It's kind of also a bad match for Twitter to want to do it, but they've done it anyways. And that says to me again that they're trying to signal something, whether to us or to the mainstream government or just the normal people, or I don't know who they're signaling to. But it does feel like there's a motive that goes beyond just, hey, why don't we turn on Bitcoin tipping? The early days of Bitcoin startups was full of what we used to call bridging services. Basically, these companies were shortcuts that made Bitcoin useful in places where larger companies like Amazon or Twitter that you would want to spend something like Bitcoin really had no interest in making them useful. It was just too early. These services weren't perfect, but they were very popular and they spurred a lot of early use, helping power the initial waves of adoption that we've seen grow with time. Last week, Twitter announced that it was officially integrating Bitcoin lightning payments for some users and Bitcoin addresses within your Twitter profile for everyone, although I was not actually able to find that in my profile. This episode is part history about the early days of tipping and the transactional ecosystem, which I would really characterize as probably the 2012 through 2015 period, and part discussion of the implications of Twitter's move. So with all that said, my name is Adam B. Levine, and this is Speaking of Bitcoin. As always, I'm joined by the other host of the show, Stephanie Murphy. Hi. And Jonathan Mohan. Hey, hey. Andreas is out this week. So Twitter is just one company, but this is actually a pretty big deal. Before we get into the specifics of what Twitter is doing, let's just take a moment to celebrate the fact that Bitcoin tipping appears to be on the verge of coming back in vogue, and it's been a long time coming. The lightning network has long promised to bring kind of transactional ease of the kinds that you see with non-Bitcoin systems. It's funny to think about alternative cryptocurrencies as non-Bitcoin systems. One, of course, we're talking about this really, not just in comparison to other cryptocurrencies, but in comparison to the broader financial system, where the reason why you can't do microtransactions is because there are flat fees that basically make it so that in percentage terms, sending a dollar to somebody has best case scenario, a 30% transaction fee associated with it, just from the kind of minimums on card payments and stuff like that. But again, early on in the Bitcoin life cycle and early on in the life cycle of this show, tipping was really, really, really important. The first talk that I ever gave at a cryptocurrency conference was in the spring of 2013, right after we had started the show, and that talk was entitled, YouTube is broken, how Bitcoin tipping is going to change everything or something like that. I don't exactly remember what it was called. But it was like a big deal and it powered the show for the first couple of years. And then as time went on, it kind of started to fade out. So let's kind of talk about that for a second. Stephanie, what was the first kind of instance that you saw of Bitcoin tipping and what was kind of your read of the early ecosystem? Oh, well, my first experience with Bitcoin tipping was actually my first experience with Bitcoin. I received my first Bitcoin ever when someone sent me a tip. And it was because I was on a radio show where we were talking about Bitcoin and the person was excited and they sent me some Bitcoin. And I'm very grateful for that. And it felt really good. It was like, wow, someone just recognized me. And then this thing just popped up and I had to create a wallet before that. But I was sort of creating a wallet and putting it out there that I would like to receive some. And I did. And it felt really good. So yeah, tipping was really important to me. And that was before we even started the show. So I think maybe it was even 2012 or something like that. This was like real early days. And at that time, the people that I knew from my career in radio were tipping each other without the need for these bridging services. They were just literally creating an address, pasting it somewhere in their social media or whatever, and sending each other Bitcoin. And some people even made these vanity addresses. So you knew it was theirs or something. And that's bad practice to reuse an address. But it was something that some people like to do. So yeah, I think that this is popular because it feels so good. And this also reminds me of Doge in the beginning of Doge. They were really building a community and promoting their coin by making it about tipping and about giving to charity. And it also didn't hurt that they had the cute dog and everything in the language and that kind of thing. But tipping is great marketing because you spread it to one person and then they get excited about it because it feels so good. And then they spread it to other people. I was immediately starting to tip other people. And it wasn't really passing money around in a circle because it was like, I was telling people, okay, if you make a wallet, I'll send you a little bit of Bitcoin to get started. And I did that with people for years after that just to kind of spread the word about Bitcoin. And who knows how many people that reached now 10 years later or something, right? I think you're totally right on there as far as like, it just feels good to tip. It feels good to tip and it feels good to receive a tip. Yeah, exactly. Just the easy carefree nature of it. I really think adds a lot. Now to Dogecoin for a second, tipping was part of Dogecoin's culture and it was part of early Bitcoin culture too. And it was part of these things because it didn't really matter, right? Like at the time that we were doing a lot of this stuff, nobody really was here because of the money. And especially for Dogecoin, like Bitcoin, you saw the price start to go up to $1,000, right? And that was like a lot of money. And then suddenly it was a little bit more about the money. But Dogecoin, that didn't really happen till this year. But even when Bitcoin was running up to, I think the first one was like 130 and then it was 450 and then it was 1,000. During those run-ups, people were still tipping. Like I remember our show was getting tips. I was getting tips. They were still tipping. They were just instead of sending a whole Bitcoin or half a Bitcoin like they did when it was worth $6, they were sending 0.1 or 0.01 or something like that. And they were still doing it even though the value changed, but just it was a different increment. Yeah, it was a really different way of thinking about it at the time too. Because again, I think the part where tipping started to get into trouble. So there's capacity stuff, which pushed up fees. But I don't really think that that's the reason why tipping kind of dropped off in some of these cultures for a number of years. I think a lot of what it was, at least from what I can tell, is kind of people looking at tips that they had given in the past. And you're right. When the price was going up, people would tip because they would feel like they had effectively found money, yeah, that makes you feel generous when you feel like you have an abundance.  I got it for free or I paid 10 bucks for it. Now it's worth 100 bucks. Hey, I can share some of that with someone else. And also it's a win-win because it's like this whole thing about the pizza, the guy that bought the Bitcoin pizza. Bitcoin had no value before that because nobody knew what it was worth. And he spent, what was it, 50,000 bitcoins or something on getting a pizza delivered? 10,000, but yeah. Oh, 10,000, yeah. And everybody looks at that and says, oh, what a scur, he gave away so many Bitcoin. But no, he was actually ensuring that Bitcoin had value to build off of in the future by starting to use it. And I think that the people who were there in the beginning got that, that if you give it away, you actually show more people how cool it is and then they start using it. And then it actually lifts up the value in the long run over time for you and for everybody else. I think that's definitely the theory. I think that personally for myself, and again, what we noticed with the show was that it wasn't really transaction fees that went up significantly that caused people to start rethinking their tipping strategy. Because again, you have to think about it over a short period of time, medium period of time, and a longer term period of time, right? Over a short period of time, tipping makes a lot of sense for all the reasons we've been talking about. Feels really good. You're like, hey, free money, right? Like I've just come into a windfall. I can be generous. This is awesome. And lots of people do and lots of people did. But then as the price continues to go up and you see it go from, oh, well, here's that tip I made at $500 and it cost me this much. And man, I feel good about that because of this other money I have. As the price continues to go up and up and up and up and up, I think that a lot of people just like looked back at that stuff and were like, okay, that felt good. But in hindsight, probably it was not a great choice. And so I don't actually kind of peg the end of kind of the pervasive tipping culture that we saw at one point to fees or anything like that. I peg it to the continued rapid appreciation of cryptocurrency broadly and Bitcoin specifically in terms of prices and just kind