And outstanding second half effort comes up just short. Welcome back to the Falcons Audible. I'm Derek Rackley. This is presented by AT&T. We got DJ Shockley as always. And we've got Dave Archer in a different locale today. Oh, Arch. We've got Arch joining us from the West Coast. Dave, how are you doing? Dave is out in Seattle with the Falcons team as they practice all week out on the West Coast. Getting up early. Yeah. We, our thing is a no joke, right? I mean, we used to the East Coast time. So three hours earlier is a little bit different. But we're here in Seattle, where University of Washington is, where the team will practice this week, spend some time at UW, and get ready to play. Maybe some of that Washington Husky stuff will rub off on us because it's been pretty good this year. Well, hopefully we'll get a little bit of Dave's flavor of how things are going on the West Coast. And we'll talk a little bit more about how West Coast trips are for NFL teams, for players, for personnel that have to spend the entire week out there, and how they rebound from a difficult loss. And we will talk about that before we get into it real quick. Here is what we were going to be discussing today. First reactions. DJ, we're going to talk about what impressed us, because there were some things that were not so good, but there were also some things that were impressive. And we want to talk about the positives as well. First half versus second half, what changed for Atlanta, how they were able to get back into the ball game late as it rolled on. We will also talk about what they need to do to turn the page on that game moving forward to this game against Seattle. Of course, that's where they're practicing this week. And then, as I just mentioned, story time. We'll talk a little bit about our experiences having to play a West Coast trip, and what it's like having to go across the country and get adjusted and practice in different locations when you don't have all the things that you're used to. So we'll get into a little bit of that.  There was plenty of mistakes that went on in the game last weekend. But we want to start by talking about some of the positives, because there was a lot of good things that came out of the performance. Again, you were there. Talk about some of the great, the positive things that you saw that they can potentially lean on moving forward. Well, I think that this team is a pretty intelligent team. And by that, I mean their ability to absorb game plans. This is a really young football team. One of the youngest in the National Football League. And you guys know this and try to tell our fans out there about how difficult it is to shift gears from week to week when game plans change.  But then a lot of times, you guys know the game plan shifts dramatically the next week. And this is a team that's been able to handle a good bit of that. And the reason I say that is because of what they did to Aaron Donnell. Aaron Donnell is a game record, we know. Arguably the best player in the National Football League. I mentioned his name one time in the game. And that's saying something, because they had a plan for Donnell to get him blocked. And I got a chance to spend some time with Arthur Smith, their head coach. And he showed me some of the intricacies of what they were trying to do. And whether it was the extra offensive linemen, whether it was the running back, or really good job of absorbing that part of it. And I think that bodes well. Why do I mention that? Hey, we lost the game. Yeah, Donnell wasn't a factor, but we still lost. What it tells me is that you've got a team that can adapt from week to week. Because remember, week one, it was Cam Jordan, right? We needed to get Cam Jordan blocked. We need to make sure that we take care of DeMario Davis and the interior. They were able to do that for the better part of three and a half quarters. So I like that part of it. I think it's a team that can adapt, shows flexibility. And I think you're seeing some of the young players now starting to merge. Drake London, we've seen Tyler Alger now. I think some of these guys are going to start emerging as some of the depth and the core of what this team is going to be. Yeah, I'm glad that you mentioned that, Dave. Because as soon as you said, Donald, I mentioned his name one time, I went back to our podcast last week because he said the same thing when he was talking about the game against the Saints. He said, I mentioned Cam Hayward's name one time. So that is a positive, DJ. Because if you can game plan and find a way to take away one of the most explosive weapons, whether that's offensively or defensively, and basically neutralize them, maybe they make one or two tackles, but they don't take over a game, which is what some NFL players can do. That's a positive. What other positives did you see out of the performance? I think there are two that kind of stand out for me. And Archie don't want them. It's the amount of the production that we had with our rookies.  You mentioned Troy Anderson with the big block. I mean, how big was that? Tyler Algergan, 10 carries in the ball game, wasn't up for the first game, now he's up. And give a lot of credit to the staff of Arthur Smith and Terry Fontenau and the Scalemstab that you got rookies coming in here and they're playing early. Usually it takes eight, nine games to get a guy acclimated to NFL ball, but you got guys that are actually producing early in the first two ball games. So that's one thing that was impressive to me that we got rookies that are showing up early for us and that's going to pay huge dividends down the road. The other thing that was impressive to me was when you put all three phases together, this team can actually, you know, it had signs of what you expect it to look like. We saw times when the offense was moving the football up and down the field, Archie talked about being able to block a guy who a lot of teams are quite frankly scared of and find a way to lose a ball game with him there. But they said, hey, we're gonna go right at him. We're gonna find a way to block him. You did that defensively. How many times you got the ball out? I mean, turnovers, you did a good job of that. We just talked about the block pun. So I thought all three phases show what this falcon team could absolutely look like when each and every guy is doing their one 11th. And that's one thing that I know. Arch, Rack, I know we all heard that do your one 11, not that all three phases had their opportunities to show that. And you can do that for four quarters. You got a chance to be a really good football team. There are so many positions. Maybe the quarterback is the one that probably actually can do more than one 11th because he controls so much on the field. But you're right, the fact that I'll do my job, you do your job, we're gonna count on each other to take care of things. And so you're starting to see some of that. You talked about the special teams play. I had to write this down. 509 games since the Falcons, they said this during the broadcast. Last had a block punt return for a touchdown. You mentioned Troy Anderson with the block, Lorenzo Carter scoops it up and scores. Then they end up with a two point conversion to Drake London. You mentioned one of the things that I was gonna talk about the positive was the takeaways. Continuing to find a way to take the football away. Now we also have giveaways on the other hand that's kind of plaguing us. But there was so much criticism, so much pressure on this defense to take the next step forward. The win-loss record not necessarily showing it. But we're starting to see some pieces. You talked about the rookies, even on the defensive side of the ball chipping in. But the takeaways are gonna help them win games down the road. It's not so great right now. We can't sit there and talk about victories right now. But there are pieces to the puzzle that are there that we have to continue to start building on. And that's what's gonna end up resulting in W's down the road.  And fans are like, how does it come right through the middle? I would love for you to break down how hard it is first to be able to get that block, but what went through and that sequence of those guys being able to get that block? You know, it's so interesting because when I see the blocks that come up the middle, I always go back and oddly enough that my special teams coordinator was Joe DiCamilla still on the sidelines with the Rams. And I go back to the protections that we used to run. And I say, okay, here was the look. Why did it get blocked? And then you look at it and it's generally either an alignment, somebody gets too wide, right? So it's somebody right next to the long snapper gets too wide, he gets stretched out, which opens up a seam. Or there was a lack of communication between who the long snapper and who the personal protector is going to block. And you're right, it's difficult because in the NFL, the long snapper on a block look is generally responsible for a rusher.  