Post-surgery, the patient significantly improved and regained full consciousness. Patient was then started on empirical treatment of AKT and antifungals based on the clinical profile and on-table findings. An initial histopathology report revealed acute and chronic inflammation with granulation tissue and treatment was continued. However, a second report from a higher institute was suggestive of astrocytoma NOS-WHO-GRADE-4 that is Clioblastoma and patient was planned for further management of the scene. Discussion Clioblastomas belong to the group of astrocytomas which are primarily malignant tumors of the brain. According to WHO grading system, these are categorized as WHO grade-4 neoplasms. These can be primarily which arise the NOVO, also called IDH wild type, or they can be secondary which arise from a low-grade astrocytoma also called as IDH mutant astrocytomas. Clinical presentation, tumor presents in adults with a peak age group of 55 to 85 years with no gender predilection. Symptoms in presentation include focal neurological deficits and seizures. Symptoms of this intracranial pressure may also be present. Pathology. Primary inglioblastomas can be located anywhere in the cerebral hemispheres involving the subcortical and periventricular white matter. Secondary inglioblastomas have a predilection for frontal lobes. These legions spread across white matter tracts like corpus callosum and corticospinal tracts. Symmetric involvement of the corpus callosum is known as a butterfly glioma. 20% are multifocal with the legions being connected by white matter edema. However, true synchronous or multi-centric tumors are rare. The tumors appear as a reddish-grade tumor in with a central necrotic core. Microscopy shows necrosis and microvascular proliferation which are the hallmarks of GBM. Tumor cells include pleomorphic, fibrilli, astrocytes, gemistocytes and multi-nucleated giant cells. Necrosis and hemorrhage are usually absent in secondary gliomas. Imaging features. On CT, hyperdense central mass with iso-hyperdense rim with heterogeneous rim enhancement is seen. MRI, T1, shows a poorly-marginated mass with mixed signal intensity. T2 and flare sequences, heterogeneous hyperintensity and extensive estrogenic edema. On post-contrast, irregular rim enhancement with non-enhancing necrotic centers. Blooming is seen on susceptibility weighted images. However, most GBMs do not show restricted diffusivity. On MRS, an elevated choline and reduced NEA is seen. Metabolite ratios exhibit relationship to the tumor grade. A little bit lactic peak resonating at 1.33 parts per million is seen in the necrotic areas. Angiography, prominent capillary face tumor blush and large irregular appearing vessels and pooling of contrasts are the features. Spare of tumor occurs along compact white matter tracts, CSF dissemination, epinymel and subepinymel spread, scaldura metastasis, extra CNS metastasis. Treatment includes tumor debulking followed by post-operative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Timely follow-up imaging plays an important role in management. GBM mimics metastasis, multiple well-defined round-ovoid legions located peripherally at gray-white matter junction. MRS also shows a high choline and reduced and naster alaspa date of the legions. However, no spectroscopic abnormalities are seen in the adjacent brain tissue. Absence have thinner regular rims and show restriction on DWI. MRS shows succinate and cytosolic amino acids. Anaplastic astrocytoma and anaplastic oligotendrogrima are hugely difficult to differentiate, requiring biopsy for diagnosis. Pramic CNS lymphoma, often deep-seated with the predilection for the periventricular white matter and corpus callosum, but are rarely necrotic in the absence of HIV AIDS. Tumifactive demyelination is located in subcortical white matter. Peripheral rim enhancement with the horseshoe pattern, open segment facing the sulcus and cortex is seen. Conclusion. Glyblastoma is diagnosed by clinical and imaging findings and confirmed by histopathology. Being an aggressive tumor, it has a poor prognosis, hence early diagnosis and aggressive treatment is essential for a better outcome. In the above case, the clinical profile and on-table findings were suggestive of an infective etiology. However, the imaging characteristics pointed in the direction of a new plastic etiology. It is important to keep in mind the atypical clinical and imaging presentations of GBM in order to avoid delays in diagnosis and treatment. These are my references. Thank you.