of what that did to people psychologically in terms of what's the best way for me to behave in this type of a situation. So that's interesting because it sounds like you're saying that you think people were regretting the tips that they gave. And I have a different perspective on it. I don't think that people were regretting it. I just think maybe that they saw the rising, appreciating price value of a sign that their evangelism had worked and that it's time to go to a different phase now. Okay, lots of people know about this. Now we can change our efforts to do something else. We're going to talk more about what Twitter is specifically doing after the break. But one of the things I think that's really different about this time around versus last time around is that this official level of support is just something that wasn't there in any prior incarnation. You can take a look back and like, I think that we actually created the first tip widget, which is what we called it. Yes, did you create that or did you kind of commission it? I commissioned it. I found somebody on Reddit, which is where I found everybody in the early days. And I was like, hey, we want to be able to embed a button that allows people to click it and then to pull up the address for that particular episode because we created a different tip address for each episode. And then to be able to see how many tips had been received numerically, to see how much total value in terms of Bitcoin and in terms of US dollar equivalent had been received. And it was just this kind of really cool thing. So that worked really well. We powered the show off of that for the first basically year and were able to send ourselves to conferences and buy some equipment. And it was really actually quite successful. On the other side of it, I remember I wrote an article for TechCrunch, first and only article I ever wrote for TechCrunch. In 2014, 2015, I can't remember when it was, probably 2014, it was about kind of using tokens as a means to crowdfund where you solve some of the problems that are inherent in crowdfunding by giving people a token rather than just a promise that says that I'm going to give you this or that and said it's a token that it can be redeemable for that. And so as part of that, I asked and was allowed to include that tip widget within the article. And they had paid me, I think, $100 or maybe $200 for the article. I was just working for them as a freelancer on this one-off situation. And the article went live and pretty much immediately I received somewhere in the range of $400 or $500 worth of tips. And I was like, wow, that was really successful. I'm going to put this in every article I do from now on. And an editor at TechCrunch who had not been involved with the process to that point noticed that this thing was there and they're like, what the hell is this? So that was the last time I worked with TechCrunch and they didn't pull the article but they did pull the tip widget out of it and we're just very unhappy about that because it kind of changes the power dynamic in terms of like, who is actually paying you? Is it the publication that you're writing for that's paying you? Or is it the people who are tipping you that are paying you? And there were concerns that the appearance was that I was being rewarded by people for advocating this particular point of view. And so I thought that was very interesting as well. That is interesting because now, we've seen absolutely an explosion in this whole subscriber financed content kind of thing where people are creating content, videos, articles, all kinds of stuff. And then they're getting subscribers on, first it started out with Patreon, I guess, but now there's Substack and there's all these other ones and in YouTube, of course, was one of the other early ones, you know, where people were getting sponsored by the people who actually consumed their content directly instead of getting advertisers and stuff. I also think the TechCrunch journalists were correct that no one should ever reward a editor or a journalist or an op-ed column for a particular point of view that resonates with them. I think the thought of people following people on the basis of appreciating their viewpoint is anathema to good journalism and should be avoided at all costs. Thank you for that, Jonathan. So do you support people that you disagree with, Jonathan? No, it's not literally what writing for a publication is and then you get your column, and a column is literally the acknowledgement that you generate enough interest with your particular point of view that your users are financially rewarding you by listening to your advertisements. I don't understand what their conflict was. I just think they were Luddites about it. Well, it's a gatekeeper question, right? Sure. So the Luddite part of it, like I totally agree with you there, like this was super new, right? And like I had been working with an editor there, but I wasn't working with like the managing editor or like the editor who was in charge of that editor's boss, right? It seemed like that's what happened is that, you know, like I snuck it through by working with an editor who was just like, hey, this sounds cool, let's do it. And then as it got to the higher ups, it became a little bit problematic. But I mean, I think that it really does come down to power dynamics though, right? Which is that like, if you are being paid directly by the audience, then that presents the conflict that they want to avoid because it means that you're not really working for them. And I wasn't. I mean, I didn't really feel like I was. I felt like I was writing this thing that I was going to write either way. And it would be really cool to put it in TechCrunch because I really like TechCrunch. But ultimately, by putting the tip widget in there, I was making it so that people could just kind of pay me directly. So anyways, so tipping is really kind of this interesting nuanced thing that's part like social signaling and also part like allowing for kind of direct incentivization of the things that you want in a way that's much more tangible than traditionally we've had in the world of journalism or really most parts of the world, for that matter, and kind of allowing this direct connection. And that's the part that's always been so cool about it is that, you know, Bitcoin is a system that works like the internet, but it is a separate system from the internet. And so it allows you to do these things in a direct way that you really couldn't do with just kind of traditional infrastructure. That reminds me of WikiLeaks, you know, that was the classic prototypical example of if you want to support them, but you couldn't do it with the traditional credit card processors or PayPal because they cut them off. And so, yeah, that's user-supported content right there. Adam, I have a couple of questions for you. One is, you know, before you had to take down this tip widget, do you remember if you made more money in tips or from the pay that you got for writing this article? Yeah, I distinctly remember that. It was almost immediately more money from tips. Ah, that's very interesting. That's what I think the problem was. I think they saw that and they were like, okay, this is weird. Let's just pull it. Yeah, but good for you because you found the way to make money doing this, which is what incentivizes people to keep creating content. So, I mean, good for you. Again, like, I found a way to do it for better or worse. I'm just crazy experimental about all of the stuff that I do. And so I have a tendency to bring that into whatever organization I'm working with on any given project. And again, it just wasn't that great a fit for TechCrunch. But I did feel like it was a success, even with that. I agree. I think you were punished for innovating. But anyway, and the second question is, why did you say that YouTube is broken? I like the headline there, but, you know, I want you to pay the tease. Like, what was the thesis of your talk that you were talking about? Oh man, it's been so long and so much has changed. One of the things that came out of one of the very early conferences that we attended, I believe it was that first one that we all spoke at in San Jose in 2013, spring of, was this couple who went there and filmed basically the entire thing. And we encouraged them to, first off, to put up the videos as quickly as possible, which they took a decently long time to do. And secondly, to embed a Bitcoin address into each of the videos in the form of a QR code. And the idea was is that they were moving really slowly on it because they frankly didn't have any money and they were just kind of trying to grind through it themselves.  