But in the NFL, you're responsible for a guy.  So there's a lot of stuff that goes through it through the head of a long snapper, not only just executing that snap. And the reason I ask that is because arts understands this as much as anybody. As a quarterback, when you get a blitz up the middle, we're always talk, the offensive line has to take the most dangerous. You gotta take the guy that's closest to the quarterback and get that blocked up first. Let the guy come off the edge because he got the further way to come to get to the quarterback. And for me, I'm thinking about it as how intricate was the design for the Falcons to be able to get that mismatch and it just shows the creativity from the special teams coach, Marcus Williams, to draw something up where you can go get a block. So I just thought it was interesting that we're talking a lot about offense, defense and scheme-wise, but here's a play that directly correlates to the special team that's drawing up to go get a big play. And one thing I would tell is I had a chance to talk to Troy yesterday guys about the play and it's a complete blow by Seattle. They, you know, there's no, there was nothing, I think they, obviously they had an overload to one side of the formation. The personal protector peeled to the right to block just outside the punter, the center block back and left Troy Anderson straight through the middle. Nobody touched him. But I thought what was important and something that Arthur Smith brought up in his presser was the poise Troy showed because he showed the great quickness and the speed to why you drafted him. The guy ran, what, four-four to combine and he got through that quickly.  And so he had a decision to make. He got there so quickly. Do I tackle the punter? Do I play the ball off of his foot? And obviously he played it perfectly. He put his hands right on top of the ball as the ball hadn't even hit the kicker's foot yet. So it may look like it's an easy deal. And Rick, you've been talking about and explaining it. You might go into a little bit more in depth and that's something they work on in taking the ball off the foot, go to where the ball's gonna be, not where the ball is at that time. There's some intricacies there that I thought Troy Anderson did a great job of executing. No, you're absolutely right. And I could sit here and it was like, how long do we have to go through all the different intricacies of special teams play? But you're right. There's always a block point that's actually studied by the special teams coach the minute you come into the meeting. He says the way that this punter approaches the line of scrimmage after he catches the ball, his block point is nine, nine and a half, 10 yards, something like that.  That's why you have to have the poise. You have to understand that you take your hands right to the block point and try to literally catch the ball off the punter's foot. Every once in a while, a guy will jump in the air and he'll get lucky and he'll block one. But how many times do we see guys jump in the air and they completely whiff on a block punt when they should have took it right off the foot? So it's great that you mentioned that. That's all up in my element. Like I said, our producer, Sam would get very upset because I would take the entire 30 minutes and talk about special teams play. But we wanna get into a little bit of the differences between the first half and the second half because it was a loss for the Falcons. And yes, they made a great comeback in the second half, but Arch, you were there. So kind of walk us through the differences in the first half and the second half. We know that they made a great comeback in the second half, but why did they have to do that? What set that up with their play or lack thereof in the first half? Well, I think that if you're gonna point to the offensive side of the football, it's just your inability and inefficiency in the red zone. You've gotta be able to finish drives and you're not finishing drives. The opening drive very much like the game against the Saints. You drove the link to the field and then you have you short circuit. You have an offside penalty, you got moves, the snap didn't come back. I think it got blamed on Lindstrom, but everybody moved. Dalman didn't snap the ball. So you've got an illegal procedure penalty and then you move it back and now you've got a blown assignment up front and they slide the line to Donald. Nobody picks Wagner coming through the A gap and Wagner gets a sack and bang, bang, you're kicking a field goal. Then coup magnifies it by missing the field goal. So just inefficiencies when you get down in the red zone, I think they now have what? Shock four or five red zone penalties that have changed the complexion of the play call and it kind of puts you up against it to try to execute down there. To me, that's where it all boils down. Your ability when you get down, you're getting down there. They're moving the football. They're doing some good stuff from 20 to 20. It's when they get in the red zone that they don't take care of their business. They don't emphasize, they're emphasizing it. There's not a sense of urgency shock to get the job done when you've done all that work to get it down there. So now get the ball in the end zone. To me, that was what was glaring in the first half. The Rams were a problem on an offense. We knew there were gonna be a problem. They do a really good job of the short passing attack. I thought Atlanta did a decent job in the second. I'm adjusting to matching when they wanted to come with zone pressure. They play a kind of a man concept within their zone pressures where they match up. It almost becomes almost a man in your zone. Didn't think they did a very good job of matching in the first half. And they did in the second half. They did a better job of making Stafford maybe come off of his first read and they turned him over. So that changed in the second half as well. Chuck, I wanna go back to what Arch was talking about with the red zone because I think there's probably a lot of people watching or listening right now that may not understand why it can be a struggle not only for Atlanta, but for any team when they get down into the red zone, right? So we always talked about different red zone keys because the field shrinks when you get down into the end zone or into the red zone. You talk about no penalties. Arch just talked about that. You talk about no sacks. Arch just talked about that, right? These are all red zone goals that teams set out as far as they set that out in training camp and you have to execute these things as you get throughout the season. Face mask are higher when you're throwing to your teammates, right? But I want you to explain as a quarterback and first people that are listening and watching what it's like when you feel the field shrinking when you get down in the red zone. It's, you almost have an extra defender. You actually do once you get down in there.  As for DBs, they know they have that back in line. So they use that, especially in the red zone as, okay, I don't have to back up as much because nobody's gonna get behind me because I got that end zone. So that ultimately makes the field shrink. And a lot of times once you get inside the red zone, regardless sometimes it depends on situation or down a distance, defense are looking at the quarterback. They play what we call the four cross and everybody's sitting on the, maybe if you're inside the team, they're sitting on the goal line and they're looking at the quarterback.  So it makes the windows a lot smaller and it makes it a lot harder to throw the football down there. And that's why teams always emphasize if we can run the football in the red zone, that opens things up for us really, really big.  