So I speak about the organs and tissues of Gaia, and by that I mean forests, wetlands, all ecosystems, all biomes, as well as individual species and types of animals like whales, for example, forests, or oaks, or trout, salmon. Every species and every place on this planet and every type of place, every ecosystem, is one of the organs that plays an essential role in maintaining the resiliency and the health of the collective of all life on Earth. And the ways that they do this are so complex that I think we probably understand maybe 1% of 1% of it or even less. It's recently come to light that whales and fish are responsible, and it depends on which study you read, but for up to half of all of the layer mixing in the oceans. That's really important because the nutrient dense cool water has no way to rise to the surface to feed life, except in certain spots in the ocean where it naturally happens. But if it were just up to the winds and the currents that are subjected to geomechanical forces, there wouldn't be nearly as much of this layer mixing as there is thanks to life, especially big schools of fish and whales who dive down into the depths and come up and their kinetic action mixes the ocean layers, which is really important because for life to thrive, it needs the nutrients that are in the deep ocean. They have to come up somehow, and if they don't, then not only does the surface layer get warmer and warmer, leading to all kinds of disruption, possibly even that's a factor in coral reef bleaching, but also there's no nutrients available on which to base the food web. So here's an example of how, again, life creates the conditions for life. Another function that whales exercise is that they transport nutrients across great distances from the depths to the surface. Carnivorous whales sometimes feed very, very far down on as much as a mile underneath, and then they come up and they rest and they poop, and they bring the nutrients to the surface, but also across the oceans where the whales feed in nutrient-rich feeding grounds and then travel to warmer areas where there isn't upwelling deep water, and there they have their young, and so they physically transport nutrients to those areas. And it turns out that wildlife in general plays a huge role in transporting nutrients into the continental interiors too. Megafauna and birds and other creatures, they perhaps feed in the ocean or near the ocean or they swim and then they swim upstream in the case of salmon, bringing nutrients from the ocean to the interior or they fly or their migration patterns allow plant life to thrive because it needs phosphorus, it needs nitrogen. Brock Dolman told me that half of the nitrogen in California forests was from, originated in the ocean, carried inland by salmon, which then are food for the bears, which then went off into the forests and passed their dung or eagles or whatever, eating the salmon that carry nutrients from the sea. So when we build dams and we calculate the carbon savings from that so-called clean electricity, I mean, are we taking that into account? Are we taking into account the lower forest resiliency and increased susceptibility to fire that comes when they're not getting these important nutrients from their marine origins? And so there's a forest fire and it releases tons of carbon and exposes the soil to erosion, which releases even more carbon. Do we calculate that? So a really solid environmental policy has to include this kind of knowledge and we have to understand that we can't understand it all. Sometimes we might look into one of these chains of cause and effect. The effect of bears scratching trees or of salmon swimming up river or whales transporting nutrients, but that's just scratching the surface. We can't map out everything, but what we can do is we can start with the premise that all of these beings are somehow contributing. They are important. We can't just say, oh, well, this one's not important because there's no obvious carbon impact there.  So that'll be, we can sacrifice those because they have a less of a carbon impact. We can't do that. When we understand that Earth is alive, when we understand Earth is alive, we have to respect and take care of all of its organs. And I would even go farther than Earth is alive. That's, you know, if I stick there, then I'm still scientifically acceptable. Gaia theory says, if not Earth is alive, at least it says Earth is like a living being in important ways, maintaining homeostasis, for example, over eons, maintaining a fairly constant temperature despite increases in solar radiance, maintaining constant salinity of the seas despite more and more salt flowing into the sea from the land through dissolved minerals. Like what keeps it from getting saltier and saltier? Enough salt flows into the oceans to double its salinity every 60 or 70 million years. Something's taking the salt out. So there's many, many ways that Earth maintains homeostasis. So we can say that Earth is like a living being. To say it is alive, that is another step. And to say that Earth is conscious or intelligent, that's another step still. And I like to take that step. Why not? I don't have anything to lose. And it corresponds to information that I and many other people get through other ways of knowing besides the scientific way of knowing. So looking at whales through that lens, what about their songs? What about their communication that travels over hundreds or even thousands of miles that links the entire ocean into a neural network, into a giant brain almost between the whales and the dolphins and involving all the life there? What's going on there? Could it be that somehow the whales are organized or called to bring nutrients to where they're really needed? Could that be happening? There could be communication going on in the oceans, between the land and the ocean. That just defies our comprehension. Or what about the soil? The mycelia, which is more complicated, more complex, I should probably say, than brain tissue and uses all of the same neurotransmitters in a constant web of communication. What happens when we cut a road through that?  Do we even take that into account when we build a road through a forest? The entire continent used to be connected in one, well, at least maybe not across rivers, but pretty much the entire eastern half of the continent at least was one living network of communication. And is that just a random chemical cascade? I have to say that I have no way of knowing that, but when I step more and more into seeing the world as alive, then it becomes conceivable that it is intelligent as well, which of course coincides with the viewpoint of pretty much every indigenous culture that's ever been on earth. They saw themselves as surrounded by beings.  They were not alone here. And if something is a being, then it's worth respecting. There's something to respect. There's something to love. It's not just anthropomorphic projection of beingness onto something that we then naively, childishly love, even though it's just a thing. I mean, that would be pretty childish to love a thing. But if it's a being, then it's something that's worthy of love that is even rational or thinkable to love. If we wanna motivate our efforts to protect earth on something other than self-interest, something other than making more clever use of earth and its resources, we have to go there. There has to be something to love. Otherwise it seems kind of irrational, not serious, which might be part of the reason why for something to be in legitimate policy conversation, it has to be somehow framed in instrumental utilitarianism in self-interest for human beings.  If you grant that earth is just stuff, then it is irrational and a fantasy. So we need that foundation. We need to begin seeing earth and all of its beings as beings. I can't emphasize that enough. Without that, we're just left with being more clever about serving our interests. We need a mental model to coincide with our hearts longing and our innate love of life. Because on some level, we all know this, this indigenous knowledge is in all of us. So yeah, that's why I find it really helpful to look at some of the ways in which earth is alive and acts and has a physiology and perhaps even has things that we could call a mind. That those pieces of scientific evidence reinforce my, like I would believe it anyway, but it really helps to have these allies so that heart and mind no longer need to be in conflict.