And so what we encouraged them to do was to put this tip address on. I looked at that tip address maybe six months ago, and they wound up receiving a whole bunch of Bitcoin, you know, and at the time, the Bitcoin was not worth that much, but they received like a lot. And just insofar as like doing work that was ostensibly free, but which people found valuable, that method allowed them to collect a lot more money than they would have been able to collect relative to the number of plays that they had. And that was basically my thesis is that if we're involving YouTube, if we're involving sponsors and advertisers and all of these other things, then there's a lot of people in there who are either going to try to spend as little money as possible or are going to take a fairly large portion of the money in terms of YouTube. And so the amount of money that you can earn from something that's important, but important to a smaller group of people, especially which was true in the early days of Bitcoin, that was just such a better multiplier on taking even very, very small tips. And then the other thing that I did is I believe I projected out the price increases. And I don't even remember what my base assumption was, but basically you could have a very modest rate of increase on the value of the tips that you get and those tips could become incredibly valuable. And that was something that we repeated over and over again during the early days. Now, the part of our strategy that wasn't quite so great is that we wound up spending almost all of the Bitcoin that we actually pulled in both from sponsors and from tips by nature of the purpose of having Bitcoin was to then spend the Bitcoin as Bitcoin to further create the initial Bitcoin economy. When this whole idea that Bitcoin is money was the dominant narrative in the space for a good long time. As time went on, that narrative has gone away and it's less Bitcoin is money and it's more Bitcoin is gold now. But again, I think that the next part of this that we're going to talk about is going to kind of bring some of that back around as the lightning network comes up. A lot of the things that have been friction-y they kind of start to go away. Now, you still have all the tax implications. There's still lots of complexity about it so it doesn't solve any of that. But after the break, we'll be back and we'll talk about what's going on with Twitter and how we may be seeing the start of new renaissance when it comes to Bitcoin tipping. Hey, listeners. This episode of Speaking of Bitcoin is brought to you in part by ezdns.com. EasyDNS and its CEO, Mark Jeftavik, have been a friend of the show since virtually the beginning and are the sponsors of more episodes than anyone. Just like us, their interest isn't in making money. It's about helping grow these revolutionary ideas, offering more and better choices to real people while empowering free very much legal speech even as that's become increasingly unpopular. They offer domain registration, DNS and email backend service along with anything else you might need to manage your little part of the internet. They've provided services too and stood up for outfits like WikiLeaks even in moments when that was most difficult and have been extremely responsive whenever we've run into problems of our own as, of course, we use them too. Typically, sponsorships of this show are just that. Sponsorships, not endorsements. But in the case of ezdns, I am willing to put my personal reputation on the line unsolicited and strongly suggest that if you're looking for more from your DNS provider, I strongly recommend ezdns.com. So check them out and you can use the coupon code SpeakingOfBTC, that's all one word speaking of BTC, to get 50% off your initial purchase. That's ezdns.com and thank you very much for listening. So on Thursday, September 23rd, Esther Crawford posted to the Twitter blog about bringing tips to everyone. I'm just going to read briefly from this. Good news, our tipping feature now called Tips is rolling out to everyone with more payment options to choose from, even crypto. And basically, this is not something that everyone can turn on as far as being able to accept money, but anybody can actually do the tips basically you see like a little icon next to a person's name who has turned them on. I actually went looking for people who had turned them on and it's possible I just picked all the wrong people, but I could not figure out how to turn them on myself. The only person who I found was Jack Mahler's LoveStrike. He has the payment thing activated on his, but again, I looked at three or four other accounts and couldn't really find anything. So it's rolled out in some capacities, but it still isn't really widely used as far as we can tell. Now it's just been a couple of days so this could change, but that's kind of what's going on. So the whole thing here broadly is that once this is fully rolled out, then you will be able to use the Lightning Network and other forms of money too, but the Lightning Network natively to be able to send tips from one person to another person. This relies primarily on the Strike Wallet from what I can tell, which is Jack Mahler's wallet, primarily powered around Lightning, although it has a lot of kind of like a new user onboarding features to make it so you don't necessarily have to have Bitcoin in order to jump directly into Lightning. But that's kind of what the feature is in a nutshell. It sounds like you can take the Bitcoin off of the platform, which is great. It's better than PayPal, right? With their integration. That's really interesting and cool. I think the part about it that's particularly interesting to me is that this is the closing of a loop that we kind of saw open many, many years ago in the very kind of early days. There was a company called Change Tip that basically was one of these bridge services that I talked about in the opening and they created a solution that allowed you to call up like a Twitter bot. I mean, that Twitter bot would then maintain your balance of Bitcoin. It was actually like a hot wallet, right? So it was actually keeping Bitcoin held on behalf of other people. You can kind of think about it like an exchange, except instead of exchanging it for money, you would just say, hey, send it to this person and it would reallocate the Bitcoin within this kind of giant shared wallet. Yes. And you could buy someone a hamburger, a beer, a coffee. You know, it was cute things like that. And it would tweet out, the Change Tip bot tweets, Stephanie just bought Adam a hamburger and sent 0.2 Bitcoin, because that's probably what it was at the time, right? And then if you wanted to collect your Bitcoin, you could go to the Change Tip website and you could somehow, I guess, log in with Twitter and then you could take it out or you could just, you know, retweet it to other people. You could use the tips that you received to tip other people and pass money around in a circle. That was actually, I think, ultimately, the biggest problem with Change Tip was that after a certain point, they weren't growing anymore. People were criticizing it for being more like passing money around in a circle and how kind of difficult it was sometimes to get the money out of the platform. And there were some very impressive tips that went through some people tipped. I remember like thousands of dollars. Some people got tips or hundreds of dollars and this is back when Bitcoin was $100. So we're talking about like one to five, 10 Bitcoin donations that people are making to other people on Reddit. It was really impressive. The guy that started it is Nick Sullivan. Actually, there's an entrepreneur magazine article that came out about him, I think, this week specifically about his time at Change Tip. He's a really nice guy and I think the thing that killed it, most of all, well, the thing that killed it was Airbnb. But the thing that killed it was the March 13th guidance that said that everything in this space was money transmission. Change Tip most certainly wasn't a money transmitter license in all 47 states that require licenses. But also, I think it actually died an aqua hire death because I think it was Airbnb bought the whole company just to acquire some of the engineers and then they just mothballed the product.  What I remember was that I received some Change Tips and then I was trying to get them out and I couldn't at the point. And that is the underlying problem with this, right? Is that what Twitter today is using the lightning network to do, which basically means that you as the individual who is holding some Bitcoin in your lightning wallet, that you are custodying your lightning. And when you send it to somebody else on Twitter, they are then custodying the Bitcoin, right? So it really is using the Bitcoin infrastructure that is then integrated into Twitter in some ways in order to make it so that Twitter is never actually involved with the transaction at all. They're just helping guide you to pay for Alice to pay Bob, so to speak. And that was not true of Change Tip. You know that old, the Matrix meme where it's like how many dollars is a Bitcoin? And then it's Morpheus saying, no, Neo, I'm telling you that at the time when Bitcoin succeeds, you won't even ask that question, right? Which is like once that coin succeeds, you don't even care how many dollars you get for it because everything's in Bitcoin. I kind of feel like the success of Bitcoin is that where it's like we just come to a point where it's like by the time Twitter integrates tipping people in Bitcoin, I just genuinely don't even care and don't even think it matters. Well, it doesn't matter to you, but I think it does matter to kind of the broader narrative that's happening here, which is the increasing normalization of this stuff. But does it though?  It's like the worst attributes of PayPal, but even more bigoted. And so it's like any of the innovation or thought or interests in tipping or anything that was challenging the status quo that Bitcoin can achieve will be entirely mitigated by the fact that it's on Twitter, using Twitter of all places. I mean, good God, you think Visa stops you because they don't like what you're doing.  