And that's when mistakes start to happen. And I think that's part of the red zone issues that the Falcons were having, especially early in that ball game is you're having some issues once you got down there that ultimately snowballed into bigger things. And I think, going back into the first half and thinking about the second half, another big thing was third down. You were in a lot of situations where you were third and seven plus. And then there were a couple of instances where you had third and one or two and you tried to run the football and couldn't pick it up. So those are things that can stall a drive or can stall the momentum when you're not picking up those third. I think the Falcons were three of 10 on third down in this ball game. That gives the defense a lot of credit where you can get them off the field in those situations. But I go back to the second half and I think about, I remember Casey Hager was talking after the game and he talked about to Archie's point of them playing match coverage. He said in this post game press that there was a time when he got his interception, Stafford thought he was going to fall off on another route, but because this particular route was in his zone, he just stayed with him and Stafford threw it anyway, expecting him to do something else. So this is a guy who's a veteran who's done his business, he's played against Stafford a number of times and he knows how he thinks a little bit. But the fact that each guy did their job and it goes back to that 111. I go back to an example, Michael Walker's interception. Michael Walker, they get play action. He actually steps up into the line of scrimmage, but then once he sees this not play action, guess what he does? He turns his head, looks up the route behind him and then finds the quarterback and looks it up and makes an interception. That's what's called doing your 111. You do your job. Yeah, I saw play action, I stepped up, but then it wasn't what I thought it was. I got into my particular hook zone area and found the football. That's a big time play. The London touchdown, it's in the red zone, but this is all by Kyle Pitts. He does such a great job of going vertical at the guy who's covering Drake London and it's a one-step slant, but because he goes vertical at him and then gets vertical, the guy has to pump his brakes a little bit as a pump his feet and now he's behind Drake on that one-step slant. So these are the one things, these are some of the small things inside the game where people ask, where's Kyle Pitts? Well, he's affecting the game, trust me. He's got dudes open. He's made a couple of big catches for Drake London because of his presence, but those are small things, details that I talk about. You say you're doing your 111 that you don't really see, but it happens in a ballgame. And I'll piggyback on that shock, the fact that Kyle Pitts made it look like a route.  And it's an easy call for offensive pass interference, but the fact that Pitts got vertical and then he made it look like a route, it wasn't like he boxed out the defense, but if you can get them to trail for just a half a step or one step, it's over. That's all that the quarterback is looking for. So Arch, I wanna come back to you, not only expand a little bit more on the second half, but maybe talk since you were there, how the atmosphere inside that building changed once the Rams thought this insurmountable lead was starting to slip away and Atlanta was getting back in the game. Well, first of all, guys, it's just an indication of how hard it is to win this league. I think that everybody points when we're Falcon fans. We point to maybe some of our failures late in games to close games out over the last several seasons, but if you looked around the league this weekend, it happened everywhere. I mean, there were, what, three or four games where teams were down double digits and came back to win. Other team came back to win. It's just the way it is. It's, you get in some kind of rhythm and, but from a building standpoint, it was a good building for the Rams. They had a good crowd. Obviously got off to a great start. Got the big lead. The interception was huge. I thought that was a big moment in the game for the Rams. Falcons get the ball back down 14-3. They're moving the ball. They get out near midfield and Marcus tries to shoot the ball on the left flat to CP and it gets on him a little bit quick and he kind of tips it in the air and it's picked off. They run it down to about the nine yard line or seven yard line and they punch it in. It's 21-3 at the half. And everybody's going to the concession stand and thinking, wow, this is in the bag. This, this Atlanta team can't come back on this Ram team. We got too much. There was a big moment in the game guys in the second half. I don't know if you guys took notice of it, but the Rams went on a long drive. After Atlanta, the score was 28-3. Atlanta went down, scored, made it 28-10. And it's late third quarter and the Rams are driving, actually it's early fourth quarter. Rams are driving and they're putting together a nice drive and they get down to the Falcon seven yard line first in goal.  I thought there was a defensive stand right there that kind of changed the momentum and I know that we're going to point to the turnovers that changed them. I thought that was a moment people are going to forget about but you held them at the seven and made them kick a field goal. And that was kind of the first time they'd gotten down there where you kind of put up some kind of resistance. Next thing you know, Atlanta gets the ball, most of those, the link, the field scores, the touchdown. Then all of a sudden things start happening, right? You get the block punt for a touchdown. You get, you know, the ball's dropped out. Now all of a sudden you got a chance to win the football game. But that was a moment right there that I thought was pretty key that'll be overlooked. And I think it'll be something Dean Pines points to is okay, this is about playing for four quarters and this is what we're talking about. Because this team exemplified that this weekend. You were out. I'm sure there was a lot of Falcon fans that might have turned the TV off and left.  It's a four quarter game and it was a four quarter game across the league. And I thought Atlanta showed that guts that they're going to show every weekend as they're going to play 60 minutes. This episode in part brought to you by the Home Depot. Everything you need for your next home improvement project is just a tap away on the Home Depot app. The Home Depot app digital toolbox gives you access to how to guides, project calculators and image search. So you'll know exactly what you need to pick up. With the tap of the finger, you can rent and reserve the right tools for the job. Also browse through millions of items from top brands that you can have delivered right to your door. Whatever your project, find exactly what you need with the Home Depot app. Download the Home Depot app today. And so Dave, let's kind of talk about some of the things that we just talked about with the red zone issues, third down, turnovers. So the easy thing is, yeah, don't turn the ball over, convert on third down, right? It's a lot more difficult than that arch. So let's talk about what can Atlanta move forward and what can they improve on this week to make it a successful trip and win on the back half of this West Coast trip to get a victory over Seattle? Yeah, you guys made a good point on Kyle's route against with London when London scores. I talked to Kyle specifically yesterday about what he's doing. I mean, people would look at him and say, wow, you just had one of the, maybe the second greatest or greatest rookie year of a tight end of all time. I mean, you put it up against Mike Ditkes, right? All-time great rookie tight end performance. He's good, his bed's been made, right? No, he talked about some of the routes that he needed to improve on, some of the opportunities that Arthur's trying to dial up for him to get him one-on-one. And some of those opportunities have gone away simply because his routes haven't been very good. He's still trying to work on running past, he's such a physically dominating dude that he just kind of runs through people sometimes to get himself open or just use his body size when the precision of his route, as you guys just described on the London touchdown, will help him get more opportunities, get the ball come his way, create more separation for Mario to get him the football. I think that's number one. It's attention to details, guys. We talk about it all the time. We talked about little things last week. You know, in a screenplay, if you get the ball outside, there's a one particular screenplay where Drake catches the ball outside wide. It's blocked perfectly, but Drake hesitates a little bit and doesn't quite get up the field and it only nets about an eight-yard play. When he hit the seam, you had two kick-out blocks. Good job by Wilkinson to peel it back and pin the guy inside. There's a lane there. There's a big play. So those are the kind of things that I think young players like Pitts and London, all these guys are gonna learn from, that it bodes well. They're making some plays, but there's bigger plays to be made and I think they understand it. And that's why I went and go back to what I said in the beginning. This is smart football team. These are young guys that are intelligent, that are listening to the coaching, that I think it's gonna translate. Now we want it as Falcons fans to translate right now. And hopefully this weekend against Seattle, you can get that done. DJ, he talked a little bit about the Falcons, X's and O's, switch gears a little bit and tell us a little bit about Seattle. What you see from the Seattle Seahawks this year, strengths, weaknesses, obviously no more Russell Wilson. He's now in Denver, but what type of challenges does Seattle pose that Atlanta needs to be prepared for? Well, I think it's similar to what you just came from. It starts with the environment you're in. When you're playing environment in Seattle, I don't know if fans has been there now, but it's a loud environment. They get going. Everybody knows, it's all about the 12s and all that kind of stuff. And that's a big part of the ball game. You allow those guys to have an effect on the game. It could hurt you. And I think one thing that we've stressed the last two weeks are things that stall out drives or things that hurt you within a drive like fall starts or jumping off sides. Things like that can get that crowd into it, but also can affect the ball game. So I think going into it, you have to know the environment and absolutely understand that your focus has to be a little bit different in a place like this. Seattle is a team, obviously, you just mentioned no Russell Wilson. Everything is running through Geno Smith right now. Geno Smith had a really good first game. All the hype with him and Russell coming back in Denver end up winning that ball game.  He was accurate, he was efficient. He pushed the ball down the field, uses legs at times. So Geno has been around for a while. This guy is a guy who's a veteran of this league and will understand what it takes to win ball games. They didn't have the game they wanted this past week. San Francisco kind of took it to him, but this is a team that still has a bunch of playmakers on it. Rashad Penney is a tough runner. Kenneth Walker, I'm sure you guys know him pretty well from Michigan State, really tough runner out the backfield. Tyler Lockett been around for a while, done it for a long time. The big physical guy on the outside, big DK Metcalf. He's gonna pose a big issue for our secondary, understanding where he's at. He's a take the top off, he's a screen guy. He's a physical specimen as well. So this offense is gonna be one that you have to make sure you know where these guys are on the count form because they can hurt you if you give them the opportunity. So this is gonna be a fun environment to be in, but it's similar to every other ball game. You gotta take care of you first. And if you don't do that, and obviously they'll hurt you as any team will in national football league, but this will be a game that Seattle will come in with. They same amount of confidence. I mean, yeah, they took one on the chin last week, but they're gonna build off what they did in that first game and say, hey, we got a chance to be a good football team as well. And we know Pete Carroll is a guy who doesn't lack any confidence as well. He has his team ready to go. Yeah, DJ, you talked a little bit about it. You guys know I spent the last two years in my career in Seattle, and it is one of the special places as far as fan experiences go. I mean, the Seattle Seahawks fan love their Seahawks. They love their team. They come packed, they come loud, no matter what time of day it is, they're gonna show up and they're gonna be ready to support their team. And Dave, I wanna kinda go back to you and I'll start this conversation out because the last thing we'll cover here is the fact that this is a West Coast trip. Atlanta's not making the trip back home. As Dave talked about it, they're gonna be working out at the University of Washington. This week I did the same type of deal. I believe it was my second year in the league, but we played it back to back against the San Francisco 49ers and of course the then Oakland Raiders. We trained at Stanford through the week and I think a lot of people would say, well, how do you do that? When you don't have your locker room, you don't have your normal training room, you don't have your comforts of training at home. And I would always just go back and say, guys are professionals now. Like this is their job.  I don't have my locker stool to sit on so I don't feel comfortable. This is your job now. Your job is to go on the practice field and get prepared and be able to go out on the field and push your best foot forward and help this team win a football game. Arch, talk a little bit about the experiences cause you're not coming home either. You're gonna spend the week in a hotel room and things will get kicked off for sure next week tomorrow as Atlanta gets on the practice field. But some of the differences that they're gonna have to go through this week training out on the West Coast. And you look quite comfortable there too, Arch. I mean, you're sweet. Yeah, I brought my chair with me. So yeah.  I'll tell you that right now. Oh, what are you talking about? Do I got to walk that far to get the colts up? Give me a break.   No question about that. But it does galvanize a team to a certain extent because you're on the same area all the time. There's not any family on the trip. It's just the guys. And the guys are together. When you've got a young football team, I think it goes a long way to helping those guys grow together. Some of these guys haven't known each other very long and that helps in that regard. But in the aspect of what Rack was talking about as a professional, yeah. You've got a facility workout in. You respect the facility. You're working over at Washington. Their facility is as good as college facilities you can have in the country. They've got all the bells and whistles.  They're gonna have a nice field of practice on. They're gonna have training rooms. They're gonna have all that stuff at their disposal. So they're gonna be able to have some things that are like home, albeit it's not exactly yours. Just to reiterate this building that they're gonna play in. I played in the old kingdom, okay? And it was one of the hardest places to play anywhere.  I remember my first pass in the game, Kenny easily picked me off. I was trying to throw a little sail route to Billy White Shoes Johnson. He picked off my first pass and that place went berserk, okay? They'd berserk the entire game. So the 12s is relatively a new thing. They've been the 12s since they put the team here back in the mid-70s, okay? It's a good and very difficult environment to play in. It'll be a fun game to talk about Seattle real quickly for my two cents where they wanna run the football. They have not been able to run the ball. They ran the ball for 75 against Denver. They ran for, I think, 35 yards this last weekend. I think they'll get back to trying to run the football a bit. I think that bodes well. Atlanta, I think, will swell up against the run. But I'm not worried about traveling and being on the road.  Things went good in game one and didn't go good in game two and vice versa. So there's no real remedy to it. A lot of coaches lose different velocities but I think the core idea is that you stay out here, you get acclimated to the time zone and then you kind of grow a little bit as a team. And I think if there's any team in the league that's young enough, this is a benefit, this is a trip that will benefit the Falcons. DJ, did you see when we first started this, how he was a little cranky? It's like he had that night of sleep where the pillow was too flat. He couldn't get the shower temperature right in the shower. What now? You gotta use all four for one, don't you, Arc? He's sitting on that hotel desk chair right now and it's getting really flat. You can see that he's not very comfortable. Yeah, yeah, yeah. We see the move a couple times.  Actually, it's still fairly breakfast time over there. So go get you a breakfast sandwich or something and hopefully you'll be in better shape. Appreciate you guys. Good to be with you all. All right, that's gonna wrap it up here on the Falcons Audible presented by AT&T. Thanks so much for joining us as we kind of recap the Rams game, get ready for the Seattle Seahawks this next weekend as Arch will stay out on the West Coast. We'll welcome him back home next week and hopefully be recapping a victory in how they are able to move forward from some of the things that plagued them in weeks past. Let's go get a dump, man. Let's go get a victory. I'm Derek Rackley. This is Dave Archer right here on the screen. That's DJ Shockley. Thanks so much for joining us. As always, make sure you like, subscribe, review on Spotify, iTunes, AtlantaFalcons.com and YouTube. This is the Falcons Audible presented by AT&T. Thanks so much for joining us, everyone.