Yeah. And let's not forget, it only took them eight years to do this, right? I think it's great that it's happening. I just don't think it's going to achieve anything of merit other than, I guess, teach people that Bitcoin's better than what they thought it was. It's sort of like the boomers that think, well, if the government says it's okay, then it's okay. Like I think it's great that another legacy institution is saying Bitcoin's okay, not because I want people to engage with a legacy institution. It's just the laggards who look at them and decide that they want to participate once they say that they want to get involved. So I care far less about Twitter's ability to admit Bitcoin and far more that laggards look to Twitter and say, oh, well, now that Twitter supports it, maybe I can get my toe into this Bitcoin thing. I have a question about this new Twitter feature. Does it make it public when you tip someone? Like, does it send out a tweet? Or is it just kind of happening behind the scenes privately? Or can you choose to share it? Like I said, I couldn't figure out how to actually activate this on my own account. So it's possible that I'm being an idiot, but I don't believe that it does alert anybody when it does this. I think that it's just, you're just sending a transaction. And actually by nature of it being a lightning transaction, it's not even public in the same way like a Bitcoin main chain transaction would be where it would actually go on to the blockchain instead it's this private thing until it's settled. Well, then this actually seems quite different in a fundamental important way from ChangeTip then because ChangeTip makes me think of, there's a principle in some religions where if you give to charity, you shouldn't talk about it. You should always do it anonymously because if you brag about it, you're essentially getting credit and you're getting a benefit and it's not true altruism, right? And so, ChangeTip was that it was letting everyone know I gave a tip, I gave a donation, I'm generous and I have Bitcoin, right? And if this is actually private and it's even more private because the transaction takes place on the lightning network, then that adds just a layer of privacy that I think maybe changes some of the incentives and also makes it different than ChangeTip in a really important way. I guess the question that I would have is, is that good or bad? Well, it depends on who you are and what you're using it for. I mean, I think in the beginning, when ChangeTip was being used to spread the word about Bitcoin and how the joy of giving a Christmas present or receiving one, then it was great to tweet about it because it lets everybody know, hey, you're a Bitcoin person and you like to spread the word. And it also provides more transparency, I guess, in a way like, hey, this person received a lot of tips, I guess, and you may like that or you may not. I think a big thing that it did as far as the kind of public nature of it is a lot of what ChangeTip was doing was trying to bring in new people to the kind of community, right, to people who are interested in Bitcoin. And I don't get the vibe that that's what's happening here. I get the vibe that it's a recognition that people consider it valuable. And by nature of considering it valuable, there is some advantage then to Twitter implementing it. Now, I also think that there's a pretty good amount of just like social signaling here that's happening with this Twitter move in general. As you said, they're not doing it as a way to support the community. They're doing it because for a long time, Twitter has correctly or not been perceived and been portrayed by Jack as a company that is going to participate in this. They're not doing what Facebook's doing and trying to start their own stablecoin or something like that. They're just saying, hey, this is a thing. It appears that is going to be important in the future and we want to be part of that. And that's also interesting to me. So I kind of feel like this is a relatively low-lift thing for them to do. It really requires nothing from them outside of some front-end development and a couple of integrations of APIs or something like that. So it's pretty straightforward as far as a task goes, but it sends a big message. And that message is that we're not doing what Facebook did. We are fast movers in this stuff. And again, not fast compared to us or the people who we typically care about, but compared to companies of this size in relative importance to culture, it actually is still a pretty early mover. I remember for a long time we were like, hey, when is Amazon going to accept this stuff? And it was always kind of a bad match for Amazon to want to accept a form of currency like this. It's kind of also a bad match for Twitter to want to do it, but they've done it anyways. And that says to me again that they're trying to signal something, whether to us or to the mainstream government or just the normal people or I don't know who they're signaling to, but it does feel like there's a motive that goes beyond just, hey, why don't we turn on Bitcoin tipping? Maybe it's tracking people or gathering some kind of data from it. I mean, that's the motivation of social media companies for everything else is just gathering data on their users and selling it or whatever. Yeah, that's totally plausible. So I would assume that that's going on. So I mean, where does this fit into kind of the broader narrative of things? Because I think I've already played my cards on the table is to me, this is just like all the central bank digital currency stuff. It's just like the corporations starting to look at the stuff as a treasury asset is I really see this as a continued process of normalizing what cryptocurrency is and what role does it play in modern life? When we got started with this, it was about libertarians and people who wanted to buy drugs on the internet, basically. And now we've gotten to the point where pretty major companies are not just using it as treasury but are actually starting to build it into their products. PayPal also a big deal for the same reason, not because PayPal is a great company, but because PayPal is a huge company. And by nature of even putting in a crippled implementation of this stuff, they necessarily make it more normal in a way that you really couldn't imagine without that type of corporate adoption, even if it does have all these ulterior motives and other things that go around it. So is my read right on this or do you see kind of more of a negative twist as we get more of this adoption? Are we deluding or are we becoming normal? And is that good or bad? I have a question for you guys. Maybe you can answer this better or maybe we should ask Andreas, but since I don't use Twitter, is Bitcoin Twitter still a thing, I guess? Oh, yeah. Okay. Because yeah, like a lot of the people that I've seen on Twitter seemed fairly anti-crypto recently. Well, I mean, that's true and it's not. You have the phenomenon of people in crypto who retire and they basically do one of two things at that point.  Those are the two ways that I kind of see it, but they're still definitely a major crypto Twitter presence as it's called. And within that, the Bitcoin cohort is typically referred to as the Bitcoin Maxis. And their whole shtick is that they don't like anything that isn't Bitcoin and think that anything that isn't Bitcoin is a scam. I'm not saying that's right or that's wrong, but that's basically the simplified version of the Bitcoin maximalist position. And that tends to be when you hear people talking about Bitcoin people on Twitter, they typically are talking about Bitcoin maximalists in the context of them being angry about something another protocol is doing. I don't spend much time on Twitter, but what time I do spend, I wish I didn't spend any time on Twitter. That's interesting. But then, so why do you do it? Because it's become like, what is the current zeitgeist in any of these particular communities? You can go there and Twitter is in a place where people go to talk to people they disagree with. It's a place they go to talk about people they disagree with to their own internal audiences. And that's basically what everybody's doing, is everybody's talking to their own bubble.  And when they interact, I mean, that sometimes happens. But again, it's mostly performative as far as I can tell, for their own already existing audiences, much more than it is because they actually want to have a discussion and learn something, right? Yeah, maybe some of this is about fundraising them than helping groups that are mostly aligned with each other raise money for various things. I don't know. I think there's definitely a direct payments element, right? Like the chat application Clubhouse that we've talked about once or twice in the past, like it announced that it wasn't ever going to do advertisers or sponsor-supported stuff. And instead, what it was doing is it was turning on user-to-user payments so that if you like what somebody is saying and you're in a room listening to them talk, because it's basically like participatory radio, then you can just send them some money. I haven't actually done this at all. I kind of stopped using Clubhouse around this time. Jonathan, are you still into this? I haven't used it as much as I used to, but I do jump in and out. And I really like Clubhouse. I like it for the conversations and the groups of people that I know on it. But I do get really skieved out by the like simp thought dynamic of like, you know, here's my cash app in my profile kind of thing. Like it doesn't happen a lot, at least not in the rooms I go to. But whatever it does, it really does skew me out and I end up just going to a different room where that's not the vibe. But there are a lot of rooms where someone will speak and then they'll be like, and my cash app is in my profile. Yeah. So again, like this is kind of a move towards that as well, which is just like when we were talking about this, you know, in 2013, the idea of users paying users directly irrespective of whether you're talking about Bitcoin or anything else was a weird idea. It just wasn't a thing that typically happened. And over the last number of years, we've just seen that concept, you know, not to speak about kind of Bitcoin broadly, just become more and more and more and more and more normal. And by nature of that, I mean, it's kind of like all of these companies have figured out that really the best business model they can possibly go for in any scenario is to actually just become a little mini bank, right? That's not really a bank as far as regulatory purposes are concerned, but which has some of the same dynamics about their business model and that basically just allows them to provide a platform and then to take a small cut, you know, of tips and money that generally is flowing through. Now, I don't actually know if Clubhouse does take a cut and as far as I can tell, Twitter does not take a cut. But again, like that's where these business models eventually go as far as I can tell, but I guess we have to wait and see. So we're pretty much at the end of today's show. Before we go again, just like any final thoughts on tipping, any final thoughts on not really about Twitter, but just like, is this a thing we're going to see coming back or is this really just kind of like Twitter virtue signaling with something that literally is six years out of date? No, I think that this is becoming more and more of a thing. And Adam, when you started trying to do this in 2013 and you said YouTube is broken, you were just ahead of the time. So what else is there? You were just a little bit ahead of time. And now it's really coming to pass, especially when we're seeing, you know, more and more content, moderation, filtering and censorship on the larger platforms. And when that happens, people just go to platforms that are more free if they have something controversial to say and then they try to get their subscribers to support them directly. And I like what you said about where it's at with trying to cultivate an audience is getting people who are really excited about your message and passionate supporters instead of people like, you know, just a lot of people who are kind of meh blah, right? It's always better to have those real hardcore fans and then ask them to support you. And I think that people who have tried to do that, like Andreas, you know, as well as a great example of that, what he's done, they've been rewarded. And so Bitcoin is one avenue or other cryptocurrencies is one avenue for direct kind of democratic, I guess, content producer support. And I think it's here to stay, especially as we see more content, moderation and censorship on the big platforms. I mean, it's cool that Twitter's going to start supporting Bitcoin and Bitcoin transactions, but they have no credit in the thought that they would ever be a part of the solution and not a part of the problem. And I think that the more they involve themselves with deeper and more complex components of society is to more intertwine themselves with becoming a deeper part of the problem and not a part of the solution. And I'm highly skeptical that anything they do in Bitcoin will lead towards a better outcome for the community, the protocol or humanity at large rather than sort of what they're up to these days already. I can't wait for Twitter to start blocking lightning relays on the basis of like de-platforming for problematic tweets and they establish a social graph of how to route your payments on the basis of who you should disassociate with because of their problematic tweets. Yeah, I could see that happening. All I'm saying is I think it's great that Twitter is integrating Bitcoin and I can't wait for when they route all this information into your social credit score that'll determine whether or not you get to go outside or have a job. Okay, folks, that is all the time we have for this episode of Speaking of Bitcoin.  No, I'm just kidding. Today's show features Stephanie Murphy, Jonathan Mohan and Adam B. Levine with Editing by Jonas. This episode featured music from Jared Rubins and Gertie Beatz. You can send me an email at adamatspeakingofbitcoin.show. And until next time, thanks for listening.


Hey everyone, Tuesday December 1st here with your day trading recap. So the price action today was super weird. Just kind of never really had confidence in direction, but came out nicely, booked $530 in profits, and I just stayed super small. I was actually going, I was talking about in the live stream room today, I was actually coming into the day with the intent of potentially scaling up position size. Once the market opened and the price action started, it was just really goofy. I mean, no correlation, just things moving at random. And so I instead of scaling up my position size, I just, I scaled it down, traded, traded even smaller than normal and still booked $530. So if you can say it's an off day and you'd still book over 500 bucks, that's not too bad of a deal. Let's take a look at these in Boeing, did a couple trades. One was a, one was a small, mighty 90. And then one was a runner, actually two different runners ended up losing on the first one and then getting back to positive territory on the second one. The put was a mighty 90 for 55. The call was a couple of different runners for plus 35. So plus 90 overall on Boeing in Baba took a mighty 90, basically a little better than a scratch for 42 bucks in beyond. That was a mighty 90 took a small loss on that one.  And that Facebook was a runner and then Microsoft was also a runner. So it was kind of cancel each other out. Netflix plus 190 on a mighty 90. Nvidia plus 100 on mighty 90 and Peton plus 183. So total of 530. Let's take a look at these and I'll show you what I did starting with Boeing. So Boeing had this big push up right here and started to consolidate. We got long right in here, looking for a continuation higher. Never happened, got flushed out. It sat here and consolidated again on the above yesterday's open. So I got in again and rode this thing up to near the highs of day. So was able to take one loser, one winner for a small positive gain in Boeing. And then the mighty 90 that I took was right after this push got short right here and just took a little piece of this pullback out. And so that was our those actually three different trades in Boeing. All right, Alibaba. We did a long, let me get this up here. Alibaba did a took a long mighty 90, had this big flush lower. I had the volume spike there, got long here. And the two bars up were pretty small. So just took a small profit. Unfortunately, did not hold any for the for the remaining piece, but still booked a profit overall in beyond. Let's take a look at beyond.  Oh, yeah. So beyond had this big flush lower into this pivot.  We're looking for a place to add, looking for a place to add when we got this volume pop. That was it. And we and we rode this bounce back up. I didn't on this ad. I didn't add nearly as much as I had on my initial position. So we still came out with a small loser, but paired back a lot of that on that bounce. Facebook, my biggest winner, plus three 20. Let's take a look at Facebook. This was a runner. So we had this initial bounce higher. Price was consolidating above this pivot. We got long right in this area here. And boom, I just rode this up to the highs of the day and I was out. I know some people in the room rode this thing even longer. So a nice trade there in Facebook and then Microsoft. I wasn't really thrilled about this one all day because the market was strong, but but Microsoft flushed down and was staying in negative territory, just consolidating below this pivot forever. And so we ended up getting short about right here thinking if the Nasdaq does pull back, this thing might just flush lower. It started to break down, but never could break through the lows again, and then it just bounced up and stopped me out of my kind of my criteria of when I was going to get out. So it took a loss in Microsoft. Netflix, a little mighty 90 trade here.  So we got long right in here and rode this thing up for a nice win in Netflix. Nvidia, let's see, Nvidia, that was a put. Oh, yeah. So it was had this initial flush lower on this bounce right here, we got short on higher volume and rode this thing down a little bit for a nice profit. And then Peton, same thing, 183, let's see, where's Peton at? Yeah, so Peton on this big push higher. We got short right here and just rode this thing back down to the pivot and got out on the second bar. So nice profit there. So plus 530 on the day. If you guys have any questions, let me know. We'll be streaming live the rest of this week. So originally we were going to be off today and off on Thursday, but schedule has changed. So we are going to be streaming every day this week and every day next week. Just keep your eye on the live stream calendar and we'll look forward to seeing you live tomorrow. Cheers.