Good afternoon. Thank you for attending this talk. Although there's medium attendance in this talk, I was expecting a little low attendance. Yeah, I know. It's a very specific talk and that's why I think it's a very good attendance for me. So let me introduce myself. My name is Jakardo. I'm a senior software engineer working for the Office of the CTO in a group called the Artificial Intelligence Center of Excellence and I'm working on the Open Data Hub project responsible mainly for all research about data engineering tools. And that makes room for a disclaimer. So this is more a data engineering and analytics talk than a data science. So you are warned about. Let's talk about the agenda. I'm going to talk and show some demos about the Jupiter Hub and a patch exactly. And after you see how both tools work, I'll try to find the matrix about the feature matrix about them. Try to compare both tools and then we're going to the conclusion. All right. So you might imagine why the talk title is that, but yeah, I was inspired mainly by this picture. So I think it would be a good picture that summarized the title. So maybe you guys are expecting that I'm going to make those tools fight and see who's the winner. Let's see then who's the winner. All right. So no more talk. Let's go to the tools. Let's talk first about Jupiter Hub. I think everyone knows about Jupiter Hub because it's widespread across the community. All data scientists use. So just some bullets about Jupiter Hub. So Jupiter Hub is a web-based notebook and you can use as a computational platform where you can create live coding, equations, text, visualizations, dashboards, and any other media. Of course, it depends off the language that supports. I'm talking about a specific engine called a kernel inside the Jupiter Hub. And well, there are many kernels for Jupiter Hub. It depends that you need to configure to use those kernels. So yeah, this is a very useful tool. The community is huge and there are tons of examples in the community. So let's see how it works. Jupiter Hub, it's a Python library. So all you need to do is use called our PIP to install it. I think I have it. So Jupiter notebook. Well, running this command, you have the Jupiter notebook running. But there's an alternative command for that, which is the Jupiter lab. I'm going to run it to show both interfaces. I don't need that because I already have the notebook. Just give me time to resize. So can you almost see the font? It's better. Okay. So that's the interface for the Jupiter notebook, which is different than the Jupiter lab. So there are slight differences between them. Jupiter notebooks, a very simple server where you can run your notebooks. But if you want something that could be used for multiple users, multiple kernels, Jupiter lab is another option. But they are kind of the same. Okay. So I created a very simple notebook integrated with Spark, actually PySpark. And I have a very simple data set. So let me run some of the commands inside the Jupiter Hub. One thing to note is that I'm putting some environment variables inside this block to make PySpark to download some special packages. In this case, I'm talking about getting some S3 and Amazon AWS dependencies to get a data set inside the S3 bucket. Okay. So creating the Spark session, configuring the S3. And then let's go to the S3 bucket, get the file. It will take some time because it will need to install the packages. Oh, it's already there. Okay. Some tweaks I needed to do for the data set. And then that's the part where I'm going to handle with the data. So all I did is create a Spark connection and get a data set over a S3 bucket. And then I converted that to a pandas data frame in this block indicated by the far number. And now I'll show some of the visualizations I can do with that. All right. So it's a pie chart. So I'm going to use that. And this is going to return an error and I'm going to say why. Add less. This is a bar graph. All right. Using two levels of grouping. So this is very simple code. But there are some things that I like to point out in this notebook is that, well, I needed to write some code that I don't need to, I don't need to know about it because if I'm expecting to just run some data analysis, all this code from the block one to four, one to three, I think it's better, should be necessary for me. Right. My job is to analyze data. I don't need to know the details about where the Spark is, where the data set is, or even how to create this Spark connection. All right. So this is one of the things that makes me a bit annoyed to use Jupter. And there's this other thing about the second visualization. So what I was doing here, I was trying to create a bar plot by grouping all the estimated cost feature in my data set grouped by trip region. Okay. So this data set is basically about getting some sales opportunities that I had and how many days I need to spend, how is the estimated cost and what is the region I'm going to do that service. So the problem is that when I created this data frame with Pandas that came from a data set inside the S3 bucket, it created using generic types and that made all the data set to use only strings. So this is easy to check by these types. So as you can see, everything is in the same type. So what happened here, it didn't try to get as a type of data in my data frame in order to use some special fields like numbers to make some summarizations like the sum I was using in this visualization here. Okay. This sum. All right. Anyway, I could do it easily. It's just a simple command opening just like a Google doc special that can run Python code and then I could generate some visualizations using some data frame that started anyway. All right. Cool. So that's Jupyter Hub. There are other features in Jupyter Hub and also Jupyter lab that can make this experience better like creating multiple users to start these notebooks like putting some logging mechanism, authentication, authorization and so on. But let's just focus on the notebook itself. Okay. So moving to Apache Zeppelin. So what is Apache Zeppelin? This project is fairly new compared to Jupyter Hub and it belongs to the Apache Software Foundation and it's still an incubating project. So what is the main features about Zeppelin? So it has the same intention as the Jupyter Hub to create notebooks where you can use text, interactive data visualization, equations and everything else. Okay. However, they have more good data visualization tools and it's fairly native and as well as there are multiple language backend involved so you can use multiple languages as well like Jupyter Hub but there's a little difference in Zeppelin compared to Jupyter Hub. In the same notebook, you can use as many languages you want different than the Jupyter Hub because you create a specific kernel only for one language.  