How's it going everyone Caleb here with late and sports cards? We're gonna be working on recon basketball guys This is the second of the random team style breaks tonight number 26. Thanks again for joining here the results Let's get to it. Let's get to it. Yeah, I think it was Sam Mike.  It was me Mike for sure You got his last paycheck and he was like all right straight to the Wander I don't need rent next month Live on the street Here we go, here we go, let's do it for joining everyone appreciate it as always Second of the recon last recon as well. It's a silver Jason kid. Nice start on the all systems go of Josh giddy Sick that is gonna be numbered eight of ten very nice And that's solid really nice it there You'll thunder first pack to beauty I Such a sick hit man congrats again You'll have to keep us updated on how it does absolutely Sondro and Quinton grinds. I want daily check-ins on the wander Mike. Yeah, yeah, I Expect you to come into gaming tomorrow night and let me know You sip Nerkich on the red to 199 rock the rim Vince Carter Love to see a lot of you guys stop into gaming sometime. It's great time over there You'd really enjoy it if you enjoy Yeah, well that was a whole different story Wow nice to 99 Kate Cunningham awesome hits There you go Detroit very nice Derek J. Congrats Future legends Cole Anthony. I Said I promise I won't cut you off Sam will Sam Desmond Bain on the silver and a pink Trey young So fun on JJ. What's up guys? Hey JJ? What's up? Great Brown Carmelo Anthony Silver Evan Mobley on the rookie recount on last night at like 130 there in person goes messed around and changed my profile picture Lakers autograph Austin Reeves true potential not bad there.  Thanks for the follow. Hey Chris. What's up, man? Paul George and a top of the charts dirt everybody coming in now. Yeah, right? Yeah, like I was saying you What is happening? What is happening? I said if you do enjoy the gaming's or the chat side here the community that we do have you'd really enjoy the gaming side is Pacers on the buddy healed and rock the rim of John Collins It is like Brad and Caleb work so hard so hard on that Seriously a great time Zeke Najee to 25 nuggets nice auto there nuggets Lamello silver and he came alive to one pink That's a good question Chris. It's usually not like instantly At least in my experiences, but it really is varying man There's not like an easy answer Tim Hardaway to 299 It's usually within a week or two, but I've like heard of cases being longer and sometimes it ships instantly rock the rim and bead So honestly, there's not a great answer. How long have you been waiting Chris? Hey, what's up Mac? Yeah, that's what I would say the average is Bernie about a week to two weeks. Yeah, exactly Yandere Aten nice that'll be the hollow dot of Dwayne way That's awesome You go heat Very nice to win weight Heck yeah Chris Heck yeah Amari stoddermire call to excellent saw though. Let's go dude It's a 49 sons. We need more Amari stoddermire. I agree. I agree About three weeks so great at the end. Yeah, that's that's definitely yeah The hollow dots are not necessarily a case hit, but they're about one a case. Yeah thai bull in a brand in Boston, Jr. Pink Yeah, it's getting to that point Chris. It should be soon. I hope for you Like I said, don't really you can't really be surprised with this nowadays though miles bridges to 99 manoeuvres Yoke it's and pink Middleton Happens often Missing the card in that pack had one extra in the last Kelly you brand the silver there. Let's keep going You got a Kelly olynyk to 299 their pistons rock the ring of Dominique Wilkins Jose El Verado pelicans autograph rookie auto to 25 nice You go pelicans doesn't have a lot of stuff Yeah, he is Gary Trenton Terry Rozier, he will give it is all yeah Who's the other guy that they had that always did that as well? Michela Alexander Walker might play like pretty similar where he really he gets you know 10 minutes, but he's out there like He's going at you for 10 minutes Cade To 299 Terry Rozier Hornets, you know manoeuvres LeBron Nice one Lakers like T. J. McConnell That's exactly. Yeah. Yeah.  Oh, that's good Chris. Yeah, you might want to do that from now on honestly Yeah, honestly, that's the way to go Chris. That's seriously the way to go Yacob podle pink to 2 49 or that's a purple I should say to 49 there nice one spurs rock the rim Yanis That is the way to go if you have that option Here we go guys close in this box out with the rookie recon Kate Cunningham Nice Kate here comes the thunder a little bit later than usual Good luck, let's continue see what else we can find guys Try young silver pink true holiday the last time we checked Star Wars Finest was at just three left So let's get that sold out We're coming up to that breaking up on an hour a manual quickly to 2 99 Hold up sold out now future legends Haliburton So we're sold out tonight on the brakes guys. Personals are getting really close if they're not full. They're probably full I Would get the order in ASAP though. It'll rip early tomorrow morning if not tonight Herbert Jones silver and it's all systems go up to yante Murray Nice one spurs not numbers Six five on surface Holy cow Must have been some sort of imperfection. Yeah, there's probably maybe there's a little imprint on the back or something You know set curry to 2 99 nets and future legends of Kate Cunningham Sometimes they'll get you with the back on the surface issue. Oh, yeah, something something on there that gets it Markel Foltz on the pink Montrez Jericho Sims rookie to 99 Laurie Markinon calves blue rock the Ray Man from the Simmons Thank goodness. They have a rock the rim of Aaron Gordon he has to be Jimmy Butler and you've got a rookie recon of Moses moody So you could only have one which you rather have Gino Smith or Mitchell Travis You've got jazz. Wow nice Jared Butler. That's 12 of 16 Awesome. These are so fire and so tough to hit Congrats on that Awesome one there on the draft knight acetate signature That is so sick man Very cool card Congrats jazz Fire hit there Kim Elijah one maneuvers Westbrook, I'm not letting you get away from that question. I would like literally Just gonna run only running backs in the Wildcat, I guess probably To 1 99 a bow down Bogdanovich jazz rock the rim of LeBron James. I'm taking Gino Smith. I mean, they're both so bad I'm sending it. I'm hoping Gino Smith Just starts running a bunch Oh Tyrese Halliburton auto 22 of 99 Pacers Nice Pacers Inc. for Halliburton now. There you go Play silver Pinko bear Triske was the MVP Not convincing me fun Unfortunately, I don't know why Caleb doesn't want an MVP Unfortunately not convincing Precious the Chua Tyler hero pink.  Yeah, Lane You could toss mark Sanchez in there. That's pretty bad as well There's a Franz on the rookie recon there Hey, what's up Chris Jay Chris Jay Hatch auto scotty barns boom three of 75 is There he is Michael K King crats will nag that man. Very nice Yeah, Chris. It's been a ridiculous night Chris Jay. Hope you're doing well man 40 a maneuvers of Terry scarlet ridiculous Here you go Very very nice Here it grows to 199 red Rock the rim of obi-topping Haven't seen a lot of obi-topping stunks. I guess Yeah, that was it. Yeah, that's right You can do the contest so I guess that counts command grad at 299. I see where they got the idea check and Future legends eight nice shack to 299. I mean like Jackson jr. Has won. Yeah, there's some Head scratchers miles McBride on the silver Knicks Pink Marcus smarts Forgot Chris pulled that here. Oh wow nice Chris Not the yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I do remember that miss your little that's a blue Auto to 49 blazers this year little how loury Herbert Jones pink little to go Kevin Durant's blue to 99 53 and 99 rock the rim of Levine Another guy that has to have a card in that set. Yeah. Oh, yeah Otherwise the set is just invalid Brunson on the silver and Hall hopefuls of Steph Curry Paul guarantees of stuff Do you I think they could probably find out that Curry's been doing like PD's this whole life and he would definitely still First ballot no problem at all There you go, that's Chris. That's awesome. Nice man. What's going on with this pack? Printing crime is rookie. There's a silver branding Clark rock the rim of Jason Richardson. What is going on? It's just me the first card that's upside down guys. No way Hey Scottie Barnes base auto What just happened?  This is getting out of hand. There you go Michael K Von you look really similar to Steve Nash Anyone ever tell you that fun To $1.99 excuse me Shaq build in the rainbow. Yes, it's not serenity future legends of France This is nuts Maybe you've never heard that before. I don't know I could be gone Chuma o'keeky rookie kind of Austin reaps Got drew lock in there now. Oh Wow, I drew locker That's the two ninety nine Westbrook maneuvers John Stockton I'm trying to think about this reasonably. I'll just take the number one overall picker. Whatever the heck Travis. He was Was one right Yeah, yeah, that's right, of course the Browns took me Daniel Tice. They're Celtics nice one there to 49 dice blue auto Mary you're seven and Josh kiddie rookie Yeah, I understand Unfortunate what can you do though to $1.99 on the red Russell Westbrook? He thinks for the follow there and a court kiss for rookie recounts Doug McDermott, there's a Kobe whites on the pink Appreciate that Dan bones to $2.99 or more you're at seven rookie maneuvers Luca Nice one Luca We talk you oh my you're seven. I'm not familiar with him LA Tobias Harris silver. I figured it wasn't you're talking about nice closing statements job There he is nice job Iran's awesome hits Want to go here we go guys. Good luck. Oh man What a nickname future legends of teres garland Love it, man Love it open singing to $1.99 Jada McDaniels T Wolves red Joshua Primo Is this supposed to be their starter I Don't know it's like I didn't she know play it in the beginning Rockets who's mom Garuba auto not numbered rockets.  Just never stops Never stops big believer Got a Charles Barkley silver. Oh nice. That's the limit of Josh Giddy thunder awesome hits Rich will always like tell him like stop buying true lock Doesn't listen like I don't understand Franz to $2.99 THT Lakers Taylor Horton Tucker and Scotty Barnes Rookie Recon Raptors Hormage Patty Mills, that's a lot of true lock White Howard and Kawhi Leonard Hall hopefuls Clippers Just kind of Anderson. There's a silver Evan for me a Maneuvers here in Fox. We were like strongly considering buying this one a rod card that walked up at the national We're like should we buy this or no? No See look, I told you I told you means a believer. I knew it Hornets Kai Jones auto three of five nice on the green Hornets it was the other I think we got the other Kai Jones three of five earlier, right? Yeah, it was either Kai Jones or JT Dora. He was Kai Jones though I think we bought got both of the Kai Jones three of five autos tonight It's making any sense better than Tati's. Yeah, you're right Lane pink curry You're so right currently right now Oh man, yeah There's a royal NATO eight of ten gold wizards and rock the rim Baron Gordon Hey, thanks guys appreciate it. Let's go ahead and do a recap for you. Appreciate y'all joining that one once again We had three of five on the Kai Jones autograph Josh Giddy Thunder who's my corroborockets? Daniel Tice Celtics Got in a seared little trailblazers. Tyrese Halliburton Pacers Nice one here on the Jared Butler.  This is our parallel rather Ziknagi nuggets Austin Reeves Lakers Josh Giddy Thunder got a Scotty Barnes And a Scotty Barnes patch autograph and once again this Josh Giddy is to 10. Thanks everyone Hope you did enjoy it. We'll have them all well protected and right out to you Very very nice half case there


Everybody force Jake here. We've been a personal for gem L Gems got a twenty twenty three eclectic football and a twenty twenty three bummer chrome university breakers delights Best of luck gem All right, we'll start with eclectic and then do boomer chrome you Yeah, there you go stride. There you go. There you go. Yeah, it makes Sean rip it Robert do that Like I was calling Anthony Robert now Well, honestly, I do that so that people know who I'm talking to I think it's so funny that his other account just doesn't work anymore. So he has to use the burner account It's so amazing That's like Anthony's forever account now is Robert pause on confidant for late sports cards anyway and rename it Don't do it You can't do it now. Yeah, don't the universe is chosen. All right. Good luck gem So be happy a pickin's auto. That's dude. He went crazy tonight six of seven pickin's auto almost had 200 yards And scored twice on four catches. Who do you want? He was Randy Moss tonight pretty much They can six of seven They have Foskey auto number three of seven that is really cool Vince young Quinn yours dual autograph alumni greats one of one Vince young Quinn yours dual and at Rashi rice on the auto number three of four Eclectic stuff is pretty cool Omicron you delight our fractors Nate Wiggins Danny Dennis Sutton Xavier Worthy Michael Williams Jared verse a shock of Cooper Dijon Blue refractor to 199 Devin Neal first moment purple mini diamond JJ McCarthy to 399 Michigan All now teams here Marshawn Lloyd first woman purple 399 a Refractor first woman autograph Jason Marshall before 99 Getting Jason Marshall Yeah, forgetting Jason Marshall and a Kulade McHenry base autograph He saw the Kool-Aid and a Jackson Arnold inserts There we go gem that'll do it decent boxes there. We get those cards out to you


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta in this video I am going to demonstrate you how to use malloc and free functions of dynamic memory allocation in C programming. Before starting you can note my information you can connect with me by following these details where my youtube channel url is available and you can have name of my android app that is Techimiz. You can search my youtube channel by typing my name on youtube search that is Sanjay Gupta. My channel link will be available there you can open it here various programming related playlists are available you can improve your programming skills by watching these videos you can click on this subscribe button if you want to follow my youtube channel now I am going to demonstrate you how you can use malloc and free functions which are available for dynamic memory allocation in C programming so first time including a header file that is stdlib.h then another header file that is stdlib.h so this stdlib header file contains declarations of malloc and free functions now I am going to define main function inside main I am declaring a pointer p variable n and then variable I now I have to use printf function which will display the message enter size of array so I am going to implement dynamic array in this program that's why I have mentioned this printf statement which will show the message enter size of array now user will be providing a value that will be received through scanf and stored inside n so n will be the value which is responsible for memory allocation now I have to use malloc function which will allocate dynamic memory so I am using this function so this is the function malloc which is responsible for dynamic memory allocation so through malloc function n blocks will be created which will be of a integer type and this integer pointer is used here for typecasting and the base address of this memory location will be stored inside p pointer now with the help of p pointer I can access all the locations of array which is created through malloc function so here you can see I have not used any array that is that is available by the programmer or you can say by me I have just used a pointer and through malloc I have created dynamic array so this is the advantage of dynamic memory allocation here required amount of memory will be allocated as per the user's requirement now malloc function automatically fills all the blocks with garbage value so now I am just printing the blocks which are available through malloc let's see what will happen while I will be executing this program so I am implementing for loop first time using a printf statement which will display the message elements are then for loop which will repeat n times inside this for loop I am writing printf statement which will display the elements on console and for that I am using this statement asterisk p plus i so p is containing base address every time i will be added into base address and it will be dereferenced with the help of this asterisk symbol so all the element which are available in the array will be displayed with the help of addresses now after completion of this loop I can call free function so free function is responsible for deallocating the dynamically allocated memory so it deallocates dynamically allocated memory and at last I am writing return zero so this way through malloc I have allocated memory and through free function I have deallocated the allocated memory through malloc and the output of this program will be garbage values will be displayed n times now I am executing this code you can see it is asking for the size of array so I am entering six it means I have to enter only six elements so right now I have not read any value because I have just printed the element which are available on those six locations so you can see six values are displayed here which are treated as garbage values so malloc is a predefined function which automatically allocates a memory at runtime and fills them with the help with garbage values that you have seen and free function is responsible for deallocating that memory block so that freed space can be used by the another another application that is available with processor so if you want to reuse that memory block then you can use free so use of free is optional in case of dynamic memory location but if you are a good programmer and you want to apply a good programming approach then you have to use free at the end of the program so this way I have demonstrated you the use of malloc and free function you can also receive elements from user in case of malloc so now I am going to show you how you can do this so you have to add this block here you will be printing the message enter elements then this loop will repeat n times and you will have to pass only addresses through p plus i and then elements will be displayed with help of this loop so here you can see I have used loops twice this is for reading and this is for printing elements on console so this way I have implemented this program now which will read n and elements from user so now I am going to execute this code again I am entering size of array as six sorry in place of printf I have to use scanf I forgot because I have copied the statements so this is a drawback of copy paste so you can avoid that again I am executing this code now it is asking for numbers so I am entering six elements you can see the output this time the entered elements are displayed on console properly so I hope you have understood how I have implemented the use of malloc and free function in this program I have demonstrated you this code by two different ways by reading elements from user and by displaying the elements which are provided by malloc so I hope you have understood whatever I have demonstrated you in this video if you want to watch more programming related videos you can follow or subscribe my youtube channel through the url youtube.com slash sanjay gupta underscore tech school you can download my programming app tech immense which is available on google play thank you for watching this video