Zeppelin is different. In each block, you can use specific kernels. In this case, Zeppelin uses the concept of interpreters. All right. You can share your notebooks, your blocks, you can deploy them as a single, as a multiple user and things that Jupyter Hub also can do it. All right. So let's go to Jupyter. Well, Jupyter, sorry, Zeppelin. So Zeppelin is a bit different. It has a whole distribution where it can download. It must uncompress and run the binaries from here. It's based on Java, so you need a GPM in this case. I think for many of you, it's already an advantage of Zeppelin compared to Jupyter Hub. Well, anyways, let's see what Zeppelin can do. It's already starting. So now let's go to the dashboard. So this is Zeppelin dashboard. It's all some different things here. So like this is the part where you can manage your notebooks. And as you can see, there's this anonymous login. So for the default distribution of Zeppelin, you can log in as an anonymous user, but you can put some alterations back in, like LDAP or other things. And as well, you can define a remote location to start your notebooks, like an S3, a Git, back end, Azure, or even a MongoDB back end. So as well as Jupyter, I created the same notebook with the same visualizations, but can you see the difference in this notebook? How many lines do I need to load my CSV file and create the visualizations? So it's even clearer, right? And maybe it's not, okay, not better. And maybe you notice that there's this percent sign specifying the kind of kernel I'm using. It's part by part. And right below this blog, I'm using SQL. So what's the difference? I'm using different back ends in the same notebook, right? But in this case, this blog, the SQL blog depends on the above. So let me run this blog. It's reading the CSV file and using Spark SQL features is going to create a table called sample data, okay? It's already created. So every SQL blog I have, I can just run a SQL and it will generate this interactive data visualization. And in this case, I can make some changes like if I want just a simple table or a pie chart, area chart, line, scatter, or whatever you want. You already have the legend. So far so good. Okay. You can download this data as CSV if you want or CSV. Okay. So like Juptern, I have the same SQL statement to generate the other visualization as a bar plot. Let's see what happens in here. Oh, so definitely could create, right? Because he's using some specific blocks in PySpark that could generate this table and can guess the metadata inside. All the columns that should be treated as a number, he could detect. And because of that, I can create this visualization. So it's a bit different in this case. And the other one, okay? The same, the same bar plot I had in the other one. But without doing anything, I could make two levels of grouping. And I could have a better visualization generated in this exactly notebook than the Jupter one. Right? Okay. What else? So for each block, you can get a, the link only for this paragraph. So if you want to share this paragraph to some kind of report or whatever you want, you can get this specifically can just import into your HTML code. And you can have this, this same visualization in an interactive way. Right? Okay. I think that's all. At least for the Zeppelin. All right? Okay. So just to make things better, Jupter Hub and Zeppelin treat some concepts differently. So in Jupter Hub, when I talk about the kernel, in Zeppelin, they call the interpreter. Right? And in Jupter Hub, the block, the block is that piece where you put the code and run independently from the others. Okay? In Zeppelin is a paragraph. In Jupter Hub, there's the notebook. Well, you can call in Zeppelin dashboards. Oh, there's one thing I was forgetting about the Zeppelin. So this is one important thing. I'm running PySpark codes. Right? So where's the code to create this connection? Right? Good question. Where it is? So that's one of the things that it makes, in my opinion, Zeppelin a little better than Jupter in terms of user experience. Like, all I need to do is to go to the interpreter configuration. So just click on the username and go to the interpreter. And there it is. Here. That's the last one. Spark. So the interpreter, it's just like a kernel in Jupter Hub. But the difference is when you create an interpreter in Jupter Hub, in Zeppelin, I'm going to get used with the terms and not make confusions. All right. So Zeppelin and Spark interpreter. All right. So when you create an interpreter in Zeppelin, it will create all the objects you need to use that technology. So it can be Spark, it can be Cassandra, Elasticsearch. So all you need to do is put the configuration in this interpreter configuration page. And then when you just specify what kind of paragraph you are using, and in this case, you can use all of these, like headers, we can put that way. So you can use Spark, Spark SQL, Spark Dev, Spark PySpark, and Sparkar. When you use this header in your paragraph and you run this paragraph, it will instantiate this interpreter and create those objects for you. So either the Spark or either the Spark context objects. All right. You can use globally in shared process. You can set permissions to it. And in this case, I'm creating a local master, but it can be used a remote master. All right. Okay. So with that, there's one other cool thing you can do it is when you run the paragraph, you can go to this interpreter page and you can go to the local Spark. So now you can look at all the code I ran inside this notebook by the Spark dashboard. All right. Maybe these are the SQLs I ran. Yeah. So there it is. Okay. So this for me is one of the features that make exactly the best in this case. Like I don't need to care about what is the location of the backend I'm going to use, either Cassandra or in this case Spark. Yeah. I don't need to know. I just need to know that there's an object with a running connection for me and I can use it to run all my notebook. Right. Just one simple quick thing. You can also monitor all the Spark jobs in here. All right. Okay. So given all this comparison, maybe you're already asking yourself or maybe expecting me that I'm going to give the trophy to the winner. Well, I'm going to say who's the winner.   The users are the winners because we have two very good tools to do the same thing. But that's one of the things that my, my expectation of the possible scenario to it. So as I said in the beginning of this talk, Jupyter Hub is perfect for data scientists because it's simple. Right. It has a strong community. There are lots of examples about you can do anything in Jupyter Hub and you can Google it. You will find a great example to use the technology. Right. As for Zeppelin, well, as I said, Zeppelin is an incubating project. So it's still in that part of make the code mature, but it has, I see a good, I see Zeppelin with good eyes. There are many things, many cool things you can do exactly. Right. So my expectation is that Zeppelin could be good for data analytics. Right. And the few examples that Zeppelin has, you can see that when you go to the Zeppelin page, you already have a folder called Zeppelin tutorial with some good examples to it and using other technologies. So the few examples we have in Zeppelin, it's already useful for anyone. Right. I mean, maybe Spark could be the majority of the examples we need to know. So we already covered by that. Right. So that's what I think. Both tools can live together in a business environment. Why? Because one is good for quick data exploration and the other one can create powerful data analytics and even interactive. I mean, there's something that I didn't show you exactly which can be useful. Like, for example, as well as Jupter, there's a markdown interpreter. And with that, you can do something like hello and put some special character here saying that this could be parameterized. And when I run this paragraph, look what happened. It creates a form for me. So I can write everything here. Like hello devconf. If I hit enter, it's there. The value is there. So not only with markdown, we can do that. You can do either with SQL. The SQL paragraphs can be also interactive by using these forms. You can, well, there are many things to talk about Zeppelin and Jupter. So that's the part where I say this is basically all my knowledge about these tools and I think they are great. And I think they are both for specific scenarios and they can live together in the same team. Like Jupter for data scientists and Zeppelin for data analytics. Right. So these are the references I used. Of course, those two project websites. And this particular one is techshare.io. It's a community website where people can create some tools comparisons and the community goes there and creates some bullet points about what the one tool has as a feature, what the other tool has, and so on. And it kind of creates a good dashboard to compare both tools. So it's not Jupter versus Zeppelin. There are many other ones. So I think this might be a useful link for you. I'll wait for people to arrive now. Okay. So as I was saying, I'm part of the Open Data Hub project team which creates all AI workloads for open shift and Kubernetes environments. So what are the, what's the status of these tools to be integrated with Open Data Hub? So first, Jupter Hub as it's a very wide user tool for the community. It's already there. So just go to opendatahub.io. You'll find the Jupter Hub deployments in there as part of many other deployments. We have things for data engineering. We have things to deploy models, monitoring, and so on. As for Zeppelin, there's a working progress repository to create an image to run Zeppelin on containers. And soon we're going to create an operator for it in order to deploy on Kubernetes and open shift instances. All right. Well, I know it seems boring. The whole talk seems, you know, I'm all trying to do with this talk is make this comparison and show up one good, powerful alternative to use for data analytics or even to run your own notebooks.  And that's why I think both should have the same visibility in the community, right? So I think that's it. If you have any questions, I think there's one. Right. So I'll repeat the question and you'll tell me if it's right. Okay. So the question is if using a Python paragraph and an R paragraph, if I can share the same variables between them, right. Yes, you can. Because there is a special paragraph where you can inject this object inside internal Zeppelin interpreter. And you can share these variables across any other paragraphs, no matter if it's Python or R. It's a bit complex to do that. But I don't think they will keep this complexity so long. I think they will find another way to do this easily. But as for example, we're using SQL and PySpark in this case. So I just created a table and the table was available for the other three SQL paragraphs. So in this case, it was just native. But for the other languages like Python and R, you need to manually inject these variables. Okay. The question if I understand this, is there situations where Jupyter Hub is not a good use case but Zeppelin is? Okay. So it's more about notebook migrations between Jupyter and Zeppelin. Yeah. I don't think they have any kind of compatibility and I don't think they are working on that because they have different formats. Although you can, if I remember, you can export both as a JSON format but the fields are not the same. So it's not so compatible between them. So yeah, if you're going to create your notebook on Jupyter Hub and if you're going to use Zeppelin, you need to create another notebook. There's no compatibility between them. Right. So the question is, if Zeppelin has any production-ready applications, yes it is. Cloudera uses Zeppelin. So in order to make some analytics things, Cloudera gives the Zeppelin interface to create these dashboards. Okay. So the question is the performance difference between Zeppelin and Jupyter? Well, okay. I can be in a bad mood in here but let's not forget that Jupyter Hub is a Python library and Zeppelin runs on Java. So it's one of the things to consider but, well, I can tell for sure but I heard that in Open Data Hub we try to use Jupyter Lab but the problem is that it's CPU intensive application. So we decided to use just Jupyter Notebooks using a special spawner called the Cube Spawner. So when you log in to OpenShift, it gives you a button to deploy your own and dedicated notebook server like using the Jupyter Hub space notebook but using special parameters like configuring S credentials, other environment variables and so on. So, yeah. It's not a fair comparison but, you know, let's not forget that they have differences. They are implemented in different technologies so you have pros and cons in each of them. There are two more questions. Right. So the question... Yeah, so if I understand the question is about the collaboration features between both tools and, yeah, I owe you that because I just show how to collaborate to share paragraphs in Zeppelin but I did not show anything in Jupyter Hub. Yes, there are collaboration tools, things like sharing notebooks with Jupyter Hub but in this part I'm not so experienced with Jupyter Hub. In this case I'm more experienced with Zeppelin with regarding creating collaboration reports. I was trying to show something here but since I'm using localhost and there are some specific things to do, I try to create some fake reports and then all I did is put the paragraph links in an iFrame inside this HTML so just because it's localhost I can and it's a very default distribution. I didn't have time to show, to configure well the Zeppelin but a well configured Zeppelin server can give you a bookmarkable URL of your paragraph that generates some kind of visualization and you can embed in any HTML file, right? So the question is the notation I did for each notebook is that is like creating data and what I'm going to do with this data inside each notebook, right? Yeah, so the intention is just to show up a very simple use case to get the data and make some quick exploration and create some simple visualizations in them but I put Spark in the role because think about I'm talking about a very simple data set that has no more than one megabytes but think about you're handling with gigabytes, terabytes of data, how do you handle this in such notebooks? Well in this case I added Spark in this role because it can help you to handle large amounts of data but in Jupyter you need to know how to configure Spark to get the best of the tool to handle this data and not giving headaches, you know, because think about handling gigabytes of data in a notebook. You're using Spark but Spark needs some fine tuning to handle all this data. So think about Zeppelin. I don't need to know how to configure it. I make the assumption that someone created, deployed Zeppelin and created the best interpreter configuration in Spark in order to, if I request any kind of data set no matter if it's megabytes, gigabytes or terabytes it's well configured to do whatever I want in my analysis. So this is one of the biggest difference I see between Jupyter Hub and Zeppelin so it's the development experience, right? I need to, I need few lines to do something that I could create more lines in Jupyter Hub and I need to know more about technologies in Jupyter Hub than I need to know Zeppelin, right? Does it make sense? Any other questions? All right, thank you.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com, come at you with a nice one here, 2022 Topps Sterling Baseball 2 box picker team number 9. Loose boxes here, high risk, high reward, and a big thanks to this group right here taking the risk, no fillers on this one too, and this is part of that break credit promo details on jaspyscasebrakes.com. So big thanks everybody for making this happen. We got Daniel with that double last spot mojo, got the Rockies and the Nationals to help close this out. Thanks everybody else for getting this going as well. There it is, 2022, 2022, good luck, I like the different themes that Sterling uses here, I can open this box, there we go, alright we got Cy Young award winners and Silver Slugger award winners, let's see who the Cy Young is for this, this could be anybody any era, and a Cy Young winner. Dilo's thinking Greg Maddox, it's gonna be Roger Clemens, 1 out of 5, wow. Yankees edition, will this fit into a top loader or is this going right back into the slider box? No, perfect fit in a 180 top loader, nice and secure, this is Yankees edition of the Rocket Roger Clemens, and that'll be for Steven Kaye, got the Yankees straight up, there you go, Steve Ann out of 5's and under as Steven Kaye knows, gets the train whistle all aboard the Big Hit Express, woohoo, nice start, yes please, and then we got Silver Slugger award winners, alright, good luck everybody, next one is Duel Relic in autograph, Goldie, Paul Goldschmidt, 5 out of 25, what a season he's been having, an MVP Caliber season maybe, that's for El Guapo and the Cardinals, there you go, yeah player of the week last week as well, Dilo's pointing out, he's gotten close to, I feel like he's been top 5, top 3 in MVP voting, a couple different seasons, is this the year he finally gets it, Hall of Famers and look at this, Yankees greats, well, Steven Kaye, another hit, let's check out what you got, you're welcome El Guapo, I was hoping for a Pujols, but he's like hey, Goldschmidt I'll take it, Yankee great, Hideki Matsui, 18 out of 25, Duel Relic and autograph, highlighting his Sterling season in 2007, there you go Steven Kaye, two Yankees for you, getting half the hits in the spree, yeah for the fourth time in his four qualifying seasons Matsui reached triple digits in RBI, plating 103 runs for the 2007 Yankees, 33 year old also WAC 25 home runs, among his 100 run scored with at least one in 11 consecutive games, thank god it's 2010, alright, nice Hideki Matsui, alright, Hall of Famers, good luck, Daniel remembering that Matsui killing his fillies in Game 6 of the UNI World Series, alright, fourth and final hit, good luck, oh what is this, I don't think I've seen this, ooh nice, Tom Siever, one of one, cut signature, that's pretty sweet, some nice Mets colors in there, really nice cut autograph and a one of one, who's got the Metropolitan's Andrew, with the Mets, Andrew congrats, all aboard the Big Express, woo woo, and there you have it boys and girls, a nice sterling break in the books, no randomizers or anything like that, that's awesome, thanks for watching, thanks for breaking with us, and keep your eye out for some more baseball on jaspyscasebreaks.com, I'm Joe, I'll see you next time for the next one, bye bye.