Before we actually get down to doing ethnography, we need to understand the process and its underlying principles so that we can do justice to our research. Let's start with process. There are four parts to it. Engaging with our participants, recording and documenting our observations, understanding and analyzing what we have learned and representing the knowledge we have derived. While these may appear to be mutually exclusive steps of the process, this is not the case. Ethnographic research is not a linear process constituted of steps and procedures, which is why we would like to refer to these as the elements that form ethnographic practice. This will become clearer as we look at each of these elements in more detail. Let's begin with discussing the first element, the process of engaging with our participants. In ethnography, we learn from our participants by engaging with them in their context by which I mean their surroundings, their familiar places. Can you think and write down what are the possible ways by which we may engage and learn from our participants? Many of you may have guessed that observing and interviewing are ways of engaging in ethnographic research. Some of you may have mentioned archived documents and records as sources from which ethnographers may learn. These answers are correct and relevant. But besides these, there are several other ways like making interactive games, collaborating on projects and so on. But for now, we will focus on the most primary one, which is observation. Observation is not as simple as it may seem because observation is not the same as casual seeing. To observe means to look at the world around us very carefully and to be alert at every moment. It is an active way of learning and understanding. To observe is to look carefully with attention and to apply thought, meaning and empathy. We observe people and their activities, everyday rituals, special occasions, interactions between people. We also look at objects and physical environments that form the context. Architecture, landscape, objects of everyday use, documents such as diaries, photographs or papers that our participants may have. All of these add to our understanding of their lives. And we don't always limit our observations to watching from a distance. Often we join in and participate in the daily lives and activities of participants. This form of engagement is called participant observation. In addition to observing and participating, we also have conversations with participants and even interview them. Through these conversations, we try to understand the phenomenon from their perspectives. Be it observing, participating or interviewing, the setting of our engagements is always the context of the participant. It could be their home or workplace or any other place that is familiar to them. Let's pause the video here and consider a research scenario. Researchers want to study a school to understand how teachers, students and other stakeholders of the institution feel about it. Towards this, they consider three different ways of engaging. Option one, spending time with students and teachers during classes. Option two, acting as teachers' assistants in class. Option three, speaking to teachers, students and school administrators. Can you identify the forms of engagement in each of these options? Many of you may have identified the third option as interviewing. You are correct. Is any of these options participant observation? Recall that in participant observation, a researcher participates in the activities that form the life and context of the other. This is what the researchers are doing in option two. They participate in the everyday activities of the classroom. So option two may be considered as participant observation. Option one is observation. Here the researchers are not participating in the class activities, but they are observing them from the outside. These three forms of engagement are among the most basic tools that are used in primary research. Primary research is where we engage directly with participants in their familiar environments. So fieldwork of almost any kind is primary research. As we mentioned earlier, we may also engage with records created by our participants. This too is a form of doing primary research. Besides this, we learn from existing sources of knowledge, which we have referred to as secondary research. Secondary research could include previous studies that have dealt with similar subjects. All of these contribute to our exploration of the subject and form the raw material of our research. We will discuss each of these forms and approaches to research in much greater detail as we journey along. For now, let's move ahead to the next element of the ethnographic process, which is recording. How do we make our observations concrete and make them available to us for later reflection? That is where recording comes in. We record our observations by taking notes, recording audio or by making sketches, photographs or videos of all that we are observing or being told about. Our records are documents of our observations. There are also notes of our experiences, perceptions and thoughts from fieldwork. For us, recording is not simply an act of note taking. It is also a way to interpret or think through our learnings. Take for example these notes I had made during my fieldwork with the coward storytellers. I had made detailed notes of the events that were taking place, even the most minute ones. But I have also made notes of what I was thinking as I was observing these events. So as I was observing, I was interpreting my observations. This act of interpreting is the next element of our ethnographic process. To derive meaning from an observation, we often look at it from different points of view. We take into account the perspective of different participants and their positions in the context. This is called the emic perspective. And when we include in it our own perspective and our position with respect to our participants. This we refer to as etic perspective. In interpreting our learnings and observations, we bring together both. And we try to ensure that we do not place our perspective before that of our participants. For those of you who are interested in learning more about the etic and emic perspectives in ethnographic research, we have some material for you. And there is a quiz that you can take to revise and test your knowledge on the subject. As we interpret and analyze our engagements, we may also turn to other studies or research done in the past to provide frameworks that may inform our ways of seeing. It is important to remember though that observing, recording and understanding the observations are not really considered separate from one another. They are not step one, two, three. Instead, they are parts of a single iterative process going back and forth or around each other. Finally, we attempt to put together the seemingly scattered pieces of observations we have made and the connections we have drawn into a cohesive whole. This collation is essential for understanding the phenomena we are studying and the social and cultural structures within which it is located. And in doing this, we work towards presenting the outcome of our ethnographic research. That is the ethnographic knowledge we have constructed. And therefore, representing our research is also a way of analyzing it. To illustrate what I mean, I would like to introduce you to one of my works, The Animated Film, The Stitcher's Peak. The film is an ethnographic representation depicting my research with the embroidery artists of Kutch.  Some of these migrations occurred across the border from Pakistan into India. I had to tell my father that I will be asking for help from India. I told him that I will not be able to go to any of the villages in India, but I will be going to Pakistan instead. I told him that I will have to go to Kutch to create a kutch. I have come to Kutch and I have been working here for 10 years. In this clip, we heard the voice of my participant Rani Ben, describing the long journey of migration that she and her community made across the border from Pakistan into India. The clip is composed of a spoken narrative, the embroidered images that she created depicting this migration and also based on my understanding of the subject gathered from multiple participants and sources. The making of the film was an attempt at representing these pieces of knowledge and it was in putting them all together that I started to see the themes that emerged from my engagement with Rani Ben and her fellow artists. The ideas of home, loss of home, migration and memories that defined the lives of my participant became tangible in the representation that I constructed. And so the film is both representation and analysis of my engagements with the artists. I am sure you are still wondering how is ethnography both a process and an outcome or what makes the work ethnographic in nature. Why don't you reflect on this for a bit and we will come back to you soon.