Hello, I am Milka Jagle, working as assistant professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vulture Institute of Technology, Solapur. Today, we are going to learn on non-destructive testing methods too, let's see. Learning outcome At the end of the session, students will be able to select various non-destructive material testing methods and its significance. So, the content for today's session is non-destructive testing methods. So, testing of materials. So, why testing of material is needed is because, so by testing of material, we can assess the mechanical properties like tensile strength, hardness, toughness, resilience and so on. So, that is why it is required to test the material. So, next to determine the data. So, it is very important to know the data of the material which are going to use for the purpose. Next one is to determine surface and subsurface defects. So, by using this material, by using, so the third point is to determine surface and subsurface defects. So, most of the material has defects, whether they might be subsurface or surface defects. To check the chemical composition of the material, the testing of material is must and to determine the suitability of material for a particular application. Non-destructive testing. So, non-destructive testing is nothing but it does not destroy the material which we are going to test. So, it is the name itself indicates it will not destroy the specimen. So, there are many non-destructive tests such as dipenetrant test, ultrasonic test, eddy current test and so on. So, let us see today we are going to learn about non-destructive tests. So, in this test actual components are subjected to the test and 100 person inspection is done. So, various in destructive test the specimen is no more used after the test is done because the specimen is destroyed whereas in non-destructive the specimen is not destroyed. So, just now we have discussed the ability to detect the invisible subsurface defects. It maintains the high quality standards but provides valuable help in manufacturing methods. So, before going further, so these are the tests for the testing of materials that is dipenetrant test, magnetic particle test, ultrasonic test, radiography test in which X-ray and gamma rays or X-ray and gamma rays are used. So, eddy current test, ultrasonic test. So, it involves the time required by the ultrasonic vibrations to strike or to penetrate into the material or the specimen and then reflect back from the defect or reflect back to its the point from where they were introduced. Time is calculated if the defect is present then this ultrasonic rays, ultrasonic waves will strike the specimen and reflect back, strike the defect in the specimen and then reflect back. If there is no defect present it will strike to the other end of the specimen and reflect back. So, the behavior of waves through such a cycle with respect to time is recorded on the CRO, cathode ray oscilloscope screen. So, by visual observation of the wave pattern, so on the screen the presence of defects and the location of defects can be detected. So, this method is very sensitive method and very fine defects and discontinues can be found out in this method. This is very fast method for testing defects because the time for travel of ultrasonic waves is the order of microseconds. So, there are two types of methods of ultrasonic that is first is pulse echo method and transmission method. So, this is the setup for pulse echo method. If you see here this is a coaxial cable to the instrument, this is the cot crystal which sends and pickups the ultrasonic waves. So, if you see here the defect is present over here in this specimen. So, when ultrasonic waves are inserted from this cot crystal that will if there is no defect present the wave will strike the other end of the specimen and reflect back. Whereas, if the specimen has the defect, if you see this is a defect. So, when the rays are inserted that will penetrate into the defect and then reflect the time difference to strike and come back is calculated. In this way we can find out the time and distance of the defect. This is the pulse echo setup to find out the defect. If you see this is the oscilloscope screen of ultrasonic tester, here waves are reflected from the opposite side. So, this is the total distance from the test surface to the opposite surface whereas, if the defect is present over here this is the total distance. This distance is less as compared to this distance because here the defect is present whereas, here there is no defect shown in this tester. Second is ultrasonic transmission setup. So, in this the transducer is there whereas, if flaw is present this is the pulse where the transmission is given. So, if there is no defect present over here there is no any disturbance. If the flaw is there here the rays are obstructed. So, this is how the defect is shown. So, advantages of ultrasonic testing. It is sensitive to small discontinuities both surface and subsurface. Depth of penetration for floor detection or measurement is superior as compared to the other methods. Highly accurate the minimum part preparation is required. Electronic improvement provides instantaneous results. Time is also very less as in microseconds. Then detail images can be produced with automated system and has the other uses such as thickness measurement etcetera. Radiography. This method is used to detect the flaws in the components manufactured by casting, welding, forging and etcetera. So, this method the components to be examined is exposed to the radiations of short wavelength. So, this is the schematic diagram of radiograph. This is the defect. This is the film. The radiograph is produced x-ray from x-ray tube or a radium capsule is there. It produces x-rays or gamma rays. So, this is the porosity or a hole or a defect. This is our specimen. So, a film is radiograph is produced. So, this is in this way the defect is shown in the radiograph. A photograph or a film is kept and then that will produce a radiograph which indicates the exact location of the defect. So, as we have seen these radiations penetrate through the components and they are absorbed by the material. The penetrating ability of these radiations depend upon the wavelength and the absorbing power of the material. Amount of radiations emerging from the opposite side of the material can be recorded and observed. The variations can be detected. So, the recording is usually done by placing a film sensitive to radiation in a cassette at the end of the object. So, as we have seen the film is present. After developing a film, it shows a picture of light and dark areas. Dark areas representing the regions of low density such as holes, porosity, cracks and etc. The film is called Xerograph. Eddy current testing. Alternating current is brought near a metallic specimen. Eddy currents are developed. Due to electromagnetic induction, the eddy currents are developed. So, eddy current depends upon the magnitude of eddy current depends upon frequency of alternating current flowing through the coil, magnetic permeability, shape of the specimen, the relative position of the coil and specimen, the amount and type of the defect in the specimen. So, variation in any one of the above factor would result in the variation of the induced current. So, the change in the eddy current will change the magnetic impedance of the specimen or a component which is converted to voltage and observed on a voltmeter. So, these are the types of coils, the absolute coils and differential coils. This in this the standard specimen is surrounded by one coil and the specimen under test is surrounded by the another. So, when the output of two coils is zero, the specimen under test is similar to standard specimen otherwise they are different. So, as we have seen the coil are flat or cylindrical, high frequency of AC current are used to detect the flaws on the surface just below the surface. These are the advantages, they are very fast, no direct electrical contact is needed that can be, they can be automated, low cost, no final cleanup is required, it is a portable equipment and applicable to both ferrous as well as non-ferrous alloys. So, these are the references the book by Kodgiri and the book by B.K. Agarwal. Thank you.